The National Information Infrastructure Protection Act (; ) was Title II of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, as an amendment to the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
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In 1993, the U.S. Advisory Council on the National Information Infrastructure was established and administered a report called A Nation of Opportunity that planned access to ICTs for all member of the population and emphasized the government's role in protecting their existence.United States Advisory Council on the National Information Infrastructure. 1996. A nation of opportunity: Realizing the promise of the information superhighway. Washington, DC. Founded in 1996, the Boston Digital Bridge Foundation attempts to enhance children's and their parents' computer knowledge, program application usage, and ability to easily navigate the Internet.
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The NII Awards was an awards program designed to recognize excellence and innovation in use of the Internet. The National Information Infrastructure Awards, later known as the Global Information Infrastructure (GII) Awards were given from 1995 though 1999.
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The website was also among the six finalists in the Education segment of the National Information Infrastructure Awards Program in 1996. The project continued to receive citations and awards since it was established in 1990 and it has also helped serve on the research front from time to time.
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He then joined the faculty of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was chairman of the Technology and Policy Working Group of the US National Information Infrastructure Task Force at some time point. In 1996 he became director of the Information Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), overseeing US government research. In 1999, he joined Intel as a director of research.
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The Kazakh government has exhibited an ambiguous and at times contradictory approach to the Internet. The long-term development strategy of Kazakhstan for 2030 demonstrates the government's strong commitment to create a modern national information infrastructure. The government had announced plans to develop e-government as a part of a 2005–2007 program. Since 2008, government officials have been encouraged to create their own personal blogs.
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The networking idea became politicized during the 1992 Clinton-Gore > election campaign, where the rhetoric of the information highway captured > the public imagination. On taking office in 1993, the new administration set > in place a range of government initiatives for a National Information > Infrastructure aimed at ensuring that all American citizens ultimately gain > access to the new networks.Campbell-Kelly and Aspray (1996). Computer: A > History of the Information Machine.
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The Inter- Departmental Commission is charged with coordinating and developing national information infrastructure. The National Security Committee (NSC) monitors presidential, government, and military communications. The Office of the Prime Minister is an authorized state body responsible for the protection of state secrets and maintenance of information security. Broadly defined, a 'state secret' encompasses various government policies as well as information about the president's private life, health, and financial affairs.
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Today's version of MicroMUSE Cyberion's residents are scholars who lived in a unique community dedicated to learning, teaching, and the preservation of knowledge. Dr. Barry Kort was instrumental in setting up MicroMUSE in its modern form, with assistance from Kevin Kane ("Frnkzk"). MicroMUSE / MuseNet received the 1996 National Information Infrastructure NII Award for pioneering innovations in Children's Education via the Internet. The MicroMUSE Charter and Bylaws (1994) define the history, goals and purposes of MicroMUSE.
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The Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), based in Reston, Virginia, is a non-profit organization founded in 1986 by Robert E. Kahn as an "activities center around strategic development of network-based information technologies", including the National Information Infrastructure (NII) in the United States. CNRI develops the Handle System for managing and locating digital information. CNRI obtained DARPA funding for the development of JPython (Jython), a Python implementation in and for Java, initially created by Jim Hugunin.
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NIIFI (Nemzeti Információs Infrastruktúra Fejlesztési Intézet) is the institute responsible for the development and operation of the network and services of the Hungarian national research network under the National Information Infrastructure Development (NIIF) Program. NIIFI collaborates closely with HUNGARNET, the association of users of the national research network. The combination NIIF/HUNGARNET fulfils the role of the National Research and Education Networking organisation (NREN) of Hungary. In September 2016 NIIFI based on a decree of Hungarian Government merged to Governmental Information Technology Development Agency (KIFÜ).
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The ability to identify and locate stops in relation to topography, both consistently and economically, is fundamental to modern computer based systems that provide passenger information and manage public transport networks. Stop data is needed by journey planners, scheduling systems, real-time systems, for transport planning, performance monitoring, and for many other purposes. Digitalising a nation's public transport stops is an essential step in creating a national information infrastructure. In the UK NaPTAN has enabled the creation of the Transport Direct Portal, a UK nationwide system for multi-modal journey planning.
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On December 9, 1991, Congress signed the High-Performance Computing Act (HPCA) of 1991, created by Senator Al Gore. HPCA proposed a national information infrastructure to build communications networks and databases and also called for proposals to build new high- performance computing facilities to serve science. On May 24, 1992, ORNL was awarded a high-performance computing research center called the Center for Computational Sciences, or CCS, as part of HPCA. ORNL also received a 66-processor, serial #1 Intel Paragon XP/S 5 for code development the same year.
