In the 1980s Iran lurched from pro-natalist policies to promoting family planning.
|
|
With a long history of pro-natalist policy, they also like to support working parents.
|
|
Startups like Natalist that ship health products right to your door have become a big business.
|
|
But in bypassing prescription drugs and focusing on women, Natalist is taking a fresh new approach.
|
|
The startup, Natalist, is first offering a subscription bundle for women who are seeking to get pregnant.
|
|
Tecco is now starting her own: a women's-health-focused startup called Natalist, which has raised $5 million.
|
|
And so they promote policies both nativist and natalist, with feudal undertones, that extol the benefits of breeder housewives.
|
|
On the right, we're seeing a growing number of advocates for pro-natalist policies, some of whom deploy racially charged rhetoric.
|
|
The rate is rising in France, where fertility has held steady—though that might be thanks to strong pro-natalist policies.
|
|
Natalist is steering clear of DTC prescription drug delivery, safeguarding it from some of the biggest potential scandals in reproductive health.
|
|
So she started a new company, Natalist, aimed at bringing an easy-to-use, science-backed, stigma-free approach to women's health.
|
|
Customers don't need to meet with a doctor to subscribe to Natalist, though they can, of course, contact the startup with questions.
|
|
And we think that Natalist could see strong growth by reducing barriers to access and keeping customers engaged through a subscription pricing model.
|
|
Until recently, it looked as though pro-natalist policies such as generous parental leave and subsidised nurseries could be left to those godless Europeans.
|
|
Products in the bundle, which were custom developed for Natalist, from the contents to the box and wrapper, are also available on their own.
|
|
And Natalist may not ever do the digital doctor consults known as telemedicine, Tecco said, preferring to instead partner with another startup if necessary.
|
|
The colonial law originated from a pro-natalist stance influenced by the decline in France's birth rate around the time of the First World War, he said.
|
|
Nor should the groups be conflated with the anti-natalist movement, the philosophy that it's morally wrong to procreate, because of the suffering that comes with life.
|
|
France's pro-natalist policies, historically inspired by the need to breed soldiers to keep Germany at bay, guarantee Scandinavian levels of spending on family benefits and crèches.
|
|
The offerings came out of a survey that Natalist did of about 1,200 women to look at their experiences and which products were most helpful to them.
|
|
A raft of other pro-natalist policies, from a cash bonus and tax breaks for a third child to cheaper rail travel for big families, remain in place.
|
|
Natalist boasts an executive team that's made up almost entirely of women, who are underrepresented in healthcare leadership roles — an issue Tecco has spoken to in the past.
|
|
Natalist could find a receptive market among consumers who are interested in their reproductive health but may still trust their doctor more than a DTC drug delivery startup to help choose medications.
|
|
Why Natalist isn't using digital doctor consultsDelivery services that ship healthcare products right to your door are a red-hot trend lately, with investors pouring upward of $660 million into the space.
|
|
The declining fertility numbers could provide grist for backward "pro-natalist" policies — restrictions on abortion and contraceptives — that reduce, rather than expand, women's freedom to choose, while also offering yet another excuse for austerity measures.
|
|
Taking from her years of experience building Rock Health, she's now launched a new company called Natalist, which offers conception products "inspired by beauty and backed by science" to help those hoping to get pregnant in the near future.
|
|
And with a subscription pricing model, Natalist has the potential to keep those who might have otherwise been one-time customers engaged as recurring sources of revenue, as well as potential repeat customers for whatever the company cooks up next.
|
|
Halle Tecco, cofounder of notable venture capital firm Rock Health, is now also CEO and founder of Natalist, a direct-to-consumer (DTC) reproductive health startup that aims to provide customers with a no-frills approach to fertility, per Business Insider Prime.
|
|
And for those of you TechCrunch readers interested in the funding details, Natalist took in seed money from Collaborative Fund, Cowboy Ventures, Fuel Capital, Rock Health and xFund, as well as several well-known angel investors, including Katrina Lake, Julia Cheek, Christine Lemke, John Doerr, Malay Gandhi, David Vivero and R. Martin Chavez.
|
|
"We plan to use the funding to bring new products to market but we wanted to start with products that are sort of tried and true," Tecco told TechCrunch, further explaining she'd like to see Natalist be more than just physical products and become more of a platform to help women through their pregnancy journey.
