Several – ƒ1 – placed it at the very end of the Gospel of John, and Scrivener adds several more that have so placed a shorter pericope beginning at verse 8:3. Another handful of minuscules – ƒ13 – put it after Luke 21:38. Some manuscripts – S,E,Λ – had it in the familiar place but enclosed the pericope with marks of doubt (asterisks or some other glyph), and Scrivener lists more than 40 minuscules that also apply marks of doubt to the pericope.UBS, loc. cit.
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The Muspilli text is on foll. 61r, 119v, 120 and 121. Though in Carolingian minuscules, the handwriting is not that of a trained scribe. The language is essentially Bavarian dialect of the middle or late 9th century.
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A Collation of Four Important Manuscripts of the Gospels, full title: A Collation of Four Important Manuscripts of the Gospels: With a View to Prove Their Common Origin, and to Restore the Text of Their Archetype. The book was published in 1877 by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott on behalf of his deceased colleague William Hugh Ferrar. William Hugh Ferrar (1826–1871) before his death collated four minuscules (Greek handwritten cursive texts) to demonstrate that they shared a common provenance. The four collated minuscules are: 13, 69, 124, 346 (known as Family 13 or Ferrar Family).
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Philippe Delerm (born November 27, 1950 in Auvers-sur-Oise, Val-d'Oise, France) is a French writer whose collection of essays La Première gorgée de bière et autres plaisirs minuscules sold more than one million copies in France.
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Family Kx is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It includes uncials, and although hundreds of minuscules, no early ones.
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This mass production optimised Unimog is known as Unimog 2010. The name Unimog 70200 was chosen because of Boehringer's cost centre. All Unimog 70200 vehicle identification numbers begin with 70200. Minuscules were used to differentiate between certain models.
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The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the mixed text-type. Aland placed it in Category III. It does not contain verse Hebrews 2:1. The omission is supported by minuscules 1739 and 1881NA28, p. 658.
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The text is written on a parchment in minuscule. It contains notes and glosses. The Greek text of the Gospels is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it as Ifb (together with minuscules 115, 179, 267, 659, 827).
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Manuscripts were marked by symbols (from α to ις). He used Polyglotta Complutensis (symbolized by α) and 15 Greek manuscripts. Among them are included Codex Bezae, Codex Regius, minuscules 4, 5, 6, 2817, 8, 9. The first step towards modern textual criticism was made.
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In his private collection he had f.e. minuscules 73, 74. He returned to England in 1685; in 1688 he became preacher at Gray's Inn, and in 1689 he received a canonry of Christ Church, Oxford. In 1693 he was appointed rector of St James's, Westminster.
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The font shipped with Windows 2000 and XP only include a subset of the original designs. In particular, IPA, Polytonic Greek, Ethiopic glyphs are missing. It supports WGL4, Armenian script, and the minuscules of the Georgian alphabet. OpenType features include small caps, glyph substitution.
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Like minuscules 1423, 1780. It was brought by Franklin Gruber to Chicago.Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration", Oxford University Press (New York - Oxford, 2005), p. 90-91. Lake photographed the codex in 1902.
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William Hugh Ferrar (1826–1871), a Latinist, was a classical Irish scholar at Dublin University. In 1868, Ferrar discovered that four medieval manuscripts. Namely minuscules 13, 69, 124, and 346, were closely related texts. They are descendants of an archetype from Calabria in southern Italy or Sicily.
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The manuscript was written by Gregorius. Formerly it belonged to the monastery of Nicholas του καλοχωριου. In 1724 it belonged to presbyter Nicholas. The manuscript came to England about 1731 and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520.
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Family Kr (also known as Family 35) is a large group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. The group contains no uncial manuscripts, but is represented by a substantial number of minuscules.
