Another small holding is in NSSI Life Settlement Services Inc.
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Some people who engage in NSSI struggle with depression and anxiety, or with disordered eating.
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NSSI is reported to occur in 17.2 percent of adolescents, 13.4 percent of young adults, and 5.5 percent of older adults.
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The findings point to a link between nightmares and NSSI behaviors, which prompted the researchers to explore ways to help people combat the helplessness that bad dreams can provoke.
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While the nature of the research makes it impossible to say that intense and constant nightmares always lead to NSSI, it has established an important relationship between nightmares and self-harm.
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So it stands to reason that people who cope with intense emotions by engaging in NSSI might be even further provoked to do so when they have experience intense emotions from nightmares.
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"This short-term approach can help with the nightmares, but it's important to seek out clinical and/or medical assistance to deal with deeper and prolonged anxiety or depression associated to NSSI behaviors," she adds.
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NSSI disorder, a diagnosis only recently added to the fifth edition of the Statistical and Diagnostic Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5), refers to the deliberate destruction of body tissue without the intent to die.
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"I think NSSI [non-suicidal-self-injury] is going to be one of the next frontiers where we're going to see a lot of advances just based on what I know of my colleagues' work in this area," he said.
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"I want [others] to know that the people who suffer from [NSSI] need someone to care enough to be there for them when they're trying to stop," says DeRose, who says still struggles with the urges, but has managed to find a healthier way to cope with her emotional difficulties, including talk therapy.
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The fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5), published in 2013, has officially recognized NSSI as its own entity and updated diagnostic methods for patients with clinical symptoms for NSSI. NSSI patients usually use self-mutilation as a mean to relieve stress and negative feelings, often harbor thoughts of self-injure, repeat injuries, and experience satisfaction post-action. Although NSSI is often associated with suicidal attempts, there is a clear distinction between the two conditions. People who practice NSSI do not set death as their final goal.
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Adolescents are the most prevalent age group for NSSI, the average age of onset is around 13–14 years old. Studies showed that adolescents are vulnerable to NSSI due to the sensitive transitional period in life that happens during adolescent years. NSSI is usually induced by stress and feelings of uncontrollable stress and anxiety, while adolescents and young adults face a wide range of challenging life events, different changes, along with limited mental control to protect them from self-harm decisions. Thus, a high percentage of NSSI participants admits to carrying out self-injure behaviors as a mean of coping mechanism.
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Because NSSI is associated with a wide range of psychological syndromes, like eating disorders, dissociative disorder, borderline personality, depressive disorders, and suicidal, it used to be regarded as manifesting symptoms of these conditions. Nevertheless, many cases have been reported where patients with NSSI were diagnosed without comorbidity of any other psychological dysfunctions. Thus, it is irrefutable that NSSI is a stand-alone syndrome with distinct symptoms and causes. The DSM-5 outlines 6 criteria that patients must qualify for diagnostic.
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Self-injuring occurs quite commonly in children from 9–18 months, and is considered pathological in children beyond 3 years of age. NSSI is most prevalent in adolescents and patients with diagnosed psychological illnesses, however frequent incidents are also recorded among young adults. In the past, NSSI was thought of as symptoms that associated with many psychological conditions, not an entity by itself. With increasing reports of prevalence and causative origins, recently, NSSI has been classified as an independent syndrome that can co-occur with a variety of other mental conditions.
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Individuals that are under psychological distress also fall into the at-risk group due to constant heightened state of anxiety from demanding stressors and unregulated external stimuli. People with other existing psychological conditions like BPD, EDs, or other dissociative disorders may also develop NSSI. NSSI is often seen as a coping mechanism for patients that are suffering with stress and psychopathology.
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An overwhelming amount of NSSI cases were reported in accordance to stress release intention. Most NSSI patients are associated with sadness, anxiety, depression, feeling of abandoned, and isolated, they often find themselves trapped in high amount of uncontrollable stress and emotional burden that are hard to endure; living quality is also negatively impacted. Inflicting physical wounds is an outlet to relieve unbearable distress, the act of cutting through skin is a mean to physically lesson the pain, and many have reported that feeling of satisfaction and goodness were perceived post-injury. Among other individuals, NSSI behaviors are also considered as a way to self-punish and self-directed anger.
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Households with heavy use of parental control, and lack thereof of parental support, usually lead to high tendency of NSSI. Internal issues stem from emotional dysregulation and psychological distress also push individuals towards NSSI tendency. Inability to digest and process emotional situations can lead to improper or insufficient awareness and understanding of emotional responses. Misjudgment of emotional surroundings also result in outbursts that are beyond acceptable range of emotional response.
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Severity of wounds may vary and some may end up needing medical attention, however, the purpose is never to cause lethal harm. Indeed, NSSI serves as several functioning outlets for participants, including negative and positive reinforcements.
