China is a growing economy, it will need more copper.
|
|
"China may have to import more copper to meet domestic demand," one copper trader said.
|
|
There is still more cotton, more copper, more steel and more soybeans than the world demands.
|
|
"We'll need more copper to meet that demand," Anette Meyer Holley, a BSRIA consultant, said at the conference.
|
|
China also imported more copper concentrates than ever before, close to 20 million tonnes in gross weight terms.
|
|
But as it grows richer, it will need more copper for electric cables, and petrol for its growing fleet of cars.
|
|
The more copper, particularly refined copper, China imported, the healthier the outlook for manufacturing activity and demand for all industrial metals.
|
|
The world will need more copper, which is used extensively in wind and solar power systems, as it turns toward renewable sources of energy.
|
|
It is evident the exchange has been winning more copper business and, by inference, a lot of it has come from the fund community.
|
|
Ivanhoe Mines jumped 20.4 percent to C$4.67 after it said it had discovered more copper at its mine in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
|
|
Renewable energy systems such as solar and wind power on average require eight to 12 times more copper per kilowatt than traditional generation, he said.
|
|
He wants to add value to commodities exports by processing more copper at home and give communities outside Santiago a stronger say in decision-making.
|
|
As we transition to greener technology, we will need it even more: electric cars, for example, require nine times more copper than gas-burning vehicles.
|
|
When my wife and I visit old copper-mining communities, we find that many of my fellow miners want remediation more than they want more copper mining.
|
|
"We expect to see China slowing down copper imports and begin to push out more copper exports to deal with domestic oversupply over the coming months," added BMI.
|
|
The resulting premium for cash metal, last at $28 per tonne over three-month metal, should draw more copper out of the woodwork, particularly that accumulating in China.
|
|
MCU-STOCKS "That makes it seem like that inventory was just being held off-exchange and we're stuck with a lot more copper than we assumed," ING's Khan said.
|
|
The closure of the smelter means India will have to get more copper from overseas, said Goutam Chakraborty, a securities analyst with Indian broker Emkay Global, boosting its import bill.
|
|
"A combination of lower capex, better operating performance out of Australasia and more copper sales during the quarter is really how that beat materialized," BMO Capital Markets analyst Andrew Kaip said.
|
|
Smelters in China need less concentrate after factory shutdowns and transport curbs mean they have not been able to sell the byproduct sulphuric acid, limiting their capacity to produce more copper.
|
|
China, the world's biggest copper consumer, is purchasing more copper concentrate, or partially processed ore, and churning out more metal itself as its smelting capacity grows, reducing its reliance on imported metal.
|
|
The 2990-pound speaker that's made in France looks like an alien egg and the rose gold trims are real 22-carat plated rose gold, which means the finish looks more copper than pink.
|
|
More copper has been arriving in LME sheds, but it hasn't been enough to stop inventory sliding to a multi-year low of 134,200 tonnes with on-warrant stocks lower still at 91,850 tonnes.
|
|
Argonaut Securities analyst Helen Lau said in a note that China's rising smelting capacity "and more cuts in imports of copper scrap will further weigh" on TCs, as consumers seek more copper in other forms.
|
|
Attendees at the event said bright spots for copper demand included the growing appetite for electric vehicles, which use far more copper than gasoline-powered cars and also use the metal in their charging stations.
|
|
From 2018, additional smelters planned in China would start to require an extra 400,000 tonnes per year of copper concentrate and Balhuizen said he received regular inquiries from customers in China and elsewhere for more copper.
|
|
Graphic: Material change: China imports more copper ore, less metal, here A session dedicated to the outlook for smelters and featuring representatives from Jiangxi Copper Co and Daye Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings takes place on Wednesday.
|
|
China continued to import more copper scrap, with imports in the first four months of the year up 18 percent, after a surge in prices late last year encouraged a flood of scrap metal back into the market.
|
|
"I think there was always an assumption they would go one step further and address more copper-based households that were not in that initial plan, and it doesn't seem like there's much appetite for that," said Mr. Olgeirson.
