Even bigger questions, however, linger over the world's more autocratic states.
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We can vote for the people who (are) trying to be more autocratic.
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But many nations, particularly more autocratic ones, are loath to change their ways.
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Vladimir Putin, ever more autocratic at home and aggressive abroad, moved into the vacuum.
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As he becomes more autocratic, Mr Erdogan is reversing his own achievements (see article).
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Egypt is now yet more autocratic, in some ways, than when the protests began.
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He is making the presidency more authentic or more autocratic, depending on the vantage point.
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What can this tell us about how politics work and the rise of more autocratic leaders?
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But his brand of nationalism is playing well in some of the world's more autocratic countries.
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The paradox is that the more autocratic the mainland gets the more it needs Hong Kong commercially.
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He also reiterated the HDP's opposition to an executive presidency, saying it would make the government more autocratic.
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A win for the quick-tempered Mr. Prabowo, however, could spell the return of a more autocratic government.
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Before Erdoğan inched toward more autocratic rule, democratic reforms and economic growth defined his early years as prime minister.
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" Trump has routinely denigrated the press with calls of "fake news" and the even more autocratic "enemy of the people.
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Egypt and the island kingdom of Bahrain are now yet more autocratic, in some ways, than when the protests began.
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As with previous challenges to his rule, the coup attempt has left Mr Erdogan stronger, or at least more autocratic.
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While the Chinese people have pushed for a somewhat more open society, the Chinese government is becoming even more autocratic.
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But more concerning, our evidence shows that, even after accounting for wealth, border fortification is associated with more autocratic regimes.
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We lock up more people than any other country in the world, including ones with larger populations and more autocratic regimes.
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When Mr. Hernández took office, Washington appeared willing to overlook his more autocratic actions in the hope that he would restore stability.
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Mr Putin is interfering in the western Balkans, as is Mr Erdogan, who is also taking Turkey in an ever more autocratic direction.
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But Mr Yameen will probably face growing opposition, and resort to more autocratic measures, to remain in control until the presidential election next November.
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Its Freedom in the World report warns that world's nations, as a whole, are becoming more autocratic, more dictatorial, less open and more repressive.
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Around the same time, the government began cracking down on secular dissidents too, and in many ways Sisi has been more autocratic than Mubarak was.
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"They're seeing a very majoritarian model in practice and I fear that this might be reinforcing some of their more autocratic tendencies," said Ms. Marks.
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How did people who joined together with such hope and determination to overthrow a fiercely authoritarian president end up living under an even more autocratic leader?
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And, all too often, when those people have complained about that, they've been ignored, dismissed, or slammed with even more autocratic dictates than they suffered with before.
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But since major protests in 2013 against plans to build over Gezi Park in Istanbul, and then a corruption scandal, Mr Erdogan has become ever more autocratic.
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That consolidation has occurred in conjunction with an increase in free press penalties, including fines and jail time, that have grown more severe as Erdogan's reign has become more autocratic.
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For Jackson, a strong party system with vigorous links between state and presidential parties helped check his more autocratic tendencies and spread the mandate to an entire governing philosophy instead of an individual.
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Know your leadership styleManagers tend to gravitate toward one of two ends of a leadership spectrum: those who employ more autocratic tendencies versus those who encourage collaboration and joint ownership across the team.
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Scarborough said that Xi has "made conscious moves" to become more autocratic over the past year and that Trump has praised similar leaders like Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte.
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But the need to guard users' data — especially in an age when hackers and more autocratic governments can use it for more nefarious reasons — still trumps the public-safety concerns Mr. Barr is raising.
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Each time he has faced a challenge to his power, from street protests three years ago to a corruption investigation that went after his inner circle, he has sidelined his enemies and become more autocratic.
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A variety of research has found that women interrupt less (but are interrupted more), pay closer attention to other people's nonverbal cues and use a more democratic leadership style compared with men's more autocratic style.
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Yet Netanyahu, who has been in power since 2009 and has grown more and more autocratic as his time in office has gone on, is taking advantage of the coronavirus to cement his hold on power.
