GRAPHIC: Maersk has lost its natural oil hedge - tmsnrt.
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A 98.1% natural oil that you can use virtually anywhere for softer skin
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At this stage, you should use a natural oil like Mongongo to massage into your scalp.
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This delivered all the moisturizing effects of a natural oil, but with the added benefit of SPF.
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A lubricant for a food product, for instance, might be derived from a natural oil which it contains.
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To finish, we'd apply a steam towel, ingrown-hair-treatment solution and, finally, a natural oil like almond or jojoba.
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Since the natural oil in hair is actually good for keeping it healthy, I should avoid stripping it away daily.
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For years no oil was found, but eventually his engineers tapped into one of the largest natural oil reserves the world.
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It works as an in-between product that cleanses and absorbs the natural oil from the hair but doesn't leave the hair dry.
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The Bring It On star has partnered with the company behind hair-care brand Macadamia Natural Oil to develop her new line, Flawless.
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The launch comes as part of Saudi Arabia's wider 'Vision 2030' plans, which aim to reduce the Kingdom's dependency on its natural oil reserves.
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Fracking — the process of extracting natural oil and gas by shooting water and other fluids deep underground — has helped pump money into the economy.
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The instructions are simple: On an empty stomach, swish a teaspoon of natural oil (usually coconut or sesame) in your mouth for 20 full minutes.
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Panton's personal favorite is meadowfoam oil, "because it naturally mimics the skin's sebum (natural oil), it sinks right into the layers of the skin," she says.
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Here are our top picks for the best CBD oil for dogs: Best overall Best flavors Easiest to use Budget pick Best all-natural oil Most customizable experience
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"The molecular weight of a natural oil is small so it can absorb into your skin, versus a synthetic that sits on top and slides off," she explains.
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"The skin's natural oil production decreases as we age, causing the moisture barrier to break down," explains Noella Gabriel, beauty expert and co-founder of luxe skin-care brand Elemis.
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"Omega-3 fatty acids are needed to build the cell membranes in the skin of your scalp and maintain the natural oil that keeps your scalp and hair from drying out," explains Drayer.
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"They should be looking everywhere they are drilling for oil, and doing these types of simulations to see what the natural oil-degrading organisms would be and how quickly they would degrade oil," Andersen said.
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Derived from pracaxi, a plant native to the Amazon River Basin, Sacha Inchi oil has high amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, helping regulate the skin's natural oil production and moisturize the scalp and hair follicles.
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Lecithin has the ability to penetrate the epidermis down to the cellular level to protect each individual cell membrane, whereas linoleic acid works by maintaining the skin's natural oil barrier; together, both lock in moisture, boost hydration, and keep the skin looking fresh.
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Supporters of the (badly named) "no 'poo" movement say sulfate is too harsh and strips away a lot of the hair's natural oil, called sebum, which makes us produce even more than we normally would to make up for it constantly being taken away.
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Black Gold Energy () 6\. Niko Resources Ltd. () 7\. Natural Oil and Gas Seeps in California: () 8\.
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Natural Oil and Gas Seeps in California . The world's largest natural oil seepage is Coal Oil Point in the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Three of the better known tar seep locations in California are McKittrick Tar Pits,McKittrick Tar Seeps. Buena Vista Museum Of Natural History.
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C. Howard Company, Inc. (also called Choward's) is the maker of Choward's Fine Mints and Gum. The company's flagship product is its unique hard square tablet "mint" (candy) with a distinct violet aroma and taste. Choward's candies are also available in Lemon (flavored with natural oil of lemon), Spearmint (flavored with natural oil of spearmint), Guava, and Peppermint flavors.
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The State of California Department of Oil and Gas noted 29 natural oil seeps between Point Conception and Rincon Point. The seeps were first noted by Father Pedro Font in 1776. Additionally, tar mounds are concentrated off the coast at Point Conception, Coal Oil Point, and Carpinteria. A natural oil seep also exists off the west coast of San Miguel Island.
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His efforts in the power and natural oil gas sector have been lauded by many experts in the African region, especially with respect to his work in distribution and generation.