|
|
TORONTO/LONDON, Nov 16 (Reuters) - Barrick Gold is interested in buying more copper mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the incoming COO of Africa and the Middle East region said in an investor presentation in London Friday.
|
|
However, the 20 percent leap in imports of ores and concentrates to 5.59 million tonnes does mean that overall China is importing more copper, it is just changing the state in which it is procured to one that requires domestic beneficiation.
|
|
The company instead plans to put capital to work churning out more copper, cobalt, nickel, vanadium and zinc, commodities that are used in electric vehicle batteries and other technologies that underpin the shift to a cleaner energy and transportation future.
|
|
WARSAW, May 16 (Reuters) - Polish mining company KGHM may produce more copper than planned at its Sierra Gorda mine in Chile in 2019, while keeping capital expenditure (capex) below target, its deputy chief executive in charge of foreign assets said on Thursday.
|
|
On Wednesday morning, for example, Kingdom Futures' daily report noted that "rumors are circulating that up to 70,000 tonnes more copper could arrive in an attempt to drive the price back down to help a significant short get out of a position".
|
|
The Phoenix, Arizona-based company said it produced 24.8 percent more copper in the first quarter compared with the same quarter in 2015 thanks to its expansion at its Buenavista mine in Mexico, setting a new record for the global miner with 221,661 tonnes.
|
|
"There was this belief that with Trump coming into power, you'd see massive infrastructure deployment, taxes would be cut, the economy would be reinvigorated, and you'd have this very pro-growth policy and with that, the U.S. would be consuming more copper," said Barclay's Davis.
|
|
SANTIAGO, April 5 (Reuters) - Chile's second-biggest copper mine Collahuasi, owned by Anglo American Plc and Glencore Plc expects to produce slightly more copper in 2016 versus last year, the company's chief executive Jorge Gomez told Reuters on Tuesday on the sidelines of the Cesco/CRU conference.
|
|
But the producers were truly smiling down upon us this week, because not only did Monday's episode feature more Copper screen time than most contestants on night one, but it also featured our new favorite Bachelor super-fans, Ashton Kutcher and Mila Kunis, and, of course, the most glorious character assassination DeMario-got-caught-red-handed-with-his-pants-down moment of all time.
|
|
Using more copper and core material it is possible to compensate for this. So high efficiency AMTs can be more efficient at low and high load, though at a larger size. The more expensive amorphous core material, the more difficult handling and the need for more copper windings make an AMT more expensive than a traditional transformer.
|
|
The Mohawk mine was producing more copper than any other mine in the Keweenaw County and was the only mine paying dividends. By 1910, a sixth shaft was dug on the property.
|
|
More copper artifacts have been recovered at Lamanai than at any other site in the ancient Maya world. To date, a total of 187 copper artifacts have been excavated, including bells, rings, tweezers, various clothing ornaments, pins, axes, chisels, needles, and fish hooks.
|
|
A copper splice closure is defined as an enclosure, and the associated hardware, that is intended to restore the mechanical and environmental integrity of one or more copper cables entering the enclosure and providing some internal function for splicing, termination, or interconnection.GR-3151-CORE, Generic Requirements for Copper Splice Closures, Telcordia.
|
|
Motorized valves for mass flow control in the loops rely on more copper. Mirrors use a small amount of copper to provide galvanic corrosion protection to the reflective silver layer. Changes in the size of the plants, size of collectors, efficiencies of heat transfer fluids will also affect material volumes.
|
|
Also, comparatively, more copper wire can fit in a given conduit than conductors with lower conductivities. This greater “wire fill” is a special advantage when a system is rewired or expanded. Copper building wire is compatible with brass and quality plated screws. The wire provides connections that will not corrode or creep.
|
|
Electronic equipment, such as generators, transformers, and motors, account for approximately 64,620 kg of copper. A 100 MW plant has slightly more copper per MW in the solar field because the efficiency of the heliostat field diminishes with the size. A 100 MW plant will have somewhat less copper per MW in process equipment.