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The text is written in 8 lines and 18 letters per line. Caspar René Gregory classified manuscripts of New Testament into four groups: Papyri, Uncials, Minuscules, and Lectionaries. Talisman included into Uncials, it received number 0152. Eberhard Nestle distinguished new group – Talismans, and to this group included Uncial 0152.
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Family K1 is a small group of the New Testament manuscripts. It belongs to the Byzantine text-type as one of the textual families of this group. It has five uncials, and several early minuscules. It is one of the smallest subfamilies of the Byzantine text-type, but one of the oldest.
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The manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 13th century. In 1727 the manuscript came from Constantinople to England and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.
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KJV: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen. RV: (omitted from main text, in footnote) Reason: This verse occurs twice in the KJV in this chapter; once as the conclusion to verse 20 and again as verse 24, which is the occurrence omitted from modern versions. The first occurrence (as part of verse 20) is very well supported by ancient resources, including p46, א, A,B,C,P,Ψ, and several ancient versions (although some omit 'Christ' and some omit 'Amen'); its inclusion in verse 20 got a UBS confidence rating of B. However, its recurrence as verse 24 is not so well supported. It does not occur after verse 23 in p46 & 61, א, A,B,C, several minuscules and some other sources; it does appear in D,G,Ψ, minuscule 629 (although G,Ψ, and 629—and both leading compilations of the so-called Majority Text—end the Epistle with this verse and do not follow it with verses 25–27) and several later minuscules; P and some minuscules do not have it as verse 24 but move it to the very end of the Epistle, after verse 27.
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The library of the monastery is located behind the main church. It contains 2,116 Greek manuscripts and 165 codices. Among them uncial manuscripts of the New Testament: Codex Coislinianus, Codex Athous Lavrensis, Uncial 049, Uncial 0167, and minuscules 1073, 1505, 2524, 1519. There are also over 20,000 printed books, and about 100 manuscripts in other languages.
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The manuscript was dated by Gregory to the 12th century. In 1727 the manuscript came from the Pantokratoros monastery to England and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. In 1732 John Walker slightly collated it for Bentley.
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The INTF also holds some manuscripts of the New Testament, and took responsibility for registering the New Testament manuscripts (named the "Gregory-Aland numbers"), and for editing the Novum Testamentum Graece. Minuscules: 676, 798, 1432, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2460, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2793; Lectionaries: ℓ1681, ℓ1682, ℓ1683, ℓ1684 (lower script Uncial 0233), ℓ1685, ℓ1686, ℓ2005, ℓ2137, ℓ2208, and ℓ2276.
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The manuscript came from Constantinople to England about 1731, and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament minuscule manuscripts by F. H. A. Scrivener (494) and C. R. Gregory (508). Gregory saw it in 1883.
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In November 2011, CSNTM traveled to the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (BML) in Florence, Italy. The phenomenal library, founded by the Medici family and designed by none other than Michelangelo himself, holds over 2500 papyri, 11,000 total manuscripts, and 128,000 printed texts. Through this trip, CSNTM added new images of 28 manuscripts from the BML. This BML collection contains papyri, majuscules, minuscules, and lectionaries.
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Reason: These words are not found in the oldest sources – p74,א, A, B, P, several minuscules, some mss of the Italic, Vulgate, Coptic, and Georgian versions. The words are found in sources not quite as old – E,Ψ, some minuscules (with many variants), some Italic mss, and the Armenian and Ethiopic versions. The absence of these words from the earliest resources, and the several variations in the resources in which they appear, made their exclusion probable but not a certainty (the UBS assigned the omission a confidence rating of only D).Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament A Companion Volume to the UBS Greek New Testament (1971, United Bible Societies) loc.cit.; Lincoln H. Blumell, A Text- critical comparison of the King James New Testament with certain modern translations, Studies in the Bible and Antiquity, vol.
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In 1727 the manuscript came from Constantinople to England and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. The manuscript collated by F. H. A. Scrivener and was added by him to the list of New Testament minuscule manuscripts (503). C. R. Gregory gave for it number 517.
