Atara Bio's programs include T-cell product candidates and molecularly targeted product candidates.
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They're molecularly identical, but without the destructive force of mining or murky ethics.
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It's also unclear whether any of wine's many purported health benefits would be maintained if it were reconstructed molecularly.
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It's actually a collection of molecularly unique diseases, making the challenge of complete responses for patients even more daunting.
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Dr. Andersen says saturated fats are composed of chains of single carbon bonds, which gives them a molecularly flatter shape.
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Crack offenders have for years faced stiffer penalties than offenders of powder cocaine, even though the two substances are molecularly similar.
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I don't doubt that some people really believe that the properties of $12 sage smoke are molecularly repellent to bad juju.
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Hundreds of molecularly-targeted cancer therapies are available and thousands are in development, she noted in an email to Reuters Health.
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Though some of these substances are similar molecularly to MDMA (also known as analogues), others, like mephedrone (also known as "meow meow"), can be dangerous.
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In addition, cancers such as bone cancer, lymphoma and bladder cancer that spontaneously arise in pet dogs are microscopically and molecularly identical to cancers in people.
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Meanwhile, research has shown that tumors of the same type and location may be vastly different molecularly in different patients, and therefore responsive to an entirely different treatment approach.
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All three studies seem to validate an idea that has been bubbling up through the wider community of neurologists for several years: Molecularly targeted therapeutics may be the future of dementia care.
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"Lastly, the negligible friction of the slippery coating of pitcher plants inspired us to coat the bumps with molecularly smooth lubricant immobilized on nanotexture to facilitate these topography-based mechanisms," the group explains.
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The olfactory genes of Asian elephants (the type involved in the new study) haven't been counted in the same way, but the animals have performed better than others in differentiating between molecularly similar odors.
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Data from several recent randomized trials show that patient survival is substantially better if patients are first treated with molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapies, even if those tests add time before treatment can begin.
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The CO2 absorbs into a liquid film to form a carbonate solution which goes through a pellet reactor, using chemistry common in water treatment, to form calcium carbonate pellets "like hailstones" that molecularly bind the CO{-2} for further processing.
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It doesn't make a lot of sense, but perception will be a big hurdle in terms of getting people comfortable with eating meat grown in a lab, no matter how it tastes or how molecularly similar it is to regular meat.
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While there are ambiguous fossils that could be fungal dating back as far as 2.6 billion years, the newly identified DRC specimens are "the oldest, molecularly identified remains of Fungi," according to a study published on Wednesday in Science Advances.
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There's also a bit more help in the shape of a substructure of copper and steel molecularly bonded together with a proprietary laser process and laid down in a lattice-style layer with gaps to allow things like wireless charging to take place through the back.
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BeiGene, which develops molecularly targeted and immuno-oncology drugs to treat cancer, is selling 65.6 million new shares, or 8.55 percent of its enlarged share capital, at HK$108 ($13.76) each, close to the top of a price range of HK$20183 to HK$111.6, the people said.
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The author epitomized the Russian intelligentsia snuffed out by the Bolsheviks, of which his contemporary Nabokov was also a member — impossibly cultured, preoccupied with the fate of the nation, conservative but not reactionary, liberal but not revolutionary, molecularly Russian but open to Europe and, above all, fastidiously humane.
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BeiGene, which develops molecularly targeted and immuno-oncology drugs to treat cancer, is selling 65.6 million new shares, or 8.55 percent of its enlarged share capital, at HK$108 ($13.76) each, close to the top of a price range of HK$94.4 to HK$111.6, the people said.
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"These findings indicate that it may soon be possible to offer safe and effective molecularly targeted therapies to 90 percent of persons with cystic fibrosis," wrote the director, Dr. Francis S. Collins, who led the team that in 1989 identified the gene that causes the genetic disease affecting the lungs and digestive system.
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Often called the next "space race" because of the immense technological advances required to make it a reality, precision medicine allows clinicians to advance beyond the relatively coarse diagnostic and therapeutic categories of the present day, towards a more targeted, fine-grained system, based in part on genetics and molecularly defined phenotypes.
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Philadelphia-style ice cream is made without eggs, which is the standard or regular ice cream in certain regions of the U.S. Soft serve is molecularly similar to regular ice cream, but is served at a higher temperature that allows it to be extruded into a soft swirl, and gives it a lighter, softer texture.
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Icelandic L. arenarius is molecularly uniform. Polish L. arenarius is also reported to be molecularly uniform.
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Synthetic polymers are cheap, easy to synthesize, and allow for elaborate, synthetic side chains to be incorporated. Unique side chains allow for higher affinity, selectivity, and specificity. Molecularly imprinted assays Molecularly imprinted polymers arguably demonstrate their greatest potential as alternative affinity reagents for use in diagnostic applications, due to their comparable (and in some regards superior) performance to antibodies. Many studies have therefore focused on the development of molecularly imprinted assays (MIAs) since the seminal work by Vlatakis et al. in 1993, where the term “molecularly imprinted [sorbet] assay” was first introduced.
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So far, it has been molecularly verified from Italy, France and the island of Cyprus.
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When looking for cytology there are two main tools available. Use Cytosearch when looking for cytologically-mapped genes or deficiencies, that haven’t been molecularly mapped to the sequence. Use Gbrowse when looking for molecularly mapped sequences, insertions, or Affymetrix probes. There are two main query tools in FlyBase.
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Physically dispersed, molecularly dissolved and/or chemically bound drugs in an empty, hard capsule shell composition. U.S. Patent 9,884,024.
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These drugs appear to interact molecularly with the DAT in a distinct way relative to "conventional" DAT blockers such as cocaine and methylphenidate.
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Joshi, H.N., Tara Innovations LLC, 2014. Physically/molecularly distributed and/or chemically bound medicaments in empty, hard capsule shells. U.S. Patent 8,728,521.Joshi, H.N., 2018.
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Initial work on ligand binding assays utilising MIPs in place of antibodies consisted of radio-labelled MIAs, however the field has now evolved to include numerous assay formats such as fluorescence MIAs, enzyme-linked MIAs, and molecularly imprinted nanoparticle assay (MINA). Molecularly imprinted polymers have also been used to enrich low abundant phosphopeptides from a cell lysate, outperforming titanium dioxide (TiO2) enrichment- a gold standard to enrich phosphopeptides.
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Dojolvi is indicated as a source of calories and fatty acids for the treatment of children and adults with molecularly confirmed long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD).
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In addition to profiling cancer cells, the method shows promise as a clinical tool to identify pathway responses to molecularly targeted drugs and to predict drug response in patient samples.
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Shortly after this work had appeared, molecular imprinting attracted wide interest from the scientific community as reflected in the 4000 original papers published in the field during for the period 1931–2009 (from Scifinder). However, although interest in the technique is new, commonly the molecularly imprinted technique has been shown to be effective when targeting small molecules of molecular weight <1000. Therefore, in following subsection molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed into two categories, for small and big templates.
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Bifrenaria grandis is an orchid that is normally placed in the genus Bifrenaria, but which has been molecularly determined to actually be a part of the genus Lacaena. It is endemic to Bolivia.
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Stephen L. Craig is the William T. Miller Professor of Chemistry at Duke University. He is the director of the Center for Molecularly Optimized Networks, a NSF Phase I Center for Chemical Innovation.
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Surfaces this flat can be molecularly bonded (optically contacted) by bringing them together under the right conditions. (This is not the same as the wringing effect of Johansson blocks, although it is similar).
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Arctia caja is very well adapted to cold temperate climates, and is closely related to many other tiger moths both molecularly and genetically. Although it has variable patterning, it is still quite genetically and molecularly similar to other species that have been separated from A. caja due to appearance, such as A. intercalaris, A. martinhoneyi, A. thibetica, A. brachyptera, and A. opulenta. Evidence for combining some of these species does not seem strong enough to create conclusions in that regard.
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Molecularly imprinting the conductive polymer increases the sensitivity of the chemiresistor by selecting for the target's general size and shape as well as its ability to interact with the chain of the conductive polymer.
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Molecularly, It has been proposed that proteasome inhibition by MG132 can stabilize Runx2 protein levels in late G1 and S in MC3T3 cells, but not in osteosarcoma cells which consequently leads to a cancerous phenotype.
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Rasagiline is molecularly a propargylamine derivative. The form brought to market by Teva and its partners is the mesylate salt, and was designated chemically as: 1H-Inden-1-amine-2,3-dihydro-N-2-propynyl-(1R)-methanesulfonate.
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There have also been approaches to identify avian reoviruses molecularly by observing infected tissues with dot- blot hybridization, PCR, and a combination of PCR and RFLP. This combination allows for the reovirus strain to be typed.
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Studies of extracted proteins suggest that this anemone’s neurons contain neurofilament–like proteins that are molecularly similar to those in neurons of mammals. Studies on present-day cnidarians may shed light on the evolution of nervous systems.
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Acrydite-modified aptamers (and also aptamers containing internal acrylamide modifications) have been used to make AptaMIPs, molecularly imprinted polymers that use polymerizable aptamers as monomers for the imprinting. AptaMIPs show enhanced target-binding properties relative to traditional MIPs.
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Apricoxib is an experimental anticancer drug. It is a COX-2 inhibitor which is intended to improve standard therapy response in molecularly defined models of pancreatic cancer. Development was abandoned in 2015 due to poor clinical trial results.
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Molecular oncology is an interdisciplinary medical specialty at the interface of medicinal chemistry and oncology that refers to the investigation of the chemistry of cancer and tumors at the molecular scale. Also the development and application of molecularly targeted therapies.
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Conductive polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole can be used as sensing materials when the target interacts directly with the polymer chain resulting in a change in conductivity of the polymer. These types of systems lack selectivity due to the wide range of target molecules that can interact with the polymer. Molecularly imprinted polymers can add selectivity to conductive polymer chemiresistors. A molecularly imprinted polymer is made by polymerizing a polymer around a target molecule and then removing the target molecule from the polymer leaving behind cavities matching the size and shape of the target molecule.