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Now, in the aftermath of the coup attempt, they are left to wonder if Mr. Erdogan will turn more autocratic or, perhaps, seize the time to patch up relations with segments of the society he has alienated.
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Indeed, he is a man who has an absolute authority that rests on his whims -- Kim is not the head of a democratic republic with political checks and balances, nor does he have to juggle the power structure within a more autocratic nation like China.
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But Gisela Sin, a political science professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who studies political institutions in both the US and Latin America, warns that authoritarian reversions in Latin America have typically happened with the support of a majority of the population, disgusted by Congress's corruption and willing to embrace a more autocratic presidency.
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It was more autocratic than totalitarian. The Bandera faction, in contrast, emphasized complete submission to the will of the supreme leader.John Armstrong (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism.
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He believed in advancing the most able, rather than the longest serving. This upset those he passed over. Thus, he divided the navy into those who approved of his innovations and those who did not. As he became older and more senior he also became more autocratic and commented, 'Anyone who opposes me, I crush'.
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Brown offered the party's leadership to Tyndall, but the latter declined the offer. Tyndall instead endorsed John O'Brien, a Powellite who had contacts across Britain's far-right. The NF directorate was unconvinced but with no alternative selected O'Brien in February 1971. With Chesterton gone, the party's directorate restructured the party's constitutional procedures away from a more autocratic leadership.
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Women in power were seen as interpersonal and more democratic, whereas men were seen as task-oriented and more autocratic. In reality, men and women are equally effective in their styles of leadership. A study by Alice Eagly (Eagly, Karau, & Makhijani, 1995) found no overall differences in the effectiveness of male and female leaders in facilitating accomplishment of their group goals.
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As he lost support, he became more autocratic. As early as August 1952, he began to rely on emergency powers to rule, generating controversy among his supporters. After an assassination attempt upon one of his cabinet ministers and himself, he ordered the jailing of dozens of his political opponents. This act created widespread anger among the general public, and led to accusations that Mosaddegh was becoming a dictator.
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Since ILTs are implicit theories, meaning the individual is likely unaware of their biases, it is difficult for ineffective ILTs to be recognized and discarded. For example, Offermann et al. (1994) found that masculinity was a stable ILT across participants, sex, and stimuli. However, males tend to be more autocratic and task-oriented in leadership style, while females tend to adopt a more participative and relationship-oriented style.
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In April 2011, the Weekend Nation published an article quoting a leaked diplomatic telegram from British High Commissioner Fergus Cochrane-Dyet in which he wrote that Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika was "becoming ever more autocratic and intolerant of criticism". On 27 April 2011, Malawi's government declared Cochrane-Dyet persona non grata and expelled him from the country. The UK responded by expelling Malawi's acting high commissioner, Flossie Chidyaonga. British aid to Malawi was also cut off.
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Arsenios' allegedly irregular appointment would give rise to the conflict known as "Arsenite Schism", lasting from 1265 to 1310. Arsenios was always Theodore's loyal supporter and obeyed his commands. Theodore did not trust the aristocrats and wrote of "illicit love affairs and very unjust plots", without naming his opponents, in a letter addressed to George Mouzalon in December 1254. Historian Michael Angold proposes that Emperor Frederick II's similar policy may have inspired Theodore's "more autocratic stance towards his aristocracy".
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In April 2011, the Malawian newspaper The Nation published an article quoting a leaked diplomatic telegram from Cochrane-Dyet in which he wrote that Malawian President Bingu wa Mutharika was "becoming ever more autocratic and intolerant of criticism"."Malawi threatens to expel British high commissioner over leaked remarks", The Guardian, 2011-04-19. On 27 April, Malawi's government declared Cochrane-Dyet persona non grata and expelled him from the country."Malawi expels British ambassador", The Guardian, 2011-04-27.
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Leading barons of Poitou preferred the absentee rule of King John to the more autocratic rule of King Philip; the Thouars, Mauleon, Lusignan, Parthenay, and Sugeres families all allied with King John. William set out with a force of knights to defend the Roman road connecting Tours and Poitiers. Other than a brief occupation of Angers, John was unsuccessful in making further progress north of the Loire. John departed after signing a two-year truce with King Philip that recognized the status quo.