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The key difference here between natural oil and unnatural oil entering the ocean is that seepage flows very slowly, allowing the environment to adapt. Unnatural oil enters the ocean at a high flow rate with a dense concentration.
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When this ooze is cooked at desired pressure, three to six kilometers (1.8 - 3.7 miles) depth, and temperature, , it will form kerogen. Kerogen can be heated, and yield up to of natural oil & gas product per ton of rock.
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Several examples have been found: first, along the coasts of the United States and Mexico, and then in other regions of the world; a few are still active. Resembling seamounts in structure, they are made entirely of asphalt, and form when natural oil seeps up from the Earth's crust underwater.
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These individual personalities are distinct among Tachikoma. One considers itself Batou's personal Tachikoma, which has a personality of a hyperactive child. It is special, given that Batou pampers it with natural oil and refuses to operate any other while on assignments. The second Tachikoma is more logical, acting as the straight man to the first.
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The Santa Barbara Channel contains the world's largest natural oil seepage - Coal Oil Point. Goleta Point is a nearby extension into the channel. Point Arguello, a headland near the city of Lompoc and the site of the Honda Point disaster in 1923, in which seven US Navy destroyers run aground, in the largest peacetime loss of US Navy ships.
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Modi Naturals is a natural oil processing company based in India. It is one of India's largest oil processing companies. It has marked its entry in the fast- moving consumer goods industry, which in India is expected to grow by Rs 140,000 crore by the year 2015. Modi Naturals is a Bombay Stock Exchange listed company.
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PA 11 is a biopolymer derived from natural oil. It is also known under the tradename Rilsan B, commercialized by Arkema. PA 11 belongs to the technical polymers family and is not biodegradable. Its properties are similar to those of PA 12, although emissions of greenhouse gases and consumption of nonrenewable resources are reduced during its production.
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The report also discusses the underground blowout at Platform A which caused the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill. It also describes accounts from divers, who describe seepage changes after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. California Offshore Oil and Gas Seeps Report In Utah, there are natural oil seeps at Rozel Point on the Great Salt Lake.Geosights, Spiral Jetty.
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Charles Pratt had seen the same trend as Ellis and Rogers and became a pioneer of the natural oil (petroleum) industry. He established a kerosene refinery Astral Oil Works in Brooklyn, New York. Pratt's product later gave rise to the slogan, The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil. In Pennsylvania in the mid-1860s, Pratt met Ellis and Rogers.
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Natural oil spring in Korňa, Slovakia The vast majority of hydrocarbons found on Earth occur in petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Petroleum (literally "rock oil" – petrol for short) and coal are generally thought to be products of decomposition of organic matter. In contrast to petroleum, is coal, which is richer in carbon and poorer in hydrogen. Natural gas is the product of methanogenesis.
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Tofu skin is a natural oil film formed on the surface of soybean milk after boiling. It can be found on tables in the north and south of China, and it can be made into many different dishes. Tofu skin is not only delicious but also has a lot of nutritional value. Tofu skin has high protein, lecithin and minerals.
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The state emblem of Azerbaijan () mixes traditional and modern symbols. The focal point of the emblem is a stylized flame. The flame is in the shape of the word "Allah" written in Arabic to represent the country's majority-Muslim population. As well as a reference to Azerbaijan's eternal natural oil-gas resources, which has given it the nickname "land of eternal fire".
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AgriProtein is a British agricultural and biotechnology company that uses insects to convert food waste into sustainable products including: an alternative protein for use in livestock and aquaculture feed, a natural oil for use in animal feed, and an organic soil enhancer. The company was founded in 2008 in South Africa. AgriProtein is a subsidiary of the Insect Technology Group.
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Oil Springs takes its name from the natural oil springs discovered in Johnson County. The springs once fed a popular health resort. The first post office was established on January 29, 1868, with Hamilton Litteral as postmaster. It was also known as Medina for a short time after the Medina Seminary, which was a boarding school that was established there in the 1870s by John Riggs Long.
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Romania's oil was the Reich's only source of natural oil after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 to August 1944 (Germany also had synthetic oil plants operating from 1942 onwards), and as such for economic reasons, Romania was always treated as a major ally by Hitler. While Germany monopolized Romania's exports,Final Report, pp.63, 117, 168; Deletant, pp.26–27, 75; Harvey, p.
