Perhaps to camouflage their own odours, enhancing their social standing.
|
|
The mechanism also blocks odours and keeps waste out of sight.
|
|
And numerous carnivorous plants lure insects with sweet odours, only to devour them.
|
|
Jahai answers, in contrast, were in equal agreement about both odours and colours.
|
|
There were noises, puddles, odours, dampness, shapes that vanished, treetops overhanging our bodies.
|
|
Fruity odours on the breath, for example, let them monitor the condition of diabetics.
|
|
The colours were on 80 differently hued cards; the odours on 16 variously scented sticks.
|
|
For example, when she asked some Jahai, and also a comparable group of American volunteers, to name colours and odours they were presented with, the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming colours but agreed much less when putting names to odours.
|
|
Humans have no difficulty putting names to colours but are notoriously bad at putting names to odours.
|
|
Known as hyperosmia, Mrs Milne's condition allows her to detect odours that are imperceptible to most people.
|
|
The Japan Times noted that body odours in the fastidiously clean country can be regarded as a form of harassment.
|
|
And in Asia, where many people take off their shoes upon entering a home, it's far harder to hide foot odours.
|
|
Mosquitoes are lured to the cells by puffs of carbon dioxide (which mimic an animal's exhalations), or skin odours or ultraviolet light.
|
|
Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe asked 20 Semaq Beri and 21 Semelai to name odours and colours presented to them at random.
|
|
The idea is to design and build a chip with an electronic nose, which can sample the odours and chemicals in its environment.
|
|
Conversely, the ventral pallidum did show activity when presented with pictures and odours of other foods including cucumber, fennel, mushroom, pâté, peanut, and pizza.
|
|
Moreover, as with Dr Majid's earlier study with the Jahai, the Semaq Beri more frequently agreed with one another about naming odours than did the Semelai.
|
|
Dr Majid knew from previous work she had done that the Jahai, a group of hunter-gatherers who live in western Malaysia, are remarkably good at naming odours.
|
|
The two researchers found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for odours 86% of the time—about as often as they did for colours, which was 80%.
|
|
Homing pigeons are well known to use the sun, magnetic fields and infrasound to navigate but, in recent years, researchers have started speculating that they use odours too.
|
|
But when it came to describing odours they relied on abstraction on only 44% of occasions, while resorting to analogies, such as "banana" and "chocolate", 56% of the time.
|
|
While P&G's Febreze spray can be used to remove odours from clothes, for example, it more often focuses on hard-to-clean fabrics in the home or car such as upholstery and curtains.
|
|
That raises the question of why those insects go inside in the first place, for parachute-plant flowers do not smell of any of the conventional odours, sweet or rank, that plants employ to attract attention.
|
|
Sales to emerging markets and new innovative products such as its newest detergent enzymes targeting odours such as sweat in sports clothing would need to succeed to meet the upper end of the range, he said.
|
|
Evolution has probably contributed to this, the greater range of smells a dog can detect has co-evolved with the evolution of olfactory signals to provide a system of perception that places much more emphasis on odours.
|
|
As to Dr Lobmaier, he found that, though the men in his study expressed strong likes and dislikes concerning the odours he asked them to smell, these bore no relation to the MHCs of the women involved.
|
|
Given these findings, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe argue that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life, rather than the use of a particular language, that is crucial to the use of abstract names for odours.
|
|
To test how important someone's way of life is to his or her use of abstract words for smells, Dr Majid and Dr Kruspe looked at how two other groups of people from the Malay Peninsula used terms for colours and odours.
|
|
Aka very small particles such as fine dust, smoke, odours and mite feces; and total volatile organic compounds, which refers to hundreds of different gases emitted by certain solids and liquids — including stuff humans breathe out by also harmful VOCs like formaldehyde.
|
|
"Log all the cases detecting odours/smoke in cabin during operation for necessary investigation and rectification," the DGCA said in its notification, adding that in all such cases the engine would need to be inspected in detail and used only after the defect is resolved.
|
|
Carboxylic acids often have strong sour odours. Esters of carboxylic acids tend to have pleasant odours, and many are used in perfume.
|
|
In contrast to previous results reported in the literature, it has also been found that odours perceived from a female in follicular phase were actually considered more pleasant and sexier by males than odours perceived from that female in the luteal phase. Researchers discovered that the persistence of the menstrual cycle-dependent olfactory identification was extensive. However, the possibility of odours in the living environment overwhelming the menstrual cycle-dependent odours was not ruled out. Repeated exposure to the specific odours increases the threshold level of odour detection and therefore reduces the stimulation in humans.
|
|
The air is sweetened by the thymy odours of mountain and moor.
|
|
A drone bee Honeybees extend their proboscis when learning about novel odours. In one study on this response, bees learnt to discriminate between two odours, but then learned to suppress the proboscis extension response when one of the odours was paired with an electric shock. This indicates the sensation was aversive to the bee, however, the response was plastic rather than simply reflexive, indicating pain rather than nociception.
|
|
Smoke and clangour, and odours not often met with in Wiltshire, are very insistent.
|
|
In later years, sweet-smelling nosegays were used to disguise odours—the nosegays are still carried today.
|
|
There exist, at the present time, scores of baths where the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseating.
|
|
In the sugar glider, biparental care allows one adult to huddle with the young and prevent hypothermia while the other parent is out foraging, as young sugar gliders aren't able to thermoregulate until they are 100 days old (3.5 months). Communication in sugar gliders is achieved through vocalisations, visual signals and complex chemical odours. Chemical odours account for a large part of communication in sugar gliders, similar to many other nocturnal animals. Odours may be used to mark territory, convey health status of an individual, and mark rank of community members.
|
|
Different speech communities tend to display differences in both the perception and linguistic categorisation of odours. In general, Europeans find it harder to identify odours than hunter- gatherer communities. The ease with which odours are identified by speakers is related to the primary type of olfactory vocabulary used in their speech community. Some speech communities, including Jahai- and Thai-speaking hunter- gatherers, mostly use dedicated abstract vocabulary for referring to odour qualities, while others, such as Dutch and English speakers, mostly use concrete terms that identify the source itself.
|
|
These combined odours somewhat dispersed Dan's gloom when he came back in squeaky Sunday shoes and a bunglesome cut-away coat.
|
|
Many carnivorous felids scent rub. Felids are able to discriminate between similar smelling odours using the vomeronasal organ, which is important for eliciting scent rubbing. The rubbing behaviour is often performed as a means of scent- marking. The opening of the vomeronasal organ, used by felids and other species to discriminate between different odours during scent rubbing.
|
|
In 1996, the International Society for Breath Odor Research (ISBOR) was formed to promote multidisciplinary research on all aspects of breath odours.
|
|
A deodorizing toilet seat is a toilet seat that comes with integrated air purifier and air freshener solutions to combat bad odours.
|
|
In general ants rely heavily on olfactory cues and have well developed olfactory centres in their brains. This is particularly true of Carpenter ants, and C. fellah workers can be trained to associate odours with gustatory reinforcers in lab conditions. They will chose the branch of a Y-maze according to odours they have learnt to associate with gustatory reward.
|
|
The company was found guilty of nine counts of failing to properly prevent emissions of offensive odours beyond the factory boundary in breach of its regulatory Environmental Permit. The company were previously fined £75,000 with £75,000 costs in 2011 due to odours emitted from the factory and £10,000 with £10,500 costs in 2009 when a pile of meal was left outside rotting.
|
|
Shreddies Ltd. garments feature an activated carbon back panel, which absorbs and neutralises odours. The panel is reactivated when the garment is washed."THIS UNDERWEAR FILTERS YOUR FARTS–NO, REALLY", MTV News, October 2014. Research by De Montfort University found that the fabric “removes sulphide and ethyl mercaptan so effectively it can filter odours 200 times the strength of the average flatus emission”.
|
|
Part of the original North Sydney sewerage system built by the government between 1891 and 1898. Oral history sources have revealed that prior to the construction of the Bradfield Highway, foul odours permeated the area. Successive complaints may have led to the removal of the dome which is no longer in situ. Odours are still detectable under certain climatic conditions.
|
|
Savic was the first scientist to show that humans process pheromone stimuli in the brain, differently from other odours, and in a sexually differentiated manner.
|
|
IUPAC Goldbook hydrocarbyl groups Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic with only weak odours. Because of their diverse molecular structures, it is difficult to generalize further.
|
|
Essential in every house, it removes unwanted odours without fragrancing. It also makes it possible to adjust the intensity of a home fragrance by diluting it.
|
|
Exposure to high levels of ozone kills living organisms and weakens odours. By killing microorganisms and mold, ozone treatment slows ripening and reduces spoilage of stored fruit.
|
|
Current obstacles of mainstream adoption include the timing and distribution of scents, a fundamental understanding of human olfactory perception, the health dangers of synthetic odours, and other hurdles.
|
|
When latex concentrate is produced from rubber, sulphuric acid is used for coagulation. This produces malodourous hydrogen sulphide. The industry can mitigate these bad odours with scrubber systems.
|
|
Gray wolves scent rub to a large variety of odours including urine, perfumes, repellant, ashes, human handled objects, food and resting sites. They scent rub intensively to manufactured smells such as motor oil and carnivore scents such as faeces of other animals including black bear and cougars. The reason behind scent rubbing in wolves in unknown, but it is suggested that they use it to remember odours experienced in their environment, whether new or familiar.
|
|
In 1978 he wrote the olfactory manifesto The Thrill of Working with Odours in which he deplores the lack of interest in scents in the visual arts. Manifesto 'The Thrill of Working with Odours' 1978 Since then he showed smell paintings, mailed perfumed objects and made aromatic installations; he also created spray performances where he sprayed a mist of fragrance over the audience.Hermans, Ivan. Guy Bleus in: High Performance, Issue 22, Vol.
|
|
Two models for olfactory navigation have been proposed, Papi's ‘mosaic’ model and Wallraff's ‘gradient’ model. Papi's mosaic hypothesis advocates that pigeons construct a map from the distribution of environmental odours, within a radius of 70-100 kilometres. From this information, it is possible to derive the ‘home’ direction when encountering these odours at a release site. An example of associated wind-borne scents would be pine forests, coastlines and pollution from cities.
|
|
Some of the members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to ...mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to find.
|
|
ETS Laboratories. URL accessed on 12 March 2006. with levels above causing onion, rubber, and skunk type odours. Note that dimethyl disulfide is formed from the oxidation of methyl mercaptan.
|
|
Oil was known to exist in Alberta for many centuries. First Nations peoples used it to pitch canoes and to act as a medicinal ointment. Pioneer settlers to southern Alberta in the late 19th century noticed that an oily film occasionally covered pools of water, and that the air had unusual odours at times. In 1911, Ontario-born settler William Herron identified the nature of the odours from his time working in oil fields in Pennsylvania.
|
|
A renovation program is presently underway at the accesshouses, principally to renew corroded metal fittings and to fit steel hatches over the inlet and outlets to prevent the escape of offensive odours.
|
|
Such cues can include, for example, vibration, exhaled carbon dioxide, skin odours, visual and heat signatures, and moisture. Parasitic plants can use, for example, light, host physiochemistry, and volatiles to recognize potential hosts.
|
|
The number of bacteria affects the intensity of spoilage, with non-enzymatic Pseudomonas species contributing to spoilage in high number. Food spoilage is detrimental to the food industry due to production of volatile compounds from organisms metabolizing the various nutrients found in the food product. Contamination results in health hazards from toxic compound production as well as unpleasant odours and flavours. Electronic nose technology allows fast and continuous measurement of microbial food spoilage by sensing odours produced by these volatile compounds.
|
|
Paederia is a genus of flowering plants in the madder family, Rubiaceae. They are commonly known as sewer vines because of the strong odours exuded when their leaves or stems are crushed or bruised.
|
|
Flies of the family Scatophagidae have been observed to benefit from an increase in copulatory success in relation to these compounds. Chemical adaptations for entomophily in the Splachnaceae can also be thought of as a type of chemical mimicry, with many scents being produced in order to mimic the faecal/carrion odours enjoyed by flies. The odours produced in the Splachnaceae have also been compared to those produced by plants in the angiosperm families Rafflesiaceae and Araceae, all of which are pollinated by flies.
|
|
It is argued that pigeons first learn to associate specific odours with particular locations during exercise and training flights. This model has the advantage that it requires the bird only to detect the presence or absence of a range of odours. Therefore, homing is viable only if the release sites are within a proximity that can provide reliable wind-borne cues, although Papi (1990), argues the utilisation of olfactory information obtained during the outward journey. Wallraff's gradient theory overcomes the problem of distance limitation via different means.
|
|
The noxious odours have been associated with nausea and headaches, and with contact dermatitis reported in both humans and sheep, which developed weakness and paralysis. It contains a quinone irritant, 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone, as well as quassinoids.
|
|
Soft > music like a perfume, and sweet light Golden with audible odours exquisite, > Swathe me with cerements for eternity. Time is no more. I pause and yet I > flee. A million ages wrap me round with night.
|
|
Alternatively, because tea easily retains odours, it can be placed in proximity to an aromatic ingredient to absorb its aroma, as in traditional jasmine tea.Gong, Wen. Lifestyle in China. 五洲传播出版社, 2007.
|
|
Spice Chess and Smell Chess relied on the use of spices or scented liquids in the pieces. In Spice Chess, the black king was scented with asafetida, the black queen with cayenne, and the black bishops with cumin. The white pieces included cinnamon pawns, nutmeg rooks, ginger knights and an anise white queen. In 1978, the Belgian artist Guy Bleus wrote the olfactory manifesto The Thrill of Working with Odours Smell Manifesto The Thrill of Working with Odours 1978 in which he deplores the lack of interest in scents in visual arts.
|
|
H2Te is chemically and structurally similar to hydrogen selenide, both are acidic. The H–Te–H angle is about 90°. Volatile tellurium compounds often have unpleasant odours, reminiscent of decayed leeks or garlic.Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997).
|
|
In Feeding: Form, function and evolution in tetrapod vertebrates (pp. 175-291). Elsevier. Chemoreception further allows them to detect food odours through the Vomeronasal System (Jacobsen's organ), olfactory system through the nasal cavity and gustation by the tongue's surface.
|
|
Antiseptic biotextiles are textiles used in fighting against cutaneous bacterial proliferation. Zeolite and triclosan are at the present time the most used molecules. This original property allows to fightinhibits the development of odours or bacterial proliferation in the diabetic foot.
|
|
26 December 2005. Accessed 6 October 2011. Bees have been shown to detect and respond to more than 60 different odours including methamphetamine, uranium, and tuberculosis. They have been used to detect lung and skin cancers, diabetes, and to confirm pregnancy.
|
|
If there were two or more such gradients in different directions, pigeons could locate themselves in two dimensions by the intensities of the odours. However it is not clear that such stable gradients exist.Wallraff, H.G. (1974). Das Navigationssystem der Vögel.
|
|
Males are, however, more attracted to the scent of females with rare HLA alleles. Men's arousal can be influenced by a variety of odours. For example; pumpkin pie, liquorice, doughnuts, and lavender can increase penile blood flow consequently causing arousal.