|
|
Copper proteins are proteins that contain one or more copper ions as prosthetic groups. Copper proteins are found in all forms of air-breathing life. These proteins are usually associated with electron-transfer with or without the involvement of oxygen (O2). Some organisms even use copper proteins to carry oxygen instead of iron proteins.
|
|
The flag of Arizona consists of 13 rays of red and weld-yellow on the top half. The red and yellow also symbolize Arizona's picturesque landscape. The center star signifies copper production (Arizona produces more copper than any other state in the country). The height of the flag is two units high while the width is three units wide.
|
|
New copper coil and sheet often have 75%-100% recycled content. By 1985, more copper was recycled than the total amount of copper that was consumed in 1950. This is due to the relative ease of reusing processing waste and salvaging copper from products after their useful life. Six-sided copper cupola with copper finial and copper rooster weather vane mounted on top.
|
|
Ch'en, Jerome. "Sung Bronzes--An Economic Analysis", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (Volume 28, Number 3, 1965): Page 615. Although there were on average more copper mines found in Northern Song China than in the previous Tang dynasty, this case was reversed during the Southern Song with a sharp decline and depletion of mined copper deposits by 1165.
|
|
By 1910 Arizona produced more copper than any other state in the nation. It would eventually fuel many of its political struggles as well. The Bisbee and Jerome Deportations in 1917 represent how factory workers and factory owners were pitted against each other.Bisbee, Arizona library At Mule Canyon, south of Tombstone, Arizona, in 1877, a soldier chasing Apache Indians found copper at Bisbee.
|
|
Various artifacts were found in the burial mound. Chert flakes, sandstone objects and pottery sherds were common. A handful of graves included chert hand axes, copper beads, and a copper sheet. Other objects in the burial mound that were not associated any particular grave included a soapstone smoking pipe, a piece of another soapstone object, more copper beads and a couple of sheets of copper.
|
|
A variety known as "Oregon sunstone" is found in Harney County, Oregon and in eastern Lake County north of Plush. Oregon Sunstone contains elemental copper. Oregon Sunstone is unique in that crystals can be quite large. The copper leads to variant color within some stones, where turning one stone will result in manifold hues: the more copper within the stone, the darker the complexion.
|
|
Morton, 97.Benn, 55. Although the output of copper currency had expanded immensely by 1085, some fifty copper mines were shut down between the years 1078 and 1085.Ch'en, 615. Although there were on average more copper mines found in Northern Song China than in the previous Tang dynasty, this case was reversed during the Southern Song with a sharp decline and depletion of mined copper deposits by 1165.
|
|
Fort Worden State Park is home to a number of cultural organizations and venues. Centrum is a culture and arts organization that hosts a multitude of concerts, festivals, and workshops. These include "Fiddle Tunes", blues, jazz, voice, chamber music, and more. Copper Canyon Press, the poetry press, is located here, as are facilities for Goddard College, Madrona Mindbody Institute, Peninsula College, and the Port Townsend School of Woodworking.
|
|
The colour is highly variable, but most specimens are some shade of brown, often with lighter or darker mottling, and often a "tear-drop" mark below the eye. Some are more copper-red or grey-brown in colour. Specimens from northwestern Africa (Morocco, western Sahara) are almost entirely black. The ventral side is mostly a creamy white, yellow brown, grayish, blue grey, dark brown or black in colouration, often with dark spots.
|
|
37-42, accessed July 2010 The legs were shaped out of wood covered in copper plate and held in place using tacks. The legs were attached and then more copper sheet covered the main body, with a different sheet for the bull's shoulders. These sheets were held in place by flat-headed nails along the back of the legs, the haunches and the stomach. The body's sheets overlapped the places where the legs had been attached.
|
|
A copper cable consists of two or more copper wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. Copper wires in a cable may be bare or they may be plated to reduce oxidation with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold or silver. Plating may lengthen wire life and makes soldering easier.
|
|
It is sometimes used in integrated circuit manufacture to create a diffusion barrier or "glue" layers between copper, or other conductive metals. In the case of BEOL processing (at c. 20 nm), copper is first coated with tantalum, then with TaN using physical vapour deposition (PVD); this barrier coated copper is then coated with more copper by PVD, and infilled with electrolytically coated copper, before being mechanically processed (grind/polishing). It also has application in thin film resistors.