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In nearby Boston, he had joined a company specializing in paints and whale oil products. In 1850 or 1851, Pratt moved to New York City, where he worked for a similar company handling paint and oil. Pratt saw the same trend as Ellis and Rogers, and he became a pioneer of the natural oil (petroleum) industry. He established a kerosene refinery (Astral Oil Works) in Brooklyn, New York.
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In 1850 or 1851, he came to New York City, where he worked for a similar company handling paint and oil. Pratt was a pioneer of the natural oil industry, and established his kerosene refinery Astral Oil Works in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn, New York. Pratt's product later gave rise to the slogan, "The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil". He also later founded the Pratt Institute.
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MacDonald et al. (1993 and 1996) have analyzed remote-sensing images from space that reveal the presence of oil slicks across the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Results confirmed extensive natural oil seepage in the Gulf of Mexico, especially in water depths greater than 1,000 m (3,281 ft). A total of 58 additional potential locations were documented where seafloor sources were capable of producing perennial oil slicks (MacDonald et al.
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Prior to the second half of the 19th century, whale oil was the primary source of fuel for lighting in the United States. The whalingindustry was the mainstay for many New England coastal communities for over 200 years. Among these was Fairhaven, Massachusetts, founded on land purchased by English settlers of the Plymouth Colony from an Indian chief and his son, who was named Wamsutta. In 1854, natural oil (petroleum) was discovered in western Pennsylvania.
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One of the first uses for NOPs (other than castor oil) was to make spray-on polyurethane foam insulation for buildings. NOPs are also finding use in polyurethane slab foam used to make conventional mattresses as well as memory foam mattresses. The characteristics of NOPs can be varied over a very wide range. This can be done by selection of the base Natural Oil (or oils) used to make up the NOP.
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Isobornyl cyclohexanol (IBCH, Sandenol) is an organic compound used primarily as a fragrance because of its aroma which is similar to sandalwood oil. Its chemical structure is closely related to that of both α-Santalol and β-Santalol, which are the primary constituents of sandalwood oil. Sandalwood trees are endangered due to overharvesting, leading to a high cost for the natural oil. IBCH is therefore produced as an economical alternative to the natural product.
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Diesel fuel spill on a road. Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment need not be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities (seismic exploration, drilling, extraction, refining and combustion). Phenomena such as seeps Natural Oil and Gas Seeps in California and tar pits are examples of areas that petroleum affects without man's involvement. Regardless of source, petroleum's effects when released into the environment are similar.
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All asphalt lakes were probably created during the Pleistocene epoch and share the same geological principle. Asphalt lakes are the largest examples of natural oil seeps. They occur when oil migrating toward the surface as a result of buoyancy (oil is lighter than ground water) actually reaches the surface, instead of being trapped in deeper stratigraphic layers. The reason the petroleum becomes asphaltic, or tarry, is the action of oil-metabolizing bacteria.
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As a young man, Pratt joined a company in nearby Boston, Massachusetts, that specialized in paints and whale oil products. In 1850 or 1851, he moved to New York City, where he worked for a similar company. Pratt realized that whale oil could be replaced by petroleum ("natural oil") distillates to light lamps. He became a pioneer of the petroleum industry as new wells were established during the 1860s in western Pennsylvania.
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Sarakan Toothpaste is vegan, fluoride-free and is flavoured with oil of peppermint, clove and geranium. It contains no sugars or artificial colours and does not contain Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS). Sarakan Mouthwash is an alcohol-free anti-plaque mouth rinse which contains the same natural oil flavourings as the toothpaste, and an anti-plaque bacterial agent to get rid of micro-organisms in the mouth and help promote better gum health.
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McClintocksville in 1862 Venango County, Pennsylvania was home to an oil boom in the years following discovery of natural oil (petroleum) in the mid-1850s. George Bissell, a Yale University chemistry professor, and Edwin L. Drake, a former railroad conductor, made the first successful use of a drilling rig on August 28, 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania. This single well soon exceeded the entire cumulative oil output of Europe since the 1650s. The principal product of the oil was kerosene.