|
|
The air flow rates are 2.4 to 240 standard cubic meters per second. RTOs are very versatile and extremely efficient – thermal efficiency can reach 95%. They are regularly used for abating solvent fumes, odours, etc. from a wide range of industries.
|
|
Godfrey's Cordial, as well as other tonics given to children that consisted of opiates, used sassafras to disguise other strong smells and odours associated with the tonics. It was also used as an additional flavouring to mask the strong odours of homemade liquor in the United States. Commercial "sassafras oil," which contains safrole, is generally a byproduct of camphor production in Asia or comes from related trees in Brazil. Safrole is a precursor for the manufacture of the drug MDMA, as well as the drug MDA (3-4 methylenedioxyamphetamine) and as such, its transport is monitored internationally.
|
|
The primacy of olfactory over visual cues has been demonstrated in many cases, such as in the European orchid genus Ophrys as well as many Australian sexually deceptive orchids. In few other cases, such as the South African daisy Gorteria diffusa, visual signals seem to be of primary importance. Visual signals also enhance the attractiveness of the flowers of some Ophrys species to their pollinators. Some male scoliid wasps such as Campsoscolia ciliata are more attracted to the Ophrys flowers’ odours than to the odours of the female wasps, although they both attract the males with the same compounds.
|
|
The site has been derelict since 2004. From 2005, the Bolsover works were gradually demolished. In November 2016, decontamination of the area began and the Environment Agency was made aware of an increase in odours from the site after complaints from local residents.
|
|
The station is famous for its strong odours of sewers. When it was being built, there were concerns that one of Hector Guimard's characteristic iron metro entrances would spoil the view of the opera house, so a marble entrance was built instead.
|
|
A filter is pertinent to a kitchen hood as it helps in filtering the odours that are generated while cooking. A filter will take in all the odour, the dust and dirt that passes through the hood and clears out the airways.
|
|
Sanisettes replace street urinals (particularly in Paris). Their unisex design allows them to be used by both men and women, for both urination and defecation. Their self-cleaning mechanism keeps them cleaner and helps reduce odours. Some models provide recorded music for the user.
|
|
An instinctive aversion to unpleasant odours may function to detect spoiled food sources and other potentially invective or harmful substances. Body odours in general are thought to play an important role in mate selection in humans, and unpleasant odour may signal disease, and hence a potentially unwise choice of mate. Although reports of bad breath are found in the earliest medical writings known, the social stigma has likely changed over time, possibly partly due to sociocultural factors involving advertising pressures. As a result, the negative psychosocial aspects of halitosis may have worsened, and psychiatric conditions such as halitophobia are probably more common than historically.
|
|
Ein theoretischer Beitrag zur Analyse ungeklärter Orientierungsleistungen. Schriftenreihe 'Kybernetik'. München, Wien: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. Papi did find evidence that anosmic pigeons (unable to detect odours) were much less able to orient and navigate than normal pigeons, so olfaction does seem to be important in pigeon navigation.
|
|
At this point Atherton emits unignorable odours and is banished to the property room. Farmer reads a letter from the residents asking for an extra bathroom and lavatory. His detailed costings are unanimously approved. Xenia goes to check on Atherton and reports that he is sound asleep.
|
|
Both species are small single-trunked trees reaching a maximum height of . Their leaves are pinnate in shape and arranged alternately along the branches. The flowers are arranged in drooping inflorescences, and emit strong odours around nightfall, which have been likened to honey, sour milk, cat's urine, or mice.
|
|
The ventilation of a kitchen, in particular a large restaurant kitchen, poses certain difficulties that are not present in the ventilation of other kinds of spaces. In particular, the air in a kitchen differs from that of other rooms in that it typically contains grease, smoke and odours.
|
|
The following gases may be emitted during the composting process that takes place in composting toilets: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia, nitrous oxide (N2O) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These gases can potentially lead to complaints about odours. Some methane may also be present, but it is not odorous.
|
|
Pseudocopulation is achieved when a flower successfully mimics the appearance and the pheromones emitted by the female of an insect species. The chemicals emitted by the mimicking species work to draw these pollinators to the plant and increase the number of visits to and time spent on the flower. This will increase the chances that pollen will efficiently stick to the organism or that pollen already stuck to it will be transferred successfully to the plant. In one study on mining bees (Andrena nigroaenea) and spider orchids (Ophrys sphegodes Mill.) it was found that unpollinated spider orchids emitted odours that consisted of hydrocarbons that were an exact match for the odours released by virgin female bees.
|
|
Coming from a rapidly renewable source, it has a low carbon footprint in production, and a low energy consumption in production (89% less compared to baked ceramic tiles). It is also fully recyclable or decomposable; and its slaked lime absorbs CO2 in the air. It also captures VOC gasses and odours.
|
|
North of the A1033 and away from the main Saltend Chemicals Park, is Yorkshire Water's waste water treatment works. Although Yorkshire Water invested £30 million in October 2015 to improve the odours emanating from the plant, local people in Preston and Hedon have employed solicitors to bring about legal action over the smell.
|
|
At trial, the judge found that the accused was neither detained nor searched unlawfully and that the odours from the bag, which emanated freely in a public transportation facility, did not constitute information in which the accused had a reasonable expectation of privacy. Accordingly, section 8 of the Charter was not implicated.
|
|
Price, Daniel, Tears shed over Abner, (1613), in Sprituall Odours to the Memory of Prince Henry, Oxford (1613). Patrick Gordon dedicated his volume of Latin hexameters in commemoration of Prince Henry, Neptunus Brittanicus Corydonis, de Luctuouso Henrici, John Budge (1615), with a verse to Murray.Nicholls, Progresses of King James, vol. 4 (1828), p.
|
|
This shaking reduced levels of octopamine, dopamine, and serotonin in the hemolymph of a separate group of honeybees at a time point corresponding to when the cognitive bias tests were performed. In honeybees, octopamine is the local neurotransmitter that functions during reward learning, whereas dopamine mediates the ability to learn to associate odours with quinine punishment. If flies are fed serotonin, they are more aggressive; flies depleted of serotonin still exhibit aggression, but they do so much less frequently. Within 5 minutes of the shaking, all the trained bees began a sequence of unreinforced test trials with five odour stimuli presented in a random order for each bee: the CS+, the CS−, and three novel odours composed of ratios intermediate between the two learned mixtures.
|
|
This shaking reduced levels of octopamine, dopamine, and serotonin in the hemolymph of a separate group of honeybees at a time point corresponding to when the cognitive bias tests were performed. In honeybees, octopamine is the local neurotransmitter that functions during reward learning, whereas dopamine mediates the ability to learn to associate odours with quinine punishment. If flies are fed serotonin, they are more aggressive; flies depleted of serotonin still exhibit aggression, but they do so much less frequently. Within 5 minutes of the shaking, all the trained bees began a sequence of unreinforced test trials with five odour stimuli presented in a random order for each bee: the CS+, the CS−, and three novel odours composed of ratios intermediate between the two learned mixtures.
|
|
The results of his experiments, such as on light, odours, the electricity of bodies and with Robert Boyle's air pump, were well received by contemporaries, including Newton. A member of scientific academies including the Crusca and the Royal Society, Averani founded the Accademia degli Oppressi (Academy of the Oppressed) to hold discussions on physics.
|
|
The ammonia solution was treated with sulphuric acid then further processed to yield 11 tonnes of ammonium sulphate per day and 2,000 lb/day (908 kg/day) of sulphur. The plant was shutdown in 1959 because of the difficulty of obtaining ammonia, the impurities in the product and objectionable odours in the gas plume.
|
|
For example: canned sardines. Preservation techniques are needed to prevent fish spoilage and lengthen shelf life. They are designed to inhibit the activity of spoilage bacteria and the metabolic changes that result in the loss of fish quality. Spoilage bacteria are the specific bacteria that produce the unpleasant odours and flavours associated with spoiled fish.
|
|
Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The antennae are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet.
|
|
Oils with a high degree of unsaturation are most susceptible to autoxidation. The best test for autoxidation (oxidative rancidity) is determination of the peroxide value. Peroxides are intermediates in the autoxidation reaction. Autoxidation is a free radical reaction involving oxygen that leads to deterioration of fats and oils which form off-flavours and off-odours.
|
|
They observed molecular absorption bands around 325 nm belonging to the system designated by 2Σ+ ← 2Πi. They generated the radical by means of a radio frequency discharge in hydrogen sulfide. HS• is formed during the degradation of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere of the Earth. This may be a deliberate action to destroy odours or a natural phenomenon.
|
|
Moonrats release strong odours with a strong ammonia content to mark the edges of their territories and warn other moonrats to stay away with threatening hisses also to ward off predators. Adults live alone. When they are preparing to have young, they will make nests mostly from leaves. Females usually have two babies at one time.
|
|
In the late-1960s, odours from the plant became a problem in the expanding residential areas of Woden and Weston Creek, and also at nearby Government House. Several refinements were made to the plant, and the sludge drying beds were abandoned. The plant was closed in August 1978 and replaced by the new Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre.
|
|
Illustration about De avertendi fulminis artificio published in Acta Eruditorum, 1755 Winckler was elected to the Royal Society in 1747. The Royal Society, which spelled his name Winkler, published information about his electrical experiments in their Philosophical Transactions.An Account of Professor Winkler's Experiments Relating to Odours Passing through Electrised Globes and Tubes... doi: 10.1098/rstl.1751.0035 Phil. Trans.
|
|
Stink Blasters are a set of children's toy manufactured by Morrison Entertainment Group and distributed in thirty-one countries. The toys were first released in the early 2000s, and Series 2 was released in 2005. A series 3 was a prototype. The range consists of 24 collectable action figures per series, which release unpleasant odours when squeezed.
|
|
Then tests were run on the two groups to record their attraction to human smells. Female mosquitoes are particularly drawn to foot odours, and one of the tests showed infected mosquitoes landing and biting a prospective host repeatedly. The team speculates that the parasite improves the mosquitoes' sense of smell. It may also reduce its risk aversion.
|
|
The rats reached sexual maturity around August and started to breed come October. The species has a litter size ranging from one to eleven on average with a gestation period lasting around 23 to 25 days. Olfactory senses are used to smell certain species odours, allowing them to detect predators.Mcevoy, Joanne, David L. Sinn, and Erik Wapstra.
|
|
When everything was completely shredded he blew odours and flour over the public with a fan. Finally, he removed his suit and set it on fire. After the performance the public received an identity card from planet Mars. A life-size photo of Bleus's money suit is part of the art collection of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB).
|
|
They were able to use a non-invasive approach to maintain functional and structural integrity of the fly brain while imaging with two and three photon resolution to observe calcium signals in mushroom body Kenyon cells in response to odours. Next, Yapici will use this tool to better understand how hunger is encoded in the fly brain.
|
|
In July 2004, 150 residents of Ashburn filed a $10 million civil lawsuit against Greenwood Mushroom Farm, claiming that the stench from the farm created a nuisance, and that its noxious odours violated the Environmental Protection Act.Elizabeth Brubaker, "A Mushrooming Problem: Agricultural Nuisances in Ontario," Greener Pastures: Decentralizing the Regulation of Agricultural Pollution (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007), ch. 5, p. 57; also "Ashburn residents launch suit over `putrid' odours from mushroom farm," The Canadian Press, July 9, 2004. In December 2011, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency warned the public that some sliced mushroom products from Greenwood Mushroom Farm "may be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes" and were recalled; cf. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, "Health Hazard Alert: Certain Sliced Mushrooms may contain Listeria monocytogenes ," accessed March 17, 2012.
|
|
Women's fertility levels shift dramatically throughout the menstrual cycle, so the period surrounding ovulation is extremely important because it represents the peak period of reproductive fertility. As conception is most likely to occur during a woman's brief fertile period, evolutionary theories suggest that men possess adaptations designed to maximize their reproductive success during this period. Women's fertility shapes male mating behaviour, many studies have shown that being exposed to the scent of women's fertility led men to display greater implicit accessibility to mating-related concepts, males also judged the odours of women during the follicular phase as more pleasant and 'sexy' than odours during the luteal (non-ovulatory) phase. Olfaction, therefore, transmits information relevant to human mate selection, through which men are capable of detecting shifts in women's fertility.
|
|
Many flies have evolved mimetic resemblances that aid their protection. Batesian mimicry is widespread with many hoverflies resembling bees and wasps, ants and some species of tephritid fruit fly resembling spiders. Some species of hoverfly are myrmecophilous, their young live and grow within the nests of ants. They are protected from the ants by imitating chemical odours given by ant colony members.
|
|
According to Rami Abdel Rahman, the director of the pro-opposition Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, "regime planes bombed Kafr Zita with explosive barrels that produced thick smoke and odours and led to cases of suffocation and poisoning." Opposition activists said the chemical attack occurred during fierce fighting when government troops appeared to be losing control of the strategic town of Khan Shaykhun.
|
|
There is a relationship between various aspects of human biology and genetics with sexual attraction. This includes the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and their different heterozygotic variations. Such genetic factors may play a role in sexual selection. Signalling odours in reproduction are called attractants; their function is to bring about successful mating.
|
|
The largest employer in Huish Episcopi is the Southern Counties Fresh Foods Ltd new abattoir, which processes beef and sheep. An Abattoir Liaison Group was appointed, with members from the village, to help resolve community issues such as odours emanating from the plant, heavy goods vehicles on the narrow roads, and light pollution.Area North Meeting, South Somerset County Council, 20 December 2000. .
|
|
As a result, the ozonation of drinking water became a separate line of business. From 1972 onwards, Sauter ozone installations were also used to neutralise odours in the return air of purification plants. The ozonation business was sold to Christ Water Technology AG around 1980. The remaining business for controlling water supply installations was sold to Rittmeyer AG in 1996.
|
|
Chemical adaptations of the Splachnaceae include the odours produced and released by the sporophytes. In the sporophytes of entomophilous species, volatile compounds, including organic acids and octane derivatives, have been isolated. These are in especially high concentration within the hypophysis. Such chemoattractants are most often secreted through the stomata of the apophysis; and are absent throughout the seta as well as the gametophyte.
|
|
Corona discharge ozone generators have been used for more than 30 years in the water purification process. Ozone is a toxic gas, even more potent than chlorine. In a typical drinking water treatment plant, the ozone gas is dissolved into the filtered water to kill bacteria and destroy viruses. Ozone also removes the bad odours and taste from the water.
|
|
C57BL/6 mice have a dark brown, nearly black coat. They are more sensitive to noise and odours and are more likely to bite than the more docile laboratory strains such as BALB/c. They are good breeders. Group-housed B6 female mice display barbering behavior, in which the dominant mouse in a cage selectively removes hair from its subordinate cage mates.
|
|
They were sized above their capacity taking into account climatic factors. Waste material and wood shavings compost in the tanks and the vent pipe to reduce odours. Recycled red gum posts were sought from demolished wharfs at Docklands, which are used as feature posts for the toilets and shelter. Radial sawn yellow stringybark timbers from East Gippsland have been used for cladding of the buildings.
|
|
Aposematism always involves advertising signals, which may take the form of conspicuous coloration, sounds, odours or other perceivable characteristics. Aposematic signals are beneficial for both predator and prey, since both avoid potential harm. The term was coined by Edward Bagnall Poulton for Alfred Russel Wallace's concept of warning coloration. Aposematism is exploited in Müllerian mimicry, where species with strong defences evolve to resemble one another.