|
|
Muhlenbergia capillaris, commonly known as the hairawn muhly, is a perennial sedge-like plant that grows to be about tall and wide. The plant includes a double layer; green, leaf-like structures surround the understory, and purple- pink flowers outgrow them from the bottom up. The plant is a warm-season grass, meaning that leaves begin growth in the summer. During the summer, the leaves stay green, but they morph during the fall to produce a more copper color.
|
|
Decreasing C would also mean a larger cable (although not necessarily more copper). Increasing G is highly undesirable; while it would reduce distortion, it would at the same time increase the signal loss. Heaviside considered, but rejected, this possibility which left him with the strategy of increasing L as the way to reduce distortion.Brittain, pp39-40 Heaviside immediately (1887) proposed several methods of increasing the inductance, including spacing the conductors further apart and loading the insulator with iron dust.
|
|
He worked with others to design a mill to extract the copper at a rate generally considered impossible by other mining and milling experts.R. Thayer Tutt Family Collection, Stock Certificate Book, 1903-1904 Their gamble paid off, and the men developed a fast-growing enterprise that mined and milled more copper than they had imagined was possible. Penrose's success in Utah encouraged him to invest and begin copper mining operations across the Southwest in Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.Parsons, The Porphyry Coppers, p.
|
|
In the US, more copper is recovered and put back into service from recycled material than is derived from newly-mined ore. Copper's recycle value is so great that premium- grade scrap normally has at least 95% of the value of primary metal from newly mined ore. In Europe, about 50% of copper demand comes from recycling (as of 2016)Europe’s Copper Industry , recycled copper provided 35% of total worldwide copper usage.International Copper Study Group, World Copper Factbook 2013, p.50.
|
|
Mobile WiMAX was a replacement candidate for cellular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA, or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. Fixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and developing nations. In North America, backhaul for urban operations is typically provided via one or more copper wire line connections, whereas remote cellular operations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usually provided by microwave links.
|
|
In the midst of the 1920s, coax was applied to telephone networks as inter-office trunks. Rather than adding more copper cable bundles with 1500 or 1000 pairs of copper wire and cable in them, it was possible to replace those big cables with much smaller coaxial cable. The next major use of coax in telecommunications occurred in the 1950s, when it was deployed as submarine cable to carry international traffic. It was then introduced into the data processing realm in the mid 1960s.
|
|
He issued more copper-based currency without limit, with a face value of one daler (much greater than their intrinsic value) and which were technically inferior and easy to counterfeit. Soon these coins were so abundant that they too depreciated rapidly towards their raw metal value as belief spread that the copper coins would soon be unacceptable as a form of payment of taxes. Görtz was blamed for the failure, and was duly beheaded in March 1719, a punishment which greatly pleased the Swedish people.
|
|
Copper Range controlled through share ownership the Copper Range Railroad and the Baltic Mining Company. The Copper Range Railroad served much of the southern part of the Copper Country, and the Baltic Mining Company owned the copper mine at Baltic, Michigan. In 1901, the Copper Range Company, prevented by Michigan law from issuing more shares of stock, incorporated a new entity in New Jersey, the Copper Range Consolidated Company. Copper Range Consolidated used its new shares to get control of more copper mining companies by stock swaps.
|
|
Research is being conducted on advanced storage and hybridization systems. The largest dish Sterling installation has a total power of 1.5 MW. Relatively more copper is needed in the solar field than other CSP technologies because electricity is actually generated there. Based on existing 1.5 MW plants, the copper content is 4 tonnes/MW, or, in other terms, 2.2 tonnes of copper/GWh/year. A 1.5 MW power plant has some 6,060 kg of copper in cables, induction generators, drives, field and grid transformers, earthing and lightning protection.