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Molecularly doped polymers are prepared by spreading a film of an electrically inert polymer, e.g. polycarbonate, doped with typically 30% of charge transporting molecules, on a base electrode. Typical materials are the triphenylenes. They have been investigated for use as photoreceptors in electrophotography.
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In order to consistently and reproducibly make diverse functionalized surfaces with layers that are molecularly smooth, it is critical to understand the chemistry of the silicate surfaces and the ways in which various parameters affect the nature of the self-assembled layers.
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It is the P. fragariae var. fragariae and P. fragariae var. rubi that attract the most attention and are the most heavily researched. The Phytophthora pathogens in strawberry and raspberry are similar in many ways morphologically, culturally, and molecularly, but are different in growth.
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Niche areas for application of MIPs are in sensors and separation. Despite the current good health of molecular imprinting in general, one difficulty which appears to remain to this day is the commercialization of molecularly imprinted polymers. Despite this, many patents (1035 patents, up to October 2018, according to the Scifinder data base) on molecular imprinting were held by different groups. Commercial interest is also confirmed by the fact that MIP Technologies,MIP Technologies, a producer of custom designed molecularly imprinted polymer resins offers a range of commercially available MIP products and Sigma-Aldrich produces SupelMIP for beta-agonists, beta-blockers, pesticides and some drugs of abuse such as amphetamine.
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Marvel Comics.Wolverine: Origins #9 (Feb. 2007). Marvel Comics. On more than one occasion, Wolverine's entire skeleton, including his claws, has been molecularly infused with adamantium. Due to their coating, his claws can cut almost any known solid material, including most metals, wood, and some varieties of stone.
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Bathyspadella is a genus of chaetognaths in the family Spadellidae. The genus shares morphological similarities to Eukrohniidae and Spadellidae, although it is molecularly similar to Heterokrohniidae. The unusual position of Bathyspadella would indicate a need to revise the existing order of Phragmophora; however, that would be very difficult, as a number of genera and species exist only in small or difficult to access populations, by which it would be difficult to fully examine all related species. A review of the Chaetognatha, published after the discovery of B. oxydentata, found that the standard division of Phragmophora and Aphragmophora to be improper molecularly, noting the close morphological convergence of the Krohnittidae (Aphragmophora) and Xenokrohnia (Phragmophora: Heterokrohniidae).
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The selectivity is also determined by the covalent and non-covalent interactions between the target molecule and monomer functional groups. The careful choice of functional monomer is another important choice to provide complementary interactions with the template and substrates."Characteristic and Synthetic Approach of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer" Int. J. Mol. Sci.
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The most recent adoption of the name Aspidella was based on a molecularly and ecologically defined genus similar to the current circumscription. Currently there are two competing contemporary classifications, one that recognizes the two genera, Amanita and Saproamanita, and the other that maintains both genera under the older name Amanita.
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Holotype of Chlorogaster dipterocarpi; Danum Valley, Sabah (Borneo), Malaysia. Photo: Thomas Læssøe Chlorogaster (literally green stomach) is a genus of fungi thought to belong to the Sclerodermataceae family, but this has been not molecularly confirmed. A monotypic genus, it contains the single mycorrhizal species Chlorogaster dipterocarpi.Laessoe T, Jalink LM. (2004).
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The distinction between the effects of alpha and kappa was first identified functionally, as differences in effects on specific neural structures. The basis of this functional difference has been molecularly characterized as differences in receptor subtype specificity; the pentameric receptors are assembled from different distributions of subunits in neurons and in muscles.
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The amount of virus present in blood products required to cause transfunction-transmitted infection (TTI) appears variable. Transfusion transmission of hepatitis E virus can be screened via minipool HEV NAT (Nucleic acid testing) screening. NAT is a technique used to screen blood molecularly, when blood donations are received; it screens for TTI.
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Platynereis dumerilii larvae possess two kinds of photoreceptor cells: Rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells. The ciliary photoreceptor cells are located in the deep brain of the larva. They are not shaded by pigment and thus perceive non-directional light. The ciliary photoreceptor cells resemble molecularly and morphologically the rods and cones of the human eye.
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In addition, there are various other antidiuretic drugs, some molecularly close to ADH or oxytocin and others not. Antidiuretics reduce urine volume, particularly in diabetes insipidus (DI), which is one of their main indications. The antidiuretic hormone class includes vasopressin (ADH), argipressin, desmopressin, lypressin, ornipressin, oxytocin, and terlipressin. Miscellaneous others include chlorpropamide and carbamazepine.
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Anastrepha is morphologically and molecularly classified in 23 species group. However, the most recent molecular phylogeny suggested to split the genus in 27 groups, including those species in the former genus Toxotrypana. Norrbom et al. proposed to synonymize Toxotrypana and keep the genus name Anastrepha because it comprises more pest species of agricultural importance.
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An example of the cubic crystals typical of the rock-salt structure. Time-lapse of growth of a citric acid crystal. The video covers an area of 2.0 by 1.5 mm and was captured over 7.2 min. The interface between a crystal and its vapor can be molecularly sharp at temperatures well below the melting point.
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A major focus of his research is analytical separations theory and its application. His research group develops analytical techniques for molecular recognition and molecularly selective microextractions, and utilizes “green” separation procedures using aqueous solutions and nonvolatile polymeric systems. They have developed thin films for solid-phase micro extraction (SPME). Weber develops electrochemical detectors for use with liquid chromatography techniques.
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GIST was introduced as a diagnostic term in 1983. Until the late 1990s, many non-epithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal tract were called "gastrointestinal stromal tumors". Histopathologists were unable to specifically distinguish between types we now know to be dissimilar molecularly. Subsequently, CD34, and later CD117 were identified as markers that could distinguish the various types.
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As such, 7,8-DHF itself is a poor candidate for clinical development as an oral medication. R7 is a derivative of 7,8-DHF with carbamate moieties on its hydroxyl groups, thereby protecting it from metabolism. As R7 is a slightly larger molecule than 7,8-DHF, 72.5 mg R7 is molecularly equivalent to 50 mg 7,8-DHF. Relative to a roughly molecularly equivalent dose of 7,8-DHF, the area-under-curve levels of R7 were found to be 7.2-fold higher upon oral administration to mice, and R7 hence has a greatly improved oral bioavailability in mice of approximately 35%. Moreover, whereas 7,8-DHF itself is mostly metabolized in mice within 30 minutes, 7,8-DHF was still detectable in plasma at 8 hours after administration with R7, indicating that R7 sustainably releases 7,8-DHF into circulation.
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With the heroes' assistance, he was able to repel the Macrolatt invasion. Tragically, his victory was short-lived. The Weird soon discovered that his new body was molecularly unstable and approaching critical mass. With the help of Green Lantern Guy Gardner, he was taken to the depths of space where he detonated, ending his brief life in the physical realm.
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Neuromeres are morphologically or molecularly defined transient segments of the early developing brain. Rhombomeres are such segments that make up the rhombencephalon or hindbrain. More controversially, some argue that there exist early developmental segments that give rise to structures of the midbrain (mesomeres) and forebrain (prosomeres). Neuromeres are the segments of the neural tube that establish the embryonic brain during development.
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The precise function of the Emx1 transcription factor is not known, however its ubiquitous nature throughout corticogenesis suggests it may confer cellular identity to cortical neurons. Emx -/- (mice that have had Emx1 gene knocked out) are still viable and display only slight defects. These defects are restricted to the forebrain. Histologically and molecularly, the structures of the cerebral cortex appear to be normal.
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ACG Capsules is a leading manufacturing company in the global capsules market providing two-piece hard gelatin capsules to pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries in over 100 countries. The company has advanced capsule manufacturing facilities in India, Europe, and Brazil. In 2018, ACG group signed a MoU with Applied DNA Sciences to develop molecularly tagged empty hard-shell capsules for prevention of capsule counterfeiting.
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The series has been criticized by Media Life Magazine for its factual inaccuracies. The series takes its title from a coinage by David Christian who describes Big History as an emerging academic discipline and approach to history that is less interested in wars and monarchs than it is in the way events are connected thematically and even molecularly, all the way back to the Big Bang.
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Hamer's lab developed several biotechnological strategies to treat and reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS. As a means to reduce the latent pools of virus responsible for viral persistence, they discovered novel chemical agent to induce integrated virus, and molecularly-engineered immunotoxins to destroy the infected cells. They also collaborated with Osel, Inc. on a novel "live microbial microbicide" approach to HIV/AIDS prevention.
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Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct, but nonetheless, they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects. Benzodiazepines have been detected in plant specimens and brain samples of animals not exposed to synthetic sources, including a human brain from the 1940s. However, it is unclear whether these compounds are biosynthesized by microbes or by plants and animals themselves. A microbial biosynthetic pathway has been proposed.
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The study and formation of 2D architectures (i.e., molecularly thick architectures) has rapidly emerged as a branch of engineering with molecules.J. V. Barth, G. Constantini, K. Kern, Engineering atomic and molecular nanostructures at surfaces, Nature, 2005, 437, 671–679. The formation (often referred as molecular self-assembly depending on its deposition process) of such architectures lies in the use of solid interfaces to create adsorbed monolayers.
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Zopiclone, sold under the brand name Imovane among others, is a nonbenzodiazepine used to treat difficulty sleeping. Zopiclone is molecularly distinct from benzodiazepine drugs and is classed as a cyclopyrrolone. However, zopiclone increases the normal transmission of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system, via modulating benzodiazepine receptors in the same way that benzodiazepine drugs do. Zopiclone is a sedative.
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Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ. However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells.