|
|
It was found that the ground was too low and hard digging, resulting in shallow burials that caused distressing odours. Tozer Park Cemetery was closed in 1886. The cemetery was relocated to its current location on Corella Road at Two Mile, and an area of 60 acres was granted. Families were granted new plots in lieu of plots already purchased in the old cemetery.
|
|
While insects and the coconut crab originate from different paths, the same need to detect smells in the air led to the development of remarkably similar organs. Coconut crabs flick their antennae as insects do to enhance their reception. Their sense of smell can detect interesting odours over large distances. The smells of rotting meat, bananas, and coconuts, all potential food sources, catch their attention especially.
|
|
Odour is sensory stimulation of the olfactory membrane of the nose by a group of molecules. Certain body odours are connected to human sexual attraction. Humans can make use of body odour subconsciously to identify whether a potential mate will pass on favourable traits to their offspring. Body odour may provide significant cues about the genetic quality, health and reproductive success of a potential mate.
|
|
In about 90% of genuine halitosis cases, the origin of the odour is in the mouth itself. This is known as intra-oral halitosis, oral malodour or oral halitosis. The most common causes are odour producing biofilm on the back of the tongue or other areas of the mouth due to poor oral hygiene. This biofilm results in the production of high levels of foul odours.
|
|
Cladosporium species are rarely pathogenic to humans, but have been reported to cause infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs. The airborne spores of Cladosporium species are significant allergens, and in large amounts they can severely affect asthmatics and people with respiratory diseases. Cladosporium species produce no major mycotoxins of concern, but do produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with odours.
|
|
The well-developed olfactory perception of treeshrews enables them to easily detect food among the leaf litter on the forest floor. Their sensitivity for odours coupled with scent-marking of their territories is important in their interaction with conspecifics.Gould, E. (1978). The behavior of the moonrat, Echinosorex gymnurus (Erinaceidae) and the pentail shrew, Ptilocercus lowi (Tupaiidae) with comments on the behavior of other insectivora.
|
|
However the unpalatable seed is discarded some distance away from the parent plant in a hospitable environment in which to germinate. The seeds of E. whitelockii are an important food source for baboons. This species is not only pollinated by wind but also by insects or more specifically weevils. To attract pollinators, male and female cones produce powerful odours, usually in the early morning or evening.
|
|
While on the diet some patients become sensitive to fumes and odours, which may also cause symptoms. They are advised to avoid such exposures as this can complicate the elimination and challenge procedures. Petroleum products, paints, cleaning agents, perfumes, smoke and pressure pack sprays are particular chemicals to avoid when participating in an elimination diet. Once the procedure is complete this sensitivity becomes less of a problem.
|
|
Bioreactor landfills are a relatively new technology. For the newly developed bioreactor landfills initial monitoring costs are higher to ensure that everything important is discovered and properly controlled. This includes gases, odours and seepage of leachate into the ground surface. The increased moisture content of bioreactor landfill may reduce the structural stability of the landfill by increasing the pore water pressure within the waste mass.
|
|
As ping on bun is made by with fresh ingredients, it will spoil easily. During Cheung Chau Bun Festival 2015, nearly 10,000 buns spoiled. Because of the heavy rain and the hot weather, the buns of the three bun mountain became moldy and even caused some sour smell and odours. There are thousands of bun pieces left on the ground during the festival.I-cable.com.
|
|
Although many of the existing lamps in Sheffield and elsewhere are now disused, the lamps still have a use today in reducing odours. They do not prevent explosions as the concentration of methane in sewer gas is below the lower explosion limit (LEL) for methane. If the methane concentration were over the explosive limit (≈ 50,000 ppmv) the open flames in the lamps would burn like flares.
|
|
This includes all public places and dwellings having access to sustainable toilets, free from odours, and reducing hygiene related diseases. Currently, about 72% of toilets in rural Kenya are dug pits and open defecation occurs. The amount of sanitation sewers is very low, with most not being treated. Sewage bursts and discharge of raw sewage from plants is a common practice, contaminating the earth and water supply.
|
|
"Apparently This Matters: Fart-filtering underwear", CNN, November 2015. The garments feature an activated carbon back panel that absorbs flatulence odours."Smartypants: the fart-filtering future of underwear", The Guardian, April 2016. Originally invented as healthcare underwear for people with conditions such as IBS, Crohn’s disease and food intolerances, the garments are now available in department stores around the UK and are marketed at everyone.
|
|
Zinc compounds, more specifically zinc ascorbate, also play a role in preventing plaque accumulation due to antimicrobial activity. Zinc salts inhibit bacterial growth by binding to sulfur to control plaque formation, as well as reduce foul oral odours. However, research has only been performed on cats, so the same evidence may not be directly applicable to dogs. Chlorhexidine is another example of a non- specific antimicrobial agent.
|
|
A 1996 Popular Mechanics article describes "jock socks odour" complaints as one of the magazine's most frequent queries with regard to automotive air conditioning systems, attributing it to fungal growth within the auto. The term "Dirty Sock Syndrome" is used to describe unpleasant odours that arise in building heating and cooling systems. High-efficiency heat pumps in the southeastern US have been noted as frequent offenders.
|
|
Preservation techniques are needed to prevent fish spoilage and lengthen shelf life. They are designed to inhibit the activity of spoilage bacteria and the metabolic changes leading to a loss of fish quality. Spoilage bacteria are the specific bacteria that produce the unpleasant odours and flavours associated with spoiled fish.Huss HH (1988) Quality and quality changes in fresh fish FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 348, Rome. .
|
|
Researchers have conducted experiments involving odourant-binding proteins (OBP) which allow for perception of odours in L. lineolaris and other insect groups. A study involved transcriptomics in order to investigate olfaction in L. lineolaris to reduce its harmful impacts on commercial crops.Hull, J. J., Perera, O. P., Snodgrass, G. L. (2014). Cloning and Expression Profiling of Odorant-binding Proteins in the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris.
|
|
This is by adapting to produce chemicals (ex: allomones, pheromones, odours, etc.) that will cause a desirable behavioural reaction in the species being deceived and a selective advantage to the mimic. Chemical mimicry exists within many of the different forms of mimicry such as aggressive, protective, Batesian, and Müllerian mimicry and can involve a number of different senses. Mimicking semiochemicals, which cannot be seen, make up some of the most widely used forms of chemical mimicry and is therefore less apparent than more visual forms. As a result of this, this topic has been relatively neglected in research and literature. Two examples of organisms displaying chemical mimicry include the mimicking of Noctuid pheromones by bolas spiders in order to draw prey to the spider’s location and the duping of insects within their own nests by mimicking their odours in order to enter and hide within the nest undetected.
|
|
But adults can acquire them, too, by regurgitating decomposing plants containing the compounds and sucking up the fluid. Adults can transfer the defenses to their eggs, and males sometimes transfer them to females to help with defense of the eggs. Larval "hairs" may be stinging in some species, due to histamines their caterpillar makes. The insects advertise these defenses with aposematic bright coloration, unusual postures, odours, or, in adults, ultrasonic vibrations.
|
|
It is now surrounded by residential areas and strenuous efforts have been made to reduce odours and pollution. Most notable was the shuttering of the plant's incinerators in 1987. An odour control study was completed in 2002 and, beginning in 2002, the area around the plant was also redesigned into a large landscaped park. In 2005, a contract was awarded to design and construct a new odour control system.
|
|
In his book Double Fold, Nicholson Baker discusses the failure of the NASA program at great length. The chemical company Akzo made later attempts at refining the process; though the risks of fire and explosions were reduced by better process design, damage and odours remained a problem. In the end, Akzo decided the process was not a viable commercial proposition, and shut down their research at the end of 1994.
|
|
Returning salmon may use olfaction to identify the river in which they developed. Olfactory navigation has been suggested as a possible mechanism in pigeons. Papi's 'mosaic' model argues that pigeons build and remember a mental map of the odours in their area, recognizing where they are by the local odour. Wallraff's 'gradient' model argues that there is a steady, large-scale gradient of odour which remains stable for long periods.
|
|
The human leukocyte antigen system is a gene complex which encodes MHC in humans. Over thirty olfactory receptor genes have been located at the HLA class I region, which presents peptides from inside the cell to be destroyed by the immune system. HLA- linked olfactory receptor genes can therefore provide a possible mechanism for detecting HLA- specific odours. Androstenol, found in fresh male sweat, is attractive to women.
|
|
Regardless of the species, sex pheromones are often structurally similar and for that reason different species need to be able to respond to the correct pheromone. It is the variation in the ratios of each compound within a pheromone that yields species specificity. The use of mixtures of compounds as pheromones is well documented in insects, research into male orchid bees demonstrates that specific odours mediate exclusive attraction within a species.
|
|
This is important if there is a risk of carbon monoxide contamination as it is highly toxic. The air entering the catalyst layer must be dry (dew point of around –50 degrees), as moisture neutralizes the catalyst. After the catalyst, an absorbent can be used to remove the CO2. Activated carbon absorbs both condensable and gaseous hydrocarbons, and is effective in removing odours, organic compounds, and halogenated solvents.
|
|
Animal Behaviour, 74: 429–436 Red squirrels are able to discriminate the odours of familiar neighbours and strangers.Vaché, M., Ferron, J. and Gouat, P., (2001). The ability of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) to discriminate conspecific olfactory signatures. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79: 1296-1300 It has been suggested that this discrimination may be used by males to avoid unnecessary chases and fights by becoming known to their neighbours.
|
|
The breather is often located in the oil cap. As per the earlier engines, the road draught tube system also created pollution and objectionable odours. The draught tube could become clogged with snow or ice, in which case crankcase pressure would build and cause oil leaks and gasket failure. On slow-moving delivery vehicles and boats, there was often no suitable air slipstream for the road draught tube.
|
|
English wine aroma terms grouped into categories and subcategories. Olfactory language refers to language associated with the sense of smell. It involves the naming and categorisation of odours by humans according to each odour's perceived source or attributes. The study of olfactory language is part of the field of linguistics and is distinct from the study of semiochemical communication, which involves communication between organisms using chemical substances detected through olfaction.
|
|
Opening quote: "And glory like the phoenix midst her fires, Exhales her odours, blazes, and expires." Two young employees stay late at Harrison's Outfitters, when Damien Barso (Gideon Emery) uses a key to enter the building. He generates fire from his body and sets fire to the building. The two employees are trapped in the office and when they discover the fire, it is too late to escape.
|
|
Dung beetles locate dung by detecting the odours produced by its volatile constituents. Different species of dung beetle are attracted to the dung produced by different animals. Scarabaeus ambiguus seems to be attracted by both cattle dung and donkey dung. It is diurnal and is particularly active in the morning, in the cool conditions after heavy rain, when it is on the wing earlier than other species of dung beetle.
|
|
Sulfolobus metallicus could potentially be utilized to eliminate reduced sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), near urban areas that cause disturbing odours. Many industries have H2S gas emissions that present many environmental problems as well as a foul odour. S. metalllicus has shown that it can oxidize these compounds and potentially eliminate many of those emissions. Many of these industrial emissions occur at high temperatures and low concentrations.
|
|
Howardula nematodes can severely impact fly egg development, as infection can effectively sterilize some species. Howardula aoronymphium are attracted to mushroom sites by cuing in on specific odourants that are common in rotting mushrooms. However the odourants that attract H. aoronymphium to mushrooms are different from the odours that attract its fly host D. falleni. Yet when D. falleni are infected by H. aoronymphium, their olfactory preferences differ.
|
|
Contrary to these findings, other studies have found that there is no correlation between attraction and odor by testing males' odor preferences on women's odors. The study concludes that there is no correlation in attraction between men and women of dissimilar HLA proteins.Probst, F., Fischbacher, U., Lobmaier, J. S., Wirthmüller, U., & Knoch, D. (2017). Men's preferences for women's body odours are not associated with human leucocyte antigen. Proceedings.
|
|
The atmospheric chemistry leading to hydroxyl radical creation is generally absent indoors. However, new technologies, pioneered by NASA (see Next Generation Hybrid Photo-Catalytic Oxidation (PCO) for Trace Contaminant Control (H-PCO)), have now made it possible to reproduce the outdoor effects of hydroxyl radicals indoors, enabling the continuous deactivation of viruses and bacteria, removal of toxic gases (such as ammonia, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde) and odours, and neutralisation of allergens throughout an inside space.
|
|
Recent studies on host-plant finding have shown that flying pests are far less successful if their host-plants are surrounded by any other plant, or even "decoy-plants" made of green plastic, cardboard or any other green material. The host-plant finding process occurs in three phases. The first phase is stimulation by odours characteristic to the host-plant. This induces the insect to try to land on the plant it seeks.
|
|
They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor.
|
|
Metro and Scarborough agreed to expand the landfill's capacity by 635,000 tonnes in 1971 and 5.4 million tonnes in 1974. Following closure of the landfill in 1983, the City continued to manage the site to control potential impacts. To limit emissions and control odours, the surface of the site was equipped with an array of passive candlestick gas flares. The City developed a landfill gas to electricity project at the Beare Road site.
|
|
Research has found a significant correlation between an individual's MHC genotype and the ratings they assigned to certain perfumes labelled to use "for self". This therefore supports the hypothesis that perfumes can personally enhance body odours that indicate an individual's immunogenetics. However, several infertility issues may arise when people use perfumes or scented body washes that erase their natural scent, hindering women in particular from being able to detect if their partner is genetically comparable.
|
|
It can distinguish between odours while foraging, a behaviour reported in only one other parrot species. The kakapo has a large olfactory bulb ratio (longest diameter of the olfactory bulb/longest diameter of the brain) indicating that it does, indeed, have a more developed sense of smell than other parrots. One of the most striking characteristics of the kakapo is its distinct musty-sweet odour. The smell often alerts predators to the presence of kakapo.
|
|
The usual ancient Greek word for "cat" was ailouros, meaning "thing with the waving tail", but this word could also be applied to any of the "various long-tailed carnivores kept for catching mice". Cats are rarely mentioned in ancient Greek literature, but Aristotle does remark in his History of Animals that "female cats are naturally lecherous." The Greek essayist Plutarch linked cats with cleanliness, noting that unnatural odours could make them mad.Plutarch: Adv.
|
|
Cooking onions and sweet onions are better stored at room temperature, optimally in a single layer, in mesh bags in a dry, cool, dark, well-ventilated location. In this environment, cooking onions have a shelf life of three to four weeks and sweet onions one to two weeks. Cooking onions will absorb odours from apples and pears. Also, they draw moisture from vegetables with which they are stored which may cause them to decay.
|
|
At least 10 different compounds, such as alkanes, alcohols, etc., are detectable in the urine. Among them, five compounds are specific to males, namely 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol, aminotriazole (3-amino-s- triazole), 4-ethyl phenol, 3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl octane and 1-iodoundecane. Odours from adult males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females and synchronise reproductive cycles in mature females (i.e.
|
|
The sewage tunnel contained waste and toxic oils which could cause blindness, so Nao and his men would have to close their eyes as they moved through it to avoid blindness.Ho, p. 12 Nao and his men must bathe to purge deadly odours to avoid detection, and probably arrest, by South Vietnamese authorities. After Nao had surveyed the tunnels leading to the port, he presented his plan to the Saigon-Gia Dinh Military District Headquarters.