|
|
The set includes:Prenatal vitamins: a one-month supply of a prenatal multivitamin and a one-month supply of an omega DHA supplementOvulation tests (7): used to time sexual activity and improve chances of conceivingPregnancy tests (3): these early-result tests, which can be used five days before an expected period, can give women speedy answers, according to Natalist"Conception 101" book: a 64-page, doctor- and scientist-written guide, steering customers through everything from "concept to conception," including tips and tools for how to get pregnant
|
|
This green party is against the legalization of drugs and pro-natalist.
|
|
Books advocating natalist policies include What to Expect When No One's Expecting by Jonathan V. Last.
|
|
Vladimir Putin's government is also using natalist policies by giving rewards and promoting more children in families.
|
|
In 2017, the government of Spain appointed Edelmira Barreira, as "minister for sex", in a pro-natalist attempt to reverse a negative population growth rate.
|
|
Some nations, such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan, have implemented, or tried to implement, interventionist natalist policies, creating incentives for larger families among native stock. Immigrants are generally not part of natalist policies. Paid maternity and paternity leave policies can also be used as an incentive. For example, Sweden has generous parental leave wherein parents are entitled to share 16 months' paid leave per child, the cost divided between both employer and State.
|
|
Halle Tecco is the founder of Natalist, an adjunct professor at Columbia Business School, a founder and former CEO at Rock Health, an investor at Techammer, and a philanthropist and investor mostly active in health sector.
|
|
Santorum was one of the non-Mormon candidates to directly take on the accusations of Mormonism being a cult."2 Romney challengers dodge Christian question." AP, October 9, 2011. Santorum has openly promoted natalist government policies as part of his campaign platform.
|
|
Eventually, the government became pro-natalist in the late 1980s, marked by its Have Three or More plan in 1987. Singapore pays $3,000 for the first child, $9,000 in cash and savings for the second; and up to $18,000 each for the third and fourth.
|
|
Proto-natalist programs in Nazi Germany offered favourable loans and grants to newlyweds and encouraged them to give birth to offspring by providing them with additional incentives.Claudia Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp.
|
|
Placard showing negative effects of lack of family planning and having too many children and infants (Ethiopia) The birth rate is an issue of concern and policy for national governments. Some (including those of Italy and Malaysia) seek to increase the birth rate with financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, other countries have policies to reduce the birth rate (for example, China's one-child policy which was in effect from 1978 to 2015). Policies to increase the crude birth rate are known as pro-natalist policies, and policies to reduce the crude birth rate are known as anti-natalist policies.
|
|
The right-wing pro-natalist Japanese government arrested Kato in 1937 for her promotion of "dangerous thoughts," specifically her advocacy of birth control and abortion rights, and she spent two weeks in prison. This temporarily ended the birth control movement in Japan until after World War II.
|
|
Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romanian communist leader, enacted one of the most infamous natalist policies of the 20th century A community bulletin board in Nonguang Village, Sichuan province, China, keeping track of the town's female population, listing recent births by name and noting that several thousand yuan of fines for unauthorized births remain unpaid from the previous year. A desire to achieve certain population targets has resulted throughout history in severely abusive practices, in cases where governments ignored human rights and enacted aggressive demographic policies. In the 20th century, several authoritarian governments have sought either to increase or to decrease the births rates, often through forceful intervention. One of the most notorious natalist policies is that which occurred in communist Romania in the period of 1967-1990 during communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, who adopted a very aggressive natalist policy which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness, and legal discrimination against childless people. Ceaușescu's policy resulted in over 9,000 women who died due to illegal abortions,Kligman, Gail.
|
|
"From Anti-Natalist to Ultra-Conservative: Restricting Reproductive Choice in Peru" Reproductive Health Matters , Vol. 12, No. 24, Power, Money and Autonomy in National Policies and Programmes (Nov., 2004), pp. 56-69 Under this new constitution, population growth and families' rights to fertility were topics of political concern.
|
|
In a 2004 editorial in The New York Times, David Brooks expressed the opinion that the relatively high birthrate of the United States in comparison to Europe could be attributed to social groups with "natalist" attitudes.. The article is referred to in an analysis of the Quiverfull movement.. However, the figures identified for the demographic are extremely low. Former US Senator Rick Santorum made natalism part of his platform for his 2012 presidential campaign. Many of those categorized in the General Social Survey as "Fundamentalist Protestant" are more or less natalist, and have a higher birth rate than "Moderate" and "Liberal" Protestants. However, Rick Santorum is not a Protestant but a practicing Catholic.