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The First French Empire and the Bourbon Restoration restored more autocratic rule. The Second French Republic had universal male suffrage but was followed by the Second French Empire. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) resulted in the French Third Republic. Germany established its first democracy in 1919 with the creation of the Weimar Republic, a parliamentary republic created following the German Empire's defeat in World War I. The Weimar Republic lasted only 14 years before it collapsed and was replaced by Nazi dictatorship.
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He was initially particularly close to the leader of the third and fourth coups, Adib al-Shishakli, who effectively ruled Syria from 1951 until 1954. Al-Shishakli's decision to sign a decree distributing state lands to the peasantry in January 1952 appears to have been under al-Hawrani's influence.Seale, p. 47. However, as the dictator grew more autocratic his influence waned, and when al- Shishakli decided to ban the Arab Socialist Party in April 1952, he went into exile in Lebanon.
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The Chenghua Emperor's reign was also more autocratic than his predecessors' and freedom was sharply curtailed when the emperor established institutes such as the Western Depot (to complement the existing Eastern Depot), monitoring all civilians' actions and words. This institute, not unlike a spy agency, would administer punishment to those whom they suspected of treason. The Western Depot would eventually be shut down but it was the start of a dangerous trend and the Chenghua Emperor's descendants would again revive the Western Depot during the 16th century.
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Additionally, in more autocratic nations, women are less likely to have their interests represented. Many women attain political standing due to kinship ties, as they have male family members who are involved in politics. These women tend to be from higher income, higher status families and thus may not be as focused on the issues faced by lower income families. In The United States, the lower end of the professional ladder contains a higher proportion of women while the upper level contains a higher proportion of men.
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Democratic recession refers to the decline of liberal democracy or the strength of democratic institutions in countries that formerly had a higher level of freedom and democracy. The term, coined by political scientist Larry Diamond, is analogous to economic recession which refers to a decline in the economy. Scholars currently debate whether an global democratic recession is ongoing as of 2020, however Freedom House rankings have consistently declined since 2006. Democratic recession is contrasted with the case where hybrid regimes or authoritarian regimes become even more autocratic.
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Foster (1981) 303–304 In this capacity, he came into conflict with UGG Vice President R. C. Brown, in charge of the UGG department that published the book, and Assistant General Manager P. C. Watt. Brownlee had an interventionist style as President, which Foster acknowledged sometimes "verged on outright interference". As the years wore on, his decision-making became more autocratic, with the board of directors expected to serve as a rubber stamp.Foster (1981) 307 On June 21, 1961, ill health forced Brownlee's resignation from the UGG.
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Tsar's entrance at the Assembly of Gentry in Tiflis (29 September 1888) In 1881, the reforming Tsar Alexander II was assassinated by Russian populists in Saint Petersburg. His successor Alexander III was much more autocratic and frowned on any expression of national independence as a threat to his empire. In an effort to introduce more central control, he abolished the Caucasus Viceroyalty, reducing Georgia's status to that of any other Russian province. Study of the Georgian language was discouraged and the very name "Georgia" (, ) was banned from newspapers.
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As the agrarian government grew more and more autocratic. A group of political parties (the United People's Progressive Party, the Democratic Party, the Radical Democratic Party, and People's Alliance) ran together in the April 1923 elections as the Constitutional Bloc but only won 17 seats. Fraud and the newly effective first-past-the-post voting system were the culprits; although the BANU was still relatively popular amongst the countrymen. In 1922 after gaining the approval by a plebiscite, the government began trying and imprisoning leaders of opposition parties for their roles in previous wars.
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It was at this point that he took on the public pseudonym of "Pol Pot"; as no-one in the country knew who this was, a fictitious biography was presented. Pol Pot's key allies took the other two positions, with Nuon Chea as President of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly and Khieu Samphân as the head of state. In principle, the Khmer Rouge Standing Committee made decisions on the basis of the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. In reality it was more autocratic, with Pol Pot's decisions being implemented.