|
|
Termite antennae have a number of functions such as the sensing of touch, taste, odours (including pheromones), heat and vibration. The three basic segments of a termite antenna include a scape, a pedicel (typically shorter than the scape), and the flagellum (all segments beyond the scape and pedicel). The mouth parts contain a maxillae, a labium, and a set of mandibles. The maxillae and labium have palps that help termites sense food and handling.
|
|
Careful decanting of the clear water after settlement or the use of filtration provides acceptably low levels of metals. Water contaminated by aluminium or zinc cannot be treated in this way using a strong alkali as higher pHs re-dissolve the metal salts. Salt is difficult to remove except by reverse osmosis or distillation. Most portable treatment processes focus on mitigating human pathogens for safety and removing particulates matter, tastes and odours.
|
|
In a study of the odours most likely to attract mosquitos, smelly socks were found to be the most effective, topping the list along with Limburger cheese. Their strong odour will also attract other dangerous wild animals such as bear. Because this smell is so effective at attracting mosquitos, its use has been explored for mosquito control in places where malaria is prevalent. An imitation foot odour has been synthesised at the University of Wageningen.
|
|
It is in order to unmask them that I have dedicated my work to you, that you may not be heedless to my torments, and that you will work to end them now that they are known to you. The autobiography relates Berbiguier's struggles with the imps. He was able to capture some of them, and confine them in bottles. Sulphur and thyme were two odours he found were effective to repel them.
|
|
Preservation techniques are needed to prevent fish spoilage and lengthen shelf life. They are designed to inhibit the activity of spoilage bacteria and the metabolic changes that result in the loss of fish quality. Spoilage bacteria are the specific bacteria that produce the unpleasant odours and flavours associated with spoiled fish. Fish normally host many bacteria that are not spoilage bacteria, and most of the bacteria present on spoiled fish played no role in the spoilage.
|
|
Carpenter bees mate on-the-wing. Males grasp the females in flight and place their front or middle legs, which have fringes of long setae, over the compound eyes of their mate. It is thought that the dilated front legs of males of some species of carpenter bees collect and trap oils and odours that function during mating.Wittman, D. and B. Blochtein. (1995). “Why males of leafcutter bees hold the females’ antennae with their front legs during mating”.
|
|
Odontaster validus does not attack members of its own species but can attack sea star of other species. This seems to be due to chemoreceptors which can identify conspecifics by their odour. Sea star often converge on food sources and a study was undertaken to examine how they do this. It was found that food-deprived individual Odontaster validus could distinguish between the odours emitted by satiated and by starved sea star of the same species.
|
|
They appear in clusters, each flower up-turned, on a tiny inflorescence that sprouts from the tip of the stem. Each stem usually only produces a maximum of one inflorescence. The flowers of different species are in a range of colours; most emit unpleasant odours, especially the darker red or brown coloured ones. The compact, mat-forming stems are very similar to those of the related genus Duvalia, and the two are often confused when not in flower.
|
|
Red imported fire ants can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through chemical communication and specific colony odours. Workers prefer to dig into nest materials from their own colony and not from soil in unnested areas or from other red imported fire ant colonies. One study suggests that as a colony's diet is similar, the only difference between nested and unnested soil was the nesting of the ants themselves. Therefore, workers may transfer colony odour within the soil.
|
|
Brondell's Breeza activates automatically by using a sensor to detect when the user sits on. It captures odours at the source through an intake and quiet fan; purifies the air the air with an odour absorbing activated carbon replaceable filter, and freshens the air with aromatherapy vent. It is powered by two D-cell batteries, which last up to 9 months. It was pulled out of the market in 2011, due to high manufacturing costs and low demand.
|
|
Drosophila falleni are attracted to mushroom sites by cuing in on specific odourants that are common in rotting mushrooms. However the odourants that attract D. falleni to mushrooms are different from the odours that attract its nematode parasite Howardula aoronymphium. Infection by H. aoronymphium alters D. falleni olfactory preferences, causing infected flies to become more averse to acetate-containing compounds such as ethyl acetate or propyl acetate. Conversely, infected flies become more attracted to 1-nonanol.
|
|
Scent rubbing can be used as a form of communication between many terrestrial mammals. This method is used to send messages, find mates and to keep away from areas where others have foraged. Odours produced by sweat glands, urine, faeces and vaginal secretions often induce this behaviour, which is prominent in carnivore species. Scent rubbing by males in many species is related to intrasexual communication and social interaction, such as the social status the animal holds in that population.
|
|
Per-Edvin Persson Per-Edvin Persson (born 1949 in Helsinki) is Director of Heureka, the Finnish Science Centre, since 1991. Before that he was the Director of Science at Heureka (1987-1991) and the Director of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (1983-1987). Earlier he was a research scientist at the University of Helsinki, including a fellowship year at the Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Persson's specialty was tastes and odours in drinking water and fish.
|
|
Shellac is an odour and stain blocker and so is often used as the base of "solves all problems" primers. Although its durability against abrasives and many common solvents is not very good, shellac provides an excellent barrier against water vapour penetration. Shellac-based primers are an effective sealant to control odours associated with fire damage. Shellac has traditionally been used as a dye for cotton and, especially, silk cloth in Thailand, particularly in the north-eastern region.
|
|
DMSP has also been implicated in influencing the taste and odour characteristics of various products. For example, although DMSP is odourless and tasteless, it is accumulated at high levels in some marine herbivores or filter feeders. Increased growth rates, vigour and stress resistance among animals cultivated on such diets have been reported. DMS, is responsible for repellent, 'off' tastes and odours that develop in some seafood products because of the action of bacterial DMSP-lyase, which cogenerates acrylate.
|
|
Gillow & Sentence (1999), pp. 122–36. Some mordants and some dyestuffs produce strong odours, and the process of dyeing often depends on a good supply of fresh water, storage areas for bulky plant materials, vats which can be kept heated (often for days or weeks) along with the necessary fuel, and airy spaces to dry the dyed textiles. Ancient large-scale dye-works tended to be located on the outskirts of populated areas.Barber (1991), p. 239.
|
|
Section 4 of the Air Pollution Act, 1987 defines air pollution as: "a condition of the atmosphere in which a pollutant is present in such a quantity as to be liable to: # be injurious to public health # have a deleterious effect on flora or fauna or damage property, or # impair or interfere with amenities or the environment" The legislation applies in cases where there are emissions of smoke, particulate matter, fumes or where there are odours in areas specifically defined in the regulations.
|
|
Waste water in its untreated state is 99.9% water and 0.1% other matter. A series of sophisticated machines produce clean water of a high standard getting rid of bad tastes odours and toxins to meet the upgraded NZ water standards. The Pukete 2 project which started in 2002 will upgrade the plant in a series of stages costing $24 million. A further issue is industrial and metropolitan waste from early-established landfills and waste-emitting factories on the banks of the river.
|
|
The air in Rome was undoubtedly polluted, with many sources remarking on the odours that could be found walking around the city. There were multiple sources for Rome's air pollution, open fires and human waste just being some of it. This degree of waste also attracted rodents and pests of all natures, only adding to the number of concerns for public health. It wasn't until the rule of Emperor Domitian that air pollution was attempted to be taken care of within the city.
|
|
Men and women are attracted to the pheromones they produce and HLA is related to the perceptions of other peoples' odours. Males produce androstenol and androstenone. Androstenol is produced by fresh male sweat and is most attractive to women, while androstenone is produced once the sweat is exposed to oxygen and is highly unpleasant to women. Studies have shown that women who are at the most fertile stage of their menstrual cycle prefer the smell of men that have higher testosterone levels.
|
|
Ozone production demonstration, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, 1926 Ozone generators, or ozonators, are used to produce ozone for cleaning air or removing smoke odours in unoccupied rooms. These ozone generators can produce over 3 g of ozone per hour. Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O2 will not react. Ozone used in industry is measured in μmol/mol (ppm, parts per million), nmol/mol (ppb, parts per billion), μg/m3, mg/h (milligrams per hour) or weight percent.
|
|
When the Royal Württemberg State Railways opened the Gäu Railway from Stuttgart to Freudenstadt in September 1879, many residents of Rohr saw only the drawbacks of the new system of transport. Some farmers had been dispossessed for the line and believed the railway would bring only noise and odours. But when industrialisation began in the neighbouring village of Vaihingen and commuters from Rohr took advantage of its station, people learned of rail's advantages. In 1906, Rohr station opened for passenger services.
|
|
Many of these lamps were installed in the UK in towns and cities including Sheffield, Winchester, Durham, Whitley Bay, Monkseaton and Blyth, Northumberland.Chris LLoyd, Northern Echo 30 July 2008 "Raising a Stink" With a flame generated by burning town gas, sewer gases were drawn from the sewer below and discharged above the heads of passers-by to dissipate odours. The flame in the lamp does not actually generate sufficient thermal energy to combust any of the odour compounds in the air.
|
|
The odour is a diagnostic feature of a serious medical condition, Isovaleric acidemia. A widespread consumer perception of the odour in the medication metformin, frequently used to treat Type 2 diabetes, may have contributed to patient refusals of the treatment. A test of olfactory abilities deemed useful in Japan employs detection of "sweaty socks", along with two other odours, as a useful metric of these abilities. When fresh, alkyl nitrites or "poppers", smell fruity, but when stale their aroma seems like smelly socks.
|
|
It proposes the existence of long-range, stable atmospheric odour gradients. The foundation for this navigational map is a spatial representation in which two or more environmental odours have a particular intensity. Odour gradient differs along dissimilar directional axes and, therefore, the pigeon can compare the intensity of the scent at a particular location to its concentration at the home loft. This mechanism in principle could operate over vast distances, but would require the detection and interpretation of minute differences in odour concentration.
|
|
The exact cause of VCD is not known, and it is unlikely that a single underlying cause exists. Several contributing factors have been identified, which vary widely among VCD patients with different medical histories. Physical exercise (including, but not limited to, competitive athletics) is one of the major triggers for VCD episodes, leading to its frequent misdiagnosis as exercise-induced asthma. Other triggers include airborne pollutants and irritants such as smoke, dust, gases, soldering fumes, cleaning chemicals such as ammonia, perfumes, and other odours.
|
|
There is evidence that when cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle and this is communicated by alarm substances in the urine. The odour of dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior to cattle feeding, whereas the odours of urine from either stressed or non-stressed conspecifics and blood have no effect. In the laboratory, cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only. In general, cattle use their sense of smell to "expand" on information detected by other sensory modalities.
|
|
Jean Carles (1892–1966) was a French perfumer who worked in Roure (now part of Givaudan) in the early 20th century. He was the founder of the Roure Perfumery School and served as its first director in 1946. Jean Carles was also the mentor of many perfumers including Monique Schlienger and Jacques Polge. Despite becoming anosmic towards the end of his life, Carles created works such as Ma Griffe (Carven) and Miss Dior (Christian Dior) using only his memory of odours to guide him.
|
|
The answers can then be analyzed in order to gain a better understanding as to how recall of autobiographical memory works, especially in cases dealing with brain damage or amnesia. Recent studies have used non-verbal cues for memory, such as visual images, music or odours. Chu and Downes (2002) found ample evidence that odour cues are particularly good at cueing autobiographical memories. Odour-cued memories for specific events were more detailed and more emotionally loaded than those for verbal, visual, or non-related odour cues.
|
|
Officers rarely talked with prisoners or addressed complaints, for fear of being accused of being "involved" with inmates. Examples of this rigidity included a uniform style of haircut for inmates, a ban on sitting down in the yard, and a requirement that inmates wear jackets during muster (roll call), even in summer. Enforcement of rules was inconsistent and arbitrary. Inmates also complained of rancid food, limits on the number of incoming letters they could keep, and the odours and flies from the prison's piggery.
|
|
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(25), 20685-20698. The sulfur dioxide emissions of kraft-pulp mills are much lower than those from sulfite mills. In the ambient air outside a typical modern kraft-pulp mill, the sulfur-dioxide odour is perceivable only during disturbance situations, for example when the mill is shut down for a maintenance break, or when an extended power outage occurs. Control of odours is achieved through the collection and burning of these odorous gases in the recovery boiler alongside the black liquor.
|
|
Affective arousal has predominantly been discussed with regard to the informative influence of affect on memory. However, the influence of affective valence on memory has been demonstrated in research, such as at memory retrieval. It was illustrated that after exposure to pleasant or unpleasant odours to induce positive or negative affective valence respectively, those with induced positive affect provided significantly more positive ratings (rated as happy memory) of a retrieved memory than those with induced negative affect. Affective valence has also been implicated at memory encoding.
|
|
The Reed odourless earth closet (ROEC) is a variation on the ventilated improved pit (VIP) toilet where the pit is fully off-set from the Outhouse and is connected to the squatting plate by a curved chute. The ROEC is fitted with a vent pipe to control odour and insect nuisance. It is claimed that the chute, in conjunction with the ventilation stack, encourages vigorous air circulation down the toilet, thereby removing odours and discouraging flies. This type of latrine is common in southern Africa.
|
|
These servants wings could be fairly small compared to the overall size of the house, as the servants had at their disposal, in addition to their own wing, the ground floor of the entire building. The kitchen and its attendant odours, however, were always confined to a more remote wing. While life upstairs away from the servants became more relaxed with less ceremony, life downstairs became a parody of the former world upstairs. Butlers, housekeepers and cooks now became monarchs in their own small kingdoms.
|
|
Brondell's Swash 1000 features an automatically activated carbon deodorizer which can suck the air from the toilet bowl and blow it through a catalyst wall of activated charcoal that absorbs odours. By pressing the deodorize button, it will run on high for approximately 1 minute. Besides the deodorize function, the Swash 1000 also has features that are common among electronic bidets, such as posterior wash, feminine wash, self- cleaning nozzle, nozzle position adjustment, adjustable water pressure, water and drying temperature setting, oscillating setting, heated seat and others.
|
|
In: Bardach, JE Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes', The WorldFish Center, . Salmon have a strong sense of smell. Speculation about whether odours provide homing cues, go back to the 19th century.Trevanius 1822 In 1951, Hasler hypothesised that, once in vicinity of the estuary or entrance to its birth river, salmon may use chemical cues which they can smell, and which are unique to their natal stream, as a mechanism to home onto the entrance of the stream.
|
|
Refermentation, sometimes called secondary fermentation, is caused by yeasts refermenting the residual sugar present within bottled wine. It occurs when sweet wines are bottled in non-sterile conditions, allowing the presence of microorganisms. The most common yeast to referment wine is the standard wine fermentation yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but has also been attributed to Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. The main issues associated with the fault include turbidity (from yeast biomass production), excess ethanol production (may violate labelling laws), slight carbonation, and some coarse odours.
|
|
Three types of adaptations have been recorded for entomophily: (1) coprophily , (2) morphological adaptations and (3) chemical adaptations. In many instances, the specific colours, shapes, and odours produced by sporophytes have been shown to have species-specific relationships to the flies that visit them. This suggests that the Splachnaceae co-exist through signal diversification, which allows different species to avoid competition for spore-dispersal within a limited range. This is akin to the signal diversification strategies observed in flowering plants, which reduce competition for pollinators.