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The manuscript was written by Chariton, a monk. In 1727 the manuscript came from Constantinople to England and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament minuscule manuscripts by F. H. A. Scrivener (499) and C. R. Gregory (513).
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Zabur inscription Zabūr, also known as "South Arabian minuscules",Stein 2005. is the name of the cursive form of the South Arabian script that was used by the Sabaeans in addition to their monumental script, or Musnad (see, e.g., Ryckmans, J., Müller, W. W., and ‛Abdallah, Yu., Textes du Yémen Antique inscrits sur bois. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 1994 (Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain, 43)).
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The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type, in a close relationship to the minuscules 61 and 69.Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 86. Aland placed it in Category V. Uncial 046 is the earliest manuscript which represented the main Byzantine group ("a").
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The manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 12th century. In 1727 the manuscript came from Constantinople to England and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament minuscule manuscripts by F. H. A. Scrivener (500) and C. R. Gregory (514).
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Downers Grove, IL; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos, 2004. who would have influenced their style, if not their theological content. The Pauline epistles are usually placed between the Acts of the Apostles and the Catholic epistles in modern editions. Most Greek manuscripts, however, place the General epistles first, and a few minuscules (175, 325, 336, and 1424) place the Pauline epistles at the end of the New Testament.
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Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. In scripts with a case distinction, lower case is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and emphasis when bold is not available. Acronyms (and particularly initialisms) are often written in all-caps, depending on various factors.
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The typeface is named after Rotis, a hamlet belonging to the German town of Leutkirch im Allgäu, where Otl Aicher lived. However, Aicher named the font "rotis", in minuscules, since Aicher thought of capital letters as a sign of hierarchy and oppression. When the fonts were reissued by Monotype Imaging in 2011, though, the font names were capitalized to "Rotis". This also affected fonts published by downstream foundries.
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KJV: And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning [arguing] among themselves. RV: (verse omitted from main text, in footnote with comment, "Some ancient authorities insert verse 29") Reason: This verse is lacking in the oldest sources – p74, א, A,B,E,ψ, several minuscules, some Italic, Vulgate, Syriac, Ethiopic, and Coptic mss, and the Armenian and Georgian versions. They appear only in later sources such as P (9th century) and several minuscules, and a smattering of Italic mss.. The UBS gave the omission of this verse a confidence rating of B. Erasmus of Rotterdam, in working up the very first printed Greek New Testament from a multitude of manuscripts, included this note for this verse: "I did not find the words in several old manuscripts."Lincoln H. Blumell, A Text-critical comparison of the King James New Testament with certain modern translations, Studies in the Bible and Antiquity, vol.
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Bembo is a roman typeface (shown with italic) dating to 1928 based on punches cut by Francesco Griffo in 1495. In Latin script typography, roman is one of the three main kinds of historical type, alongside blackletter and italic. Roman type was modelled from a European scribal manuscript style of the 15th century, based on the pairing of inscriptional capitals used in ancient Rome with Carolingian minuscules developed in the Holy Roman Empire.Bringhurst, p 124.
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The manuscript is dated by the INTF on the palaeographical ground to the 12th century. In 1727 the manuscript came from Constantinople to England and was presented to archbishop of Canterbury, William Wake, together with minuscules 73, 74, 506-520. Wake presented it to the Christ Church College in Oxford. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament minuscule manuscripts by F. H. A. Scrivener (496) and C. R. Gregory (510).
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It is written not in runes, but in Roman letters, in a curious mixture of Latin-style majuscules and minuscules. The letters 'NE' of ricne, 'NG' of cyning and 'ME' of bestemed are written as ligatures. Although it has not proved possible to identify with any certainty the persons named in the inscription, the text is in late West-Saxon which would ascribe it to the late tenth century or perhaps later.