|
|
A crew of ten to twelve people working eight-hour days for several weeks decorate the tree with 5,000 ornaments and bows, and 80 strands of LED Christmas lights that cumulatively measure in length. The ornaments measure and the tree is topped with a , copper star. The copper star represents Arizona's copper heritage, as the state has mined more copper than any other state since 1907 and was nicknamed "The Copper State" at statehood in 1912. The installation and decoration begins in late October and a tree-lighting ceremony is held in mid-November.
|
|
In 1922, Britannia Mines began building a new gravity concentrator capable of processing 2,500 tons of ore daily. The monolithic concrete and steel structure to house it, No. 3 Concentrator, was completed in January 1923 on the northwest side of Mount Sheer, and by 1925 Britannia Mines produced more copper ore concentrate than any other mining operation in the British Empire, a distinction it held until 1930. During this time it also produced "significant amounts of silver and gold". The No. 1 Concentrator, which sat adjacent to the mine wharf, was dismantled.
|
|
265 Studies at the Universities of Liverpool and Minnesota suggest that they can extract four times more copper from their diet than more traditional breeds. Accelerator mass spectrometry has shown a higher ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 13 (δ13C) in this breed than in any breed of grass-fed sheep, 13 parts per thousand. In a 2005 study, enamel samples were taken from the sheep and analysed for this ratio, to determine the diet of the sheep. This study showed that some sheep fed exclusively on seaweed, whereas others had a diet half consisting of grass in the summer months.
|
|
The ideal composition was around 68.21% copper to 31.7 % tin; more copper made the metal more yellow, more tin made the metal more blue in color.Norman W. Henley et al: Speculum Metal Ratios with up to 45% tin were used for resistance to tarnishing. Although speculum metal mirror reflecting telescopes could be built very large, such as William Herschel's 126-cm (49.5-inch) "40-foot telescope" of 1789 and Lord Rosse 1845 183-cm (72-inch) mirror of his "Leviathan of Parsonstown", impracticalities in using the metal made most astronomers prefer their smaller refracting telescope counterparts.Edison Pettit: The Reflector.
|
|
Birch sap sugar is about 42–54% fructose and 45% glucose, with a small amount of sucrose and trace amounts of galactose. The main sugar in maple syrup is the more complex sucrose and the chemical contents of maple syrup is also different, leading to a flavor difference. The flavor of birch syrup has a distinctive and mineral-rich caramel-like taste that is not unlike molasses or balsamic condiment or some types of soy, with a hint of spiciness. Different types of birch will produce slightly different flavour profiles; some more copper, others with hints of wildflower honey.
|
|
In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production rates.R. S. Khandpur,Printed circuit boards: design, fabrication, assembly and testing, Tata-McGraw Hill, 2005 , pages 373–378 As more copper is consumed from the boards, the etchant becomes saturated and less effective; different etchants have different capacities for copper, with some as high as 150 grams of copper per litre of solution. In commercial use, etchants can be regenerated to restore their activity, and the dissolved copper recovered and sold.
|
|
The Bingham Canyon Mine, more commonly known as Kennecott Copper Mine among locals, is an open-pit mining operation extracting a large porphyry copper deposit southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Oquirrh Mountains. The mine is the largest man-made excavation, and deepest open-pit mine in the world, which is considered to have produced more copper than any other mine in history – more than 19 million tons. The mine is owned by Rio Tinto Group, a British-Australian multinational corporation. The copper operations at Bingham Canyon Mine are managed through Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation which operates the mine, a concentrator plant, a smelter, and a refinery.
|
|
Carrollite occurs in hydrothermal vein depositsClark, Alan H (1974) American Mineralogist 59: 302-306 associated with tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite, djurleite, chalcocite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, sphalerite, millerite, gersdorffite, ullmannite, cobaltoan calcite, and with linnaeite group members linnaeite, siegenite and polydymite. Phase relations in the Cu-Co-S system have been investigated.Craig, J R, Vaughan, D J and Higgins, J B (1979) Economic Geology 74:657-671 At temperatures around 900 °C a chalcocite-digenite solid solution coexists with cobalt sulfides. With decreasing temperature, at 880 °C a carrollite-linnaeite solid solution develops, becoming more copper-rich on cooling, with the carrollite composition at about 500 °C.