|
|
Breton was born on 1 April 1872 in Courrières, Pas-de-Calais. He was a Socialist with Anarchist tendencies, and as a Natalist, endeavoured to giving more freedom to women. During World War I he was France's Undersecretary of State for Inventions for National Defense.Irresistible empire by Victoria De Grazia p.
|
|
He sided with Corrado Gini's wing of the IUSSP, which promoted the natalist and racialist dogmas of Italian fascism.Turda & Gillette, pp. 170, 172 In 1933, the advent of Nazi Germany brought racism into the focus of Romanian intellectuals. In a 1934 interview, Manuilă expressed biopolitical reserves about Nazi racial doctrines.
|
|
During the government of Enver Hoxha, communist Albania had a natalist policy, leading women to have illegal abortions or to induce them on their own. Eventually the country had the second-highest maternal mortality rate in all of Europe, and it was estimated that 50% of all pregnancies ended in an abortion.
|
|
The pro-natalist Quiverfull movement invokes the less quoted latter part of the psalm, verses 3–5 concerning the blessings and advantages of numerous offspring, as one of the foundations for their stance and takes its name from the last verse ("Happy is the man that hath his quiver full of them [i.e. sons]").
|
|
Dr. Kaiser took over the pro-natalist cause with fervor during the war years. The death of Germans in the front called for all-embracing measures to promote "kinderreich" families having large numbers of children. Kaiser used the Nazi propaganda machine to advocate the urgency of a "victory of cradles".R. Kaiser, Volk und Familie.
|
|
A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in orphanages, because their parents could not cope with looking after them. The vast majority of children who lived in the state-run orphanages were not actually orphans, like the name implies; but simply children whose parents could not afford to look after them.
|
|
Islam always supports a pro-natalist view of procreation, through many hadith. This hadeeth indicates that it is encouraged to marry women who are fertile, so that the numbers of the ummah will increase, and so Muhammad will feel proud of his followers before all other nations. This shows that it is encouraged to have a lot of children.
|
|
In the 20th century, several authoritarian governments sought either to increase or to decrease the birth rates, sometimes through forceful intervention. One of the most notorious natalist policies was that in communist Romania in 1967–1990, during the time of communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, who adopted a very aggressive natalist policy which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness, and legal discrimination against childless people. This policy has been depicted in movies and documentaries (such as 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days, and Children of the Decree). These policies temporarily increased birth rates for a few years, but this was followed by a decline due to the increased use of illegal abortion. Ceaușescu's policy resulted in over 9,000 deaths of women due to illegal abortions,Kligman, Gail.
|
|
A consequence of Ceaușescu's natalist policy is that large numbers of children ended up living in orphanages, because their parents could not cope. The vast majority of children who lived in the communist orphanages were not actually orphans, but were simply children whose parents could not afford to raise them. The Romanian Revolution of 1989 preceded a fall in population growth.
|
|
Cyprus has a natalist policy and thus will not provide routine abortion procedures in state hospitals, so they are typically performed in private clinics, with hospitals only providing the procedure if the mother is at great risk. As abortions are paid out of pocket by the woman undergoing the procedure, private practitioners can and have performed abortions outside the legal framework.
|
|
Scholars have considered how "The Farm" approaches reproduction sociologically. Ingvil Hellstrand argues that the episode "raises issues of reproduction as a gendered imperative, where fertile women have a moral obligation or duty to reproduce." In this context, she identifies Starbuck with the desire for individual agency and Simon with "state-regulated biopolitics". In this regard, Starbuck is "both anti-natalist and techno-critical".
|
|
Taxes on childlessness were part of the natalist policy introduced by Nicolae Ceaușescu in Communist Romania in the period 1967-1989. Along with the outlawing of abortion and contraception (1967) and mandatory gynecological revisions, these taxes were introduced in various forms in 1977 and 1986. Unmarried citizens had to pay penalty for childlessness, the tax income rate being increased by 8-10% for them.Kligman, Gail.
|
|
While sympathetic to attempts by Hossein Nasr, Fazlun Khalid and others to derive an environmental ethic from Islamic principles,Jim Motavalli, "Stewards of the Earth: The Growing Religious Mission to Protect the Environment," E magazine (Nov.-Dec. 2002), pp. 32-34 Foltz has questioned the environmental credentials of contemporary Muslim societies, citing fatalism and strongly pro-natalist attitudes as obstacles to an environmental ethic.
