New Horizons has helped reveal four additional moons around Pluto.
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But life, and the rebellion, thrives on the moons around them.
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The team has also found small moons around Uranus, Saturn and Pluto.
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Europa is one of Jupiter's many moons, around the size of Earth's Moon.
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The spacecraft discovered whole new moons around Saturn and lakes of methane on Titan.
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Each of the planets and moons around the sun are different, with widely differing environments.
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And that's actually an important clue to why there are so many moons around Jupiter.
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The moon, Mars and many of the "airless" moons around the neighborhood are littered with craters.
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Naiad and Thalassa, both tiny Tic Tac-shaped moons around Neptune, are only about 1,150 miles apart.
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Last year, Sheppard and his team located 12 new moons around Jupiter, including one with a retrograde orbit.
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That means there can be a lot of glare when searching for super faint moons around the planet.
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"We still haven't detected any moons around exoplanets," said Matthews, who is an advisor on the Kepler mission.
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The technique used to find Hippocamp could help with locating small moons around giant planets in the future.
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The spacecraft discovered whole new moons around Saturn, lakes of methane on Titan, jets of water erupting from Enceladus.
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Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSSThe International Astronomical Union has approved new names for five recently discovered moons around Jupiter.
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A crank was used to turn the miniature planets in their orbits around the sun and, likewise, their moons around them.
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Over the last year, a few researchers have suggested potential evidence for locating these small moons around exoplanets, but nothing has been confirmed.
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"Using some of the largest telescopes in the world, we are now completing the inventory of small moons around the giant planets," Sheppard said.
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Although they have been searching for evidence of rings or moons around Ultima Thule, none is apparent in the images that have come back.
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S. Alan Stern, the principal investigator for New Horizons, said he was surprised that the spacecraft has not discovered any moons around Ultima Thule.
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This gave the team a unique opportunity to search for new moons around Jupiter in addition to objects located past Pluto, according to the statement.
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The three most prominent of these women are like a trifecta of polish and relative poise, orbiting the president-elect like sleek moons around a gaseous giant.
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That interest has resulted in the Galileo mission to Jupiter and the Cassini mission to Saturn, as well as the discovery of three new moons around Saturn using Earth-based instruments.
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The discovery was made possible by three NASA space telescopes, and it means we have found moons around practically every large dwarf planet more than 600 miles across in our cosmic neighborhood.
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The good news is that NASA and ESA have space missions, the Europa Clipper and JUICE, which are scheduled to launch in 2022 to visit Europa and Ganymede, two icy moons around Jupiter.
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Understanding these reactions could be important in understanding the emergence of life on our own planet—or even the potential for alien life beneath the ice of certain moons around Saturn and Jupiter.
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Next-generation observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which will be 100 times more powerful than the Hubble, will also make it easier to detect moons around planets like Earth.
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Had they left the spacecraft in orbit, or parked it on one of Saturn's moons, they could have risked crashing into one of the moons around Saturn that could be home to life.
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Things were just waiting to be found in our own corner of the universe, like 12 new moons around Jupiter, Earth-like characteristics on Pluto and a possible super-Earth orbiting a neighboring star.
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"Using some of the largest telescopes in the world, we are now completing the inventory of small moons around the giant planets," Scott Sheppard, a Carnegie astronomer who led the discovery team, said in a press release.
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"Our goals are, notably, to improve our measurements of the planets' densities, to detect first traces of atmospheres around them, and to explore the system for a possible eighth planet, or moons around the known planets," Gillon said.
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The spacecraft discovered whole new moons around Saturn, lakes of methane on Titan, and jets of water erupting from Enceladus, and has made extremely detailed observations of the planet's rings, an environment believed to be similar to the rings of debris that formed the entire solar system.
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That was before scientists knew about the oceans on moons around other planets, before they knew about how tough microorganisms get here on Earth (and so maybe in space too?), before they started planning experiments to look for life on Mars, and before tech billionaires started threatening to send people to space.
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"Jupiter just happened to be in the sky near the search fields where we were looking for extremely distant solar system objects, so we were serendipitously able to look for new moons around Jupiter while at the same time looking for planets at the fringes of our Solar System," said Sheppard in a statement.
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It's not terribly unusual to detect irregular moons, whereas the discovery of regular moons is now quite rare; the last time a regular moon was discovered from Earth was in the early 2000s, when Showalter and his colleague Jack Lissauer from NASA Ames Research Center —a co-author of the new study—used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to detect two new moons around Uranus, an ice giant with at least 27 moons in total.