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Five species of Paracatenula have been described - P. erato, P. kalliope, P. polyhymnia, P. urania and P. galateia, named after muses and nymphs of the Greek mythology. Several more species have been morphologically and molecularly identified, but are not formally described. The best studied species are P. galateia from the Belize barrier reef and a yet undescribed species P. sp. santandrea from the Italian Island of Elba.
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DES is a known endocrine disrupting chemical. Molecularly, it is known to increase the risk of aneuploidy via interference with microtubule assembly. Prior to the 1950s, DES was widely prescribed to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage and preterm labor. A study released in the 1950s found that women who were exposed to DES were at increased risk for cervical and vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma.
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The basal membrane is a histopathological extracellular matrix feature that forms at the center of injury and partially covers the astrocytic processes. It is composed of three layers with the basal lamina as the prominent layer. Molecularly, the basal membrane is created by glycoprotein and proteoglycan protomers. Further, two independent networks are formed within the basal membrane by collagen IV and laminin for structural support.
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Multifurca furcata is a rare mushroom-forming fungus in the genus Multifurca. It was originally described as a Lactarius species in 1918 and was moved to the new genus Multifurca in 2008. With the genus Lactarius it shares the exudation of milk-like latex; however, it is microscopically and molecularly distinct. It has been found very infrequently, with currently known localities in the United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, and China.
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Triheptanoin, sold under the brand name Dojolvi, is a medication for the treatment of children and adults with molecularly confirmed long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD). The most common adverse reactions include abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea. Triheptanoin was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2020. Triheptanoin is a triglyceride that is composed of three seven-carbon (C7:0) fatty acids.
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Cephalotheca foveolata was first discovered in 2006 in a subcutaneous infection of the foot in South Korea. The fungus was said to be "foveolate" because of its small pitted ascospores. The fungus has also been called Cephalotheca faveolata by Giridharan, Verekar, Khanna, Mishra, Deshmukh in 2012. C. foveolata is morphologically and molecularly very similar to other pathogenic species of fungus, especially those within the genera of Phialemonium and Acremonium.
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Stickies that pass through a slotted plate screen of 0.10 - 0.15 mm are called micro stickies. Micro stickies can be finely dispersed (100 µm - 100 nm), colloidal (100 - 10 nm) or molecularly dissolved (< 10 nm). Macro stickies are those which are retained as screening residue. The reason for this classification is that macro stickies are easy to remove from the deinked pulp during the deinking process by means of filtration.
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RSV was discovered in 1911 by Peyton Rous, working at Rockefeller University in New York City, by injecting cell free extract of chicken tumour into healthy Plymouth Rock chickens. The extract was found to induce oncogenesis. The tumour was found to be composed of connective tissue (a sarcoma). Thus, RSV became known as the first oncogenic retrovirus that could be used to study the development of cancer molecularly.
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All photochromic molecules back-isomerize to their more stable form at some rate, and this back- isomerization is accelerated by heating. There is therefore a close relationship between photochromic and thermochromic compounds. The timescale of thermal back-isomerization is important for applications, and may be molecularly engineered. Photochromic compounds considered to be "thermally stable" include some diarylethenes, which do not back isomerize even after heating at 80 C for 3 months.
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Additionally, POLYINTELLPOLYINTELL, an expert in sample clean-up by Solid Phase Extraction designs, manufactures and markets AFFINIMIPSPE productslist of AFFINIMIPSPE molecularly imprinted polymer-based SPE products for instance for mycotoxins such as patulin, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, for endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, estrogen derivatives etc...) or for the purification of radiotracers before their use in positron emission tomography (PET). Fast and cost-effective molecularly imprinted polymer technique has applications in many fields of chemistry, biology and engineering, particularly as an affinity material for sensors, detection of chemical, antimicrobial, and dye, residues in food, adsorbents for solid phase extraction, binding assays, artificial antibodies, chromatographic stationary phase, catalysis, drug development and screening, and byproduct removal in chemical reaction. Molecular imprinted polymers pose this wide range of capabilities in extraction through highly specific micro- cavity binding sites. Due to the specific binding site created in a MIP this technique is showing promise in analytical chemistry as a useful method for solid phase extraction.
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These same enzymes also synthesize heparin. In the 1980s, Jeffrey Esko was the first to isolate and characterize animal cell mutants altered in the assembly of heparan sulfate. Many of these enzymes have now been purified, molecularly cloned and their expression patterns studied. From this and early work on the fundamental stages of HS/heparin biosynthesis using a mouse mastocytoma cell free system a lot is known about the order of enzyme reactions and specificity.
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Another fungus, originally named Epidermophyton stockdaleae, is a dark-brown, soil- inhabiting species that is morphologically and molecularly distinct to E. floccosum for its longer conidia and 7% NaCl tolerance. E. stockdaleae is also clinically differentiated from E. floccosum by its ability in perforating hair. Due to the presence of microconidia, E. stockdaleae is now considered a synonym of Trichophyton ajelloi, hence E. floccosum is currently the only species in the genus Epidermophyton.
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Other cyclopyrrolone drugs include suriclone. Zopiclone, although molecularly different from benzodiazepines, shares an almost identical pharmacological profile as benzodiazepines, including anxiolytic properties. Its mechanism of action is by binding to the benzodiazepine site and acting as a full agonist, which in turn positively modulates benzodiazepine-sensitive GABAA receptors and enhances GABA binding at the GABAA receptors to produce zopiclone's pharmacological properties. In addition to zopiclone's benzodiazepine pharmacological properties, it also has some barbiturate-like properties.
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Consequently, a characteristic physical parameter varies and this variation is reported by means of an integrated transducer that generates the output signal. A chemical sensor based on recognition material of biological nature is a biosensor. However, as synthetic biomimetic materials are going to substitute to some extent recognition biomaterials, a sharp distinction between a biosensor and a standard chemical sensor is superfluous. Typical biomimetic materials used in sensor development are molecularly imprinted polymers and aptamers.
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Hot melt extrusion is utilized in pharmaceutical solid oral dose processing to enable delivery of drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. Hot melt extrusion has been shown to molecularly disperse poorly soluble drugs in a polymer carrier increasing dissolution rates and bioavailability. The process involves the application of heat, pressure and agitation to mix materials together and 'extrude' them through a die. Twin-screw high shear extruders blend materials and simultaneously break up particles.
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Doubletime (dbt) also known as discs overgrown (dco) is a gene that encodes the double-time protein (DBT) in Drosophila melanogaster. The double-time protein is a kinase that phosphorylates PER protein that regulates the molecularly-driven, biological clock controlling circadian rhythm. The mammalian homolog of doubletime is casein kinase I epsilon. Different mutations in the dbt gene have been shown to cause lengthening, shortening, or complete loss in period of locomotor activity in flies.
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Hot melt extrusion is utilized in pharmaceutical solid oral dose processing to enable delivery of drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. Hot melt extrusion has been shown to molecularly disperse poorly soluble drugs in a polymer carrier increasing dissolution rates and bioavailability. The process involves the application of heat, pressure and agitation to mix materials together and ‘extrude’ them through a die. Twin- screw high shear extruders blend materials and simultaneously break up particles.
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Comparative chromosome painting and related techniques are very powerful approaches in comparative genome studies. Homologies can be identified with high accuracy using molecularly defined DNA probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on chromosomes of different species. Chromosome painting data are now available for members of nearly all mammalian orders. It was found that in most orders, there are species with rates of chromosome evolution that can be considered as 'default' rates.
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Titirici was born in Bucharest, where she studied chemistry at the University of Bucharest and graduated in 1999. She earned her PhD at the Technical University of Dortmund in 2005, working on molecularly imprinted polymers for her postgraduate studies. Titirici also worked at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz during her postgraduate studies. She then completed her postdoctoral studies at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, where she then took on the job of group leader.
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PVP brushes are able to sense toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide with microgravimetric techniques. Molecularly Imprinted Poly-4-vinylphenol can be produced for the selective electrochemical detection of small molecules, such as cotinine or nicotine. PVP is typically prepared by free radical polymerization of 4-vinylphenol or a protected form of 4-vinylphenol. The protected monomers can be prepared from 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, by vinylation of phenols, or acylation of polystyrene followed by oxidation at room temperature.
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Hong initiated a translational research program at MD Anderson Cancer Center using molecularly- targeted approaches for the treatment of lung cancer. He led the BATTLE (Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination) trial, which was the first successful prospective randomized trial based on the analysis of molecular findings from real-time biopsies to assign individualized targeted treatment. This trial laid out the groundwork for worldwide development of personalized targeted treatments through the use of tumor profiling.
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Because of this, Fyn has been a common target for anti-cancer therapeutic research. The inhibition of Fyn (like other SFKs) results in decreased cell growth. Furthermore, “expression of kinase-dead-Fyn (KD-Fyn), a specific competitor of endogenous Fyn,” was found to reduce the size of primary tumors in mice. Specifically targeting the unique identifying properties of Fyn as well as inhibiting FAK and PXN has the potential to create a very effective molecularly targeted combination cancer therapy.
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In many cases there will also be Portland cement substitutes added, such as fly ash. This can reduce the cost of the concrete and improve its physical properties. The material is applied in a freshly mixed slurry, and worked mechanically to compact the interior and force some of the cement slurry to the surface to produce a smoother, denser surface free from honeycombing. The water allows the mix to combine molecularly in a chemical reaction called hydration.
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Burlington, MA, USA: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012. pp. 1221–1259, TN: 949565 The first recognized viroid, the pathogenic agent of the potato spindle tuber disease, was discovered, initially molecularly characterized, and named by Theodor Otto Diener, plant pathologist at the U.S Department of Agriculture's Research Center in Beltsville, Maryland, in 1971. This viroid is now called Potato spindle tuber viroid, abbreviated PSTVd. Although viroids are composed of nucleic acid, they do not code for any protein.