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These were in turn based on Carolingian minuscules, to which serifs, borrowed from the Imperial Roman capitals, were added. It was first in use in his 1470 edition of Eusebius. In 1471, a Greek typeface followed, which was used for quotations, and then in 1473 a Black Letter typeface, which he used in books on medicine and history. In distinction to his contemporary printers, Jenson was able to expand his financial base.
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Among the 53 characters are about 30 letters that are – through the addition of various loops and flourishes – variations of the 13 graphemes of the cursive Pahlavi script (i.e. "Book" Pahlavi) that is known from the post-Sassanian texts of Zoroastrian tradition. These symbols, like those of all the Pahlavi scripts, are in turn based on Aramaic script symbols. Avestan also incorporates several letters from other writing systems, most notably the vowels, which are mostly derived from Greek minuscules.
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The two scholars identified their favorite text type as "Neutral text", exemplified by two 4th-century manuscripts, the Codex Vaticanus (known to scholars since the 15th century), and the Codex Sinaiticus (discovered in 1859), both of which they relied on heavily (albeit not exclusively) for this edition. This text has only a few changes of the original. This edition is based on the critical works especially of Tischendorf and Tregelles. The minuscules play a minimal role in this edition.
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There are 12 independent or distinctive readings in this codex. On the basis of this profile, Alands considered the quality of the text to suit his Category III. Commonly, it is included in Family 1424 group of New Testament manuscripts. In Matthew 1:11 it has the additional text also found in manuscripts Codex Koridethi, Σ, f1, 33, 258, Minuscules: 478, 661, 791, 954, 1216, 1230, 1354, 1604, ℓ 54, syrh and other manuscripts.NA26, p. 2; UBS3, p. 2.
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There are approximately 300 Greek manuscripts of Revelation. While it is not extant in Codex Vaticanus (4th century), it is extant in the other great uncial codices: Sinaiticus (4th century), Alexandrinus (5th century), and Ephraemi Rescriptus (5th century). In addition, there are numerous papyri, especially and (both 3rd century); minuscules (8th to 10th century); and fragmentary quotations in the Church fathers of the 2nd to 5th centuries and the 6th-century Greek commentary on Revelation by Andreas.
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As minuscules: 384, 615, 2818. The order of books: Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles. Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category. According to the subscription at the end of the Epistle to the Romans, the Letter was written προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη απο Κορινθου δια Φοιβης της διακονου; the same subscription have manuscripts: 42, 90, 216, 339, 466, 642;Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (2001), p. 477.
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They do not form a group. According to Soden textual group Io, is a result of recension Pamphilus from Caeasarea (ca. 300 AD). Aland placed it in Category V, though it is not pure the Byzantine text, with a number non-Byzantine readings. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 10, in Luke 1 and Luke 20 it has mixed Byzantine text. It is close to minuscules 974 and 1006 in Luke 1 and Luke 10.
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This is slightly transposed from a reading also found in the Greek minuscules 97 and 421, supported by the Old Latin h and a textual note in the margin of the Harclean Syriac. In Acts 27:7 it has the transposition βρα[δυπλοουντε]ς εν δε ικαν[αις ημεραις. Αll other witnesses have this sentence in the word order: εν ικαναις δε ημεραις βραδυπλοουντες.J. K. Elliott, Seven Recently Published New Testament Fragments from Oxyrhynchus, Novum Testamentum XLII, 3, p. 211.
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In 1088, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos gave the island of Patmos to the soldier-priest John Christodoulos. The greater part of the monastery was completed by Christodoulos three years later. He heavily fortified the exterior because of the threats of piracy and Seljuk Turks. 330 manuscripts are housed in the library (267 on parchment), including 82 manuscripts of the New Testament. Minuscules: 1160–1181, 1385–1389, 1899, 1901, 1966, 2001–2002, 2080–2081, 2297, 2464–2468, 2639, 2758, 2504, 2639, and lectionaries.