|
|
Some coins had Shroff (money changer) marks on them indicating that older coins were often re-issued. The alloy content closely resembles that specified in the Arthashastra. Based on his identification of the symbols on the punch-marked coins with certain Mauryan rulers, Kosambi argued that the Mauryan punch-marked Karshapana after Chandragupta has the same weight as its predecessor, but much more copper, cruder fabric, and such a large variation in weight that the manufacture must have been hasty. This evidence of stress and unsatisfied currency demand is accompanied by debasement (inflation) plus vanishing of the reverse marks which denoted the ancient trade guilds.
|
|
The SRB announced Copper stockpiles of 1.3 million tonnes that greatly exceeded market estimates of SRB stock at the time, which were about 250,000 tonnes. On November 16, 2005 and November 23, 2005, the SRB auctioned 20,000 tonnes of Copper, and auctioned more Copper on November 30, 2005. These actions led to Copper price declines during this period, but LME traders ultimately did not believe SRB's new stockpile data and drove prices even higher; LME Copper prices increased from $4100 before the first SRB auction to $4400 after the fourth SRB auction. On December 21, LME Copper warehouse stocks in Korea increased by around 50,000 tonnes, most of which were sent from China.
|
|
This increase in unmediated reactive radicals is generally termed oxidative stress, and is an active area of research in a variety of diseases where copper may play an important but more subtle role than in acute toxicity. Some of the effects of aging may be associated with excess copper. In addition, studies have found that people with mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, had heightened levels of copper in their systems. However, it is unknown at this stage whether the copper contributes to the mental illness, whether the body attempts to store more copper in response to the illness, or whether the high levels of copper are the result of the mental illness.
|
|
Lashing has been used as a means of installing communications cables since the process was developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in the late 1940s. This process typically involves lashing one or more copper telephone cable, co-ax cable TV cable or fibre optic cable to a pre-installed steel messenger wire using a steel lashing wire and a device called a 'spinner' or 'lasher'. It is used to attach these types of cables to road-side utility pole lines and this type of installation is not covered by the term OPAC. OPAC specifically refers to fibre optic cables attached to overhead power lines where the host conductor is part of the overhead electricity system.
|
|
Wanderlust Festival, Copper Mountain - yoga, music, nature, great food, great people, and more! Copper Mountain, Wanderlust Colorado boasts a star-studded lineup of today’s top yoga teachers like Seane Corn, and Shiva Rea topping the yoga lineup, and main stage musical performances by world-renowned musical artists Ziggy Marley, Beats Antique, Shpongle, Krishna Das, and more. This year’s festival will also feature the brand new Wanderlust Expeditions outdoor activities program, the Kula Village vending area, Wanderlust Farm to Table Dinner, Soulful Cinema, Winederlust wine tasting, Speakeasy talks, AcroYoga, hooping, and everything else that makes Wanderlust Festival the most epic yoga event of the year. Yoga, music, nature, and a whole lot more.
|
|
The Southern Song dynasty saw the emergence of paper money, while coins were increasingly becoming a rarity.Richard von Glahn, "Origins of Paper Money in China," in Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets, ed. K. Geert Rouwenhorst and William N. Goetzmann (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). Iron cash coins also started to be used in greater numbers, at first due to the lack of copper, but later even as more copper was found the production of iron cash coins remained cheaper and an abundance of iron made it more attractive for the government to produce, while several problems such as the fact that iron is harder to inscribe, and that iron corrodes faster ensured the continued production of copper cash coins.
|
|
Stone and concrete culverts and drains were inserted in all embankments over high, and steel and masonry bridges were constructed. In an attempt to obtain more copper ore for the Chillagoe smelters, since ore reserves around Chillagoe had been overestimated, the Chillagoe Company sought to build a branch line from the Chillagoe Railway, south to the Etheridge goldfield and the Einasleigh copper mine. There had been a proposal by John Robb for a private railway to Georgetown in 1890 and in 1902 the Einasleigh Freehold Mining Company proposed a tramway from Almaden to Einasleigh, but nothing eventuated. Negotiations between the Chillagoe Company and the Queensland Government occurred from 1904, and approval was finally given to build the railway subject to the provisions of the Etheridge Railway Act 1906.