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An important implication of encapsulating a molecule at this level is that the guest is prevented from contacting other molecules that it might otherwise react with. Thus the encapsulated molecule behaves very differently from the way it would when in solution. The guest molecule tends to be extremely unreactive and often has much different spectroscopic signatures. Compounds normally highly unstable in solution, such as arynes or cycloheptatetraene, have been successfully isolated at room temperature when molecularly encapsulated.
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LN95 cells were derived from LNCaP cultured in RPMI-1640 (without phenol red) with 10% charcoal stripped fetal bovine serum. LN95 cells differ from parental LNCaP cells morphologically, with pronounced dendritic extensions, and molecularly, with Androgen receptor variant expression similar to that of AR-V7High VCaP cells. Notably, LN95 cells are significantly more tumour initiating than their parental counterparts in vivo. LNCaP-AI (or LN-AI) cells were derived from 6-Month culture of LNCaP parental cells in charcoal stripped serum.
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While the concept of using DNA sequence divergence for species discrimination has been reported earlier, Hebert et al. (2003) were pioneers in proposing standardization of DNA barcoding as a method of molecularly distinguishing species. Specimens collection for DNA barcoding does not differ from the traditional methods, apart from the fact that the samples should be preserved in high concentration (>70%) ethanol. It has been indicated that the typical protocol of storing benthic samples in formalin has an adverse effect on DNA integrity.
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Transport of water molecules through a capillary can often be quantified using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for continuum flow. However, the transport of water molecules through a CNT follows the transport phenomenon known as “nanofluidics”. This phenomenon is due to the extremely high aspect ratios, molecularly smooth hydrophobic graphitic walls, and nanoscale inner diameters of carbon nanotubes. This phenomenon allows water and gas molecules to move through nanotube pores orders of magnitudes faster than through other pores of comparable size.
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Patients and their diseases are profiled in order to identify the most effective treatment for their specific case. Targeted therapy or molecularly targeted therapy is one of the major modalities of medical treatment (pharmacotherapy) for cancer, others being hormonal therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. As a form of molecular medicine, targeted therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells (e.g. with traditional chemotherapy).
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According to food chemist Udo Pollmer of the European Institute of Food and Nutrition Sciences in Munich, alcohol can be molecularly encapsulated in cyclodextrines, a sugar derivate. In this way, encapsuled in small capsules, the fluid can be handled as a powder. The cyclodextrines can absorb an estimated 60 percent of their own weight in alcohol.Alcohol powder: Alcopops from a bag , Westdeutsche Zeitung, 28 October 2004 (German) A US patent has been registered for the process as early as 1974.
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A common example of this is in an internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine loses about 64% of the energy from gasoline as heat and an improvement of this alone could have a significant economic impact. However, improving the internal combustion engine in this respect has proven to be extremely difficult without sacrificing performance. Improving the efficiency of fuel cells through the use of nanotechnology appears to be more plausible by using molecularly tailored catalysts, polymer membranes, and improved fuel storage.
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Ground squirrel hepatitis virus is distinguished from related viruses by its lack of pathogenic effect, even though it is common for infected hosts to have high titers of circulating virions. The viral particles detected in the sera of wild Beechey ground squirrels are molecularly and structurally similar, but not identical to HBV. In general, GSHV particles in sera are larger than HBV particles. A filamentous virus particle was the most abundant form in ground squirrel sera much like human sera infected with HBV.
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The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in Dumortier's Florula Belgica (1827), with six genera. The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. Regel produced a major monograph of the genus in 1875, and this remained the major reference work for over 100 years till the molecularly based study of Friesen and colleagues in 2006. Despite recent advances the precise taxonomy of Allium remains still poorly understood with incorrect descriptions being widespread.
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Applications of his theories and mathematical models have had a profound effect in the field. Peppas and his students originated the novel muco- and bioadhesive systems that interact molecularly with the mucus and tissue and have been able to prolong bioavailability of proteins and peptides in the blood. As a result of his work, a number of biomedical polymers and commercial delivery devices have been launched. Peppas was the first to develop novel toxic-free poly(vinyl alcohol) gels by the freezing-thawing technique in 1975.
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His focus is primarily in the areas of intensity modulated radiotherapy, incorporating advanced imaging in radiotherapy treatment planning, CNS malignancies, lung cancer, pediatric neoplasms, stereotactic radiosurgery, radiosensitization, combined modality therapies, altered fractionation, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes research. He has run numerous multimodality clinical trials at the national level for both adult and pediatric CNS neoplasms. Current major thrust areas include developing molecularly-targeted agents as radiosensitizers for thoracic and CNS tumors. Together with Thomas Rockwell Mackie, Mehta developed a form of radiation treatment known as Tomotherapy.
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Development of the haustoria was a significant evolutionary event that allowed for the advancement of parasitic plants. The holoparasitic clade, Orobanche, delineates the first transition from hemiparasitism to holoparasitism within Orobanchaceae. Despite the similar morphological traits found in both Scrophulariaceae and Orobanchaceae, the latter is now morphologically and molecularly considered monophyletic, though many of its genera were once considered a part of the family Scrophulariaceae. Lindenbergia, once treated as a member of the Scrophulariaceae, is the one of the only autotrophic genera within Orobanchaceae.
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Some Asparagales taxa were also found amongst the commelinoids. The stemonoids were formed from Stemonaceae and other families from a variety of orders, including Pandanaceae (which alone formed Dahlgren's Pandaniflorae). In an attempt to resolve the apparent differences between morphological and molecularly defined trees, a combined analysis was undertaken which confirmed superorder Liliiflorae as monophyletic, provided that a few modifications were undertaken. These included the removal of two tribes of Melanthiaceae (Melanthiales) and the inclusion of three additional families (Cyclanthaceae, Pandanaceae and Velloziaceae) from other superorders.
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In some cases where adipsia was caused by growths on thirst centers in the brain, surgical removal of the growths was successful in treating adipsia. Although adipsic persons must maintain a strict water intake schedule, their diets and participation in physical activities are not limited. People affected by diabetes insipidus have the option of using the intranasal or oral hormone desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), which is molecularly similar enough to vasopressin to perform its function. In this case, desmopressin helps the kidneys to promote reabsorption of water.
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The family was originally defined by English mycologist E.J.H. Corner in 1970 and revised in 1985 by Jacques Berthier but neither author anticipated the application to a molecularly defined group of agarics first identified by Moncalvo and others in 2002. Molecular studies placed Physalacria, formerly the sole genus in this family, together with the agaric genera Flammulina and Xerula and Armillaria. Due to the precedence rules based on date of publication, the family name "Physalacriaceae" became applicable for all these fungi, making the former family "Xerulaceae" obsolete.
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Viral synapse (or virological synapse) is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is similar in some aspects to immunological synapses. Many viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) have been shown to instigate the formation of these junctions between the infected ("donor") and uninfected ("target") cell to allow cell-to-cell transmission. As viral synapses allow the virus to spread directly from cell to cell, they also provide a means by which the virus can escape neutralising antibody.
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The whole complex of U. sikorae is in need of taxonomic revision and probably contains numerous new, undescribed species. The genus Uroplatus contains 14 species endemic to Madagascar. The species Uroplatus sameiti was considered to be a subspecies of U. sikorae until 2007, when it was proposed to be elevated to species level on the basis of its pale oral mucosa, in contrast to the dark oral mucosa of U. sikorae. Subsequent publications have maintained this separate status, which has now also been verified molecularly.
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M. He developed concepts for a workbench to manipulate individual macromolecules and supramolecular systems, employing scanning probe microscopies, light, and molecularly modified graphite surfaces, which has been used to correlate structure and dynamics of molecular systems with mechanical, electronic, optical, and (bio)chemical properties from molecular to macromolecular lengths and time scales.Lee, Chien-Li; Liebig, Tobias; Hecht, Stefan; Bléger, David; Rabe, Jürgen P. (2014-12-23). "Light-Induced Contraction and Extension of Single Macromolecules on a Modified Graphite Surface". ACS Nano. 8 (12): 11987–11993.
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Human models illustrating transgenerational stress effects are limited due to relatively novel exploration of the topic of epigenetics as well as lengthy follow-up intervals required for multi- generational studies. Several models, however, have investigated the role of epigenetic inheritance and transgenerational stress effects. Transgenerational stress in humans, as in animal models, induces effects influencing social behavior, reproductive success, cognitive ability, and stress response. Similar to animal models, human studies have investigated the role of epigenetics and transgenerational inheritance molecularly as it relates to the HPA system.
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The enzyme is molecularly identical across all living things (preserved across Kingdom (biology)) it is present in animals, plants, and cyanobacteria. D6D is one of the 3 fatty acid desaturases present in humans along with Δ-5 and Δ-9, named so because it was thought to convert only omega-6 fatty acids, but actually converts some others also, and is obligatory to build the longer chain omega-3 fatty acids from other simpler fatty acids in humans . In humans, it is encoded by the FADS2 gene .
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Due to their ubiquity across environments, many organisms have evolved to use the hydrocarbons and organic compounds in petroleum as energy while simultaneously denaturing toxins through molecular transfer mechanisms. Microbial bioremediation uses aerobic and anaerobic properties of various microbes to respire and ferment compounds transforming toxins into innocuous compounds. These resulting compounds exhibit more neutral pH levels, increased solubility in water, and are less reactive molecularly. Baseline populations of oil-degrading microorganisms typically account for less than 1% of microbiomes associated with marine ecosystems.
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Cancer therapy has evolved to strategically integrate distinct treatment modalities in order to optimize the chance of cure. Surgery and radiation therapy are used to achieve locoregional control, whereas systemic therapies (chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, molecularly targeted therapies, and adjunctive therapies (bisphosphonates)) are used to control diffuse disease (in hematologic malignancies) or disease that has spread beyond the primary site (in solid tumors).Emens, Leisha A. "Chemoimmunotherapy." Cancer journal (2010) Combination of different therapies in cancer has become a trend, not just between different types of therapies, also multiple drugs with complementary mechanisms.