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Those who grew up with child maltreatment like physical/sexual or emotional abuse, household with drug-use problems, negligence, poverty, exposure to parental violence,... are more likely to develop psychopathology in later years. Women with NSSI tendency are shown to have experienced emotion negligence from both parents and insecure paternal bonding, while men with NSSI tendency are predicted to have gone through parental abandonment, mostly from father. Non physically abusive parenting can also place high susceptibility on adolescents. Parental control refers to when parents want to influence their child either by physical or emotional manipulation, while parental support implies behaviors that are encouraging, accepting, and supportive.
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Other uses of NSSI include wanting to fit in, gaining attention, and alleviating emotional numbness. NSSI functions are classified into four sub-functions: automatic negative reinforcement, automatic positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, and social positive reinforcement. Automatic negative reinforcement aims to eliminate feeling of emotional numbness or negative feelings of emotional disturbances, automatic positive reinforcement seeks to gain any type of feelings, even pain, social negative reinforcement helps individuals get away from feeling peer pressure and being forced to do things against their wills, lastly, social positive reinforcement is done to attain attention, negative or positive. Overall, automatic negative reinforcement and automatic positive reinforcement prevail the other two methods, while automatic negative reinforcement is more common than automatic positive reinforcement.
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Adolescents also harbor external and internal factors that put them in the at- risk age group. External factors include childhood events, parenting condition, or peers. Children that went through childhood adversities are more prone to cognitive distortion that tend to permit NSSI behaviors. Severity of such adversities also play a major role in increasing risk for adolescents.
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These findings correspond to popular utilization of NSSI as tool to alleviate negative stress. Individuals that participate in automatic positive reinforcement have higher risk for suicidal attempts. The desire to obtain certain feelings from self-mutilation tends to push those individuals towards higher frequency of self-harm repetition, along with desensitization to pain and elimination of fear towards suicidal thoughts.
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In September 2008, MV Camilla Desgagnés, owned by Desgagnés Transarctik Inc. and, along with the Arctic Cooperative, is part of Nunavut Sealift and Supply Incorporated (NSSI), transported cargo from Montreal to the hamlets of Cambridge Bay, Kugluktuk, Gjoa Haven and Taloyoak. A member of the crew is reported to have claimed that "there was no ice whatsoever". Shipping from the east is to resume in the fall of 2009.
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Self-injury in children may be labeled with different diagnostic terms such as Lesch-Nyhan and Munchausen syndromes. Another medical condition for which the term is used, but only rarely, is when the vision turns yellow for a period of time as, for example, in digoxin toxicity. Van Gogh syndrome is, now, a synonym for Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI), where participants intentionally and repetitively inflict injuries on their bodies without suicidal intention and not social sanctioned. These injuries are not meant to cause lethal harm and range from biting, scratching, cutting to serious acts like mutilating reproductive parts.
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SafeNet Government Solutions is no longer considered a subsidiary. SafeNet Government Solutions provides information security and communications security technology for the US government. The firm has an indefinite- delivery, indefinite-quantity contract for its KIV-7 line of commercial off- the-shelf cryptographic devices that provide protection for digital and voice communications through TOP SECRET, used by agencies such as the National Security Agency (NSA) and the National Reconnaissance Office. Other products include the KOV-14 Fortezza Plus PC card which was developed as part of the NSA's NSSI program and is used on Secure Terminal Equipment.
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Marine transportation companies Northern Transportation Company Limited (NTCL), headquartered in Hay River, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut Sealink and Supply (NSSI), both have bases in Churchill and provide sealift to the Eastern Arctic and to a few Central Arctic communities. The port was used for the export of Canadian grain to European markets, with rail-sea connections made at Churchill. There are no roads from Churchill that connect to the Canadian highway network. The only overland route connecting Churchill to the rest of Canada is the Hudson Bay Railway, formerly part of the Canadian National Railway (CN) network, which connects the Port of Churchill and the town's railway station to CN's rail line at The Pas.
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His 1987 book, Bodies Under Siege: Self-mutilation in Culture and Psychiatry, a psychiatric book on the topic of self-harm, according to Jennifer Egan in The New York Times, was "the first to comprehensively explore self-mutilation". The second edition (1996), subtitled Self-Mutilation and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry, has been called the "seminal book on NSSI" (nonsuicidal self- injury). He describes deliberate self-injury as a morbid form of self-help, temporarily alleviating distressing symptoms, and, attempting to heal themselves, to attain some measure of spirituality, and to establish a sense of personal order. He helped to teach clinicians that self-injurious behavior totally differs from suicidal behavior, although repetitive skin-cutters may develop a Deliberate Self-Harm syndrome which includes demoralization and a tendency to overdose. The “secret shame” website contains a supervised Bodies Under Siege bulletin board that allows self-injurers to communicate with one another.
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