|
|
Other moths land on the usually smaller flowers, which may be aggregated into flowerheads. Their energetic needs are not so great as those of hawkmoths and they are offered smaller quantities of nectar. Inflorescences pollinated by beetles tend to be flat with open corollas or small flowers clustered in a head with multiple, projecting anthers that shed pollen readily. The flowers are often green or pale-coloured, and heavily scented, often with fruity or spicy aromas, but sometimes with odours of decaying organic matter.
|
|
After three to four weeks the embryos are fully developed and require a second flood to stimulate them to hatch, and the larvae are carried to sea on the floodwaters. They live amongst and on the plankton for 3–4 months before returning to freshwater. Juvenile banded kokopu can detect and are attracted to odours produced by adults. This suggests they have the ability to discriminate species-specific pheromones during their migratory phase, which alerts juveniles to suitable habitat based on the presence of adults.
|
|
Added advantages of the convectant drying system are that the system controls the environment being dried, removing the potential for mold proliferation and expelling airborne particulates, odours and mold spores to the outside. In addition to the benefits of a faster drying process, use of the process can result in significant reduction in: the need to strip out structural components, secondary damage, environmental impacts, overall cost savings relating to the incident - in particular when being used on more severe water damage or construction drying projects.
|
|
In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odours and turned the rivers green in industrial cities. In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho in London to faecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted, but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems.
|
|
The belt filter is most advantageous when installed such that it is open and viewable at floor level for easier adjustment and monitoring. This is of course subject to what lighting and ventilation will allow. The belt filter press is often used in wastewater treatment, and thus the odour of the feed sludge, volatile emissions and the chemicals used in treatment, may become a problem. One control method is to use odour-neutralizing chemicals such as potassium permanganate. However this only neutralizes odours and doesn’t affect any gases or chemicals involved.
|
|
" He whose creation is this universe, who cherishes all desires, who contains all odours, who is endowed with all tastes, who embraces all this, who never speaks and who is without longing—He is my Self within the heart, He is that Brahman. When I shall have departed hence I shall certainly reach Him: one who has this faith and has no doubt will certainly attain to that Godhead. Thus said Sandilya, yea, thus he said. " In these four passages Śāṇḍilya gives us the cosmological proof of the Absolute, the Universal Ātmān or Tajjalān (Sanskrit:तज्जलान).
|
|
The hairy, oddly textured and coloured appearance of many Stapelia flowers has been claimed to resemble that of rotting meat, and this, coupled with their odour, has earned the most commonly grown members of the genus Stapelia the common name of carrion flowers. A notable exception is the sweetly scented Stapelia flavopurpurea. Such odours serve to attract various specialist pollinators including, in the case of carrion-scented blooms, blow flies of the dipteran family Calliphoridae. They frequently lay eggs around the coronae of Stapelia flowers, convinced by the plants' deception.PlantZAfrica.
|
|
It simulates the dispersion of air pollutants by utilizing a random walk process (Lagrangian simulation model) and it has capabilities for building effects, complex terrain, pollutant plume depletion by wet or dry deposition, and first order chemical reactions. It is available for download on the Internet free of cost.Austal2000 download web site (in German) Austal2000G is a similar model for simulating the dispersion of odours and it was also developed by Ingenieurbüro Janicke. The development of Austal 2000G was financed by three German states: Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Baden-Württemberg.
|
|
As well as goldsmiths, in medieval times the Fleet Ditch attracted many tanners and curriers to the Ward. As the City became more populous, these trades were banished to the suburbs and by the 18th century the River Fleet had been culverted and built over. In its later years, the Fleet became little more than an open sewer, and the locality was given over to slums due to undesirable odours. The modern Farringdon Street was built over it, with the Fleet Market opening for the sale of meat, fish and vegetables in 1737.
|
|
People in Southeast Asia with frequent exposures to durian are able to easily distinguish the sweet-like scent of its ketones and esters from rotten or putrescine odours which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious, whereas others find it pleasant and appealing. This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is highly appetising to diverse animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, sun bear, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers.
|
|
In 1895, New York City became the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management. Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first close body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with 'hopper mechanisms' where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck.
|
|
Dimethyl sulfide, a byproduct of the Swern oxidation, is one of the strongest odours known in organic chemistry. Humans can detect this compound in concentrations as low as 0.02 to 0.1 parts per million. A simple remedy for this problem is to rinse used glassware with bleach or oxone solution, which will oxidize the dimethyl sulfide back to dimethyl sulfoxide or to dimethyl sulfone, both of which are odourless and nontoxic. The reaction conditions allow oxidation of acid- sensitive compounds, which might decompose under the acidic oxidation conditions such as Jones oxidation.
|
|
A Buchan trap (alternative names: Bristol interceptor, interceptor trap and disconnecting trap) is a device made from fireclay located in a domestic sewer pipe to prevent odours entering the pipe from the public sewer and thus the property served by the drain. The trap uses a water seal to prevent air from the public sewer entering the property. In the days before individual plumbing fittings were separately trapped, the smell from the public sewer could permeate the house. Waste flows from the house through a U-bend in the trap.
|
|
Deer mirrors along the edges of highways were installed for reducing deer-vehicle collisions. The Wildlife Warning System is triggered by highway vehicles, setting off lights, sounds and or odours ahead of the approaching vehicle to frighten away animals. A system that detects vehicle was installed in 2002 near Harris to reduce the quantity of mule deer–automobile accidents for a two-year testing period. Another system detects large animals and sets off a warning system to drivers of vehicles, alerting them that an animal is on or near the highway ahead of time.
|
|
Dogs that are familiar with each other may lick each other's faces in greeting, then they begin to sniff any moist membranes where odours are strongest The mucus on a dog's wet nose traps particles from everything the dog has recently smelled or eaten. When dogs meet, they smell each other's noses to see what the other dog did that day and if there is any food nearby. Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal.
|
|
Since the parasitic-host relationship between the large blue and the Myrmica is essential for the caterpillar survival, female butterflies must lay eggs in areas where the larvae can be found by ant workers of the correct species. In the past it was unclear if Phengaris butterflies were capable of identifying areas of specific Myrmica species. It was believed that the certain species of Phengaris could detect specific odours to identify Myrmica species. It was also thought that certain species of Phengaris were capable of avoiding overcrowding on food plants by detecting high egg loads.
|
|
The odours are produced mainly due to the breakdown of proteins into individual amino acids, followed by the further breakdown of certain amino acids to produce detectable foul gases. Volatile sulfur compounds are associated with oral malodour levels, and usually decrease following successful treatment. Other parts of the mouth may also contribute to the overall odour, but are not as common as the back of the tongue. These locations are, in order of descending prevalence, inter-dental and sub-gingival niches, faulty dental work, food-impaction areas in between the teeth, abscesses, and unclean dentures.
|
|
A report for the European Union on the potential risks was produced in 2012. Potential risks are "methane emissions from the wells, diesel fumes and other hazardous pollutants, ozone precursors or odours from hydraulic fracturing equipment, such as compressors, pumps, and valves". Also gases and hydraulic fracturing fluids dissolved in flowback water pose air emissions risks. One study measured various air pollutants weekly for a year surrounding the development of a newly fractured gas well and detected nonmethane hydrocarbons, methylene chloride (a toxic solvent), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
|
|
An 1897 law mandated the cremation of individuals that had died of communicable infections. A public crematorium was built in every Japanese municipality in the 1910s and 1920s. From the 1920s, firewood was gradually replaced with fossil fuels which produced less smoke and odours, allowing cremation to happen during the daytime. Because families no longer had to travel back to the crematory the next day to collect the ashes, the Buddhist service traditionally held on the seventh day after death could be held on the same day as both the funeral and cremation for convenience.
|
|
Sacred scarab in a cartouche of Thutmosis III from Karnak temple of Amun-Ra, Egypt Scarabs are stout-bodied beetles, many with bright metallic colours, measuring between 1.5 and 160 mm. They have distinctive, clubbed antennae composed of plates called lamellae that can be compressed into a ball or fanned out like leaves to sense odours. The front legs of many species are broad and adapted for digging. In some groups males (and sometimes females) have prominent horns on the head and/or pronotum to fight over mates or resources.
|
|
In a laboratory study it was found that the starfish detected their prey by odours in the water. Hungry starfish which had not fed for two months, worked their way across the current until their olfactory tube feet, located near the tips of their arms, smelt an edible prey item after which they begin to travel up-current towards the source of the odour. Moving upstream in this way had the advantage that the prey was less likely to detect the approach of the starfish. Well fed starfish wandered in a more random fashion.
|
|
Some commentators see Winter's language as carrying racist concerns when he quoted Le Corbusier as saying urban congestion created a "zone of odours, [a] terrible and suffocating zone comparable to a field of gypsies crammed in their caravans amidst disorder and improvisation." He failed to mention Le Corbusier's views on how social structure and class relations should be managed. Sport was important to Winter as a remedy to problems of the machine age. In a modern urban environment, sport let man continue the activity of the outdoor life for which his body was designed.
|
|
Spider orchids mimic the odours of female mining bees Chemical mimicry (also referred to as molecular mimicry) is a type of biological mimicry, involving the use of chemicals to dupe an operator. A chemical mimic dupes an operator (e.g. a predator) by showing an adaptive chemical resemblance to an object of its environment and as a consequence receives selective advantage. In all cases of chemical mimicry it has been found that the mimicking species is the only species to benefit from the reaction with either costs or no effect on the duped species.
|
|
All four of these isomers are gases at room temperature and pressure, but can be liquefied by lowering the temperature or raising the pressure on them, in a manner similar to pressurised butane. These gases are colourless, but do have distinct odours, and are highly flammable. Although not naturally present in petroleum in high percentages, they can be produced from petrochemicals or by catalytic cracking of petroleum. Although they are stable compounds, the carbon-carbon double bonds make them more reactive than similar alkanes, which are more inert compounds in various ways.
|
|
While females can live longer than a month in captivity, most do not live longer than one to two weeks in nature. Their lifespans depend on temperature, humidity, and their ability to successfully obtain a blood meal while avoiding host defenses. In a study by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine researchers found that female mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites are significantly more attracted to human breath and odours than uninfected mosquitoes. The research team infected laboratory-raised Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with Plasmodium parasites, leaving a control group uninfected.
|
|
Until the early 20th century, blow-by gases escaped from the crankcase by leaking through seals and gaskets. It was considered normal for oil to leak from an engine and drip onto the ground, as this had also been the case for steam engines in the decades before. Gaskets and shaft seals were intended to limit the leakage of oil, but they were usually not expected to entirely prevent it. The blow-by gases would diffuse through the oil and then leak through the seals and gaskets into the atmosphere, causing air pollution and odours.
|
|
Commonly known as cuckoo wasps or emerald wasps, the hymenopteran family Chrysididae is a very large cosmopolitan group (over 3000 described species) of parasitoid or kleptoparasitic wasps, often highly sculptured, with brilliant metallic colors created by structural coloration. They are most diverse in desert regions of the world, as they are typically associated with solitary bee and wasp species, which are also most diverse in such areas. Their brood parasitic lifestyle has led to the evolution of fascinating adaptations, including chemical mimicry of host odours by some species.
|
|
School principal Brian Alexander and chief Steve Noskey of the Lubicon Cree First Nation both expressed concern about the lack of response or information from the Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) in the week following the spill. Provincial Environment Minister Rob Renner told reporters that the spill is in a "very remote area," and though a large spill, was under control. Renner said he was unaware of potential impacts on humans. Although he did not discount the community's health concerns, he said it was unlikely that the odours would carry dangerous chemicals.
|
|
Numerous services in the Aldred Building identify it as a modern structure, including conditioned ventilation in the basement and first nine floors, with fresh air 'washed' and filtered in an air-cleaner. Aldred Building features a central vacuum system, an electric time-clock system, an incinerator, paper baler and an ozone machine in the kitchen to eliminate odours. All the floors contain built-in ducts for electrical and telephone cables. The six high-speed elevators were the most modern available in the day, and were installed by Otis Fensom.
|
|
For example, the factory Expro Inc., which produced (and still produces) chemical products such as nitroglycerine, has been accused of dumping toxic waste into the river. Long after continuous dumping had started, an agreement was reached between Hydro Quebec and the City of Salaberry-de-Valleyfield to increase the flow of the river to 30m3/s to dilute the unpleasant odours from the river. Since the 1970s, the flow of water in the river has been kept constant at 30m3/s, but there has been little effort to clean the river.
|
|
Shakespeare's use of the words "play" and "wantonly" together implies that "play" has a sexual connotation.Shakespeare's Sonnets, edited by Stephen Booth (Google Books) In the third quatrain the author compares the death of the two flowers. The canker bloom dies alone and "unrespected", while roses do not die alone, for "of their sweet deaths are sweetest odours made". The final couplet indicates that the young man, or perhaps that which is beauteous and lovely, will enjoy a second life in verse, while that which is meaningless and shallow will be forgotten.
|
|
Clostridium perfringens, which causes gas gangrene, is noteworthy for producing a "double zone" of both complete and incomplete hemolysis. The odour of a culture is sometimes considered part of colonial morphology. While intentionally smelling microbial cultures is not advised, some organisms produce distinctive odours that can be detected during routine examination of the culture. Among these are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has a grape-like scent; Staphylococcus aureus, which is said to smell like old socks; and Proteus mirabilis, whose scent is alternately described as putrid or like chocolate cake.
|
|
Zasmidium cellare, also known as cellar mold, is a species of fungus that exists in dark, ethanol-rich environments and is brown to black in colour. This species primarily exists in wine and brandy cellars in central and southern Europe, but can be found in surrounding regions and is thought to be helpful in the wine making process by some and a hygienic issue by others. Not much is known about Z. cellare's sexual biology and is thought to be beneficial to the cleanliness of cellar air due to its ability to consume musty odours.
|
|
It is possible that homing pigeons may navigate by smell Olfactory navigation is a hypothesis put forward to explain navigation and homing of pigeons, in particular the homing pigeon. There are two principal versions. Papi's mosaic model proposes that pigeons construct a map from the distribution of environmental odours, within a radius of 70-100 kilometres. Wallraff's gradient theory overcomes the problem of distance limitation by proposing the existence of long-range, stable atmospheric odour gradients. However, the evidence to suggest that pigeons use an ‘olfactory map’ in order to home is not conclusive.
|
|
The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odours, specialised organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.
|
|
Changes in production, including reduced reliance on antibiotics and increased use of free-range systems, require a complete reconsideration of protection strategies. The CRC brings together the world's best research and capability providers in diagnostics, animal health products and welfare to develop a holistic solution. This program of highly integrated projects builds on the success of the first CRC while adding key capabilities, such as vaccine delivery methods, mass sequencing of antigens, and therapeutics. Program 2 – Nutrition and Environment - addressed resource utilisation and reduction of environmental impacts, including the emission of odours and greenhouse gases (GHG).
