736 Sentences With "millstones" | Random Sentence Generator

Brawny German immigrants used to grind flour here between massive millstones.

There aren't many true millstones on the books for Philly at this point.

The basalt millstones at the Jebrini mill, for example, date back 200 years.

Between Two Millstones , by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, translated from the Russian by Peter Constantine (Notre Dame) .

He referred to other older workers as "dead wood" and "millstones around my neck," it said.

A muddy teddy bear lay on the road, across from old millstones strewn across the rubble.

Sending angry tweets about how all these bad priests and bishops deserve millstones is not enough.

Costs for exploration and production that had ballooned when oil was above $22014 a barrel became millstones.

This strategy was vindicated when the financial crisis struck, turning once lucrative investment-banking franchises into millstones.

The Olympic Stadium and the West Ham lease are millstones that will hang around the necks of future generations for decades.

"Your eyes drop millstones when fools' eyes fall tears," Richard says to the murderers whom he has hired to kill his brother.

From there, it's all about the way the seeds are hulled and roasted, and then, crucially, the old millstones used to grind them.

Strategists will long debate the best way to tackle those conflicts, but politicians in both parties seem to have given up on making them anything but political millstones.

The restaurant honors traditional dishes and methods — mullixhiu means "miller," and the restaurant makes use of working millstones — while exploring inventive flavor combinations such as charred pumpkin with pomegranate molasses.

Michael: Levandowski's legal issues continue to be one of the biggest millstones hanging around Uber's neck, especially if the company believes that self-driving cars are critical to its future.

The Yankees have been through this twice before, when Alex Rodriguez and C. C. Sabathia opted out of their contracts and were rewarded with longer, richer deals that turned into millstones.

This means opposition to her from Democrats comes from across the ideological spectrum, with the leadership team seen as millstones on the right and ineffective tools of the donor/consultant class on the left.

Over the past 48 hours, key figures in the party have uttered head-scratching statements about the tax-cuts bill that will be millstones for those Republicans fighting for their political lives in the midterm elections.

The rise of contemporary and then streetwear brands reshaped consumer wardrobes and shopping patterns, as elitism was trounced by accessibility, and brick-and-mortar emporia went from being magnetic landmarks to millstones weighing down the bottom line.

Republican critics of Obamacare have long derided these additional taxes - especially the 2.3 percent medical devices tax, a 10 percent tax on indoor tanning services, and taxes on brand-name drugs and health insurance companies selling policies on and off the government exchanges as millstones around the necks of businesses large and small.

The millstones are and diameter. A third pair of diameter millstones is driven by the auxiliary diesel engine.

Each stone nut drives a pair of diameter blue or Cullen millstones. (Click on "Technische gegevens" to view) The millstones are driven overdrift.

It drives two stone nuts, which drive the millstones. The stone nuts have 24 and 26 staves respectively. The millstones are driven overdrift.

A pair of French Burr millstones is driven via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 29 staves. It formerly drove a third pair of millstones.

It drives four pairs of underdrift millstones via stone nuts with 24 cogs. The millstones are three pairs of French Burr stones and one pair of Peak stones. Two pairs of the French Burr stones are diameter and the other two pairs of millstones are diameter.

It had three pairs of millstones. Some machinery is still present, including the windshaft, one pair of millstones, the engine driveshafts and gearing for the millstones and the governor and associated tentering gear. The cap frame is still in existence, along with the curb and cap centering rollers.

There are also two pairs of millstones used for producing pearl barley, each is driven via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves. The millstones are and diameter.

That was possible only with the use of smooth, regular, ungrooved millstones, as it is possible to see in the crumbling mills of Vergeletto or among the millstones in the Museum of Onsernone.

With this arrangement, the millstones are driven in opposite directions.

The wooden Great Spur Wheel drove three pairs of millstones.

Two of the three pairs of millstones are Cullen stones.

At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 78 cogs, drives the diameter Cullen millstones and diameter French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which has 24 staves each.

Little is known about the waterwheel except that it was undershot and drove a single pair of millstones on the first floor of the mill, which was the same floor as the wind powered millstones.

At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 103 cogs, drives the diameter Cullen millstones and diameter French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 24 staves each.

Two millstones were found during an excavation, and those are lost.

The cone (used to funnel grain between the millstones for grinding).

This was a corn mill. Originally powered by an internal breast shot waterwheel of some by driving one pair of French Burr millstones and one pair of Peak millstones. The great spur wheel was a cast iron wheel with wooden cogs. The waterwheel had been replaced by a turbine which drove the millstones via a great spur wheel that was only diameter.

He was again convicted in 1873 and fined £5 for the same offence. The mill was offered for sale by auction on 23 June 1888 at the Norfolk Hotel, Norwich. The premises comprising a steam mill powered by a steam engine driving four pairs of millstones, the watermill driving three pairs of millstones and the windmill, also driving three pairs of millstones.

The mill has three pairs of millstones. The millstones are 4 1/2 feet across and weigh about 2,400 lbs, and rotate at about 125 rpm. About 60% of the power is used to turn the millstones, the rest for the remaining machinery. The Peirce family themselves were not millers and did not operate the mill, but instead had other millers do so.

The great spur wheel drives two pairs of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which have 24 staves each. The millstones are and diameter, although one of the former is broken. The mill also drives two pairs of diameter millstones which are used for milling pearl barley. These are driven by lantern pinion wallowers which have 20 staves each.

