Both are examples of heterocannibalism — the eating of nonrelatives.
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Female chimpanzees end up surrounded by nonrelatives in adulthood, so they mind their own business.
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Thus, an individual might be more likely to sacrifice for a sibling than a cousin or nonrelatives.
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No, the caller said, her body was decomposing, and nonrelatives were not allowed; the city would now take care of the burial.
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Biggs said family separations happen before migrants reach the border, accusing migrant families of allowing their children to be taken by nonrelatives to claim asylum as family units.
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The longstanding tradition of aging farmers relying on younger generations to take over the farm, and support them in retirement, is being shaken, said Kacey Deamer with Cornell University's Small Farms Program, which, along with other groups, is increasingly connecting aging farm owners with nonrelatives looking to farm.
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On the other hand, cubes that have been rubbed on nonrelatives received a longer inspection.
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However, Polistes species are now known to learn and remember chemical signals (hydrocarbons) picked up from the nest to distinguish nestmates accurately from nonrelatives.
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Billingsley's research revealed another type of African-American family, called the augmented family structure, which is a family composed of the primary members, plus nonrelatives. Billingsley's case study found that this family structure accounted for 8% of black families in 1990. This family structure is different from the traditional norm family discussed earlier, it combines the nuclear and extended family units with nonrelatives. This structure also has the incipient, simple, segmented I, and segmented II sub-structures.
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Packer et al. (1991) found that while lions often form coalitions with nonrelatives, they do so only under specific circumstances. The degree of relatedness of coalition members is related to coalition size. Small coalitions are often composed of unrelated individuals while large coalitions are largely composed of related individuals.
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When queen cell construction begins in late August to early September, it is in the male's best interest to mate with a queen and produce a gyne. Similar wasp species illustrate workers that help their own kin or harm nonrelatives from growing as a gyne. Thus, reproductive competition occurs so that the genes of specific subfamilies can be passed on and survive. However, no evidence of reproductive competition exists within V. maculifrons colonies.
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Coalitions can also provide a reproductive benefit without comprising related individuals.Watts, D. P. Coalitionary mate guarding by male chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 44, 43–55 (1998). In some species, coalitions of nonrelatives are fairly stable over time providing valuable reproductive benefits for the individuals involved. Lion collations composed of 2–6 individuals were initially thought to be made up of related individuals; however, it is now known that a large percent of lion alliances (42%) are composed of unrelated individuals.
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In another experiment, Mateo captured pregnant ground squirrels and moved them to laboratory enclosures. The juvenile offspring of the squirrels were observed investigating plastic cubes that had been rubbed on the dorsal glands of squirrels that were related to the youngsters in different ways (mother, grandmother, etc.). The juveniles had never met, and thus, had no prior experience with their relatives. However, if the juveniles knew what they smelled like themselves, then they should be able to accurately compare their own scents with nonrelatives and relatives. The length of time a Belding’s ground squirrel sniffed an object indicated its interest, and the results of the experiment showed that cubes that have been rubbed on relatives received a quick inspection.
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