|
|
Mogden Sewage Treatment Works was built in 1931-36 on the site of Mogden Farm, and treats sewage from much of north and west London. It has been expanded and upgraded several times and now covers . Complaints about odours from the works led the Borough of Hounslow to serve an odour abatement notice on the operator, Thames Water, in 2001,Mogden sewage works, London Borough of Hounslow, 2012, retrieved 12 November 2013. and in 2011 a group of residents of the area won damages in court for contravention of their human rights by inadequate odour control.
|
|
Odour can influence mammalian mating both directly and indirectly. Odour may act as a direct benefit to females, for example by avoiding contagious diseases by using odour cues to choose a healthy mate. Odour can also act as an indicator mechanism, a form of indirect benefit, for example when a male displays a particular trait such as strength of odour which is in proportion to their heritable viability, females choosing males with strong odours will gain genes for high viability to pass to their offspring. There is vast evidence for the use of pheromones in mating behaviors.
|
|
In California, detection dogs are trained to discover quagga mussels on boats at public boat ramps because they are a harmful invasive species for the environment. Detection dogs also tend to be employed for the purposes of finding and collecting the feces of a diverse array of species, including caribou, black-footed ferret, killer whale, and Oregon spotted frog. This process is known as wildlife scat detection. Detection dogs are also seeing use in the medical industry, as studies have revealed that canines are able to detect specific odours associated with numerous medical conditions, such as cancer.
|
|
Deer mirrors along the edges of highways were installed for reducing deer-vehicle collisions. The Wildlife Warning System is triggered by highway vehicles, setting off lights, sounds and or odours ahead of the approaching vehicle to frighten away animals. Some systems that detect vehicles, where others detect large animals and sets off a warning system to drivers of vehicles alerting them that an animal is on or near the highway ahead of time. The junction with Highway 27 occurs at km 460 providing access west to the village of Prud'homme and off to the east is Muskiki Lake.
|
|
Male rats were then tested for preference through the use of an apparatus which had two cylinders that were attached to their home cage, and contained the familiar female and the novel female in each cylinder. Caps at the end of these cylinders prevented access to the females, but had a hole in them to allow their odours to pass through to the male's cage. Before the testing phase, the females were removed, and then the caps were removed to allow the male to explore both cylinders. From this experiment, they found that males preferred the scent of the novel female.
|
|
The smound concept is based on a study done by Daniel Wesson, PhD and Donald Wilson, PhD, researchers at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (NKI) in New York City.Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Staff List, accessed 25 February 2010 The study, which was published in The Journal of Neuroscience, traced extracellular recordings from the olfactory tubercles of anesthetized mice. They found that 65% of single tubercle units responded to odours and 19% responded to auditory tones. When the tubercles were subjected to both odour and tone, 29% displayed supraadditive or suppressive responses.
|
|
William Butler Yeats addressed Friedrich von Hügel in the last stanza of "Vacillation": Must we part, Von Hügel, though much alike, for we Accept the miracles of the saints and honour sanctity? The body of Saint Teresa lies undecayed in tomb, Bathed in miraculous oil, sweet odours from it come, Healing from its lettered slab. Those self-same hands perchance Eternalised the body of a modern saint that once Had scooped out Pharaoh's mummy. I – though heart might find relief Did I become a Christian man and choose for my belief What seems most welcome in the tomb – play a predestined part.
|
|
A female C57BL/6 laboratory mouse C57BL/6 mice have a dark brown, nearly black coat. They are more sensitive to noise and odours and are more likely to bite than the more docile laboratory strains such as BALB/c. Group-housed C57BL/6 mice (and other strains) display barbering behaviour, in which the dominant mouse in a cage selectively removes hair from its subordinate cage mates. Mice that have been barbered extensively can have large bald patches on their bodies, commonly around the head, snout, and shoulders, although barbering may appear anywhere on the body.
|
|
The factory on Sturt Street, between Russell and Norman streets, was by 1875 turning out 30 tons of soap and 6 tons of candles per week. The process of boiling down fat and tallow produces some particularly foul odours, and Tidmarsh was diligent in reducing this nuisance to a minimum by ventilating the vats through charcoal or quicklime. The lees were transported away from the factory in a large airtight container on wheels, to be dumped at some remote location. The partnership was dissolved in 1877 after Letchford suffered a deterioration in his health, and Tidmarsh ran the business alone.
|
|
A similar design was adopted in Vienna, though simpler, smaller and hexagonal. The were equipped with a novel "oil system", patented by Wilhelm Beetz in 1882, where a type of oil was used to neutralise odours, dispensing with the necessity for plumbing. About 15 are still in use, and one has been restored and set up as a display in the Vienna Technical Museum. In central Amsterdam there are about 35 pee curls, which consist of a raised metal screen that curls in a spiral enclosing a single urinal stall, including some two-person examples with the same details but a simpler shape.
|
|
William Samuel Laycock (1842-1916) of Upper Hallam, Ecclesall Bierlow, later of Oakbrook, Yorkshire, established this business as his personal sideline to a family business which was his principal occupation until well into the twentieth century. The long- established family business, Samuel Laycock and Sons Limited with branches in Crewkerne and Lavenham,page 3, Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 19 January 1889 manufactured hair seating and hair fabrics. Horsehair was particularly suited to use in the confined space of railway carriages as it did not retain offensive odours. Blinds made of hair fabric also screened carriage occupants from unwelcome sunshine and attention.
|
|
Carnivores often scent rub as a mechanism of olfactory communication in which they release chemical odours to increase odds of being detected by conspecifics. Spider monkeys rub saliva onto their sternal region and then rub this area against a tree, which may serve as a form of olfactory communication as they often use their apocrine glands, located in the sternal area, for this communication. Rubbing behaviour displayed through cheek rubbing can reveal dominance in a population, with subordinate individuals doing this less than dominant ones. Scent rubbing also allows animals to gather scent from their surroundings onto themselves.
|
|
Untreated water may contain potentially pathogenic agents, including protozoa, bacteria, viruses, and some larvae of higher-order parasites such as liver flukes and roundworms. Chemical pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals and synthetic organics may be present. Other components may affect taste, odour and general aesthetic qualities, including turbidity from soil or clay, colour from humic acid or microscopic algae, odours from certain type of bacteria, particularly Actinomycetes which produce geosmin, and saltiness from brackish or sea water. Common metallic contaminants such as copper and lead can be treated by increasing the pH using soda ash or lime, which precipitates such metals.
|
|
Academic Press, London, pp. 435-516. Spoilage by Z. bailii often occurs in acidic shelf-stable foods, which rely upon the combined effects of acidity (e.g. vinegar), salt and sugar to suppress microbial growth. The spoiled foods usually display sensorial changes that can be easily recognized by consumers, thus resulting in significant economic losses due to consumers' complaints or product recalls Observable signs of spoilage include product leakage from containers, colour change, emission of unpleasant yeasty odours, emulsion separation (in mayonnaises, dressings), turbidity, flocculation or sediment formation (in wines, beverages) and visible colonies or brown film development on product surfaces.
|
|
I consider the person who does charity as a miser because when he dies he takes with him the fruits of his charity. 63\. He is a wise man who sees the wives of others as his mother, the wealth of others like clod of earth and all beings as his own self. 64\. Though the blue water lily, lotus, fish and white water lily are born in water, they have different odours. 65\. The wealth that is not used for the gods, wise men, relatives or for oneself is destroyed by water, enemy, king and thieves. 66\.
|
|
Sensory inputs (vocalisation, odours from mammary and birth fluids and hair patterns of the sow) are particularly important immediately post-birth to facilitate teat location by the piglets. Initially, the piglets compete for position at the udder; then the piglets massage around their respective teats with their snouts, during which time the sow grunts at slow, regular intervals. Each series of grunts varies in frequency, tone and magnitude, indicating the stages of nursing to the piglets. The phase of competition for teats and of nosing the udder lasts for about one minute, and ends when milk flow begins.
|
|
Chemoreceptor sensitivity related to smell in some substances, is very high and some insects can detect particular odours that are at low concentrations miles from their original source. Mechanical senses provide the insect with information that may direct orientation, general movement, flight from enemies, reproduction and feeding and are elicited from the sense organs that are sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, touch and vibration. Hairs (setae) on the cuticle are responsible for this as they are sensitive to vibration touch and sound. Hearing structures or tympanal organs are located on different body parts such as, wings, abdomen, legs and antennae.
|
|
The work focuses not on the soul or body, but on the spiritus, which is described early on:Walker 3 The work focuses on the health and well-being of the scholar. Scholars are described as being naturally prone to extremes of melancholy and thus the ambivalent influence of Saturn, which can be remediated by the influence of the benign planets (the Sun, Jupiter, Venus and Mercury).Walker 5 Ficino considers three types of things beneficial to the spirit: wines and aromatic substances, odours and clean air, and music. Music is described as probably the most important:Walker 5 De vita is an amalgam of philosophy, medicine, magic and astrology.
|
|
Air is pumped through the tank and the contents are stirred to keep the contents fully mixed. Carbon dioxide, waste air and small quantities of other gases including hydrogen sulfide are given off. These waste gases require treatment to reduce odours in works close to housing or capable of generating public nuisance. The digestion is continued until the percentage of degradable solids is reduced to between 20% and 10% depending on local conditions Where non- sewage waste is being processed, organic waste such as food, cardboard and horticultural waste can be significantly reduced in volume leaving an output that can be used as soil improver or biomass fuel.
|
|
Stapeliads are often regarded as a climax group within the family because of their often structurally complex flowers. Certain aspects of these reproductive parts mirror the pollination systems in the Orchid family and represent a case of parallel evolution though both groups are quite unrelated and have developed similar, though not identical means to achieve the ultimate goal of pollination and therefore reproduction. Most stapeliads use flies as pollinators, that are attracted to odours resembling dung or rotting meat, emanating from the flowers. Many of the flowers also bear some physical resemblance to rotting animal carcasses, leading to their popular name of Carrion Flowers.
|
|
The continuing expansion of the school led to further occupation of the mews complex behind Cromwell Place. In the mid 1960s, there had still been horses stabled in the mews, and equine odours invaded classrooms on the east side of the site. The erection in 1984 of the Primary School building to Roeven Vardi's design, in the playground on Harrington Road, allowed the primary classes to be decanted out of their cramped conditions in Queensberry Place. In 1980, the school was renamed the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle, for the late French President, who had established his wartime offices in the decanted Lycée buildings.
|
|
The new wave of architects such as Roger Pratt, John Webb, and Sir Christopher Wren were not just building vast edifices in Renaissance- inspired styles, but also transforming existing older houses. Representative of the utilisation of older houses is Coleshill House in Berkshire, where Pratt transformed the medieval, but now redundant, great hall into a classically inspired entrance hall complete with an imperial staircase. Great Halls were considered redundant now that employers wished to live separately from their servants, and no longer ate with them in a Great Hall. All evidence and odours of cooking and staff were banished from the principal parts of the house.
|
|
Since the 1980s, calls for the closure of the plant were heard each time it was run for an extended period. Nearby residents mainly complained about noise and odours from the generating station. In December 1990, Quebec's Minister of Energy, Lise Bacon, asked Hydro-Québec to consider converting the plant to natural gas to lower sulfur dioxide emissions as well as a cost-saving measure – at the time, heavy fuel oil was sold at $C28/barrel while the equivalent natural gas was selling for C$18. In 1992, Hydro-Québec announced a C$300 million refurbishment program to upgrade the boilers to burn natural gas or heavy fuel oil by 1995.
|
|
David Harrison, "Monmouth Cemetery, Trail 1", June 2008, p.5 Map of Monmouth Cemetery 1880 Map of Monmouth Cemetery 1960 showing the expansion into the field to the north The cemetery came into existence because Monmouth Council had decided to close St Mary's Churchyard in Monmouth for burials as decaying human remains were appearing above ground. This was caused by the raised height of the churchyard. Residents in neighbouring Whitecross Street suffered a high mortality rate as a result and unpleasant odours from the churchyard were also evident Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort sold the land to the Council for use as the new cemetery.
|
|
Caffé Greco (or Antico Caffé Greco), perhaps the most famous café in Rome was established at Via dei Condotti 86 in 1760, and attracted figures such as Stendhal, Goethe, Byron, Liszt and Keats to have coffee there. Guglielmo Marconi, inventor of radio, lived at Via dei Condotti 11, until his death in 1937. Being near the Spanish steps, the street is visited by large numbers of tourists. In May 1986, fashion designer Valentino filed suit to close a McDonald's shortly after it opened near the Spanish steps, complaining of "noise and disgusting odours" below his six-story palazzo in the vicinity of Via Condotti.
|
|
All the same, they do eventually absorb odours and they also tend to crumble with use. Foam plastic or rubber blocks are lighter than cork, ranging between 200 and 400 grams (7 to 14 ounces), so are convenient to carry around, and they are often inexpensive, so they are widely used by yoga studios. Those of relatively soft foam are comfortable to sit on but provide less support for other parts of the body as may be needed in the more advanced asanas. Manufacturers such as Manduka make recycled foam blocks, offering the combination of a light and strong prop with a low ecological impact.
|
|
Bokashi would therefore have potential uses in enabling communities to speed up the conversion of land from chemical to organic horticulture and agriculture, to regenerate degraded soil, and to develop urban and peri-urban horticulture close to the sources of input. The anti-pathogenic nature of bokashi is applied to sanitation, in particular to the treatment of faeces. Equipment and supplies to treat pet faeces are sold commercially but do not always give prominence to the hygiene risks. Treatment of human faeces for soil amendment has been extensively studied, notably with the use of biochar (a soil improver in its own right) to remove odours and retain nutrients.
|
|
The piano nobile is usually the first storey (in European terminology; second floor in American terms), or sometimes the second storey, located above a ground floor (often rusticated) containing minor rooms and service rooms. The reasons for this were so the rooms would have finer views, and more practically to avoid the dampness and odours of the street level. This is especially true in Venice, where the piano nobile of the many palazzi is especially obvious from the exterior by virtue of its larger windows and balconies, and open loggias. Examples of this are Ca' Foscari, Ca' d'Oro, Ca' Vendramin Calergi, and Palazzo Barbarigo.
|
|
The Eliminator is a small suction fan with an activated carbon filter cartridge that is placed within the flush tank. It works by drawing air from the bowl, thus preventing from odours to rise and waft from the toilet bowl into the bathroom when the toilet is in use. The odors are drawn upwards through the independent overflow pipe within the cistern and then pass through the activated carbon filter where the odors are totally eliminated. It is fully automatic with a robust auto sensor system as standard and comes complete with an AC/DC mains adapter or alternatively with a rechargeable battery pack.
|
|
The way that Bond literally and metaphorically seduces Romanova over to the West was meant by Fleming to prove the superiority of the West in general and Britain in particular. Romanova even prefers Bond for his smell as Fleming portrays Russian men as refusing to bath and hence have unpleasant body odours. The book's message that only men from the West like Bond can really sexually satisfy Romanova was another aspect of Fleming's "the West is the best" message. In contrast to Romanova who chooses life in the West over life in the Soviet Union, the book's villain, Grant, goes in the opposition direction.
|
|
These may include the maximum allowable concentration of , and . Usually sales quality gas that has been treated to remove contamination is traded on a "dry gas" basis and is required to be commercially free from objectionable odours, materials, and dust or other solid or liquid matter, waxes, gums and gum forming constituents, which might damage or adversely affect operation of equipment downstream of the custody transfer point. LNG carriers transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) across oceans, while tank trucks can carry liquefied or compressed natural gas (CNG) over shorter distances. Sea transport using CNG carrier ships that are now under development may be competitive with LNG transport in specific conditions.
