Non-suicidal self-injury is surprisingly common and mostly affects teens and young adults.
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Now they are grappling with how to identify and censor other types of self-harm such as cutting, which is part of a condition called non-suicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID).
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Indeed, the words from the Bethlem archives were remarkably similar to those used in the American Psychiatric Association's manual (usually called the DSM), which describes "non-suicidal self-injury" as a distinct condition.
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And while non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (SIB) isn't technically a disorder—modern psychology's most recent diagnostic manual, the DSM-5, maintains that non-suicidal self-injury warrants further research—psychologists warn that people with SIB need help.
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The behavior is often present in adolescent cases of depression, and a recent survey from the American Public Health Association found that one in four girls and one in 10 boys reported engaging in non-suicidal self-injury.
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"I think NSSI [non-suicidal-self-injury] is going to be one of the next frontiers where we're going to see a lot of advances just based on what I know of my colleagues' work in this area," he said.
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"The hypothesis of our study was that repeated and intense nightmares were related to emotional dysregulation, which, consequently, were associate with people engaging in non-suicidal self-injury behaviors," explains Chelsea Ennis, a doctoral candidate in the clinical psychology program at Florida State University, and one of the authors of the study.
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"When physical and emotional pain seem to become intolerable or that they cannot be alleviated, individuals may opt to engage in non-suicidal self-injury to direct a controllable pain elsewhere on the body that may also distract from the physical pain, or they may opt to attempt suicide to end suffering without necessarily wanting to die," Westers said by email.
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Glassman, L.H., Weierich, M.R., Hooley, J.M., Deliberto, T.L., & Nock, M.N. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the meditating role of self- criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2483-2490. DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.
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Ross AM, Kelly CM, Jorm AF. Re- development of mental health first aid guidelines for non-suicidal self- injury: a Delphi study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14: 236. Mental health first aid training has been included in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA) National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices.
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Problem-Solving Therapy and Dialectical Behavior Therapy are two empirically supported Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) teaches clients problem-solving skills and general coping strategies so that they can more effectively deal with future problems. Additionally, clients learn to identify and resolve the problems they encounter. The findings for the effectiveness of PST in reducing non-suicidal self-injury have been mixed.
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Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam There is no consensus on Vincent van Gogh's health. His death in 1890 is generally accepted to have been a suicide. Many competing hypotheses have been advanced as to possible medical conditions from which he may have suffered. These include epilepsy, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, sunstroke, acute intermittent porphyria, lead poisoning, Ménière's disease, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, substance use disorder, non suicidal self injury disorder "self-harm", and a possible anxiety disorder.
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Those who experience the most physical and relational bullying victimization and emotional distress, are biologically male youth whom others perceived as very, or mostly feminine. Moreover, regardless of biological sex, relational bullying victimization, depression, and suicidal ideation is common among adolescents that can be perceived as anything other than very, or mostly masculine. Repeatedly, research on the effects of aggression and violence against TGD youth and young adults shows – when compared to their cisgender peers – higher rates of PTSD, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, intent, plan, and attempts, higher rates of substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana), trauma, skipping school due to safety concerns, and poorer health outcomes.
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A person with EBD with "internalizing" behavior may have poor self-esteem, suffer from depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit non-suicidal self-injury or substance abuse. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of separation anxiety or another anxiety disorder, post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific or social phobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and/or an eating disorder. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive. Screening tools used to detect students with high levels of "internalizing" behavior are not sensitive and are rarely used in practice.
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Over the years he has served as Principal Investigator for the Berkeley site in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA Study) and founded the Berkeley Girls with ADHD Longitudinal Study (BGALS), the largest study of girls with this condition in existence. Contributions from the latter investigation include delineating the serious risk for self-harm (suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury) in girls with ADHD as they mature into late adolescence and early adulthood. Among other consultantships and affiliations, he serves on the scientific board of Glenn Close’s mental health nonprofit Bring Change 2 Mind, as an advisor and storyteller for the play The Manic Monologues, and as Co-Chair of the Scientific Research Council of the Child Mind Institute.
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