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Mercury-wetted slip rings, noted for their low resistance and stable connection use a different principle which replaces the sliding brush contact with a pool of liquid metal molecularly bonded to the contacts . During rotation the liquid metal maintains the electrical connection between the stationary and rotating contacts. However, the use of mercury poses safety concerns, as it is a toxic substance. If a slip ring application involves food manufacturing or processing, pharmaceutical equipment, or any other use where contamination could be a serious threat, the choice should be precious metal contacts.
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Some cancer cells evade destruction by the immune system through an of B7 ligands that bind to inhibitory CD28 family member receptors on immune cells. Antibodies directed against CD28 family members CTLA-4, PD-1, or their B7 ligands function as checkpoint inhibitors to overcome tumor immune tolerance and are clinically used in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, genetically engineered T cells containing CD28 and CD137 can be used in a molecularly targeted therapy response to a type of carcinomas called mesothelin. These T cells have a high affinity for human mesothelin.
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The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E. It is of the species Orthohepevirus A. The global burden of infections from the two major genotypes (1 and 2) is estimated at 20 million per year, leading to 70,000 deaths and 3,000 stillbirths.Rein, D. B., Stevens, G. A., Theaker, J., Wittenborn, J. S. & Wiersma, S. T. (2012) The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology 55, 988–97 The virus particle was first seen in 1983, but was only molecularly cloned in 1989.
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Researchers initially focused on using pancreatic PDX models for drug studies to improve the process to develop predictive and pharmacodynamics end points for several molecularly targeted therapies. Other studies have been conducted to explore if pancreatic PDX models can be used to guide the ongoing treatment of advance pancreatic cancer patient by screening multiple drugs to select the drug with most activity as the next line of treatment. Pancreatic PDX models have shown anti-mesothilin CAR-T cells (T-cells modified with a chimeric antigen receptor) to suppress cancer growth.
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Graphene's modifiable chemistry, large surface area per unit volume, atomic thickness and molecularly gatable structure make antibody- functionalized graphene sheets excellent candidates for mammalian and microbial detection and diagnosis devices. Graphene is so thin that water has near-perfect wetting transparency which is an important property particularly in developing bio-sensor applications. This means that a sensor coated in graphene has as much contact with an aqueous system as an uncoated sensor, while remaining protected mechanically from its environment. Energy of the electrons with wavenumber k in graphene, calculated in the Tight Binding- approximation.
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Panellus is a genus of more than 50 mushroom species of fungi in the family Mycenaceae as defined molecularly. Prior to molecular analyses the generic name had been used for any white-spored pleurotoid with amyloid spores. Unrelated but similar species are now classified in Sarcomyxa and Scytinotus. In older guides and other literature the type species had been placed in either Pleurotus or Panus and the poroid species had been classified in the synonymous genus Dictyopanus or in broadly defined genera like Polyporus (Polyporaceae) or the more closely allied Favolaschia (Mycenaceae).
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During "The Ultron Agenda" arc, Ultron/Hank Pym returned to Earth with plans to merge robots with humans like how Hank Pym became merged with Ultron so that he can make the ultimate lifeform. In addition, he started to call this form "Ultron Pym". After testing it on some people and some experiments on Wonder Man and Vision, Ultron Pym planned to make a fusion of Jocasta and Wasp. Iron Man and Machine Man interfered with the resulting battle causing Iron Man to be molecularly bonded to the Ultronbuster armor.
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Bent graduated from U.C. Berkeley in 1987 with a B.S., summa cum laude, in chemical engineering. She earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford in 1992, advised by Richard Zare. Her thesis studied the dynamics of how hydrogen atoms recombine and desorb molecularly from silicon surfaces, and has since played a significant role in the current understanding of hydrogen interactions with silicon surfaces. She was a postdoctoral fellow at AT&T; Bell Laboratories and an assistant professor of chemistry at New York University before moving to Stanford University in 1998.
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Schwartz's key insight was to instead investigate secretion from the ovaries in female subjects. The existence of inhibin in ovarian follicular fluid was confirmed by the Schwartz group in collaboration with Cornelia Channing in the mid 1970s. Inhibin – which plays a role in both male and female hormonal signaling – was molecularly characterized in the mid 1980s as a protein dimer. Inhibin levels have since been identified as one of several biomarkers that can be used to screen for Down syndrome in the fetus by testing a woman's blood.
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Pyruvate kinase deficiency is caused by an autosomal recessive trait. Mammals have two pyruvate kinase genes, PK-LR (which encodes for pyruvate kinase isozymes L and R) and PK-M (which encodes for pyruvate kinase isozyme M1), but only PKLR encodes for the red blood isozyme which effects pyruvate kinase deficiency. Over 250 PK-LR gene mutations have been identified and associated with pyruvate kinase deficiency. DNA testing has guided the discovery of the location of PKLR on chromosome 1 and the development of direct gene sequencing tests to molecularly diagnose pyruvate kinase deficiency.
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Furthermore, when necessary, the activity in response towards outer stimuli (photo-irradiation, pH change, electric or magnetic field, and others) can be provided by using appropriate functional groups. In a molecular imprinting processes, one needs a 1) template, 2) functional monomer(s) 3) cross-linker, 4) radical or other polymerization initiator, 5) porogenic solvent and 6) extraction solvent. According to polymerization method and final polymer format one or some of the reagent can be avoided. Preparation of molecularly imprinted material There are two main methods for creating these specialized polymers.
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The existence of inhibin was hypothesized as early as 1916; however, it was not demonstrated to exist until Neena Schwartz and Cornelia Channing's work in the mid 1970s, after which both proteins were molecularly characterized ten years later. Activin is a dimer composed of two identical or very similar beta subunits. Inhibin is also a dimer wherein the first component is a beta subunit similar or identical to the beta subunit in activin. However, in contrast to activin, the second component of the inhibin dimer is a more distantly-related alpha subunit.
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However, this did not impair circadian photo entrainment. This demonstrated that the M1 ipRGC consist of molecularly distinct subpopulations that innervate different brain regions and execute specific light-induced functions. This isolation of a 'labeled line' consisting of differing molecular and functional properties in a highly specific ipRGC subtype was an important first for the field. It also underscored the extent to which molecular signatures can be used to distinguish between RGC populations that would otherwise appear the same, which in turn facilitates further investigation into their specific contributions to visual processing.
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The intestine of carp was believed to be the only infection site of T. kitauei until Zhai et al.Zhai Y, Gu Z, Guo Q, Wu Z, Wang H, Liu Y (2016) New type of pathogenicity of Thelohanellus kitauei Egusa & Nakajima, 1981 infecting the skin of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Parasitology International 65, 78-82. reported large cysts of T. kitauei in the skin, with morphologically similar and molecularly identical spores. T. kitauei has been recognized as the most detrimental disease of farmed carp in Asia with around 20% of farmed carp killed annually.
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In Drosophila, a molecularly-driven clock mechanism works to regulate circadian rhythms such as locomotor activity and eclosion by oscillating the levels of the proteins PER and TIM via positive and negative feedback loops. The doubletime gene produces the protein DBT, a kinase that phosphorylates PER to regulate its accumulation in the cytoplasm and its degradation in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, PER and TIM levels rise during the night, and DBT binds to PER while levels of TIM are still low. DBT phosphorylates the cytoplasmic PER, which leads to its degradation.
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However, in some cases, cosolvents contribute the stabilization/destabilization of supramolecular polymer. For instance, supramolecular polymerization of a hydrogen bonding porphyrin-based monomer in a hydrocarbon solvent containing a minute amount of a hydrogen bond scavenging alcohol shows distinct pathways, i.e. polymerization favored both by cooling as well as heating, and is known as “thermally bisignate supramolecular polymerization”. In another example, minute amounts of molecularly dissolved water molecules in apolar solvents, like methylcyclohexane, become part of the supramolecular polymer at lower temperatures, due to specific hydrogen bonding interaction between the monomer and water.
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As the number of recognised species increased, various attempts were made to divide the species into subgroups, usually on the basis of the pattern of the emerging leaves (vernation). In the era of molecular phylogenetics this characteristic has been shown to be unreliable and now seven molecularly defined clades are recognised that correspond to the biogeographical distribution of species. New species continue to be discovered. Most species flower in winter, before the vernal equinox (20 or 21 March in the Northern Hemisphere), but some flower in early spring and late autumn.
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The different combinations of expression of these transcription factors along the dorsal-ventral axis of the neural tube are responsible for creating the identity of the neuronal progenitor cells. Five molecularly distinct groups of ventral neurons form from these neuronal progenitor cells in vitro. Also, the position at which these neuronal groups are generated in vivo can be predicted by the concentration of Shh required for their induction in vitro. Studies have shown that neural progenitors can evoke different responses based on the length of exposure to Shh, with a longer exposure time resulting in more ventral cell types.
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The most common forms of NSCLC identified as components within c-SCLC are large cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Rarer variants of NSCLC are seen less commonly, such as combinations with carcinoids, spindle cell carcinoma, and giant cell carcinoma. Giant cell carcinoma components are seen much more commonly in patients who have undergone radiation. With the approval and use of newer "molecularly targeted" agents revealing differential efficacies in specific subtypes and variants of NSCLC, it is becoming more important for pathologists to correctly subclassify NSCLC's as distinct tumor entities, or as components of c-SCLC's.
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Whereas ALK- positive ALCLs are molecularly characterized and can be readily diagnosed, specific immunophenotypic or genetic features to define ALK-negative ALCL are missing and their distinction from other T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T-NHLs) remains controversial, although promising diagnostic tools for their recognition have been developed and might be helpful to drive appropriate therapeutic protocols. Systemic ALK+ ALCL 5-year survival: 70–80%. Systemic ALK- ALCL 5-year survival: 15–45%. Primary Cutaneous ALCL: Prognosis is good if there is not extensive involvement regardless of whether or not ALK is positive with an approximately 90% 5-year survival rate.