|
|
State abuses against reproductive rights have happened both under right-wing and left-wing governments. Such abuses include attempts to forcefully increase the birth rate - one of the most notorious natalist policies of the 20th century was that which occurred in communist Romania in the period of 1967-1990 during communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, who adopted a very aggressive natalist policy which included outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness, and legal discrimination against childless people - as well as attempts to decrease the fertility rate - China's one child policy (1978-2015). State mandated forced marriage was also practiced by authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets: the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia systematically forced people into marriages, in order to increase the population and continue the revolution. Some governments have implemented eugenic policies of forced sterilizations of 'undesirable' population groups.
|
|
In 1912 Landry became a member of the board of the natalist Alliance nationale contre le dépopulation (National Alliance Against Depopulation). He was influential in obtaining the passage of the 1913 law for assistance to large families. Landry ran for reelection for Calvi on 26 April 1914 and won in the first round. He was extremely active on issues such as workers' and peasants' pensions, family income tax, trade and finance.
|
|
Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442. large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who could not cope with raising them, street children in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended on the streets), and overcrowding in homes and schools. Ultimately, this aggressive natalist policy led to a generation, some of whom would not otherwise have been born, who eventually led the Romanian Revolution which overthrew and executed him.
|
|
The official ideology did not completely turn to Imperial monarchist sentiment but tried to maintain a balance between Tsarist and Soviet ideals. The ruling United Russia party said its view of Russia is that of a multi-national republic and calls for national tolerance one of its key platforms. Vladimir Putin's government is also using natalist policies by giving rewards and promoting more children in families. Many nationalist movements, both radical and moderate, have arisen in modern Russia.
|
|
Published in 2000, De Giraud's first book, The Impertinence of Procreation, is a plea against human reproduction, using a mixture of humor and provocation. Noted for his many eccentricities, De Giraud was listed in the anthology Les Fous Littéraires by the pataphysician André Blavier. De Giraud's essay The Art of Guillotining the Procreators: Anti-Natalist Manifesto, published in 2006, is a rewrite of his first work. The central message of the work is "If you love children, don't create them".
|
|
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234-255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442. large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who couldn't cope with raising them, street children in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended on the streets), and overcrowding in homes and schools. The irony of Ceaușescu's aggressive natalist policy was a generation that may not have been born would eventually lead the Romanian Revolution which would overthrow and have him executed.
|
|
He was also a natalist as he believed as did other pan-Germans that Germans had an obligation to procreate: Another area of concern for Hitler and which was mentioned by his childhood companion in Vienna August Kubizek was prostitution. Hitler associated it with venereal disease and cultural decline. Moreover, Hitler found the practice counter to proper family development and displayed a puritanical view in Mein Kampf, writing: He goes on asserting that prostitution was dangerous and intimated much more significant, destructive socio-political implications.Hitler (1939).
|
|
The pro-natalist lobby objected to this position, since they felt the parents of large families should be favored over those who had none. In October 1937 Rucart created the Higher Council for the Protection of Children, with the mandate of coordinating public and private services, the different government agencies and the League of Nations commissions. With the imminent defeat of the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39), refugees began to flood into France in January 1939. They received a charitable welcome.
|
|
Some countries have liberal laws regarding these issues, but in practice it is very difficult to access such services due to doctors, pharmacists and other social and medical workers being conscientious objectors. Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective, as having very many pregnancies, especially in areas where malnutrition is present, can seriously endanger women's health. UNFA writes that "Family planning is central to gender equality and women’s empowerment, and it is a key factor in reducing poverty". Family planning is often opposed by governments who have strong natalist policies.
|
|
During the 20th century, such examples have included the aggressive natalist policies from communist Romania and communist Albania. State mandated forced marriage was also practiced by some authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets: the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia systematically forced people into marriages, in order to increase the population and continue the revolution. By contrast, the one child policy of China (1979–2015) included punishments for families with more than one child and forced abortions. Some governments have sought to prevent certain ethnic or social groups from reproduction.
|
|
INED was founded by virtue of the ministerial order no. 45-2499 of 24 October 1945. It was created on the initiative of the eminent paediatrician Robert Debré (1882-1978), who had submitted a report on the institutionalization of demography to the Comité français de la Libération nationale d'Alger in January 1944. To head the institute, General Charles de Gaulle appointed the statistician and economist Alfred Sauvy who, as advisor to the President of the Council, Paul Reynaud, had drafted the French government's first pro-natalist measures in 1938.
|
|
Aside from advocating an exit from the EU, the party states that it is a "patriotic party" which is "pro-natalist and supportive of stable families for procreation". The party has published policies in favour of reduced government spending, lower tax, freedom of speech and association, and in opposition to the carbon tax. It advocates independence from "either London or Brussels", desiring to leave the EU and to re-unify of Ireland by consent. It advocates "zero tolerance" of corruption and the "separation of powers" in the state.