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Lehman earned a B.A. in 1967 and a J.D. in 1970 from University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was named "Lawyer of the Year" in 1994 by The National Law Journal. In 1996 he served as the head of the U.S. delegation to World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on the December 1996 Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions. He chairman the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights of the National Information Infrastructure Task Force for the Clinton administration and, on September 5, 1997, was appointed, on an interim basis, as acting chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
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The National Information Assurance Training and Education Center (NIATEC) is an American consortium of academic, industry, and government organizations to improve the literacy, awareness, training and education standards in Information Assurance. It serves to develop professionals with IA expertise in various disciplines, and ultimately contributes to the protection of the National Information Infrastructure. NIATEC is associated with Idaho State University, a National Security Agency Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education. The Centers of Academic Excellence and NIATEC are components of a plan to establish a federal cyber-corps to defend against cyber-based disruption and attacks.
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The Digital Future Coalition (DFC) was a US-based copyright advocacy organization established in 1995. Founded by leading scholars and activists in the library and public interest world, DFC was a precursor to organizations like Public Knowledge and the Library Research Coalition. The organization emerged from a round table of legal scholars and library associations members convened by Peter Jaszi"Best Practices in Fair Use: From Theory to Project: Peter Jaszi" , US Copyright Office (last visited April 24, 2013). in fall of 1995 to review the Clinton Administration's White Paper on Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, authored by Bruce Lehman.
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On April 17, 2008, NSU was re-designated a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education for the academic years 2008-2014 by the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). NSU first received this designation in March 2005 covering the period through March 2008. CEC’s information security curriculum meets the NSA Committee on National Security Systems standards 4011, 4012, and 4013. NSA’s goal in establishing centers of academic excellence is to reduce vulnerability in our national information infrastructure by promoting higher education in information assurance and producing more professionals with IA expertise in various disciplines.
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Best practice for any company collecting information from customers is to consider procedural fairness. This concept is a key proponent of ethical consumer marketing and is the basis of United States Privacy Laws, the European Union's privacy directive from 1995, and the Clinton Administration's June 1995 guidelines for personal information use by all National Information Infrastructure participants. An individual being allowed to remove their name from a mailing list is considered a best information collecting practice. In a 1990 Equifax survey, it was found that people deem it acceptable for companies to use names and addresses of its customers provided they have the option to remove themselves.
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The High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (HPCA), , built on prior U.S. efforts toward developing a national networking infrastructure, starting with the ARPANET in the 1960s and the funding of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet) in the 1980s. It led to the development of the National Information Infrastructure and included funding for a series of projects under the titles National Research and Education Network (NREN) and High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative which spurred many significant technological developments, such as the Mosaic web browser,"NCSA Mosaic – September 10, 1993 Demo". Retrieved September 1, 2013. and the creation of a high-speed fiber optic computer network.
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Senator Al Gore developed the Act after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science Leonard Kleinrock, one of the creators of the ARPANET, which is regarded as the earliest precursor network of the Internet. The bill was enacted on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "Information superhighway". President George H. W. Bush predicted that the Act would help "unlock the secrets of DNA," open up foreign markets to free trade, and a promise of cooperation between government, academia, and industry.
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ARPANET in a broader contextThe ARPANET was related to many other research projects, which either influenced the ARPANET design, or which were ancillary projects or spun out of the ARPANET. Senator Al Gore authored the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill", after hearing the 1988 concept for a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by Leonard Kleinrock. The bill was passed on 9 December 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore called the information superhighway. Inter-networking protocols developed by ARPA and implemented on the ARPANET paved the way for future commercialization of a new world-wide network, known as the Internet.
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In contrast, when as a House member in the > early 1980s, I called for creation of a national network of "information > superhighways," the only people interested were the manufacturers of optical > fiber. Back then, of course, high-speed meant 56,000 bits per second. Today > we are building a national information infrastructure that will carry > billions of bits of data per second, serve thousands of users > simultaneously, and transmit not only electronic mail and data files but > voice and video as well. The Clinton-Gore administration launched the first official White House website on 21 October 1994. It would be followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000.
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Ghana has adopted a cyber security policy and strategy to increase security of its citizens and the state from cyber attacks. The document is divided into three sections highlighting the common cyber challenges in the country, the existing local and global initiatives to prevent cyber fraud and ways in which laws on cyber crime can be enforced. It also defines the role relevant government agencies can play in ensuring a secure cyber space. The policy also reviews what is classified as Critical National Information Infrastructure (CNII) – "assets, systems and functions" whose destruction or ineffectiveness could affect the country's national economic strength, national image, national defense and security, public health and safety and government's ability to function effectively.