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During the 2000s, molecular studies have revealed that the widely distributed African, Eurasian, and Australian genus Miniopterus is much more species-rich than previously thought. In a 1995 contribution to Faune de Madagascar on Malagasy bats, Randolph Peterson and colleagues listed four species of Miniopterus on Madagascar and the nearby Comoros, including the small Miniopterus manavi with a broad distribution on both Madagascar and the Comoros.Goodman et al., 2009a, p. 340 In 2008 and 2009, however, Steven Goodman and colleagues presented evidence that the former concept of M. manavi in fact encompassed five morphologically and molecularly distinct species of small Miniopterus.
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Typically, blood type tests are performed through addition of a blood sample to a solution containing antibodies corresponding to each antigen. The presence of an antigen on the surface of the blood cells is indicated by agglutination. An alternative system for blood type determination involving no antibodies was developed in 2017 at Imperial College London which makes use of paramagnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles with affinity for specific blood antigens. In these tests, rather than agglutination, a positive result is indicated by decolorization as red blood cells which bind to the nanoparticles are pulled toward a magnet and removed from solution.
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Recent studies convey that early attachment relationships become molecularly instilled into the being, thus affecting later immune system functioning. Empirical evidence communicates that early negative experiences produce pro inflammatory phenotype cells in the immune system, which is directly related to cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer. Recent improvements involving methods of research have enabled researchers to further investigate the neural correlates of attachment in humans. These advances include identifying key brain structures, neural circuits, neurotransmitter systems, and neuropeptides, and how they are involved in attachment system functioning and can tell us more about a certain individual, even predict their behavior.
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AML must be carefully differentiated from "preleukemic" conditions such as myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative syndromes, which are treated differently. Because acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has the highest curability and requires a unique form of treatment, it is important to quickly establish or exclude the diagnosis of this subtype of leukemia. Fluorescent in situ hybridization performed on blood or bone marrow is often used for this purpose, as it readily identifies the chromosomal translocation [t(15;17)(q22;q12);] that characterizes APL. There is also a need to molecularly detect the presence of PML/RARA fusion protein, which is an oncogenic product of that translocation.
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He made fundamental contributions to understanding the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) and the mechanisms by which miRNAs exert function in animal cells. More recently, his lab published highly cited papers about circular RNAs (circRNAs). Very recently, the Rajewsky lab used single-cell methods to molecularly reconstruct animal tissues in space and time, including the lineage tree for an entire animal. His contributions were featured in the journal “Science” as part of the “Breakthrough of the year 2018” Since 2017, Nikolaus Rajewsky chairs a pan-European consortium that is now called “LifeTime”, co-chaired by Geneviève Almouzni from the Institute Curie.
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Mica is another silicate that is widely used as substrate for the deposition of biomolecules. Mica bears a noticeable advantage over silicon because it is molecularly smooth and hence better suited for studies of small, flat molecules. It has a crystalline structure with generic formula K[Si3Al]O10Al2(OH)2 and contains sheets of octahedral hydroxyl-aluminum sandwiched between two silicon tetrahedral layers. In the silicon layer, one in four silicon atoms is replaced by an aluminum atom, generating a difference in charge that is offset by unbound K+ present in the region between neighboring silicon layers.
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Synthetic genetic arrays (SGA) and diploid based synthetic lethality analysis of microarrays (dSLAM) are two key methods which have been used to identify synthetic sick lethal mutants and characterize negative epistatic relationships. Sequencing of the entire yeast genome has made it possible to generate a library of knock-out mutants for nearly every gene in the genome. These molecularly bar-coded mutants greatly facilitate high-throughput epistasis studies, as they can be pooled and used to generate the necessary double mutants. Both SGA and dSLAM approaches rely on these yeast knockout strains which are transformed/mated to generate haploid double mutants.
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Cajal–Retzius cells (CR cells) (also known as Horizontal cells of Cajal) are a heterogeneous population of morphologically and molecularly distinct reelin- producing cell types in the marginal zone/layer I of the developmental cerebral cortex and in the immature hippocampus of different species and at different times during embryogenesis and postnatal life. These cells were discovered by two scientists, Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Gustaf Retzius, at two different times and in different species. They are originated in the developing brain in multiple sites within the neocortex and hippocampus. From there, Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells migrate through the marginal zone, originating the layer I of the cortex.
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Bellen has pioneered the development of novel technologies that accelerate Drosophila research and are currently used by the majority of fly labs today. Bellen was a leader in the development of P element-mediated enhancer detection which allows for discovery and manipulation of genes and was the impetus for a collaborative and ongoing project to generate an insertion collection for the community. Furthermore, Bellen and colleagues devised a new transformation technology that permits site-specific integration of very large DNA fragments, which led to the generation of a collection of flies carrying molecularly defined duplications for more than 90% of the Drosophila X-chromosome. Hundreds of Drosophila researchers utilize this collection.
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Sawyers received a BA from Princeton University in 1981 and an MD from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1985, followed by an internal medicine residency at the University of California, San Francisco. He became a HHMI investigator in 2002 while working at UCLA's Jonsson Cancer Center. Sawyers works on molecularly targeted cancer drugs, with a focus on developing a new generation of treatment options for patients. He shared the 2009 Lasker- DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award with Brian J. Druker and Nicholas Lydon, for the development of the ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and the second generation ABL inhibitor dasatinib to overcome imatinib resistance.
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Butyriboletus fechtneri is a basidiomycete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was formerly regarded as a species of Boletus, but in 2014 was transferred to the newly erected genus Butyriboletus, after molecular data revealed that it is a member of the "Regius" clade (named after B. regius), quite distant from the core clade of B. edulis and closely allied species. Butyriboletus fechtneri is native to Europe, where it forms ectomycorrhizal associations with various broad-leaved trees of the family Fagaceae, particularly oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus) and chestnut (Castanea). So far it has been molecularly confirmed from Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Estonia, France, Spain and Sweden.
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Monoclonal antibody therapy (with agents such as cetuximab) have been shown to be effective in the treatment of squamous cell head and neck cancers, and are likely to have an increasing role in the future management of this condition when used in conjunction with other established treatment modalities, although it is not a replacement for chemotherapy in head and neck cancers. Likewise, molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies maybe be effective for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Adding epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (EGFR mAb) to standard treatment may increase survival, keeping the cancer limited to that area of the body and may decrease reappearance of the cancer.
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ALOX12, originally called arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, was first characterized by the Nobel Laureate, Bengt I. Samuelsson, and his famed colleague, Mats Hamberg, in 1974 by showing that human platelets metabolize arachidonic acid not only by the well-known cyclooxygenase pathway into prostaglandins and 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid but also by a cyclooxygenase-independent pathway to 12(S)-hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid; this activity was the first mammalian lipoxygenase activity to be characterized. In 1975, the first biological activity was attached to this metabolite in studies showing that it simulated the chemotaxis of human neutrophils. During the several years thereafter, human ALOX12 was purified, characterized biochemically, and had its gene molecularly cloned.
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As a scaffold involved in different signaling pathways (actin cytoskeleton, cellular adhesion, cell cycle, transcription), IQGAP1 has a unique ability to potentially couple diverse cellular functions. For example IQGAP1 is associated with actin dynamics through direct binding of actin and indirect regulation via Cdc42/Rac1, but also modulates the MAPK pathway which is associated with cell cycle control. Thus IQGAP1 may couple MAPK signaling (decisions about cell fate) to the cytoskeleton or cellular adhesion (potentially acting out those decisions)—an important implication for cancer. To simplify, due to its diverse range of binding partners, IQGAP1 may act as a link between logically related but molecularly distinct cellular functions.
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For use in pharmaceutical products, extrusion through nano-porous, polymeric filters is being used to produce suspensions of lipid vesicles liposomes or transfersomes with a particular size of a narrow size distribution. The anti-cancer drug Doxorubicin in liposome delivery system is formulated by extrusion, for example. Hot melt extrusion is also utilized in pharmaceutical solid oral dose processing to enable delivery of drugs with poor solubility and bioavailability. Hot melt extrusion has been shown to molecularly disperse poorly soluble drugs in a polymer carrier increasing dissolution rates and bioavailability. The process involves the application of heat, pressure and agitation to mix materials together and ‘extrude’ them through a die.
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The best known group of holocentric species can be found in the Secernentea class of the nematodes, which includes C. elegans. other nematodes are usually described as holocentric because of their phylogenetic relationship to C. elegans, but real karyotypic evidences are scarce or controversial. Nematode development is typically characterized by fixed lineages and a single inappropriate cell death, therefore, it has been suggested that holocentrism could avoid the disastrous consequences of unrepaired chromosome breakage events. The availability of several molecular and genomic resources allowed a detailed characterization of C. elegans holocentric chromosomes and in particular the structure of the kinetochore has been molecularly dissected.
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Its amorphous and fibrous structure occurred in drawings as early as in 1933 (Risley). Today, the nuage is accepted to represent a characteristic, electrondense germ plasm organelle encapsulating the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear envelope of the cells destined to the germline fate. The same granular material is also known under various synonyms: dense bodies, mitochondrial clouds, yolk nuclei, Balbiani bodies, perinuclear P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans, germinal granules in Xenopus laevis, chromatoid bodies in mice, and polar granules in Drosophila. Molecularly, the nuage is a tightly interwoven network of differentially localized RNA-binding proteins, which in turn localize specific mRNA species for differential storage, asymmetric segregation (as needed for asymmetric cell division), differential splicing and/or translational control.