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In January 2019, it was reported that the institute was looking for moons around 486958 Arrokoth.
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This was thought to explain the preponderance of retrograde moons around Jupiter; however, Saturn has a more even mix of retrograde/prograde moons so the reasons are more complicated.
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However, according to Martin Harwit, "a slight new phrasing of this law permits us to include not only planetary orbits around the Sun, but also the orbits of moons around their parent planets."Harwit, Martin. Astrophysical Concepts (Springer 1998), pages 27–29. The new phrasing is known as Dermott's law.
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The primary targets of the Centaurus mission were the Centaurs 2060 Chiron and Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (often shortened to "SW1"). Centaurs are "escapees" from the Kuiper belt with giant planet-crossing orbits. Both objects are active Centaurs with perihelia within the orbit of Saturn. The Centaurus payload included imagers and spectrometers to study the surfaces, comae, and any potential rings and shepherd moons around these objects.
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The TARDIS is forced to land on a planet which the First Doctor recognises as Vortis, but he is puzzled by the presence of several moons around the normally moonless planet. A force acting through Barbara's gold bracelet draws her outside, leaving Vicki alone. The TARDIS is then pulled by an unseen force across the planet surface. A Menoptra, on display at the Doctor Who Experience.
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As a result of a second Maunder Minimum, economic power in the Sol system has shifted to the moons around Jupiter. The Europan Demarchy controls Europa and Io; Gilgamesh Isis controls Ganymede and Callisto. Both powers are vying for dominance. Marius Vargovic is a Gilgamesh agent who has been deployed to Europa to meet a woman known as Cholok, who has something that could threaten the cities of Europa.
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As with Watermark, the album title opens with an instrumental title track with wordless vocals. Its title, devised by Roma, refers to two inner satellite moons around Saturn discovered in 1980, Pandora and Prometheus, that "protect and preserve the rings very much like a shepherd guiding his flock". Enya also liked the title as the association with the moon "is quite romantic". "Caribbean Blue" is a waltz that depicts a journey through a fantasy world.
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All the other retrograde satellites are on distant orbits and tidal forces between them and the planet are negligible. Within the Hill sphere, the region of stability for retrograde orbits at a large distance from the primary is larger than that for prograde orbits. This has been suggested as an explanation for the preponderance of retrograde moons around Jupiter. Because Saturn has a more even mix of retrograde/prograde moons, however, the underlying causes appear to be more complex.
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The first discoveries of extrasolar planets in the CHZ occurred just a few years after the first extrasolar planets were discovered. However these early detections were all gas giant sized, and many in eccentric orbits. Despite this, studies indicate the possibility of large, Earth-like moons around these planets supporting liquid water. One of the first discoveries was 70 Virginis b, a gas giant initially nicknamed "Goldilocks" due to it being neither "too hot" nor "too cold".
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The following year, 55 Cancri f was discovered within the CHZ of its host star 55 Cancri A. Hypothetical satellites with sufficient mass and composition are thought to be able to support liquid water at their surfaces. Though, in theory, such giant planets could possess moons, the technology did not exist to detect moons around them, and no extrasolar moons had been discovered. Planets within the zone with the potential for solid surfaces were therefore of much higher interest.
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Two more were discovered in 2016 by the team led by Scott S. Sheppard at the Carnegie Institution for Science, bringing the total to 69. On 17 July 2018, the International Astronomical Union confirmed that Sheppard's team had discovered ten more moons around Jupiter, bringing the total number to 79. Among these is Valetudo, which has a prograde orbit, but crosses paths with several moons that have retrograde orbits, making an eventual collision—at some point on a billions-of-years timescale—likely.
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Sidebars include Metropolis (the DC Comics Justice League of America), Dindsenchas (historical Celtic), Sankhara (Buddhist Saṅkhāra). An ancient galactic race boot-strapped itself into 11-D and Unity, leaving a mechanism built of stuff as two artificial moons around an earth-like planet. The continued existence/operation of these is probably essential to Unity. The Unity mechanism allows for multiple unconnected Unities, whose uncoordinated actions in 11-D can destroy the conditions that permit the existence of expanded 4-D space-times.
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Combined with technological advancements, ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics are recording increasingly more detailed images of it. Both Hubble and the adaptive-optics telescopes on Earth have made many new discoveries within the Solar System since the mid-1990s, with a large increase in the number of known satellites and moons around the outer planet, among others. In 2004 and 2005, five new small satellites of Neptune with diameters between 38 and 61 kilometres were discovered.Uranus and Neptune Reports on Astronomy 2003-2005, pp. 147f.