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From 1993–1995, Rothschild served on President Bill Clinton's National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council. From 1998–2000, she served on the US Secretary of Energy's Advisory Committee. Rothschild has donated to all of Bill and Hillary Clinton's federal races since 1992.Keating, Dan (November 19, 2015). "Here are the 146 donors who have supported all six of the Clintons’ federal races", The Washington Post; retrieved December 14, 2015. Although Rothschild was a major fund raiser for Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential bid, she transferred her support to Republican candidate John McCain when Barack Obama beat Clinton, becoming a minor celebrity on cable television at the time for attacking Obama in a series of interviews.
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Bonnie Laverne Bracey is an American teacher and technology consultant based in Washington, D.C.. One of the first teachers to promote the role of the Internet in the classroom , Bracey was the only teacher selected by the Clinton Administration for serving on the National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council, whose work in the mid 1990s led to the creation of the E-rate program. She also served as lead educator on President Bill Clinton's 21st Century Teacher Initiative. In 1993, Bracey was selected as a Christa McAuliffe Educator, and subsequently worked with NASA on various education programmes. Currently she is an international educational consultant; in this capacity she conducts outreach activities for the George Lucas Education Foundation and other groups.
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This rating means that all 11 programs exceed the state's required standards of excellence in education. San Antonio College was designated a National Center of Academic Excellence in cyber defense by the National Security Agency and the Department of Homeland Security. The designation was made in recognition of significant contributions in meeting the national demand for cyber defense education, developing cyber defense experts and ultimately contributing to the protection of the national information infrastructure. According to the Institute of Education Sciences, San Antonio college currently has a 14% graduation rate and 61% transfer-out rate when given 150% of the time needed to complete an associate degree for full-time, first-time degree-seeking students.
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The U. S. Justice Department explains: > In the 1994 amendments (of the National Information Infrastructure Act), the > reach of this subsection (E. Subsection 1030(a)(5)) was broadened by > replacing the term "federal interest computer" with the term "computer used > in interstate commerce or communications." The latter term is broader > because the old definition of "federal interest computer" in 18 U.S.C. § > 1030(e)(2)(B) covered a computer "which is one of two or more computers used > in committing the offense, not all of which are located in the same State." > This meant that a hacker who attacked other computers in the same state was > not subject to federal jurisdiction, even when these actions may have > severely affected interstate or foreign commerce.
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He passed the Navajo Nation bar examination in 2005 and now chairs the Committee on Training for the Navajo Nation Bar Association, which is responsible for legal education and the semi-annual bar exam on the country's largest Indian reservation. Eid served as a law clerk to Edith Jones, Chief Judge of the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals before entering private law practice in 1992 at Holme Roberts & Owen in Denver. From 1994 to 1999, Eid served as general counsel and chief operating officer of the National Information Infrastructure Testbed, an Internet technology research consortium formed to prototype advanced Internet applications in such areas manufacturing, health care and environmental protection. In his capacity with the consortium, Eid directed engineering teams in North America, Europe and Asia.
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Johri was born in Gwalior, India on December 20, 1962. Johri has an MBA from Stanford University, a master's degree in Industrial Engineering from Wayne State University, Detroit, and a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from University of Pune, India. Johri has been involved as an advisor and investor in various startups in Silicon Valley and India, including Mayfield Fund, alphonso, Cenzic (acquired by Trustwave Holdings), Dhingana (acquired by Rdio), and Shopalize (acquired by 24/7 Customer)."Sandeep Johri back at Mayfield Fund with eye on big data, mobile" by Diana Samuels, Silicon Valley Business Journal Johri also served as co-chair staff on President Bill Clinton's National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council on issues related to the United States government's "Information Superhighway" initiative.
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The DO-IT center seeks to assist individuals with disabilities into rewarding careers in fields including science, engineering, business, technology, as well as academic programs and careers. It promotes the use of computer and networking technologies to increase independence, productivity, and participation in education and employment.AccessComputing at DO-IT Center DO-IT has received national and regional awards including the National Information Infrastructure Award in Education; the King County Adult Service Agency Award, an Outstanding Program Award from the Washington Association on Post Secondary Education Disability (WAPED); the HealthyWay Best of the Web Award; and the President's Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring of underrepresented groups. DO-IT was also showcased in the 1997 President's Summit on Volunteerism and the 1996 NSF Dynamic Partnerships invitational conference.