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For the Greek text, the minuscules 140, 234, and 432 were probably used. Jerome's Latin version of the Old Testament was placed between the Greek and Hebrew versions, symbolizing the Roman Church of Christ being surrounded and crucified by the Greek Church and the Jews.Ehrman, 76 This text was collated by Antonio de Nebrija from manuscript sources, but was left uncorrected. Nebrija eventually resigned from the project after Cisneros refused to allow him to improve the translation in deference to the desires of the Papacy.
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He achieved his first major success in 1997 with the release of La Première gorgée de bière et autres plaisirs minuscules, a collection of 35 essays or meditations, each one or two pages in length, describing the joys that can be taken in the "insignificant things" that make up life. It was translated into English as The Small Pleasures of Life (also known as We Could Almost Eat Outside: An appreciation of life's small pleasures) by Sarah Hamp. Delerm ended his teaching career in 2007 in order to concentrate on his writing full- time.
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Josephus wrote all of his surviving works after his establishment in Rome (c. 71 AD) under the patronage of the Flavian Emperor Vespasian. As is common with ancient texts, however, there are no surviving extant manuscripts of Josephus' works that can be dated before the 11th century, and the oldest of these are all Greek minuscules, copied by Christian monks. (Jews did not preserve the writings of Josephus because they considered him to be a traitor.) Of the about 120 extant Greek manuscripts of Josephus, 33 predate the 14th century.
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Also seen in this sample are the ff and ct ligatures. This symbol came in several different shapes, all of which were of x-height. The shape of the letter used in blackletter scripts Textualis as well as Rotunda is reminiscent of "half an r", namely, the right side of the Roman capital "R"; it looks similar to an Arabic numeral "2". Like minuscules in general, the origins of the letter are in cursive writing as it was common during the medieval period, ultimately derived from scribal practice during Late Antiquity.
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Other inscriptions are brought in in support of it. A few inscriptions are coin legends. The inscriptions for the most part come from the relevant volume of the IG. These volumes typically include rubbings, which are then represented by capital letters, or majuscules, which in those times were the only graphemes available to the ancient Greeks. The small letters, or minuscules, were not invented until the Middle Ages; that is, an ancient Greek would not have been able to read the Greek so familiar to those who read it today.
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68, 75 Codex Seidelianus I seems slightly less Byzantine than the rest, and Codex Basilensis seems closer to the basic form of the Byzantine text. Jacob Greelings includes to this family variants from Codex Vaticanus 354, Codex Mosquensis II, minuscules 44, 65, 98, 219, and 422. The Gothic Version made by Wulfila stays with close relationship to this Byzantine sub-family.Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament, Clarendon Press Oxford 1977, p. 385. Greelings classified in this group Codex Nanianus (U), but Frederik Wisse excluded U from this group while suggesting 271 should be added.
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Kenyon F.G., Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament, London2, 1912, p. 132. The common characteristics of Family 13 were initially identified in a group of four witnesses (minuscules 13, 69, 124, and 346); but the category has subsequently been extended, and some authorities list thirteen family members. Prior to the publication of Reuben Swanson's "New Testament Greek Manuscripts" in 1995, Swanson misidentified minuscule 1346 to be a member of family 13. The most obvious characteristic of the group is that these manuscripts place John 7:53-8:11 after Luke 21:38, or elsewhere in Luke's Gospel.
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In the case of Codex A and C, the manuscripts are damaged so that the actual text of John 7:53–8:11 is missing but the surrounding text does not leave enough space for the pericope to have been present. In the case of the papyri, these are so very fragmentary that they show only that the pericope was not in its familiar place at the beginning of chapter 8. Scrivener lists more than 50 minuscules that lack the pericope, and several more in which the original scribe omitted it but a later hand inserted it.