|
|
Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June). Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population. During the 1950s, the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized. In 1956, the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles.
|
|
The population held steady from 40.7 million in 1911, to 41.5 million in 1936. The sense that the population was too small, especially in regard to the rapid growth of more powerful Germany, was a common theme in the early twentieth century.Joseph J. Spengler, France Faces Depopulation (1938) Natalist policies were proposed in the 1930s, and implemented in the 1940s.Marie-Monique Huss, "Pronatalism in the inter-war period in France." Journal of Contemporary History (1990) 25#1 pp: 39-68.in JSTORLeslie King, "'France needs children'" Sociological Quarterly (1998) 39#1 pp: 33-52.
|
|
The state and church have been, and still are in some countries, involved in controlling the size of families, often using coercive methods, such as bans on contraception or abortion (where the policy is a natalist one—for example through tax on childlessness) or conversely, discriminatory policies against large families or even forced abortions (e.g., China's one-child policy in place from 1978 to 2015). Forced sterilization has often targeted ethnic minority groups, such as Roma women in Eastern Europe, or indigenous women in Peru (during the 1990s).
|
|
William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity, The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France (1990), p.314 He also served as a parliamentary deputy for the Radical party between 1919 and 1928. As a deputy he argued for pro-natalist policies, but he was also sympathetic to and an influence on French feminism.Paul Smith, Feminism and the Third Republic, (1996) p.223 In 1926 he introduced a law requiring future spouses to provide a pre-nuptial certificate of good health (attesting the absence of contagious diseases) before the marriage could be officially registered.
|
|
However the image of Romania was later tarnished internationally by severe violations of human rights during successive dictatorship systems: that of Ion Antonescu during World War II; and the following communist Romania regime which included executions of political 'enemies' in the 1950s, and later on, the infamous natalist policy of Nicolae Ceaușescu, with its resulting abuse of unwanted children in Romanian orphanages, as well as the extreme control of everyday life through practices such as phone bugging, and other abuses of the communist Securitate. Human rights improved greatly after the Romanian Revolution.
|
|
The population held steady from 40.7 million in 1911, to 41.5 million in 1936. The sense that the population was too small, especially in regard to the rapid growth of more powerful Germany, was a common theme in the early twentieth century.Joseph J. Spengler, France Faces Depopulation (1938) Natalist policies were proposed in the 1930s, and implemented in the 1940s.Marie-Monique Huss, "Pronatalism in the inter-war period in France." Journal of Contemporary History (1990) 25#1 pp. 39–68.in JSTORLeslie King, "'France needs children'" Sociological Quarterly (1998) 39#1 pp. 33–52.
|
|
In stark contrast to Ceaușescu's natalist policy was China's one child policy, in effect from 1978 to 2015, which included abuses such as forced abortions. This policy has also been deemed responsible for the common practice of sex selective abortion which led to an imbalanced sex ratio in the country. Given strict family size limitations and a preference for sons, girls became unwanted in China because they were considered as depriving the parents of the chance of having a son. With the progress of prenatal sex-determination technologies and induced abortion, the one-child policy gradually turned into a one-son policy.
|
|
Eraclie Sterian (also known as Eracle or Eracli Sterian; November 23, 1872 – 1948) was a Romanian physician, writer, and political activist, known for introducing sexology and sex education in his country. Trained as a pathologist, he established his reputation as a popularizer of conventional and alternative medicine (primarily hydrotherapy), putting out the influential magazine Medicul Poporului. His early work also dealt with life extension practices and warnings about the effects of pollution. Sterian was additionally a publisher of textbooks and literary works, and author of dramas—including the pro-natalist propaganda play, Tout pour l'enfant, performed at the Théâtre Antoine in 1913.
|
|
In 1946, Poland introduced a tax on childlessness, discontinued in the 1970s, as part of natalist policies in the Communist government. From 1941 to the 1990s, the Soviet Union had a similar tax to replenish the population losses incurred during the Second World War. The Socialist Republic of Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu severely repressed abortion, (the most common birth control method at the time) in 1966,.. and forced gynecological revisions and penalties for unmarried women and childless couples. The surge of the birth rate taxed the public services received by the decreţei 770 ("Scions of the Decree 770") generation.