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Leahy fend off proposals to impose new limits on the FOIA. In 2001, she was honored by the Coalition to Support and Expand the Freedom of Information Act, and in 2004, her FOIA work was honored by the Society of Professional Journalists. Howell was involved in crafting numerous pieces of legislation for the investigation and prosecution of computer crime and copyright infringement, including the Anti- Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), the No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), and the Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright Damages Improvement Act of 1999. Howell was involved in national security issues, including the creation of the USA PATRIOT Act, which she defended in 2005 in an article for the Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly.
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"Digital Future Coalition" (entry) , PSP Glossary, Professional Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers.Bruce Lehman, "Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure", Information Infrastructure Task Force, Sept. 1995, available at US PTO website. That White Paper proposed a variety of new legislative approaches within copyright, generally broadening its scope and reach, and the roundtable discussion brought forward the notion of establishing a lobbying group to counter the commercial copyright interests' lobbying groups.See generally Pat Choate, Hot Property: The Stealing of Ideas in an Age of Globalization (2005), Chapter 10, "The Copyright Wars", pp. 261-282.See generally Bill D. Herman, The Fight Over Digital Rights: The Politics of Copyright and Technology (2013), Part I: A Political History of Digital Copyright Through 2006 (Chapter 3, "The Digital Millennium Copyright Act", Chapter 4 "A Digital Rights Management Interlude: 1999-2002", and Chapter 5.).
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Silverton built the first all-optical Ethernet in the first mile networks in Palo Alto, California in 1999 to 2000, as the result of research and work that first began in 1991 in Phoenix, Arizona. Fiberhood Networks, Inc, a Silicon Valley company championed by Silverton, and co-founded Sinuhe Hardegree and Jonathan Usuka, along with Christopher Lein, Chris Minchberg, Keith Cooley, and Joe Villareal, failed financially, but the engineering success and ensuing industry enthusiasm from the likes of Pirelli, Corning, France Telecom, Telstra, SBC Communications, and industry standards groups like the IEEE, all validated a proof of concept for this first field-operational implementation of its kind. The Information superhighway term was used in the National Information Infrastructure effort of the 1990s. Silverton's 1997 Stanford University thesis described a "Information Superdriveway", extending early analogies of "internet as roadway" connecting consumers to the information city streets and global superhighways.
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Roads and Crossroads of Internet History by Gregory Gromov He also sponsored hearings on how advanced technologies might be put to use in areas like coordinating the response of government agencies to natural disasters and other crises." As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet). The bill was passed on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway." After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co- sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming.
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IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a was an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless local network specifications that defined requirements for an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. It was originally designed to support wireless communication in the unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NII) bands (in the 5–6 GHz frequency range) as regulated in the United States by the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Section 15.407. Originally described as clause 17 of the 1999 specification, it is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification and provides protocols that allow transmission and reception of data at rates of 1.5 to 54Mbit/s. It has seen widespread worldwide implementation, particularly within the corporate workspace. While the original amendment is no longer valid, the term "802.11a" is still used by wireless access point (cards and routers) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5.8 GHz, 54 Mbit/s (54 x 106 bits per second).
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The Executive Order has three core elements for the development of American education and educational organizations. :1) Protection of Educationally Useful Federal Equipment ::Executive departments and agencies shall protect and safeguard such equipment, particularly when declared excess or surplus, so that it may be recycled and transferred in accordance with 12999. :2) Efficient Transfer of Educationally Useful Federal Equipment to Schools and Nonprofit Organizations ::All agencies shall give preference to schools and nonprofit organizations, including community-based educational organizations, in the transfer, through gift or donation, of educationally useful Federal equipment. :3) Assisting Teachers’ Professional Development: Connecting Classrooms ::Each agency that has employees who have computer expertise shall, to the extent permitted by law and in accordance with the guidelines of the Office of Personnel Management, encourage those employees to: :::(A) help connect America’s classrooms to the National Information Infrastructure :::(B) assist teachers in learning to use computers to teach :::(C) provide ongoing maintenance of and technical support for the educationally useful Federal equipment transferred pursuant to this order.
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Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: BasicBooks, 298 Of Gore's involvement in the then-developing Internet while in Congress, Internet pioneers Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn have also noted that, 24 Jun 1986: Albert Gore introduced S 2594 Supercomputer Network Study Act of 1986Roads and Crossroads of Internet History by Gregory Gromov As a Senator, Gore began to craft the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 (commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill") after hearing the 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science, Leonard Kleinrock, one of the central creators of the ARPANET (the ARPANET, first deployed by Kleinrock and others in 1969, is the predecessor of the Internet). Indeed, Kleinrock would later credit both Gore and the Gore Bill as a critical moment in Internet history: The bill was passed on Dec. 9, 1991 and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "information superhighway".
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