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February pp. 74-75 Alfred Rahlfs noted that codex E of the Septuagint was also written partly in uncials and partly in minuscules, in the ninth or tenth century when the change from one style of writing to the other was taking place.A. Rahlfs, Nachrichten von der Kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philol: histor. Klasse, 1898, Heft 1, p. 98 The codex was held at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt and was found by Constantin von Tischendorf in 1853, who took away only the uncial text (Luke-John) — along with Codex Tischendorfianus IV — and brought it to the Bodleian Library in Oxford, where it is now located.
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Minuscule 1143 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1035 (von Soden), also known as the Beratinus 2 (Albanian: Kodiku i Beratit nr. 2), or Codex Aureus Anthimi (The Golden Book of Anthimos). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on purple parchment, dated paleographically to the 9th century.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1994, p. 108. This is one of the seven “purple codices” in the world to have survived to the present day, and one of the two known purple minuscules (Minuscule 565 is the other) written with a gold ink.
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It would seem possible that, originally, 7:52 was immediately followed by 8:12, and somehow this pericope was inserted between them, interrupting the narrative.Philip Schaff, A Companion to the Greek Testament and the English Version (1883, NY, Harper & Bros.) page 188; Christ Keith, Recent and Previous Research on the Pericope Adulterae, Currents in Biblical Research, vol. 6, nr. 3 (June 2008), page 381. The pericope does not appear in the oldest Codexes – א, A,B,C,L,N,T,W,X,Δ,θ,Ψ – nor in papyri p66 or p75, nor in minuscules 33, 157, 565, 892, 1241, or ƒ1424 nor in the Peshitta.
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Besides the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet,ISO basic Latin alphabet is derived from the English alphabet hence its 26 letters. Fraktur includes the ß ( ), vowels with umlauts, and the ſ (long s). Some Fraktur typefaces also include a variant form of the letter r known as the r rotunda, and many a variety of ligatures which are left over from cursive handwriting and have rules for their use. Most older Fraktur typefaces make no distinction between the majuscules "I" and "J" (where the common shape is more suggestive of a "J"), even though the minuscules "i" and "j" are differentiated.
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The individual type blocks used in hand typesetting are stored in shallow wooden or metal drawers known as "type cases". Each is subdivided into a number of compartments ("boxes") for the storage of different individual letters. The Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Advanced Proportional Principles (reprinted 1952) indicates that case in this sense (referring to the box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade) was first used in English in 1588. Originally one large case was used for each typeface, then "divided cases", pairs of cases for majuscules and minuscules, were introduced in the region of today's Belgium by 1563, England by 1588, and France before 1723.
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The Gruber Collection is a collection of books and manuscripts housed at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago in Chicago, Illinois. The collection contains more than 300 books from the 15th to 18th centuries and 14 manuscripts of Greek New Testament (minuscules and lectionaries). The collection contains a number of works with special value, including those of Luther, copies of his letters, original letters written by Philipp Melanchthon, the Greek New Testament of Erasmus, and other documents of Reformation era. All manuscripts and majority of books were collected by L. Franklin Gruber (1870–1941), the former president of the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago in Maywood, Illinois.
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The Greek minuscule script, which probably emerged from the cursive writing in Syria, appears more and more frequently from the 9th century onwards. It is the first script that regularly uses accents and spiritus, which had already been developed in the 3rd century BC. This very fluent script, with ascenders and descenders and many possible combinations of letters, is the first to use gaps between words. The last forms which developed in the 12th century were Iota subscript and word-final sigma (). The type for Greek majuscules and minuscules that was developed in the 17th century by a printer from the Antwerp printing dynasty, Wetstein, eventually became the norm in modern Greek printing.
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The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition, p. 73 In John 6:67 it has unique reading μαθηταις (disciples), it is supported by Codex Koridethi, other manuscripts have δωδεκα (twelve).The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition, p. 79 In John 7:17 it has usual reading ποτερον, but corrector changed it into προτερον, the reading is found in minuscules 1216 and 1519.The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition, p. 84 In John 7:32 it has reading οι αρχιερεις και οι Φαρισαιοι υπηρετας, the reading is supported by manuscripts: Papyrus 75, Vaticanus, Seidelianus I, Cyprius, Regius, Petropolitanus Purpureus, Borgianus, Washingtonianus, Koridethi, Petropolitanus, Athous Lavrensis, 0105, 0141, 9, 565, 1241.