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Natural oil polyols, also known as NOPs or biopolyols, are polyols derived from vegetable oils by several different techniques. The primary use for these materials is in the production of polyurethanes. Most NOPs qualify as biobased products, as defined by the United States Secretary of Agriculture in the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002. NOPs all have similar sources and applications, but the materials themselves can be quite different, depending on how they are made.
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As war approached, the Germans resorted to synthetic oil production. IG Farben's coal was converted to oil, in turn this was responsible for all of the Luftwaffes aviation stocks. On 23 November 1940, the signing of the Tripartite Pact and the addition of Romania and Hungary to the Axis Alliance gave Germany valuable crude oil wells. Still, the Allies controlled over 90 percent of the world's natural oil reserves, while the Axis owned just 3 percent.
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Microalgae are microscopic organisms that can grow via photosynthesis. Many groups grow quickly and are more productive than land plants and macroalgae (seaweed). Microalgae reproduction occurs primarily by vegetative (asexual) cell division, although sexual reproduction can occur in many species under appropriate growth conditions. Microalgae are efficient for fuel production and they are capable of taking a waste (zero-energy) form of carbon () and converting it into a high density liquid form of energy (natural oil).
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The Absheron Peninsula is noted for its shallow oil deposits, which trigger natural oil fires. Zoroastrianism has a long history in Azerbaijan, and the region was considered sacred by Zoroastrians due to these natural fires. Scholars have speculated that the temple may have been an ancient Zoroastrian shrine which was destroyed by invading Islamic armies during the Muslim conquest of Persia and its neighbouring regions. The complex was converted into a museum in 1975 and receives about 15,000 visitors a year.
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Prior to the second half of the 19th century, whale oil was the primary source of fuel for lighting in the United States. The whaling industry was the mainstay for many New England coastal communities for over 200 years. Among these was Fairhaven, Massachusetts, founded on land purchased by English settlers of the Plymouth Colony from a friendly Native American tribal chief, Massasoit, and his son, who was named Wamsutta. In 1854, natural oil (petroleum) was discovered in western Pennsylvania.
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Horse-drawn transportation was most important for Germany, as it was relatively lacking in natural oil resources. Infantry and horse-drawn artillery formed the bulk of the German Army throughout the war; only one fifth of the Army belonged to mobile panzer and mechanized divisions. Each German infantry division employed thousands of horses and thousands of men taking care of them. Despite losses of horses to enemy action, exposure and disease, Germany maintained a steady supply of work and saddle horses until 1945.
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Grimm's Spiel und Holz Design (sometimes referred to as "Grimm's" or "Grimm's Spiel & Holz") was founded in 1978, at which time it was called Spiel und Holz Design. In 2006, the company came under new ownership, at which time the name was changed to Grimm's Spiel und Holz Design. The wood used for Grimm's production is sourced from sustainably managed forests in Europe and includes alder, lime, beech and maple. The wood is cut into the forms then coated with natural oil.
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The materials are used in elastomer, sealant, and adhesive applications that require superior weatherability, and resistance to chemical and environmental attack. Natural oil polyols derived from castor oil and other vegetable oils are used to make elastomers, flexible bunstock, and flexible molded foam. Co-polymerizing chlorotrifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene with vinyl ethers containing hydroxyalkyl vinyl ether produces fluorinated (FEVE) polyols. Two-component fluorinated polyurethanes prepared by reacting FEVE fluorinated polyols with polyisocyanate have been used to make ambient cure paints and coatings.
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Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions per capita and energy consumption per capita are both one of the highest in the world. This is particularly due to energy intensive industry (particularly paper and pulp industry), cold climate, and long distances. Finland has no natural oil and gas reserves, and also hydropower capacity is in comparison to neighboring Norway and Sweden. Energy efficiency and energy security issues combined with the Finns’ economic dependency on clean nature have forced the Finns to seek for innovative energy and other green technology solutions.
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The first preservation is to photograph in situ, and then remove the objects showing key traces, protect them, and analyze under controlled laboratory conditions. Many techniques are used in the protection of trace evidence from criminal investigations, although all must be photographed as soon as possible, and while still in place. Samples may be collected by shaking, brushing, tapping, vacuuming, swabbing and handpicking. Great care may be needed to prevent contamination with other substances (such as natural oil and sweat on the hand of the collector).