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David Lloyd George urged Rowntree to write on rural living conditions in Britain: The Land (1913) and How the Labourer Lives (1913) looked at the living conditions of farming families. Rowntree argued that an increase in landholdings would make agriculture more productive. His work The Human Needs of Labour (1918) argued for family allowances and a national minimum wage, and in The Human Factor in Business, Rowntree argued that business owners should adopt more democratic practices like those at his own factory rather than more autocratic leadership styles. He expressed his conviction of the possibility of establishing a close-knit community including both the management and the workers.
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Towards later era of the Ming dynasty, with declining government control, commerce, trade and private industries revived. The dynasty had a strong and complex central government that unified and controlled the empire. The emperor's role became more autocratic, although Hongwu Emperor necessarily continued to use what he called the "Grand Secretariat" to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy, including memorials (petitions and recommendations to the throne), imperial edicts in reply, reports of various kinds, and tax records. It was this same bureaucracy that later prevented the Ming government from being able to adapt to changes in society, and eventually led to its decline.
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For that summer term there were just seven pupils and seven teachers, three of who were working loyally without claiming pay to get their pupils through their O-levels. The school had been recognised as efficient in 1969, but due to the system of recognition being abolished in 1976, there was nothing the inspectors could do as long as they were satifisfied with the teaching. Mrs Paul, living in her house at 87 Belsize Park Gardens, had become more "autocratic and withdrawn", refusing offers of help. On being interviewed, she did not want to admit her age, saying that "if people knew, I would not be allowed to be headmistress".
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ZWC nonetheless remained active until 1914, when with the onset of the First World War it became no longer necessary. In 1912 the First Balkan War shook the politics of Europe and Piłsudski who expected that a greater war is coming reformed ZWC (also at that time, he became one of the creators of Provisional Commission of Confederated Independence Parties (Komisja Tymczasowa Skonfederowanych Stronnictw Niepodległościowych)). It then become more autocratic, with Piłsudski (the Commandant) and his deputy, Sosnkowski (Chief of High Command) assuming most responsibilities and power. In 1914, ZWC had 7239 members, which would form the basis of the Polish Legions in World War I.
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Following the coup d'état in 1953 supported by the United Kingdom and the United States, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule became more autocratic and was aligned with the Western Bloc during the Cold War, although he enacted a series of economic and social reforms known as the White Revolution. By 1978, the Shah faced growing public discontent and popular rebellion, and after declaring surrender and officially resigning, the second Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking a series of events that quickly led to the end of the state and the beginning of the Islamic Republic of Iran on 11 February 1979.
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The power sharing scheme set in place by Kamehameha III in 1852 seemed to work and it remained in place throughout the remainder of Kamehameha III's reign and throughout the reign of Kamehameha IV. Kamehameha IV and his brother despised the position but Kamehameha IV did place the role upon his sister, Victoria Kamamalu. Mostly she just signed and approved papers to the wishes of her brothers. When Kamehameha V assumed the throne in 1863, however, the new king made it clear that he favored a more autocratic monarchy over the constitutional one set in place in 1852. In 1864, the King issued a new constitution that was much less liberal than the Constitution of 1852.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel considered the sublime a marker of cultural difference and a characteristic feature of oriental art. His teleological view of history meant that he considered "oriental" cultures as less developed, more autocratic in terms of their political structures and more fearful of divine law. According to his reasoning, this meant that oriental artists were more inclined towards the aesthetic and the sublime: they could engage God only through "sublated" means. He believed that the excess of intricate detail that is characteristic of Chinese art, or the dazzling metrical patterns characteristic of Islamic art, were typical examples of the sublime and argued that the disembodiment and formlessness of these art forms inspired the viewer with an overwhelming aesthetic sense of awe.
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He was appointed military governor of Paris by the Minister of War, General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte on 5 July 1799, replacing General Barthélemy Joubert at the head of the 17th Military Division stationed in Paris. After General Napoleon Bonaparte's return from the Egyptian campaign, he opposed the planned coup d'état, which was to overthrow the government of the Directory and replace it with a more autocratic Consulate. Its authors, led by Director Emmanuel Sieyès, and eventually joined by General Bonaparte, knew that they needed the support of the armed forces in Paris to pursue their scheme. Fearing its current commander's attachment to republican ideals, they offered him a new position in the leadership of the Army of Italy, which he accepted.