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Ernst von Dobschütz, Zwei Bibelhandschriften mit doppelter Schriftart, Theologische Literaturzeitung, 1899, Nr. 3, 4. Febr. pp. 74-75 After the death of textual critic Caspar René Gregory, Dobschütz became his successor, and in 1933 he expanded the list of New Testament manuscripts, increasing the number of papyri from 19 to 48, the number of uncials from 169 to 208, the number of minuscules from 2326 to 2401, and the number of lectionaries from 1565 to 1609.Kurt Aland, and Barbara Aland, "The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism", transl. Erroll F. Rhodes, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1995, p. 74.
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In Acts 26:31 it appears to be missing τι, which is found in only about a dozen Greek manuscripts, including Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus (but not Codex Vaticanus), and is supported by most manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate (but not the Old Latin). Following ὁ ἄνος οὗτ[ος] (this man) at the end of Acts 26:31, it skips to the next ὁ ἄνος οὗτος (this man) in the following verse, leaving out Ἀγρίππας δὲ τῷ Φήστῳ ἔφη, Ἀπολελύσθαι ἐδύνατο (And Agrippa said to Festus, "Could have been set free"). This is also done in Greek minuscules 326 and 2464. Following Acts 26:32 it has [καὶ οὕ]τως ἔκρι[νεν ὁ ἡγεμὼν] αὐτὸν ἀν[απεμψαι].
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The codex is one of only two known purple minuscules (minuscule 1143 is the other) written with gold ink.R. Waltz, Minuscule 565 (GA) at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism (2007) It contains the text of the four Gospels on 405 purple parchment leaves (17.6 by 19.2 cm) lacunae (Matthew 20:18-26, 21:45-22:9, Luke 10:36-11:2, 18:25-37, 20:24-26, John 11:26-48, 13:2-23, 17:1-12). The text is written in one column per page, 17 lines per page. The text is divided according to the (chapters), whose number are given at the margin, and the (titles of chapters) at the top of the pages (in silver uncials).
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This textual family was discovered after the codex 1739 and it includes the manuscripts 323, 630, 945, 1739, 1881 (in the Acts of the Apostles) and 2200. In the Pauline epistles, to this family belong the manuscripts 0121a, 0243/0121b, 6, 424, 630 (in part) and 1881. The family was discovered after study of minuscule 1739, when attention of scholars was focused upon a number of other manuscripts (minuscules 6, 424, 1908, two uncial fragments formerly classified as parts of one manuscripts – 0121) whose peculiarities were observed before but not understood. In minuscule 424 it was a series of interlinear corrections. Eduard Freiherr von der Goltz, discoverer and first collator of 1739, and Otto Bauernfeind, observed textual relationship of these manuscripts to 1739.
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The division of the languages of a zone into sets, chains and nets is based on relative degrees of linguistic proximity, as measured in principle by approximate proportions of shared basic vocabulary. Geozones are on average divided into more sets than phylozones because relationships among languages within the latter are by definition more obvious and much closer. The third and final part of the linguascale consists of up to three lowercase letters (minuscules), used to identify a language or dialect with precision: from `aaa` to `zzz`. The first letter of this sequence represents an outer unit (preferred from 2010 to the original term of "outer language", to avoid the shifting and often emotive applications of the terms "language" and "dialect").