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MDPV undergoes CYP450 2D6, 2C19, 1A2, and COMT phase 1 metabolism (liver) into methylcatechol and pyrrolidine, which in turn are glucuronated (uridine 5'-diphospho- glucuronosyl-transferase) allowing it to be excreted by the kidneys, with only a small fraction of the metabolites being excreted into the stools. No free pyrrolidine will be detected in the urine. Molecularly, this is seen as demethylenation of methylenedioxypyrovalerone (CYP2D6), followed by methylation of the aromatic ring via catechol-O-methyl transferase. Hydroxylation of both the aromatic ring and side chain then takes place, followed by an oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring to the corresponding lactam, with subsequent detachment and ring opening to the corresponding carboxylic acid.
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In 1969 the very first method to study the behavior of a molecularly thin liquid film sandwiched between two smooth surfaces through the SFA was developed. From this starting point, in 1980s researchers would employ other techniques to investigate solid state surfaces at the atomic scale. Direct observation of friction and wear at the nanoscale started with the first Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), which can obtain three-dimensional images of surfaces with atomic resolution; this instrument was developed by Gerd Binnig and Henrich Rohrer in 1981. STM can study only conductive materials, but in 1985 with the invention of the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) by Binning and his colleagues, also non conductive surfaces can be observed.
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Cancer cell heterogeneity, or tumour heterogeneity, is the idea that tumours are made up of different populations of cancer cells that are morphologically, phenotypically and functionally different. Certain populations of cancer cells may possess inherent characteristics, such as genetic mutations and/or epigenetic changes, that confer drug resistance. Antineoplastic drugs kill susceptible sub-populations and the tumour mass may shrink as an initial response to the drug, resistant cancer cells will survive treatment, be selected and then propagate, eventually causing a cancer relapse. Cancer cell heterogeneity can cause disease progression when molecularly targeted therapy, fails to kill those tumor cells which do not express the marker, then divide and mutate further, creating a new heterogeneous tumour.
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He achieved the rank of full Professor in 1980, received the Schmitt Chair position in 1988, and was named founding Director of the Center for Molecularly Engineered Materials in the year 2000. Varma’s research interests were in chemical and catalytic reaction engineering, and new energy sources. He published more than 275 archival journal research papers in these areas, co-authored three books (Mathematical Methods in Chemical Engineering, Oxford University Press, 1997; Parametric Sensitivity in Chemical Systems, Cambridge University Press, 1999; Catalyst Design: Optimal Distribution of Catalyst in Pellets, Reactors and Membranes, Cambridge University Press, 2001) and co-edited two books. As mentor, Varma has directed 41 completed Ph.D. dissertations, and the research of 26 post-doctoral research associates.
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The ascomycete and filamentous fungus, Botryosphaeria rhodina (strain MAMB-05), was isolated from a canker on the trunk of a eucalypt tree, and was molecularly characterized by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. The β-glucan, botryosphaeran, was discovered accidentally in 1994 while cultivating Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 on nutrient media containing glucose to produce the enzyme, laccase. This fungal isolate produces a constitutive laccase that could be induced to higher enzyme titers by various lignin-like aromatic compounds, and especially veratryl alcohol. The fungus was found to be ligninolytic. Botryosphaeran is secreted by the fungus during growth and appears in the fermentation broth where its presence causes an increase in the broth’s viscosity.
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In that episode, he was hunting Martian Commander X-2 and K-9. In Loonatics Unleashed, Wile E. Coyote and Roadrunner's 28th century descendants are Tech E. Coyote (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) and Rev Runner (voiced by Rob Paulsen). Tech E. Coyote was the tech expert of the Loonatics (influenced by the past cartoons with many of the machines ordered by Wile E. from Acme), and has magnetic hands and the ability to molecularly regenerate himself (influenced by the many times in which Wile E. painfully failed to capture Road Runner and then was shown to have miraculously recovered). Tech E. Coyote speaks, but does not have a British accent as Wile E. Coyote did.
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Ramakrishnan's researches are focused on the study of molecularly designed polymeric materials and the development of synthetic routes such as the transetherification route developed by his team for preparing segmented polyethylene oxide and their analogues to be used as solid polymer electrolytes. He is known to have succeeded in designing and synthesizing controlled polymer structures with predetermined properties. His team has also demonstrated that the physical properties of conjugated polymers can be modulated by tuning the average molecular conjugation length. He has documented his researches by way of chapters in books edited by others and as peer-reviewed articles; Google Scholar, an online repository of scientific articles has listed 121 of them.
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Meanwhile, using data obtained from destroyed Transformers, business tycoon Joshua Joyce and his technology firm Kinetic Solutions Incorporated (KSI) have perfected "Transformium", the molecularly unstable metal that is the lifeblood of Transformers. Joshua's prized creation is Galvatron, a prototype Transformer soldier created from the data inside Megatron's severed head with the aid of a captured Brains. In rural Texas, struggling robotics inventor Cade Yeager and his friend Lucas Flannery purchase an old semi-truck in the hope of stripping it down and selling the parts to get Cade's daughter Tessa into college. Cade discovers that the truck is an injured Optimus Prime, and it is not long before Lockdown and Cemetery Wind operatives led by agent James Savoy storm into the Yeagers' farm and threaten them.
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The domestication of barley probably occurred around 10,000 years ago in the Israel and Jordan region of the Fertile Crescent. Barley grains have been found at a number of archaeological sites in this area and the wild barleys here are more molecularly similar to the cultivated gene pool than are any other wild populations. AFLP technology indicates single domestication of barley, not, as had previously been hypothesized, a series of domestications in different parts of its range such as in Ethiopia and in the Mediterranean region. Further research using haplotype frequency in different geographic parts of the range led to the inference that there were at least two domestication events, one in the Fertile Crescent and another some further east.
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"Intrathymic programming of effector fates in three molecularly distinct gammadelta T cell subtypes." Nat Immunol 13(5): 511-518. activated CD8 T cells,Best, J. A., D. A. Blair, J. Knell, E. Yang, V. Mayya, A. Doedens, M. L. Dustin, A. W. Goldrath and C. Immunological Genome Project (2013). "Transcriptional insights into the CD8(+) T cell response to infection and memory T cell formation." Nat Immunol 14(4): 404-412. innate lymphoid cells,Malhotra, N., K. Narayan, O. H. Cho, K. E. Sylvia, C. Yin, H. Melichar, M. Rashighi, V. Lefebvre, J. E. Harris, L. J. Berg, J. Kang and C. Immunological Genome Project (2013). "A network of high-mobility group box transcription factors programs innate interleukin-17 production." Immunity 38(4): 681-693.
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As Jason Rusch became Firestorm, however, this weakness appeared to have dissipated. With old and new variations the organic limitation does not extend to his own person, as its users can molecularly change their driver self at will, allowing them to regenerate lost or damaged bodily tissue, boost immune systems, shape-shift, increase physical capabilities and survive indefinitely without food, sleep, water or air.Firestorm Vol 3 #35 Capacities as such produce superhuman levels of strength, durability, stamina and resistance to injury great enough to challenge the New Gods—the likes of Orion, Lashina, or an empowered Kalibak—or surviving the rigors of outer space and sitting near the inner corona above the sun's photosphere without discomfort.Firestorm Vol 3 #25 Firestorm's power has been stated by Prof.
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Research Triangle Park: International Lead Management Center, 2002. International Lead Management Center Lead used in the manufacture of commercial glazes are molecularly bound to silica in a 1:1 ratio, or included in frit form, to ensure stabilization and reduce the risk of leaching. In polluted environments, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water () to produce nitrous acid () and nitric acid (). \+ 2 → + Soluble Lead(II) nitrate () forms when lead(II) oxide (PbO) of leaded glazes is exposed to nitric acid () PbO + 2 → + Because lead exposure is strongly linked to a variety of health problems, collectively referred to as lead poisoning, the disposal of leaded glass (chiefly in the form of discarded CRT displays) and lead-glazed ceramics is subject to toxic waste regulations.
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On taking an academic position at the University of York, Sanders developed novel electrophysiological approaches to plant cellular signalling and membrane transport. The Sanders lab demonstrated a key link between changes in cytosolic free calcium and photosynthetic activity, and through many technical developments showed how membrane transport at the plant vacuole is energised and regulated in response to physiological demand. Among other discoveries, Sanders has identified membrane transporters which transport zinc across plant membranes, establishing principles for biofortification of cereal crops with essential human mineral nutrients. He also molecularly characterised calcium permeable channels and is interested in how calcium fluxes are initiated and respond to plant stress such as attack by aphids. Sander’s current research focuses on how plant cells respond to changes in their environment and how they store the nutrients they acquire.
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After regrouping from Captain John Harts bombing attempt in the previous episode, the Torchwood team splits up to investigate four instances of Rift activity. Captain Jack Harkness returns to the Torchwood hub to find John waiting for him, who then shoots him; though Jack's immortality eventually revives him, John strips him of his weapons and chains him up. When Jack revives, John takes him to the top of Cardiff Castle and instructs the rest of Torchwood to watch as he systematically detonates several bombs across the city. John then transports himself and Jack to Cardiff in 27 A.D., where John explains that he was forced to do what he did by Jack's brother, Gray, and has been forced to wear a bomb and surveillance equipment on a wristband molecularly bonded to his skin.
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Varma served as the R. Games Slayter Distinguished Professor and Head, School of Chemical Engineering at Purdue University from January 2004 until his death in July 2019 - he was named Jay and Cynthia Ihlenfeld Head in 2012. Prior to joining Purdue, he was the Arthur J. Schmitt Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of the Center for Molecularly Engineered Materials at the University of Notre Dame. A native of India, he received all his degrees in Chemical Engineering: B.S. from Panjab University (1966), M.S. from the University of New Brunswick (1968) and Ph.D. degree from the University of Minnesota (1972). He remained at Minnesota for one year as an assistant professor, and was a senior research engineer with Union Carbide Corporation for two years before joining the Notre Dame faculty in 1975.