|
|
1161 Ó Cuinneagáin was appointed Stiúrthóir [director] in May and issued an eight- point programme calling for the military reclamation of Northern Ireland, pro- natalist policies, a ban on emigration, the elimination of the "pernicious influence of aliens" on Irish economic life, the establishment of a "sovereign federation" of Ireland, Scotland, Wales and Brittany, and the prohibition of the English language.R. M. Douglas, The Historical Journal Vol. 49, No. 4 (2006), p. 1162 Following the discovery of Plan Kathleen the Irish government took the principal members of Clann na Saoirse, the Irish Friends of Germany, and Cumann Náisiúnta into custody.
|
|
Abortion can be performed on demand until the twelfth week of pregnancy.Albania – ABORTION POLICY – United Nations Women must undergo counseling for a week prior to the procedure, and hospitals which perform abortions are not allowed to release information to the public regarding which women they have treated. During the government of Enver Hoxha, Albania had a natalist policy, leading women to have abortions performed illegally or inducing them on their own. Eventually the country had the second-highest maternal mortality rate in all of Europe, and it was estimated that 50% of all pregnancies ended in an abortion.
|
|
His party, the Irish Freedom Party, is anti-abortion, pro-natalist and "supportive of stable families for procreation". Kelly has described his views as representing "Irish Catholic nationalism". Some outlets have linked Kelly with alt-right ideologies, pointing to a video which Kelly recorded with far-right British Loyalist and former British National Party member Jim Dowson. In the video Kelly stated that "[they want to] kill Irish kids and [..] replace them with every nationality who wants to come into our country", a statement which several news outlets associated with the white nationalist "great replacement" conspiracy theory.
|
|
New York: Norton, p. 78. They argue that there is very meager evidence for the systematic breeding of slaves for sale in the market in the Upper South during the 19th century. They distinguish systematic breeding—the interference in normal sexual patterns by masters with an aim to increase fertility or encourage desirable characteristics—from pro-natalist policies, the generalized encouragement of large families through a combination of rewards, improved living and working conditions for fertile women and their children, and other policy changes by masters. They point out that the demographic evidence is subject to a number of interpretations.
|
|
Pro-natalist policies encouraging women to have many children were justified by the selfishness inherent in limiting the next generation of "new men."Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p257 "Mother-heroines" received medals for ten or more children.Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 246 Stakhanovites were also used as propaganda figures so heavily that some workers complained that they were skipping work.Lewis Stegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism As A Way Of Life, p194 The murder of Pavlik Morozov was widely exploited in propaganda to urge on children the duty of informing on even their parents to the new state.
|
|
The conditions in orphanages had declined after 1982, as a result of Ceauşescu's decision to seize much of the country's economic output in order to repay its foreign debt. Due to the economic downturn, electricity and heat in orphanages were often intermittent and food was scarce. The U.S. Consul in Bucharest at the time, Virginia Carson Young, noted that many of the children were not actually orphans, but were in fact children who had parents unable to afford such large families, with such a situation being created by the mandated natalist requirements. The parents had placed them in orphanages, often with the intention of picking them up at an older age.
|
|
Through a 1986 decree Decree 86-382 of 12 March 1986 which superseded the 1945 order, INED became a public scientific and technological establishment (établissement public à caractère scientifique et technologique, EPST), with a legal status similar to that of other French public research bodies such as CNRS, INRA, INSERM and IRD (former ORSTOM). Previously attached to the various social ministries, INED's main supervisory authority was henceforth the Ministry of Education and Research (which pays the civil servant salaries at INED). INED is also attached to the ministries in charge of population questions and health statistics (social affairs, health or employment, depending on the government in power). With the decree of 1986, the pro-natalist objectives of 1945 disappeared.
|
|
At 1.88 children born per woman, France has the highest total fertility rate in the European Union (as of 2018) France experienced a baby boom after 1945; it reversed a long-term record of low birth rates.Leslie King, "'France needs children'" Sociological Quarterly (1998) 39#1 pp: 33-52. The government's pro-natalist policy of the 1930s do not explain this sudden recovery, which was often portrayed inside France as a "miracle". It was also atypical of the Western world: although there was a baby boom in other Western countries after the war, the baby boom in France was much stronger, and lasted longer than in most other Western countries (the United States was one of the few exceptions).
|
|
The government implemented pro-natalist policies, which led to an increase in the marriage rate, but birth rates remained steady until they declined by 10% in the stress of the last year of the war, and another 15% during the hardship of the postwar period.Havens (1978) The American bombing campaign of all major cities severely impacted the economy, as did the shortages of oil and raw materials that intensified when Japanese merchant shipping was mostly sunk by American submarines. When industrial production was available to the military, for example, 24 percent of Japan's finished steel in 1937 was allocated to the military, compared to 85 percent in 1945.Nakamura, Takafusa, et al. eds.