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A division in Minangkabau adat into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuak Katumangguangan and Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau adat. The former accepted Adityawarman, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago/Adat perpatih system formulated by Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all panghulu (clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang /Adat Katumangguangan system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of panghulu. Each village (nagari) in the darek was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two adat systems.
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The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union encouraged liberalization and democratization movements in much of Africa; for this reason, the period from 1974 to the mid-1990s is considered the third wave of democratization in Africa, in which many countries changed from militaristic and autocratic states into democracies. Many Western scholars hoped the number of military governments in Africa would continue to decrease, both numerically and in power, in the following decades. Because the Gambia had become a more autocratic state in that period, many scholars consider it paradoxical. The 1994 coup in the Gambia marked the end of the longest-lasting democracy in West Africa and the deposition of one of Africa's longest-serving heads of state.
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In 17th century England, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.; The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653–59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule, although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689 which codified certain rights and liberties and is still in effect.
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She was a delegate to the National Schools Conference held at Berlin during the middle of June 1920: the backwash from the previous year's uprisings was still very much in the air, and the theme of the conference was reform of the schools system. (The conclusion was a series of compromises that disappointed the more extremist reformist factions.) Vogeler left on the first of his several lengthy visits to the Soviet Union around 1923 (accompanied by Sonja, the daughter of Julian Marchlewski, whom he would later marry): Tami Oelfken had probably already left Worpswede by this point. She settled for a while at Gotha where she became part of a "worker community" of young teachers. During the Kapp Putsch of 1920 she joined in on the side of those fighting to defend the new republic against right-wing paramilitaries keen to return the country to a more autocratic government structure.
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Rogerson (2009: p.221) dates it after the sieges. Levtzion (1977: p.402) and Abun-Nasr (1987:p.211) suggest the fraternal conflict broke out earlier, in 1539/40. The quarrel was probably a fallout of the 1537 agreement -- it was agreed to by Ahmad al-Araj, who sought to maintain good relations with the Sufi marabouts who urged peace with Fez, while Muhammad al-Sheikh, who tended to be more autocratic, thought the military initiative had been squandered cheaply. Rogerson (2009) suggests the confrontation happened only after the siege of Agadir. Upon seizing Marrakesh, the autocratic-minded Muhammad al-Sheikh expelled the Sufi sheikhs, his brother's erstwhile allies, from the city.Abun-Nasr (1987: p.212); Cenival (1913-36: p.302) confusingly suggests that Marrakesh remained in the hands of Ahmad al-Araj all the way down to 1554. Saadian Tombs, Marrakesh Muhammad al- Sheikh proceeded to invade Wattasid Fez in September 1544/5, defeating and capturing the sultan Ahmad al-Wattasi.
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Until recently, the chief executive officer (currently Sachi Hamai) was the appointed individual heading the county but had little power as supervisors retained the right to fire and hire department heads and often directly admonished department heads in public. Based on an ordinance authored by Supervisors Knabe and Yaroslavsky that took effect in April 2007, the CEO directly oversees departments on behalf of the supervisors, although the Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Assessor, District Attorney, Auditor-Controller, and Executive Office of the Board of Supervisors continue to be under the direct purview of the Board of Supervisors. The change was made in response to several candidates either dropping out or declining to accept the position to replace former Chief Administrative Officer David Janssen. Antonovich was the lone supervisor to oppose the change, stating that such a move would lead to a more autocratic form of government and disenfranchise the 1.3 million who live in unincorporated areas.
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The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653–59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The Glorious Revolution in 1688 established a strong Parliament that passed the Bill of Rights 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties for individuals. It set out the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of the rest of Europe, royal absolutism would not prevail. Only with the Representation of the People Act 1884 did a majority of the males get the vote. The American Revolution (1775–1783) created the United States.
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