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Similar numbering schemes naturally arose with the discovery of moons around Saturn and Mars. Although the numbers initially designated the moons in orbital sequence, new discoveries soon failed to conform with this scheme (e.g. "" is Amalthea, which orbits closer to Jupiter than does Io). The unstated convention then became, at the close of the 19th century, that the numbers more or less reflected the order of discovery, except for prior historical exceptions (see the Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites).
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Discovery images of Nix and Hydra Nix was discovered by researchers of the Pluto Companion Search Team, using the Hubble Space Telescope. The New Horizons team had suspected that Pluto and its moon Charon might be accompanied with other moons, hence they used the Hubble Space Telescope to search for faint moons around Pluto in 2005. Since Nix's brightness is about 5,000 times fainter than Pluto, long exposure images were taken in order to find it. The discovery images were taken on 15 May 2005 and 18 May 2005.
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This also means that the rotation period of each is equal to the time it takes the entire system to rotate around its barycenter. In 2007, observations by the Gemini Observatory of patches of ammonia hydrates and water crystals on the surface of Charon suggested the presence of active cryo-geysers. Pluto's moons are hypothesized to have been formed by a collision between Pluto and a similar-sized body, early in the history of the Solar System. The collision released material that consolidated into the moons around Pluto.
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If the Moon was formed by such an impact, it is possible that other inner planets also may have been subjected to comparable impacts. A moon that formed around Venus by this process would have been unlikely to escape. If such a moon- forming event had occurred there, a possible explanation of why the planet does not have such a moon might be that a second collision occurred that countered the angular momentum from the first impact. Another possibility is that the strong tidal forces from the Sun would tend to destabilise the orbits of moons around close-in planets.
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Galilean moons around Jupiter Orbits of Jupiter's inner moons within its rings The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610. However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on. The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century, whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12).
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With the discovery of smaller, kilometre-sized moons around Jupiter, the IAU has established an additional convention to limit the naming of small moons with absolute magnitudes greater than 18 or diameters smaller than . Some of the most recently confirmed moons have not received names. Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.
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Galilean moons around Jupiter Callisto (bottom left), Jupiter (top right) and Europa (below and left of Jupiter's Great Red Spot) as viewed by Cassini–Huygens Callisto is the outermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter. It orbits at a distance of approximately 1 880 000 km (26.3 times the 71 492 km radius of Jupiter itself). This is significantly larger than the orbital radius—1 070 000 km—of the next-closest Galilean satellite, Ganymede. As a result of this relatively distant orbit, Callisto does not participate in the mean-motion resonance—in which the three inner Galilean satellites are locked—and probably never has.
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The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft. The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons and returning data on their atmospheres and radiation belts. The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere.
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Galilean moons around Jupiter Laplace resonance of Ganymede, Europa, and Io (conjunctions are highlighted by color changes) Ganymede orbits Jupiter at a distance of 1,070,400 km, third among the Galilean satellites, and completes a revolution every seven days and three hours. Like most known moons, Ganymede is tidally locked, with one side always facing toward the planet, hence its day is seven days and three hours. Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian equator, with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries. The ranges of change are 0.0009–0.0022 and 0.05–0.32°, respectively.
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Most known inner satellites are 50 to 200 km across, while the smallest confirmed is Daphnis at 6 to 8 km in size. Unconfirmed bodies orbiting close to Saturn's F ring, such as S/2004 S 6, may be somewhat smaller moons, if they are not transient clumps of dust instead. The Cassini spacecraft has recently found indications (small dusty rings) that even smaller moonlets may be orbiting in the Cassini Division. The size of the smallest known inner moons around the outer planets increases with distance from the Sun, but this trend is thought to be due to increasingly difficult lighting and observing conditions rather than any physical trend.
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Galileo Galilei, discoverer of the four largest moons of Jupiter, now known as Galilean moons In 1610, Italian polymath Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (now known as the Galilean moons) using a telescope; thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's. One day after Galileo, Simon Marius independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614. It was Marius's names for the four major moons, however, that stuck—Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. These findings were also the first discovery of celestial motion not apparently centered on Earth.