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Cocobolo heartwood contains oil, which lends a strong, unmistakable floral odor even to well seasoned wood and occasionally stains the hands with prolonged exposure. The high natural oil content of the wood makes it difficult to achieve a strong glue joint, as in applying veneers or guitar fingerboards, and can inhibit the curing of some varnishes, particularly oil- based finishes. Acetone may be used to remove surface oils before gluing. The oil can induce allergic reactions if inhaled or exposed to unprotected skin and eyes.
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Foreign powers were not only concerned about the possible spread of such revolutionary movements in other Arab states, but also worried about losing the control and monopoly over the region's natural oil resources. However, due to discontent over the hegemony of Egypt and after a coup in Syria that introduced a more radical government to power, the United Arab Republic collapsed in 1961. The term United Arab Republic continued to be used in Egypt until 1971, after the death of Nasser. Another unsuccessful attempt at union occurred in 1963.
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Dry skin results from lack of water in the outer layer of skin cells (the stratum corneum). When this layer becomes dehydrated it loses its flexibility and becomes cracked, scaly and sometimes itchy. The stratum corneum contains natural water-holding substances that retain water seeping up from the deeper layers of the skin, and water is also normally retained in the stratum corneum by a surface film of natural oil (sebum) and broken-down skin cells, which slow down evaporation of water from the skin surface. Diprobase works by increasing that layer of oil.
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The high command had reasoned that since the Italian navy would be operating solely in the Mediterranean, their vessels would never be far from an airfield, thus the time and resources needed to develop a naval air arm could be directed elsewhere. This proved problematic on a number of occasions. Though the Italians did have the aircraft carriers and under construction at the start of the war, neither one was ever completed. Lastly, the lack of natural oil reserves and subsequent shortage of oil precluded extensive fleet operations.
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Pratt realized that whale oil could be replaced by petroleum ("natural oil") distillates to light lamps. He became a pioneer of the petroleum industry as new wells were established in western Pennsylvania in the 1860s. He soon established his kerosene refinery, Astral Oil Works, in Brooklyn, New York.Brooklyn Pratt Works 1939 WPA Guide to New York City In the mid-1860s, Pratt met two aspiring young men, Charles Ellis and Henry H. Rogers in western Pennsylvania, and later purchased the entire future output of their small venture, Wamsutta Oil Refinery near Oil City, at a fixed price.
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In 1935 and 1936 he further explored the Fezzan, from both the geological and hydrological point of view, and the Tibesti massif in the Central Sahara. From 1936 to 1940, he organized and directed the Libyan Geological Survey, which included research into mining and artesian waters by order of the Government of Libya. Desio discovered in 1938 natural oil in the subsurface of Libya. In the same years he discovered also an exploitable deposit of Carnallite in the Oasis of Marada, and rich artesian aquifers in some zones of Northern Libya, which gave a strong impulse to the development of the agriculture.
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Waitangi Treaty House site Boyd, painting by Louis John Steele (1889) During the classic period (about 1500 to 1770) a hapū would select a totara tree and prepare it years ahead for felling. Totara is a lightweight wood with a high natural oil content that helps prevent rot. This would include the removal of bark from one side of the trunk and the clearing of the ground and the planting of food crops for workers. After chants and prayers the tree would be felled by a combination of fires around the base and chopping with hand adzes.
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In the Gulf of Mexico, there are more than 600 natural oil seeps that leak between one and five million barrels of oil per year, equivalent to roughly 80,000 to 200,000 tonnes.Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. 2003. When a petroleum seep forms underwater it may form a peculiar type of volcano known as an asphalt volcano. The California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources published a map of offshore oil seeps from Point Aguello (north of Santa Barbara) to Mexico.. California Offshore Oil and Gas Seeps Map In addition, they published a report describing the seeps.