|
|
Iron cash coins also started to be used in greater numbers, at first due to the lack of copper, but later even as more copper was found the production of iron cash coins remained cheaper and an abundance of iron made it more attractive for the government to produce, while several problems such as the fact that iron is harder to inscribe, and that iron corrodes faster ensured the continued production of copper cash coins. Despite the chronic shortages of copper the Southern Song used special coins as a form of psychological warfare against Jin army defectors, and copper coins (and later silver sycees) would remain the standard of administration even for the newly introduced paper money.Wang Lingling (王菱菱), Songdai kuangyeye yanjiu 宋代矿冶业研究 (Baoding: Hebei daxue chubanshe, 2005).
|
|
During the nineteenth century, a series of gold and silver rushes occurred in the territory, the best known being the 1870s stampede to the silver bonanzas of Tombstone, Arizona in southeast Arizona, also known for its legendary outlaws and lawmen. By the late 1880s, copper production eclipsed the precious metals with the rise of copper camps like Bisbee, Arizona and Jerome, Arizona. The boom and bust economy of mining also left hundreds of ghost towns across the territory, but copper mining continued to prosper with the territory producing more copper than any other state by 1907, which earned Arizona the nickname "the Copper State" at the time of statehood. During the first years of statehood the industry experienced growing pains and labor disputes with the Bisbee Deportation of 1917 the result of a copper miners' strike.
|
|
The money stock was also affected as the amount of silver coinages in circulation kept increasing, while the stock of copper-alloy cash coins was surely decreasing, leading to even greater deflation in copper-based markets. As a result, the mints operated by the government of the Qing dynasty saw less motivation to produce more copper- alloy cash coins as they were now more expensive to make, as it now cost more silver to import sufficient amounts of copper for their production.Kishimoto, "Foreign Silver and China's Domestic Economy During the First Half of the 19th Century," Page 30. The imperial government would continue to try to maintain the official exchange rate between copper-alloy cash coins and silver, but this only made copper-alloy cash coins into an "undervalued currency" and further discouraged it from circulating as people would hoard the coins driving them out of the market, further increasing their relative scarcity to silver (as is described by Gresham's law).
|
|
Jin era coins circulated alongside paper money and silver sycees, and were the main medium of exchange for the general population. In the beginning iron coins continued to circulate but this had become to be perceived as an inconvenience so the Jin government ordered the immediate ban on melting down copper for usage other than currency, and was quick to open more copper mines to manage the production of copper coinage. 3 mints were opened that together produced 140,000 strings of coins a year (or 140,000,000 cash coins annually), after inflation had become a problem this production became less profitable for the Jin government.Hartill, 218. Jin dynasty (1115–1234) Coins produced by the Jin dynasty compared to earlier Liao dynasty coinage are both of higher quality, and quantity; this is because the Jurchens chose to model their coins more closely after the Song’s both in production as superficially in its calligraphic style.
|
|
Muntz's new metal contained more copper, less zinc, and a bit of iron not present in a similar 56:44 alloy patented by William Collins in 1800. Production began on Water Street, Birmingham, but moved to Swansea in 1837. In 1842 he bought the French Walls Works in Smethwick, formerly the site of James Watt Jr.'s ironworks. The site soon proved inadequate, and in 1850 a further were bought, on the other side of the Birmingham, Wolverhampton & Stour Valley Railway. Eventually as the business outgrew Muntz’s own rolling mill in Birmingham, he joined in partnership with Pascoe Grenfell and sons who produced it at their Swansea mill as ‘Muntz’s Patent Metal Company’. They and other partners then fixed the prices of the alloy at £18 per ton lower than the market price for the equivalent copper product, serving to establish Muntz Metal as the sheathing of choice where transport costs still kept it as an efficient competitor.
|
|