|
|
In Charles Dickens's 1837 novel Oliver Twist, the Artful Dodger leads Oliver to Fagin's den in Field Lane, the southern extension of Saffron Hill: "a dirty and more wretched place he [Oliver] had never seen. The street was very narrow and muddy, and the air was impregnated with filthy odours". Saffron Hill is mentioned in the Arthur Conan Doyle Sherlock Holmes story "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons", as the Italian Quarter where the Venucci family can be found. Saffron Hill formed part of the liberty of Saffron Hill, Hatton Garden, Ely Rents and Ely Place which became part of the County of London in 1889.
|
|
The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, nectar may be produced in a spur of the labellum (8 in the illustration above), or on the point of the sepals, or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the Asparagales. In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following sequence: when the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe.
|
|
When presented with common odours and asked to name them, Jahai speakers are likely to use the same abstract descriptor and answer more quickly, while English and Dutch speakers tend to take longer to answer and use a more diverse range of mostly concrete descriptors, suggesting that abstract and concrete odour names are encoded differently. The nature of odour-colour associations also differs between speech communities based on their vocabulary. Dutch speakers who use concrete terms associate a particular odour with the colour of its source (e.g., banana odour associated with the colour yellow), while Maniq and Thai speakers who use abstract terminology do not show consistent odour-colour associations.
|
|
In 1360 Charles V began constructing Hôtel Saint-Pol from the Hôtel du Petit-Musc, purchased in 1318 by Louis of Bourbon, a grandson of Louis IX. From then until 1364, Charles continued to improve and develop it by acquiring additional property, including the newer Hôtel d'Étampes in 1361, and ordering the construction of new buildings.Emery 2015, pp. 206–207. The king, who could not stand the pestilential odours of Paris and the problems they caused his health, appreciated its location outside the medieval city. He valued the residence for its calm and its cleaner environment, which he claimed had helped him avoid illnesses, and more importantly recover good health.
|
|
The way that Bond is portrayed as sexually superior to Russian men was meant by Fleming as a metaphor for how the West was superior to the Soviet Union. Bond also introduces Romonova to the consumerist lifestyle of the West, getting her to wear expensive clothing, which she loves. Bond's relationship with Romonvoa is portrayed as both a political and sexual liberation for her, letting her enjoy a level of happiness that she never could in the Soviet Union. The unflattening comparisons extend even into the manner of personal hygiene as Russian men in the novel are portrayed as having poor personal hygiene and unpleasant body odours, very much unlike Bond.
|
|
The wind reversed experiments, too, exhibited results that favoured the olfactory hypothesis, with experimentals on average flying in the opposing direction of home, while the controls took the correct flight path, when released from the same site. In replication of the deflector loft experiments, similar findings were produced, though when anosmic pigeons where employed, they displayed the same degree of error in orientation as had previously been observed. Therefore, suggesting that the detection of odours may not have been associated with the defector loft effect. Indeed, the flight directions could simply reflect a directional response to wind experienced in the loft or by “other non-odorous factors”, such as light reflection.
|
|
The fundamental question of olfaction map sense in pigeons is ‘can they smell?’ Available evidence suggests that pigeons lack highly developed nasal apparatus and associated brain functions – yet empirical evidence has shown that the homing ability of pigeons can be compromised by interfering with the olfactory environment. However, the variability in the effects of olfactory manipulations indicates that odours are not the sole cues on which navigation is based and that map sense appears to rely on a comparison of available cues. Odour may still, however, be one of many navigational factors playing a highly variable role, though physical limitations and inconsistent findings render the olfactory hypothesis questionable.
|
|
Residents near Little Lake were forced to move away by the noxious odours from decaying wood and rotting fish. The pollution was not brought under control until the 1870s, when Ontario legislature required the saw mills to burn their sawdust. Opening of the Peterborough Lift Lock In 1868 the lake was described as being in length, above the mouth of the Trent, navigable for boats with a draft of of water. In 1887 the Mayor of Peterborough petitioned the Governor General of Canada to undertake dredging of Little Lake, which was under the jurisdiction of the Dominion Government and formed part of the Trent Valley Navigation project that was then in progress.
|
|
FA shares an inverse relationship with certain desired traits; a low FA is correlated with higher stress tolerance, larger body size in males, smaller body size in females, and higher facial attractiveness. FA is detectable through the olfactory senses and it has a measurable effect on sexual attraction. Significant cues may be found through body odour relating to a potential mate's health, reproductive status and genetic quality and FA is one such cue as it is considered to be a marker of genetic and developmental stability. During their fertile phase, females have repeatedly been shown as being more attracted to the body odours of more symmetrical males and of males whose faces they rate as attractive.
|
|
There used to be a railway station but it closed in 1962. The railway is still in use. It is surrounded by the rolling hills of Monmouthshire, many farms, and a few rivers, streams and brooks that surround or run through the village, such as; The Afon Llwyd (meaning "grey river") as well as The Sôr Brook, Cwm-ffrwd Brook and Candwr Brook A Welsh Water sewage and water treatment plant for the surrounding area is located here, and this was where bacteria were first used to treat sewage sludge using an electrically powered aerator to circulate the sludge and ensure good microbial digestion. This process saved the local authority money as well as reducing noxious odours.
|
|
The king vulture eats anything from cattle carcasses to beached fish and dead lizards. Principally a carrion eater, there are isolated reports of it killing and eating injured animals, newborn calves and small lizards. Although it locates food by vision, the role smell has in how it specifically finds carrion has been debated. Consensus has been that it does not detect odours, and instead follows the smaller turkey and greater yellow-headed vultures, which do have a sense of smell, to a carcass, but a 1991 study demonstrated that the king vulture could find carrion in the forest without the aid of other vultures, suggesting that it locates food using an olfactory sense.
|
|
A sign notifying visitors that the site is closed The Keele Valley landfill was the largest landfill in Canada and the third largest in North America during its operation. It was the primary landfill site for the City of Toronto and the regional municipalities of York and Durham from 1983 until 2002, and was owned and operated by the City of Toronto. It was located at the intersection of Keele Street and McNaughton Road in Maple, a community in the northeastern part of the City of Vaughan in Ontario. In 1985, the initial portion of a landfill gas collection system was installed to reduce emissions and associated odours emanating into the nearby community.
|
|
Olfactory heritage is an aspect of cultural heritage concerning smells that are meaningful to a community due to their connections with significant places, practices, objects or traditions, and can therefore be considered part of the cultural legacy for future generations. . Research in olfactory heritage involves many disciplines such as chemistry, archaeology, conservation science, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology and history. Documentation olfactory heritage Researcher sampling the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of a historic book using solid phase microextraction (SPME) at the Heritage Science Lab in University College London Institute for Sustainable Heritage. Olfactory heritage science is an emerging field of research, focused on the scientific techniques to analyse, document and preserve odours and the perspectives to understand their relevance.
|
|
Due to the intangible and ephemeral nature of odours, one of the main challenges of olfactory heritage science is developing methodologies for documenting and archiving the smells for the future. Several techniques are currently used, such as smellmapping, combined methodology of ethnographic methods, tracing sensory references in historic accounts and odour wheels displaying chemical and sensory characterisation. In addition, a framework for the systematic study of olfactory heritage was proposed in 2017, aiming to document both the chemical properties and the human perception of smells of cultural importance. Preservation of olfactory heritage In addition to documenting contemporary smells that will be future heritage, an aspect of olfactory heritage involves scent preservation, often focusing on the smells of the past.
|
|
Many available commercial diets are AAFCO certified in meeting the nutrient requirements of the cat. Some diets may be formulated for all life stages or they can also be AAFCO certified for adult maintenance or growth and gestation/lactation. Many people feed their cats raw food believing that it mimics the prey diet that wild cats would consume. Firm believers report that such a diet can bring about many health benefits, such as a shinier coat, cleaner teeth and an improved immunity to various gastrointestinal ailments (with diarrhoea and constipation being the most common), as well as an increase in energy and a decrease in bodily waste odours, although no scientific evidence exists to prove these claims.
|
|
The olfactory system predominantly projects its fibers ipsilaterally thus these results are evidence supporting the representational theory of neglect. Also patients affected by olfactory extinction showed a large number of displacements in that the correctly identified stimuli presented to the left nostril were described as being in the right nostril. Nevertheless, it is not completely possible to determine the exact influence exerted by the nasal somatosensation in the olfactory extinction reported, since one of the odours considered as being pure odorants was later found to be processed probably also by the trigeminal. It appears that the human olfactory system is able to localize the source of the olfactory stimulation only when the odour elicits also a trigeminal response.
|
|
The Operation Paget inquiry report into the allegation of conspiracy to murder Metropolitan Police Service, 2006-12-14, Chapter 9, page 532, paragraph 4, page 538, statement 177: 'Jean Monceau is an experienced embalmer. ... He believed she needed to be embalmed. This was principally for presentation purposes before the Princess of Wales’s family ...', page 539: 'I suggested arterial injections to preserve the body from the proliferation of bacteria (odours and change of colour), especially given that the heat in the room where the body was, being so high was a contributory factor.' Diana's two sisters and Prince Charles were scheduled to view the body later that afternoon before bringing it back to the United Kingdom.
|
|
For high-ranking royalty today, the kot is enshrined on a decorated pedestal known as ' in the Dusit Maha Prasat Throne Hall of the Grand Palace. A long strip of cloth known as ', tied to the shroud within the kot and passing under the lid, is laid down to symbolically connect to the deceased during the ' ritual. A tube runs down from an opening at the base of the kot, connecting it to a jar (') hidden beneath the pedestal which serves to collect fluids, as the body was mostly allowed to decompose within the kot in the days before embalming. This often led to undesirable odours, which had to be masked by burning fragrant incenses.
|
|
Different populations speaking the same language and sharing cultural traditions may still display varied perceptions of an odour, based on its prevalence and most common source in each location. For example, one study showed that French speakers in Quebec find the scent of wintergreen more pleasant and edible than speakers in France. This is because the odour is commonly used in candies and sodas in North America, while in Europe it is used mainly in medicinal products. However, providing concrete names of the source of the odours caused cultural differences in responses to decrease or disappear, suggesting that providing more linguistic information about an odour tends to make its perception more salient in the mind of the smeller.
|
|
Elasmucha grisea with eggs The common name of Elasmucha grisea comes from the relatively rare insect behaviour of prolonged caring for eggs and juveniles, exhibited by females of this species. Predators, such as bugs, beetles, earwigs and ants, can eliminate all the offspring of the parent bug if there is no maternal care. The repertoire of female defensive behaviours includes wing fanning, body jerking, tilting towards the enemy and, finally, releasing of 'nasty’ odours from the scent glands,Jordan KHC (1958) Die Biologie von Elasmucha grisea L. (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae). Beitr Entomol 8:385-397Melber A, Hölsher L, Schmidt GH (1980) Further studies on the social behaviour and the ecological significance in Elasmucha grisea L. (Hem.-Het.
|
|
Chamber gas may be simply vented and flushed if it is air, but helium mixtures are expensive and over long periods very large volumes would be needed, so the chamber gas of a saturation system is recycled by passing it through a carbon dioxide scrubber and other filters to remove odours and excess moisture. Multiplace chambers that may be used for treatment usually contain a built-in breathing system (BIBS) for supply of breathing gas different from the pressurisation gas, and closed bells contain an analogous system to supply gas to the divers' umbilicals. Chambers with BIBS will generally have an oxygen monitor. BIBS are also used as an emergency breathing gas supply if the chamber gas is contaminated.
|
|
Aside from employment within the hospital and social activities, such as dances and concerts, which often were led by the staff but also involved visits from or to external organisations, treatment was initially limited to sedation using chloral hydrate and, from 1871, Turkish baths. It seems from the comments of the Medical Superintendent of the time that the baths were intended to treat the body odours that he thought to be a symptom of insanity. The hospital spent more on alcohol than on drugs until the early 1900s. It was from around the same time, with the arrival of a new Assistant Medical Officer, that social events expanded to include sports such as tennis and football.
|
|
In: Schmidt-Koenig K, Keeton WT (eds) Animal migration, navigation, and homing. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 78–91Waldvogel JA, Benvenuti S, Keeton WT, Papi F (1978) Homing pigeon orientation influenced by deflected winds at home loft. J Comp Physiol 128:297–301 applied two different methods – namely the placement of fans near the home coop in order to reverse wind direction and usage of deflector lofts to shift the apparent direction of the wind by 90°. Deflector lofts comprised wooden or glass baffles, which deflected wind course and therefore any signature odours. Findings were that pigeons raised in such lofts oriented themselves with a magnitude of a 90° error, known as the ‘deflector loft effect’.
|
|
The Port of Montreal is a founding member of Green Marine, a voluntary environmental program for the maritime industry in Canada and the United States. Green Marine addresses environmental issues such as greenhouse gases, cargo residues, conflict of use (noise, dust, odours, luminous pollution), water and soil pollution prevention, and environmental leadership. In Green Marine's most recent progress report, on a scale of 1 to 5, where Level 5 corresponds to the highest performance rating possible, the Port of Montreal scored Level 4 for its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and Level 5 for its efforts to reduce conflict of use and for its environmental leadership. Under its locomotive replacement program, the port has purchased four multiple-generator – or GenSet – locomotives.
|
|
In other words, fertile women who prefer the scent of men with low FA are demonstrating a preference for the genetic benefits associated with those symmetric men. It is widely accepted that men prefer the scent of women in her most fertile period. For example, in one study, men rated the body odours of T-shirts worn by women during their most fertile phase as more sexy and pleasant than T-shirts worn during their least fertile phase. Despite this, much of the research in the area concludes that the effect of the scent of symmetry appears to be sex specific such that men do not find the scent of symmetrical women more attractive than the scent of asymmetrical women.
|
|
The room also shows Burges's innovative use of materials: Handley-Read observed that the Victorians had "a horror of food smells" and therefore the room was constructed using materials that did not absorb odours and could be washed. The walls are covered with Devonshire marble, surmounted by glazed picture tiles, while the ceiling is of sheet metal. The ceiling is divided into coffered compartments by square beams, and features symbols of the Sun, the planets and the signs of the Zodiac. Burges designed most of the cutlery and plate used in this room, which display his skills as a designer of metalwork, including the claret jug and Cat Cup chosen by Lord and Lady Bute as mementos from Burges's collection after his death.
|
|
In 1572, disliking the scenes as each woman tried to secure a piece of the royal gown, Elizabeth granted a sum of £1 to each recipient in lieu of the gown, giving it in a red purse. Contemporary writer William Lambarde noted that the money was substituted for the gown "to avoid trouble of suite, which accustomabile was made for that perferment". In years in which plague was rife, the monarch did not attend, sending an official, usually the Lord High Almoner, to make the distributions and perform the pedilavium. Even though scented water was used to disguise any unpleasant odours from the poor, the feet were washed three times before the monarch performed the pedilavium, once by a menial and twice by Court officials.