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Venango County was home to an oil boom in the years following discovery of natural oil (petroleum) in the mid-1850s. George Bissell, a Yale University Chemistry professor, and Edwin L. Drake, a former railroad conductor, made the first successful use of a drilling rig on August 28, 1859 near Titusville, Pennsylvania. (Although Titusville is in Crawford County, the first oil well was drilled outside of town, less than a mile inside of the Venango County boundary.) This single well soon exceeded the entire cumulative oil output of Europe since the 1650s. Within weeks oil derricks were erected all over the area.
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Natural oil spring in Korňa, Slovakia. Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It is generally accepted that oil is formed mostly from the carbon rich remains of ancient plankton after exposure to heat and pressure in Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. Over time, the decayed residue was covered by layers of mud and silt, sinking further down into Earth’s crust and preserved there between hot and pressured layers, gradually transforming into oil reservoirs.
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The rising costs of petrochemical feedstocks and an enhanced public desire for environmentally friendly green products have created a demand for these materials. One of the most vocal supporters of these polyurethanes made using natural oil polyols is the Ford Motor Company, which debuted polyurethane foam made using soy oil in the seats of its 2008 Ford Mustang. Ford has since placed soy foam seating in all its North American vehicle platforms. The interest of automakers is responsible for much of the work being done on the use of NOPs in polyurethane products for use in cars, for example is seats, and headrests, armrests, soundproofing, and even body panels.
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Natural oil seeps such as this in the McKittrick area of California were used by the Native Americans and later mined by settlers. The history of the petroleum industry in the United States goes back to the early 19th century, although the indigenous peoples, like many ancient societies, have used petroleum seeps since prehistoric times; where found, these seeps signaled the growth of the industry from the earliest discoveries to the more recent. Petroleum became a major industry following the oil discovery at Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, in 1859. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, the US was the largest oil producing country in the world.
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Baku's Holy Fire Temple-Tower, reconstruction, by Davud Akhundov, The Architecture of Ancient and Early Medieval Azerbaijan, book, in Russian, Baku, Azerbaijan The entrance Architectural details of the Maiden Tower The tower has been described as the "most majestic and mysterious monument of Baku, the Gyz Galasy", built on solid rock foundation, demonstrates right on the coast line, a fusion of Arabic, Persian and Ottoman influences. It was constructed alongside a natural oil well. It is a cylindrical eight story structure that rises to a height of with a base diameter of . The internal space available in the tower is said to be adequate to accommodate 200 people.
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Palm oil, a natural oil extracted from the fruit of oil palm trees that is semi-solid at room temperature (15–25 degrees Celsius), can potentially serve as a substitute for partially hydrogenated fats in baking and processed food applications, although there is disagreement about whether replacing partially hydrogenated fats with palm oil confers any health benefits. A 2006 study supported by the National Institutes of Health and the USDA Agricultural Research Service concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for partially hydrogenated fats (trans fats) in the food industry, because palm oil results in adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL and apolipoprotein B just as trans fat does. In May 2003, BanTransFats.com Inc.
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Odor is undesirable in the NOPs themselves, but more importantly, in the materials made from them. There are a limited number of naturally occurring vegetable oils (triglycerides) which contain the unreacted hydroxyl groups that account for both the name and important reactivity of these polyols. Castor oil is the only commercially available natural oil polyol that is produced directly from a plant source: all other NOPs require chemical modification of the oils directly available from plants. The hope is that using renewable resources as feedstocks for chemical processes will reduce the environmental footprint by reducing the demand on non-renewable fossil fuels currently used in the chemical industry and reduce the overall production of carbon dioxide, the most notable greenhouse gas.
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Some words directly inherited from Latin are also said to prove the continuous presence of the Romanians' ancestors north of the Danube, because they refer to things closely connected to these regions. For instance, linguists Grigore Nandriș and Marius Sala argue that the Latin words for natural oil, gold and bison could only be preserved in the lands to the north of the river. Written sources did not mention the Romanians, either those who lived north of the Lower Danube or those living to the south of the river, for centuries. Scholars supporting the continuity theory notes that the silence of sources does not contradict it, because early medieval authors named the foreign lands and their inhabitants after the ruling peoples.