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Each section is made up of several groups, of great variety and distinctiveness, ranging from a single, short note near the end of the sixth section to a group of forty-seven notes in the third section . In the context of this piece, a "group" is a sustained central note with grace notes before, with/around, or after it. These three possibilities are doubled to six by the use or non-use of the pedal . Stockhausen described the particular character of the groups in Klavierstück V: > a central pitch will sometimes be attacked with a very rapid group of little > satellites around it, sustained with the pedal as a coloration of this > central pitch, like moons around planets and planets around a sun.
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HEK searches for exomoons in two ways, radial-velocity variation and transit-timing variation, both of which are based on alterations to the basic signal produced by the planet. For moons detected the first way, the sinusoidal changes in the wavelength of the light of the host star created by the planet may themselves be modulated slightly by a moon of the planet. In the second method, the interval at which a planet transits its host star may be made slightly shorter or longer under the gravitational influence of a moon, revealing its existence. In its first paper, the Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler selected several Kepler planet candidates as search targets, based on the probability and detectability of potential moons around the planets.
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Discovery images of Nix and Hydra Hydra was discovered by researchers of the Pluto Companion Search Team, consisting of Hal A. Weaver and many others involved in the New Horizons mission to Pluto, including Alan Stern and Marc W. Buie. The New Horizons team had suspected that Pluto and Charon might be accompanied by other smaller moons previously undiscovered, hence they used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe faint moons around Pluto. Since Hydra's brightness is about 5,000 times fainter than Pluto, long exposure images of Pluto were taken in order to find Hydra. The discovery images were taken on 15 May 2005 and 18 May 2005. Hydra and Nix were independently discovered by Max J. Mutchler on 15 June 2005 and by Andrew J. Steffl on 15 August 2005.
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On 25 September 1608, Hans Lippershey, a spectacle-maker from Middelburg, traveled to the Hague, the then capital of the Netherlands, to demonstrate to the Dutch government a new device he was trying to patent: a telescope. Although Hans was not awarded the patent, Galileo heard of this story and decided to use the "Dutch perspective glass" and point it towards the heavens. In 1609, Galileo Galilei first turned one of his telescopes to the night sky and made astounding discoveries that changed mankind's conception of the world: mountains and craters on the Moon, a plethora of stars invisible to the naked eye, and moons around Jupiter. Astronomical observatories around the world promised to reveal how planets and stars are formed, how galaxies assemble and evolve, and what the structure and shape of our Universe actually are.
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The Roman numbering system for satellites arose with the very first discovery of natural satellites other than Earth's Moon: Galileo referred to the Galilean moons as I through IV (counting from Jupiter outward), refusing to adopt the names proposed by his rival Simon Marius. Similar numbering schemes naturally arose with the discovery of multiple moons around Saturn, Uranus, and Mars. The numbers initially designated the moons in orbital sequence, and were re-numbered after each new discovery; for instance, before the discovery of Mimas and Enceladus in 1789, Tethys was Saturn I, Dione Saturn II, etc., but after the new moons were discovered, Mimas became Saturn I, Enceladus Saturn II, Tethys Saturn III and Dione Saturn IV. In the middle of the 19th century, however, the numeration became fixed, and later discoveries failed to conform with the orbital sequence scheme.
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Red dwarfs that have masses less than 20% of that of the Sun cannot have habitable moons around giant planets, as the small size of the circumstellar habitable zone would put a habitable moon so close to the star that it would be stripped from its host planet. In such a system, a moon close enough to its host planet to maintain its orbit would have tidal heating so intense as to eliminate any prospects of habitability. Artist's concept of a planet on an eccentric orbit that passes through the CHZ for only part of its orbit A planetary object that orbits a star with high orbital eccentricity may spend only some of its year in the CHZ and experience a large variation in temperature and atmospheric pressure. This would result in dramatic seasonal phase shifts where liquid water may exist only intermittently.
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The cosmological principle is first clearly asserted in the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687) of Isaac Newton. In contrast to earlier classical or medieval cosmologies, in which Earth rested at the center of universe, Newton conceptualized the Earth as a sphere in orbital motion around the Sun within an empty space that extended uniformly in all directions to immeasurably large distances. He then showed, through a series of mathematical proofs on detailed observational data of the motions of planets and comets, that their motions could be explained by a single principle of "universal gravitation" that applied as well to the orbits of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, the Moon around the Earth, the Earth around the Sun, and to falling bodies on Earth. That is, he asserted the equivalent material nature of all bodies within the Solar System, the identical nature of the Sun and distant stars and thus the uniform extension of the physical laws of motion to a great distance beyond the observational location of Earth itself.
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