|
|
Shops are there for the sale of Benares muslin, of Kotumbara stuffs, and of other cloths of various kinds; and sweet odours are exhaled from the bazaars, where all sorts of flowers and perfumes are tastefully set out. Jewels are there in plenty, such as men's hearts desire, and guilds of traders in all sorts of finery display their goods in the bazaars that face all quarters of the sky. So full is the city of money, and of gold and silver ware, of copper and stone ware, that it is a very mine of dazzling treasures. And there is laid up there much store of property and corn and things of value in warehouses-foods and drinks of every sort, syrups and sweetmeats of every kind.
|
|
Chocolates in aluminium foil packaging Aluminium is used for packaging as it is highly malleable: it can be easily converted to thin sheets and folded, rolled or packed. Aluminium foil acts as a total barrier to light and oxygen (which cause fats to oxidise or become rancid), odours and flavours, moistness, and germs, and so it is used broadly in food and pharmaceutical packaging, including long-life packs (aseptic packaging) for drinks and dairy goods, which allows storing without refrigeration. Aluminium foil containers and trays are used to bake pies and to pack takeaway meals, ready snacks and long life pet foods. Aluminium foil is widely sold into the consumer market, often in rolls of width and several metres in length.
|
|
The oldest source on incense is the Vedas, specifically, the Atharva-veda and the Rigveda, which set out and encouraged a uniform method of making incense. Although Vedic texts mention the use of incense for masking odours and creating a pleasurable smell, the modern system of organized incense-making was likely created by the medicinal priests of the time. Thus, modern, organized incense-making is intrinsically linked to the Ayurvedic medical system in which it is rooted. The method of incense making with a bamboo stick as a core originated in India at the end of the 19th century, largely replacing the rolled, extruded or shaped method which is still used in India for dhoop and cones, and for most shapes of incense in Nepal/Tibet and Japan.
|
|
Animal Behaviour 58:797–808. Mimicry of the host species also occurs in the paper wasp species Polistes semenowi and Polistes sulcifer and the bumblebee species Bombus bohemicus, with the parasite changing its proportions of cuticular hydrocarbons, species- and colony- specific identifying chemicals, to match that of the usurped host species.Kreuter, Kirsten; Elfi Bunk (November 23, 2011). "How the social parasitic bumblebee Bombus bohemicus sneaks into power of reproduction". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66 (3): 475–486. doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1294-z. Retrieved 21 September 2015.Sledge, M.F., Dani, F.R., Cervo, R., Dapporto, L., Turillazzi, S. (2001). “Recognition of social parasites as nestmates: adoption of colony-specific host cuticular odours by the paper wasp parasite Polistes sulcifer”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268: 2253–2260.Cervo, R. (2006).
|
|
Yea, if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. By the waters of Babylon There we sat down: yea, we wept. O daughter of Babylon, who art to be destroyed, Happy shall he be that taketh thy children And dasheth them against a stone, For with violence shall that great city Babylon be thrown down And shall be found no more at all. Babylon was a great city, Her merchandise was of gold and silver, Of precious stones, of pearls, of fine linen, Of purple, silk and scarlet, All manner vessels of ivory, All manner vessels of most precious wood, Of brass, iron and marble, Cinnamon, odours and ointments, Of frankincense, wine and oil, Fine flour, wheat and beasts, Sheep, horses, chariots, slaves And the souls of men.
|
|
This phenomenon, called the "stack effect", causes the home to suck air up from the crawl space into the main area of the home. Mould spores, decomposition odours, and fecal material from dust mites in the crawl space can come up with the air, aggravating asthma and other breathing problems, and creating a variety of health concerns. It is usually desirable to finish a crawl space with a plastic vapour barrier that will not support mold growth or allow humidity from the earth into the crawl space. This helps insulate the crawl space and discourages the habitation of insects and vermin by breaking the ecological chain in which insects feed off the mould and vermin feed on the insects, as well as creating a physical inorganic barrier that deters entrance into the space.
|
|
Cuckoo bees mimic the eggs of other bee species and shift parental care onto hosts Parasitic use of chemical mimicry involves the invasion of the nest of a duped species, which may consist of an individual or a colony. By emitting mimics of the chemicals that create the host’s familiar odours the invader is able to conceal themselves efficiently within the nest without alerting the host. One example of a group of insects that uses this method of chemical mimicry would be cuckoo bees (genus: Nomada). Cuckoo bees will parasitize bees of the families Melittidae and Andrenidae. Cuckoo bee males will produce chemicals that are similar in structure to the volatile lipids secreted by host females and these chemicals are transferred to cuckoo females so that they may camouflage their eggs within the host’s nest.
|
|
During dry periods, however, much of the Senne's water was diverted for the needs of the populace of the city, as well as to maintain the water level in the Charleroi Canal. This left a flow too feeble to evacuate the filthy water, leaving the sewage, garbage, detritus and industrial waste that had been dumped into the river to accumulate in the stagnant water. The Senne, which a witness in 1853 described as "the most nauseous little river in the world", had become an open-air sewer spreading pestilential odours throughout the city. Early in the second half of the 19th century, Brussels saw numerous dry periods, floods and a cholera epidemic, caused as much by the river itself as by the poverty and the lack of hygiene and potable water in the lower city.
|
|
The movie has images to see, sounds to hear, and even sensations to feel, odours to smell, and flavours to taste, of what is happening in the movie. The movie-goer, entirely in the darkness, experiences sights, sounds, smells, sensations and tastes, but is never seen, heard, smelt, felt, or tasted, because it is the movie-goer who is having the experience. It is the same for the dreamer: the dreamer “sees” the fantastic images of the mind, hears the words, feels the fear, etc., but is never known because the dreamer is asleep. So it is with the thinker with eyes closed: images are seen of memories of the past or imaginations of the future, sounds or words are heard as thoughts of others or one’s self, sensations are felt, etc.
|
|
In his quest to learn more about the art of perfume-making, he becomes apprenticed to one of the city's finest perfumers, Giuseppe Baldini, an aging, once-great master of the trade who finds himself increasingly outperformed by rival perfumers. Grenouille proves himself a prodigy by faithfully copying and even improving a rival's perfume in Baldini's laboratory, after which Baldini offers him an apprenticeship. Grenouille learns the basic techniques of perfumery from Baldini, whose flagging reputation is suddenly restored to prominence when he sells Grenouille's masterful new formulas as his own. Baldini eventually reveals to him that there are techniques other than distillation that can be used to preserve a wider range of odours, which can only be learned in the heartland of the perfumer's craft, in the region of Grasse in the French Riviera.
|
|
Plaque on station building Wells was a busy terminal station for almost 100 years, with a dozen or so passenger trains calling each day and goods trains from the harbour. Messrs Dewing & Kersley opened a corn mill adjacent to the station in 1904, and the smell of animal feedstuffs often wafted into the station to mix with the smoke, steam and hot oil odours given off by the locomotives, and the fishy smells coming from the 'Stiffkey Blues' cockles loaded into the guards' vans of trains. The post-war boom experienced by the King's Lynn to Hunstanton line was not felt on the West Norfolk Junction Railway, whose inconveniently- sited stations contributed to declining passenger traffic. Passenger services between Wells and Heacham were withdrawn from 2 June 1952, but the line remained open to freight.
|
|
Z. cellare has no recorded pathological effect on healthy individuals and has long been considered beneficial to human health by traditional, European winemakers who found a correspondence to the presence of this fungi and the elimination of musty odours. Schanderl (1950) saw it as proof that the volatile food sources of Z. cellare backed up this claim and too considered the presence of this fungus to be beneficial to human health. However, in unhealthy individuals such as English physician Sir John Floyer, the presence of Z. cellare had different consequences for him. In his essay A Treatise of the Asthma (1698), he mentions that being in the vicinity of a cellar, which at that time in Great Britain would likely be covered in Z. cellare, will trigger asthma attacks.
|
|
There were no private palaces at this time and the only larger buildings were the castle, the church, and the former Greyfriars monastery on Riddarholmen. This urbanity could hardly have made a lasting impression on any visitor, but the structures on the surrounding ridges failed to meet even these standards as Gustav Vasa, who, for defensive purposes, required any structures outside the city to be easily burnt down, had made sure the ridges couldn't even present a single timber framed building. So instead, the ridges were primarily used for activities that either required a lot of space, produced odours, or could cause fire. Even though some burgher had secondary residences outside the city, the population living on the ridges, perhaps a quarter of the city's population, were mostly poor, including the royal personnel occupying the northern ridges.
|
|
As CAO, he was in charge of about 1000 municipal employees and was responsible for carrying out council's decisions, including doing research to present to council. He officially resigned as CAO in May 2018 when he announced his plans to run for mayor in the 2018 mayoral election for the "Achieving for Delta" slate, a new party which was named for Harvie's "past achievements" as CAO as well as his party's "future achievements". His slate would include outgoing mayor Lois Jackson, who decided to run as a city councillor instead, after being mayor for 19 years. During the 2018 election campaign, Harvie was criticized for his time as Delta's chief administration officer, when he stated that a composting facility in the city's East Ladner neighbourhood did not need an air permit despite residents' complaints of foul odours.
|
|
Harlaxton Manor, England, a 19th-century meeting of Renaissance, Tudor and Gothic architecture produced Jacobethan – a popular form of historicist mansion architecture. As the 16th century progressed and the Renaissance style slowly spread across Europe, the last vestiges of castle architecture and life changed; the central points of these great houses became redundant as owners wished to live separately from their servants, and no longer ate with them in a Great hall. All evidence and odours of cooking and staff were banished from the principal parts of the house into distant wings, while the owners began to live in airy rooms, above the ground floor, with privacy from their servants, who were now confined, unless required, to their specifically delegated areas—often the ground and uppermost attic floors. This was a period of great social change, as the educated prided themselves on enlightenment.
|
|
"Let him meditate on the Self, which is made up of intelligence, and endowed with a body of spirit, with a form of light, and with an ethereal nature, which changes its shape at will, is swift as thought, of true resolve, and true purpose, which consists of all sweet odours and tastes, which holds sway over all the regions and pervades this whole universe, which is speechless and indifferent; even as a grain of rice, or a grain of barley, or a grain of millet, or the smallest granule of millet, so is this golden Purusha in the heart; even as a smokeless light, it is greater than the sky, greater than the ether, greater than the earth, greater than all existing things;--that self of the spirit (breath) is my self: on passing away from hence I shall obtain that self. Verily, whosoever has this trust, for him there is no uncertainty. Thus spake Sandilya, and so it is." Here, it is most comprehensively explained that the Ātmān within the body and the mind etc.
|
|
Although expansion of the Keele Valley landfill was not originally a viable option, the legal actions by Superior-Crawford "could very easily change the context", according to Walter Pitman of the IWA. The other viable candidate for a landfill site was the North Vaughan site, adjacent to King City at the northern boundary of Vaughan near Jane Street, which was deemed by Superior-Crawford to be "extremely disruptive" to King City and neighbouring Vaughan residents. Local residents strongly disliked the dump due to the odours and constant truck traffic it generated, and were opposed to its expansion. As early as 1990, organisations were active in opposing the expansion of the landfill, most prominently Vaughan CARES. Primary objections to the expansion were the existence of new houses built less than one kilometre from the site, the construction of St. Joan of Arc Catholic High School at the nearby intersection of McNaughton Road and Saint Joan of Arc Avenue, and the planned development of a residential community for 30,000 people in adjacent parts of Richmond Hill.
|
|
Evolutionarily, smell has long been presumed to be a less-important sense for humans, especially compared to vision. Vision appears to dominate human stimuli perception, but researchers now argue that smell cues are highly informative to humans despite being less obviously so. Before his death in 1826, French gastronome Brillat-Savarin published his book, The Physiology of Taste; Or, Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy: Theoretical, Historical, and Practical Work, in which he makes the first mention of the importance of smell in the “combined sense” of taste. He defines taste in terms of the five taste dimensions in addition to flavor created with the nasal apparatus. Avery Gilbert, in his book The Nose Knows, reviews the work of Henry T. Finck, an American philosopher from the late 1800s who published a groundbreaking essay titled “The Gastronomic Value of Odours.” Flink called flavor a “second way of smelling,” and much subsequent scientific investigation in the early 1900s focused on attempting to break down smell dimensions into basic categories, a feat that has proven too complicated due to the vast number and complexity of odors.
|
|
A traveler in 1819 remarked that during Twelfth Night celebrations in Rome the Piazza della Rotonda was "in particular distinguished by the gay appearance of the fruit and cake-stalls, dressed with flowers and lighted with paper lanterns." Charlotte Anne Eaton, an English traveller who visited in 1820, was much less impressed with the piazza and deplored how a visitor would find himself "surrounded by all that is most revolting to the senses, distracted by incessant uproar, pestered with a crowd of clamorous beggars, and stuck fast in the congregated filth of every description that covers the slippery pavement ... Nothing resembling such a hole as this could exist in England; nor is it possible that an English imagination can conceive a combination of such disgusting dirt, such filthy odours and foul puddles, such as that which fills the vegetable market in the Piazza della Rotonda at Rome." An 1879 Baedeker guidebook noted that the "busy scene" of the piazza "affords the stranger opportunities of observing the characteristics of the peasantry." Its present appearance was threatened with destruction under the French administration of 1809-1814, when Napoleon signed decrees calling for the demolition of the buildings around the Pantheon.
|
|
While Sutanuti developed as the Black Town, the Esplanade and Chowringhee emerged as the White Town. However, the areas around Writers' building, Baitakkhana (Bowbazar), Dharmatala and Janbazar went down in estimation and were gradually taken over by ‘the rest’, which included half-castes, Portuguese, Armenians and so on, 'to become grey areas between Black and White Towns of old Calcutta'.Lahiri Choudhury, Dhriti Kanta, Trends in Calcutta Architecture, in Calcutta, the Living City, Vol I, pp.159-160 The district lying between Dharmatala and Bowbazar and bounded on the west by Bentinck Street was in the 19th and 20th century inhabited by a variety of people that included Portuguese, other Europeans of poorer classes and Indians. The area was full of ‘tortuous and narrow lanes, badly drained and reeking with foul odours, thickly populated and miserably housed.’ In this district on the northern side of Dharmatala is a bazaar called Chandney Chowk. ‘It is a labyrinth of ill-kept passages, lined with shops, in which may be found a wonderful collection of sundries, from a door nail to a silk dress.’ Cotton, H.E.A., p.
|
|
The present alleys only give a vague glimpse of the appearance of the medieval city where the gables of the building were facing the streets and contained window bays for offering goods of sale; where filth, the bumpy paving and hand-drawn vehicles made walking circumstantial; and where odours and scents from dung, food, fishes, leather, furnaces, and seasonal spices mingled. During nights (and certainly during the long winters) the city was completely dark, save for exceptional fire watchers and nocturnal ramblers who used torches to find their bearing. Neither were there any street signs guiding foreigners as no streets were officially named, instead referred to as "the thoroughfare running from the outer southern gate and up to the cross and the chapel" or constantly renamed after the most prominent person settled in an exposed part of the alley. Indeed, historical records contain many examples of obscure references to locations in the city, close to impossible to pin down as some streets have been renamed dozens of times, often carrying the same or a similar name as other streets before physically ceasing to exist.
|
|