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Lake had discovered a textual family of New Testament manuscripts known as Family 1 (also known as Lake group). To this family belong minuscules: 1, 118, 131, and 209. In the summers of 1899 and 1903 (and many thereafter) he undertook trips in search of manuscripts to the Greek monasteries on Mount Athos. He published (1903, 1905, 1907) editions of several manuscripts uncovered there, a catalogue of all the manuscripts inspected, and even a history of the monasteries themselves (1909). In 1902 he won the Arnold Essay Prize at Oxford University for his study "The Greek Monasteries in South Italy," which was published in four instalments in the Journal of Theological Studies, vols. 4 and 5.Harvard College Class of 1894: Twenty-fifth Anniversary Report 1894–1919, pp. 521, 584.
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With both italics and boldface, the emphasis is correctly achieved by swapping into a different font of the same family; for example by replacing body text in Arial with its bold or italic style. Professional typographic systems, including most modern computers, would therefore not simply tilt letters to the right to achieve italics (that is instead referred to as slanting or oblique), print them twice or darker for boldface, or scale majuscules to the height of middle-chamber minuscules (like x and o) for small-caps, but instead use entirely different typefaces that achieve the effect. The letter 'w', for example, looks quite different in italic compared to upright. As a result, typefaces therefore have to be supplied at least fourfold (with computer systems, usually as four font files): as regular, bold, italic, and bold italic to provide for all combinations.
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In the KJV, this is treated as the first half of 13:1: KJV: And I stood upon the sand of the sea, and saw a beast rise up ... Some versions, including pre-KJV versions such as the Tyndale Bible, the Geneva Bible, and the Bishops Bible, treat the italicized words as a complete verse and numbered as 12:18, with similar words. In several modern versions, this is treated as a continuation of 12:17 or as a complete verse numbered 12:18: RV: And he stood upon the sand of the sea. (Some say "it stood" – the he or it being the Dragon mentioned in the preceding verses) Among pre-KJV versions, the Great Bible and the Rheims version also have "he stood". Reasons: The earliest resources – including p47, א, A,C, several minuscules, several Italic mss, the Vulgate, the Armenian and Ethiopic versions, and quotation in some early Church Fathers – support "he stood" (or "it stood").
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Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih. Aland lists it as Category III in the Gospels and Category V elsewhere. Family 1 was discovered in 1902, when Kirsopp Lake (1872–1946) published Codex 1 of the Gospels and its Allies (118, 131, 209), and established the existence of a new textual family. This group of manuscripts was based on four minuscules (1, 118, 131, 209), but now we consider 205, 205abs, 872 (in Mark only), 884 (in part), 1582, 2193, and 2542 (in part) to be members of the family. The most obvious characteristic of the Lake Group is that these manuscripts placed Pericope adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) after John 21:25. Manuscripts of this family include the Longer ending of Mark to the text, but the manuscripts 1 and 1582 contain a scholion that brings into question the authenticity of Mark 16:9-20: Εν τισι μεν των αντιγραφων εως ωδε πληρουται ο ευαγγελιστης εως ου και Ευσεβιος ο Παμφιλου εκανονισεν εν πολλοις δε και ταυτα φερεται.
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The Greek text of the codex Aland assigned to Category III in the Pauline epistles, and to Category V elsewhere. It means it is a representative of the Byzantine text-type with exception for the Pauline epistles. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the textual family Πb in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made. The ending of the Epistle to the Romans has the following order of verses: 16:23; 16:25-27; 16:24 (as in codices P 33 104 256 263 436 459 1319 1573 1852 arm). In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) 048 81 104 1506 a b vgcl (syrh) copboNa26, p. 433. In 2 Corinthians 11:14 it has reading ου θαυμα as codices Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Bezae, Augiensis, Boernerianus, Porphyrianus, 098, Uncial 0243, Minuscule 6, 33, 81, 326, 630, 1175, 1739, 1881, 2464; the majority has the reading ου θαυμαστον (D2, Ψ, 0121a, Byz).NA26, p. 488 In Ephesians 1,7 it reads χρηστοτητος for χαριτος along with Codex Alexandrinus, several minuscules, and copbo.
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