|
|
In West Germany, working mothers were once stigmatized, but this is no longer the case in unified Germany. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, the German federal government introduced more generous parental leave, encouraged fathers to take (more) time off, and increased the number of nurseries, to which the government declared children over one year old were entitled to. Although the supply of nurseries remained insufficient, the number of children enrolled in them rose from 286,000 in 2006 to 762,000 in 2017. Population pyramid of Sweden in 2018 In Sweden, generous pro-natalist policies contribute to the nation having a birth rate of 1.9 in 2017, which was high compared to the rest of Europe.
|
|
During the communist era, women were ostensibly granted equal legal rights, and the official government rhetoric was one of supporting gender equality, but as in other communist states, the civil rights of both men and women were merely symbolic, as the system was an authoritarian one. Despite remaining de facto subordinated to male authority, women did see some gains under the communist régime, such as better access to education and to a more equal involvement in the workforce. Women's better situation during the communist era was significantly influenced by the socialist pro-birth position, seeking the increase in the population. Pro-natalist policies were implemented by "generous maternity leave benefits and state contributions to child rearing".
|
|
In the same year the government began to award medals to women who gave birth to five or more children and took upon itself the support of illegitimate children. After Stalin's death in 1953, the government moved in a more revisionist direction and rescinded some of its natalist legislation. In 1955 it declared abortions for medical reasons legal, and in 1968 it declared all abortions legal, following Western European policy. The state also liberalized divorce procedures in the mid-1960s, but in 1968 introduced new limitations. In 1974 the government began to subsidize poorer families whose average per-capita income did not exceed 50 rubles per month (later raised to 75 rubles per month in some northern and eastern regions).
|
|
Singapore has undergone two major phases in its population planning: first to slow and reverse the baby boom in the Post-World War II era; then from the 1980s onwards to encourage couples to have more children as the birth rate had fallen below the replacement-level fertility. In addition, during the interim period, eugenics policies were adopted. The anti-natalist policies flourished in the 1960s and 1970s: initiatives advocating small families were launched and developed into the Stop at Two programme, pushing for two-children families and promoting sterilisation. In 1984, the government announced the Graduate Mothers' Scheme, which favoured children of more well-educated mothers; the policy was however soon abandoned due to the outcry in the general election of the same year.
|
|
For a developed country with democratic political institutions, the Israeli society is notable for its high birth rate and natalist tendency, for parallel religious family court systems in the Judiciary of Israel and for its diverse origins and ideologies including radical feminism and orthodox fundamentalism. Although the majority religion Judaism has a patriarchal tradition, mothers enjoy increasing legislated advantages promoted by the Knesset Committee on the Status of Women and Gender Equality. In comparison to the well funded feminist establishment, fathers' and men's rights groups, political efforts and media have been poor, small and sporadic. Fathers' rights activists have unsuccessfully run in Knesset elections both in their own abortive parties such as Man's Rights in the Family Party and in joint lists.
|
|
During the "hollow years" of the decade, the number of new conscripts declined because of the lack of births during World War I. From 1935 deaths exceeded births; the press widely discussed the country's decreasing population. Both left and right supported pro-natalist policies; even the French Communist Party ended its opposition to anti-birth control and anti-abortion laws in 1936, and its leader Maurice Thorez advocated for the "protection of family and childhood". New laws in November 1938 and July 1939, the , provided enough financial incentives for large families to double the income of a family with six children. The Vichy government approved of the laws and implemented them as part of its Travail, famille, patrie national motto, as did the postwar Provisional Government of the French Republic.
|
|
In phase one, civil workers were not paid for maternity leave after their second child, hospital fees were higher after the second child, top school choices were given to only children with parents who had been sterilized before the age of 40, which was rewarded with seven days of paid leave. During phase two, several of these policies were still taking place and individuals remained having one child, or no children. The government eventually became pro-natalist, and officially announced its replacement "Have-Three-or-More (if you can afford it)" in 1987, in which the government continued its efforts to better the quality and quantity of the population while discouraging low-income families from having children. The Social Development Unit (SDU) was also established in 1984 to promote marriage and romance between educated individuals.