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At 38 nanometers wavelength for electromagnetic radiation, 33 eV is close to the energy at the conventional 10 nm wavelength transition between extreme ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, which occurs at about 125 eV. Thus, X-ray radiation is always ionizing, but only extreme-ultraviolet radiation can be considered ionizing under all definitions. The biological effect of ionizing radiation on cells somewhat resembles that of a broader spectrum of molecularly damaging radiation, which overlaps ionizing radiation and extends beyond, to somewhat lower energies into all regions of UV and sometimes visible light in some systems (such as photosynthetic systems in leaves). Although DNA is always susceptible to damage by ionizing radiation, the DNA molecule may also be damaged by radiation with enough energy to excite certain molecular bonds to form pyrimidine dimers.
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Among the earliest descriptions of a super-strong filament are the film The Man in the White Suit (1951), in which a scientist develops a monofilament cloth fibre that will never wear out, and Theodore Sturgeon's "The Incubi of Parallel X" (Planet Stories, Sep 1951), where a "molecularly condensed fibre" is used as a zipline. An early example of a material similar to monomolecular wire deliberately used as a weapon and cutting tool is "borazon-tungsten filament" in G. Randall Garrett's "Thin Edge." (Analog, Dec 1963) The main character uses a strand from an asteroid towing-cable to cut jail bars and to booby-trap the door of his room. Many later writers, including John Brunner, Frank Herbert, William Gibson and George R. R. Martin, have also used monomolecular or similar wire as a weapon or tool.
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The name "pre-LC," as coined by Geerling and colleagues to refer to a very specific and molecularly defined cluster of neurons, refers specifically to neurons that lie medial to and intermingled with the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and its tract at levels of the rostral pons that also contain the superior cerebellar peduncle. Pre-LC neurons in rats are found just rostral to one of the best-known nuclei in the brainstem, the LC, hence the name "pre-LC." The picture above shows the anatomic relationship between the pre-LC and LC. In this image, in the sagittal plane, the noradrenergic LC neurons are labeled in red, for TH (tyrosine hydroxylase, a catecholamine-synthetic enzyme found in all LC neurons). These red LC neurons and their rostral dendritic arborization are located caudal to (behind) all neurons in the pre-LC.
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The mechanism of microinterlocking which suggested that the curved tips of setae could act as microscale hooks was also challenged by the fact that geckos generate large adhesive forces even on molecularly smooth surfaces. Micro and nano view of gecko's toe The possibilities finally narrowed down to intermolecular forces, and the development of electron microscopy in the 1950s, which revealed the micro-structure of the setae on the gecko's foot, provided further proof to support this hypothesis. The problem was finally solved in 2000 by a research team led by biologists Kellar Autumn of Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon, and Robert Full at the University of California at Berkeley.Autumn, K., Liang, Y.A., Hsieh, S.T., Zesch, W., Chan,W-P.,Kenny, W.T., Fearing, R. and Full, R.J. (2000), "Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair", Nature, Vol. 405,pp. 681–5.
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A mushroom (probably Russula brevipes) parasitized by Hypomyces lactifluorum resulting in a "lobster mushroom". Typical mushrooms are the fruit bodies of members of the order Agaricales, whose type genus is Agaricus and type species is the field mushroom, Agaricus campestris. However, in modern molecularly defined classifications, not all members of the order Agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies, and many other gilled fungi, collectively called mushrooms, occur in other orders of the class Agaricomycetes. For example, chanterelles are in the Cantharellales, false chanterelles such as Gomphus are in the Gomphales, milk-cap mushrooms (Lactarius, Lactifluus) and russulas (Russula), as well as Lentinellus, are in the Russulales, while the tough, leathery genera Lentinus and Panus are among the Polyporales, but Neolentinus is in the Gloeophyllales, and the little pin- mushroom genus, Rickenella, along with similar genera, are in the Hymenochaetales.
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Johannes Carolus (Hans) Clevers (born 27 March 1957) is Principal Investigator at the Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research (KNAW) and the Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Professor at Utrecht University and Oncode Investigator. Clevers was the first to identify living stem cells in the intestine and is one of the world's leading researchers on adult stem cells, their role in cancer and their potential for regenerative therapy.. By culturing living stem cells from the intestinal tract, he developed the first organoids: 3D-mini-organs that behave cellularly and molecularly like the organ the stem cell derived from. Organoids can now be grown from a large number of tissues and are increasingly being used to study the physiology and pathology of many human organs and to develop personalized treatments and new drugs.
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Principle of FRAP A) The bilayer is uniformly labeled with a fluorescent tag B) This label is selectively photobleached by a small (~30 micrometre) fast light pulse C) The intensity within this bleached area is monitored as the bleached dye diffuses out and new dye diffuses in D) Eventually uniform intensity is restored Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a method for determining the kinetics of diffusion through tissue or cells. It is capable of quantifying the two dimensional lateral diffusion of a molecularly thin film containing fluorescently labeled probes, or to examine single cells. This technique is very useful in biological studies of cell membrane diffusion and protein binding. In addition, surface deposition of a fluorescing phospholipid bilayer (or monolayer) allows the characterization of hydrophilic (or hydrophobic) surfaces in terms of surface structure and free energy.
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Intimately related to the RUH is the 'protomap' hypothesis, which states that the primordial identity of each functional area of the cerebral cortex is encoded within the cortical stem cells prior to the formation of the cortical layers. Within each developing radial unit, the process of neurogenesis gives rise to post-mitotic (non- dividing) cortical neurons, which begin the process of radial neuronal migration from the ventricular zone and adjacent subventricular zone to form the cortical plate in the classic 'inside-out' manner beginning with the deep cortical layers. Once their final destination is achieved, cortical neurons begin to form circuits with other cortical and subcortical neurons, often taking on a columnar shape following the radial migration route. Some localized lateral dispersion takes place during cortical column development in the mouse, but the degree of dispersion is molecularly regulated and indeed could vary across species.
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However, she said that her cancer is not metastasic and is expected to be cured within six weeks through molecularly targeted therapy. In August 2014, Santiago declared that she was open to run as president, saying that she was recovering and considering two other career options: entering the International Development Law Organization based in Rome, or authoring books about foreign policy at the Wilson Center in Washington, D.C. In November 2014, Santiago announced that she will run for president if she is completely healed of cancer, saying that, at that time, 90 percent of her cancer cells had regressed. She also said that she was considering entering a coalition with the Liberal Party and Nacionalista Party if she decided to run. On October 26, 2015, a meet-and- greet event in front of UP students was held in UP Bahay ng Alumni (the same place where her co-presidential candidate Grace Poe announced her intention to run for president).
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Extensive research is required to determine whether animal organs can replace the physiological functions of human organs. Many issues include size – differences in organ size limit the range of potential recipients of xenotransplants; longevity – The lifespan of most pigs is roughly 15 years, currently it is unknown whether or not a xenograft may be able to last longer than that; hormone and protein differences – some proteins will be molecularly incompatible, which could cause malfunction of important regulatory processes. These differences also make the prospect of hepatic xenotransplantation less promising, since the liver plays an important role in the production of so many proteins; environment – for example, pig hearts work in a different anatomical site and under different hydrostatic pressure than in humans; temperature – the body temperature of pigs is 39 °C (2 °C above the average human body temperature). Implications of this difference, if any, on the activity of important enzymes are currently unknown.
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Continuing in "Exit Wounds", Captain John is revealed to have rescued Jack's brother Gray from a group of sadistic captors, only to learn too late that Gray had been driven insane through being tortured over the years. Molecularly bonding a bomb to John's wrist to force him to obey his orders, Gray had John set off multiple bombs throughout Cardiff before taking Jack back in time to 27AD, where Jack is buried alive at the site that would become Cardiff in the future. However, John betrays Gray by leaving a tracking device on Jack in the shape of a ring, thus allowing Jack to be recovered by the Torchwood Institute and frozen in the morgue, escaping at the right moment to stop his brother. Having frozen Gray in cryopreservation, unwilling to witness any more death that day, Jack offers to help pinpoint another Rift event to allow John to leave, but John instead states his desire to travel Earth, commenting that he'd like to learn what Jack finds so fascinating about the planet.
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Meanwhile, Angel grows suspicious of Illyria's continued presence at the Firm, and concludes that she is staying not out of loyalty, but because of an attraction to the Firm's power. He orders Lorne to shadow her, and then turns his attention to a legal case involving a ceremonial demon pact. A pregnant woman named Amanda has agreed to allow a demonic cult called "the Fell Brethren" to adopt her baby, and Angel and Gunn start to advise her until they learn, to their outrage, that their client isn't the innocent woman, but rather the seemingly benevolent demons who are secretly taking advantage of her and planning to sacrifice the child on the eve of its 13th birthday. Meanwhile, Illyria enjoys sparring with Spike in the training room, perhaps because he does not kowtow to her, and is even learning to adapt to her fighting techniques, but she begins to act oddly even by her standards, and Wesley theorizes that she is growing emotionally and molecularly unstable as a result of her interdimensional travels.
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Khuri is particularly well known for the research projects he led to develop molecularly targeted therapy for lung and aerodigestive cancer prevention and treatment. Khuri has authored more than 350 peer-reviewed articles and more than 50 editorials and perspectives in leading journals. He has also written more than 100 reviews and book chapters. Among his most important and most frequently cited publications are “A controlled trial of intratumoral ONYX-015, a selectively- replicating adenovirus, in combination with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with recurrent head and neck cancer,” Nature Medicine (6:879-885, 2000), “Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression is a marker of poor prognosis in stage I non-small cell lung cancer,” Clinical Cancer Research (7:861-867, 2001), “Phase I study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor lonafarnib with paclitaxel in solid tumors,” Clinical Cancer Research (10:2968-76, 2004), “Activation of Akt and eIF4E survival pathways by rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition,” Cancer Research (65:7052-7058, 2005), and “Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute (98:441-450, 2006).
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