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Hair coloring products are commonly used to cover gray, look more attractive or keep up with fashion, yet they pose a challenge for many women. Because of the length of time the hair dye must be on the hair to achieve deep, even results, it often seeps or drips down onto the hairline, ears or neck, causing unsightly and irritating stains on the skin. Dye users are not universally affected—some persons have a tendency to get stains while others do not—most likely due to the variations in lipid or natural oil composition on the skin surface from one person to the next.Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. and Christopher J. Harvey. “Dissolution of Materials in Artificial Skin Surface Film Liquids.” Toxicology in Vitro. Vol. 20.
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The First Oil Well in Western Canada also known as Lineham Discovery Well No. 1, is an defunct oil well and National Historic Site of Canada which commemorates the 21 September 1902 oil strike in what is now Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta. The oil well originally drilled in 1902, was the first productive oil well in the Western Canadian Provinces. The well was drilled by John Lineham, a Calgary businessman and former Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Northwest Territories, George K. Leeson and Kootenay Brown whose Rocky Mountain Development Company purchased a mineral claim of 650 acres on the land along Oil Creek (now Cameron Creek) for a dollar an acre, a region of natural oil seeps. The area had been drilled unsuccessfully for oil in the early 1890s, without results.
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World proved reserves of crude oil, 1980-2012 (US EIA) Ratio of world proved oil reserves to production, 1980-2011 (UN EIA) The World's natural oil supply is fixed because petroleum is naturally formed far too slowly to be replaced at the rate at which it is being extracted. Over many millions of years, plankton, bacteria, and other plant and animal matter became buried in sediments on the ocean floor. When conditions were right – a lack of oxygen for decomposition, and sufficient depth and temperature of burial – these organic remains were converted into petroleum compounds, while the sediment accompanying them was converted into sandstone, siltstone, and other porous sedimentary rock. When capped by impermeable rocks such as shale, salt, or igneous intrusions, they formed the petroleum reservoirs which are exploited today.
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The high level of attenuation within the infrasonic bandwidth (below 10 Hz) of the seismic field observed in natural oil-saturated porous media during the last years (explained by mesoscopic homogeneous models) is the main responsible of the passive seismic wave field shifting within a low frequency range. Pressure differences between regions with different fluid/solid properties induce frequency-dependency of the attenuation (Qp and Qs reservoir factors) and velocity dispersion (Vp, Vs) of the low frequency wave field. Infrasonic passive seismic spectroscopy quantifies the absorption and the wave field dispersion within the low frequency bandwidth giving the most predominant areas linked with possible oil-saturated and porous media. The low frequency seismic field is not usually reachable by the active seismic surveys being either the explosive waves mainly in the high frequency and the vibroseis currently built not to reach such a low frequencies.
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Also, using known and increasingly novel (Garrett & Du) chemical techniques, it is possible to graft additional groups onto the triglyceride chains of the NOP and change its processing characteristics and this in turn will change and modify in a controlled manner, the physical properties of the final article which the NOP is being used to produce. Differences and modifications in the process regime and reaction conditions used to make a given NOP also generally lead to different chemical architectures and therefore different end use performance of that NOP; so that even though two NOPs may have been made from the same Natural Oil root, they may be surprisingly different when used and, will produce a detectably different end product too. Commercially, (since 2012) NOPs are available and made from; sawgrass oil, soybean oil, castor oil (as an grafted NOP), rapeseed oil, palm oil (kernel and mesocarp), and coconut oil. There is also some work being done on NOPs made from Natural Animal oils.
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Initially in the US, and since early 2010, it has been routinely possible to replace over 50% of petrochemical-based polyols with NOPs for use in slab foams sold into the mass market, furniture and bedding industries. The commercialised technology also eliminates or greatly reduces the odor problem, mentioned above, normally associated with the use of NOPs. This is particularly important when the NOP is to be used at ever higher percentage levels, to try to reduce dependency on petrochemical materials, and to produce materials for use in the domestic and contract furniture segments which are historically very sensitive to "chemical" odors in the final foam product in people's homes and places of work. Amongst other useful effects of using high levels of Natural Oil Polyols to make foams are the improvements seen in the long-term performance of the foam under humid conditions and also on the flammability of the foams; compared to equivalent foams made without the presence of the NOP.
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