|
|
Governments have often set population targets, to either increase or decrease the total fertility rate; or to have certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups have a lower or higher fertility rate. Often such policies have been interventionist, and abusive. The most notorious natalist policies of the 20th century include those in communist Romania and communist Albania, under Nicolae Ceaușescu and Enver Hoxha respectively. The policy of Romania (1967–1990) was very aggressive, including outlawing abortion and contraception, routine pregnancy tests for women, taxes on childlessness, and legal discrimination against childless people; and resulted in large numbers of children put into Romanian orphanages by parents who couldn't cope with raising them, street children in the 1990s (when many orphanages were closed and the children ended up on the streets), overcrowding in homes and schools, and over 9,000 women who died due to illegal abortions.
|
|
After the late 1990s, in several books he conceived as an appeal to the "ethnic awareness" of Europeans, Faye became an important ideologue of nativism, advocating a racialism that schollar Stéphane François has described as "reminiscent of the 1900s to the 1930s". The "ethnic foundations of a civilization", Faye wrote, "rest on its biological roots and those of its peoples." He has also made references to the "loyalty to values and to bloodlines", promoted natalist and eugenicist politics to resolve Europe's demographic issues, and adopted a racialist Darwinian concept of the "struggle of the fittest", regarding other civilizations as enemies to be eliminated. Faye believes the West to be threatened by its demographic decline and decadent social fabric, a supposed ethnoreligious clash between the North and the South, as well as global financial crisis and uncontrolled environmental pollution.
|
|
In stark opposition with Ceaușescu's natalist policy was China's one child policy, in effect from 1978 to 2015, which included abuses such as forced abortions. This policy has also been deemed responsible for the common practice of sex selective abortion which led to an imbalanced sex ratio in the country. From the 1970s to 1980s, tension grew between women's health activists who advance women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights- based approach on the one hand, and population control advocates on the other. At the 1984 UN World Population Conference in Mexico City population control policies came under attack from women's health advocates who argued that the policies' narrow focus led to coercion and decreased quality of care, and that these policies ignored the varied social and cultural contexts in which family planning was provided in developing countries.
|
|
Despite its name, the ideological project was more reactionary than revolutionary as it opposed most changes introduced to French society by the French Revolution.René Rémond, Les droites en France, Aubier, 1982 As soon as it was established, Pétain’s government took measures against the “undesirables”, namely Jews, métèques (immigrants), Freemasons, and Communists. The persecution of these four groups was inspired by Charles Maurras’ concept of the “Anti-France”, or “internal foreigners”, which he defined as the “four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners”. The regime also persecuted Gypsies, homosexuals, and left-wing activists in general. Vichy imitated the racial policies of the Third Reich and also engaged in natalist policies aimed at reviving the “French race” (including a sports policy), although these policies never went as far as the eugenics program implemented by the Nazis.
|
|
Following the creation of the Islamic Republic; family planning clinics of the Shah were dismantled "on the grounds that Islam and Iran needed a large population."Abrahamian, Ervand, Khomeinism : Essays on the Islamic Republic, Berkeley : University of California Press, c1993, p.140 The Majlis passed many pro-natalist laws during this era, like the lowering of marriage age to nine years old for girls and fourteen years old for boys, the legalization of polygamy, the artificial inflation of birth control pill price from one hundred rials to one thousand rials per pack, and the creation of the Iranian Marriage foundation which provided newlyweds with furniture to ensure more people could get married and reproduce Iran's population boom started before the 1979 Islamic Revolution (in 1976 the fertility rate was 6 children/womanMohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Recent changes and the future of fertility in Iran, but reached its peak after the revolution figure 1). Data show that Iran's population doubled in just 20 years—from 27 million in 1968 to 55 million in 1988.
|
|
He established armament factories in French Indochina to supply the French garrisons there to deter Japan from invading, increased the number of colonial "coloured" divisions from 6 to 12, built defensive works in Tunisia to deter an Italian invasion from Libya and organised the colonial economies for a "total war".Overy, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 184 In France itself, Mandel launched a propaganda campaign emphasising how the French Colonial Empire was a source of strength under the slogan "110 million strong, France can stand up to Germany" in reference to the fact that the population of Germany was 80 million and that of France was 40 million, with the extra 70 million credited to France being the population of its colonies.Overy, Richard & Wheatcroft, Andrew The Road To War, London: Macmillan, 2009 p. 184 The 40-hour work week was abolished under Daladier's government, but a more generous system of family allowances was established and set as a percentage of wages: for the first child 5%, for the second child 10% and for each additional child 15%. Also created was a home mother allowance, which had been advocated by natalist and Catholic women’s groups since 1929.
|
|