A pair of Cullen millstones is driven via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 19 staves. Two pairs of Peak millstones, of and diameter, are driven via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 22 staves each.

The millstones consist a French Burr runner stone and a Cullen bedstone.

The millstones are now located in the breast, driven by spur gearing.

At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 105 cogs drives two pairs of millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts each having 34 staves. One pair of millstones are French Burr stones of diameter and the other pair are Cullen stones of diameter. A third pair of millstones are no longer in use. A fourth pair is driven by an electric motor.

The mill drove two pairs of underdrift millstones. The derelict tower stands today.

The great spur wheel drives two pairs of diameter Cullen millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which has 29 staves each. A pair of diameter French Burr millstones is driven via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 29 staves.

Some of the mill buildings from this era have been converted into flats. In 1728, Daniel Defoe recorded how the moors around Hathersage were the source of building stones and millstones. Millstones were used in wood-pulping industries in the area and were also exported to North America, Russia and Scandinavia for the same purpose. Locally the millstones were also used for crushing lead ore and the ingredients for paint.

The ochry earths are prepared for use by grinding under edge millstones, and elutriation.

The overshot waterwheel was by . It drove two pairs of French Burr millstones and one pair of Peak millstones. Roller milling plant had been fitted by 1906. In 1927, the mill was still worked by water power, aided by a gas engine.

Corton Mill was a six storey tower mill. It had a boat shaped cap winded by a bladed fantail. The four Patent sails drove two pairs of millstones. The mill was built with room to add a further two pairs of millstones.

The mill drove three pairs of millstones underdrift and all the machinery was cast iron.

Mill Rock Creek was named for the fact the watercourse was the source of millstones.

Much of the machinery survives in the converted mill, including the wooden upright shaft, wooden clasp-arm great spur wheel, cast iron crown wheel with wooden teeth and two pairs of underdrift French Burr millstones. One of the millstones was incorporated into the village sign.

Pakenham Mill is a five storey tower mill. It has a domed cap with a gallery and is winded by a fantail. Two of the three pairs of millstones remain. The governors for the millstones are driven by chains instead of the more usual belt.

The mill had two pairs of millstones in the breast and one pair in the tail.

The great spur wheel was of cast iron and the mill drove two pairs of millstones.

In the final process, the millstones powered by the waterwheel would grind the bone into powder.

The basic anatomy of a millstone. Note that this is a runner stone; a bedstone would not have the "Spanish Cross" into which the supporting millrind fits. Millstones or mill stones are stones used in gristmills, for grinding wheat or other grains. Millstones come in pairs.

The mill was built for James Nokes of Hunt's Farm in Corbets Tey Road in 1803 on land transferred from Bridge House Farm which was owned by his brother William. It had four Common sails and drove three pairs of millstones. A steam engine was added early in 1811 driving two pairs of millstones, an action which increased the rateable value of the mill from £30 to £77. A fourth pair of millstones was added to the mill.

The mill drove four pairs of millstones, three pairs of French Burrs and one pair of Peaks.

The Conservation Area still contains a stone family home, a ruined mill below the falls and millstones.

The breastshot waterwheel remained in 1930.Otford One waterwheel was of wood construction, driving three pairs of French Burr millstones and one pair of Peak millstones. The machinery was all wooden. The second waterwheel was of cast iron, driving two pairs of French Burr stones vis cast iron machinery.

It had a cast iron overshot waterwheel diameter and wide by Weeks of Maidstone. The cast iron Pit Wheel was diameter with wooden cogs. The waterwheel drove three pairs of millstones via two lineshafts, each driven by a diameter cast iron gear. One shaft drove a single pair of diameter French Burr millstones by a diameter cast iron face gear with wooden cogs and the other shaft drove two pairs of French Burr millstones by diameter cast iron face gears with wooden cogs.

The wooden great spur wheel at the bottom of the upright shaft drives three pairs of underdrift millstones.

The Windmill was built in 1850 and consists of five storeys built from red brick. When it was in operation the sails, which are now fixed in an easterly direction, powered three pairs of overdriven millstones. The millstones were located on the second floor. The mill had four double shuttered sails.

The brake wheel drives the wallower (30 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 86 cogs, drives the diameter Cullen millstones and the French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 27 staves each.

To do this, the millstones were initially hewn out of one piece of rock. From about 1850, millstones were assembled from several pieces as there were no longer any sufficiently large and homogeneous sandstone blocks being quarried. Production was maintained until 1918. The main markets were in Russia and England.

At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel (103 cogs) drove a pair of diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 27 staves. A second pair of diameter French Burr millstones were driven via a lantern pinion stone nut with 31 staves. The two pairs of millstones used for producing pearl barley were driven by lantern pinion stone nuts with 20 and 21 staves respectively. The 2014-built mill has a windshaft cast by the Nijmeegsche IJzergieterij.

The compass-arm Brake Wheel was converted to clasp-arm construction. The mill drives two pairs of French Burr millstones in the breast of the mill, the left hand pair are diameter and the right hand pair are diameter. Unusually, the Upright Shaft is offset. The millstones are geared at 7.8:1.

This drove the two pairs of millstones underdrift. The French Burr stones were driven by a stone nut with 20 cogs, and the Peak stones were driven by a stone nut with 18 cogs. Each pair of millstones was controlled by its own governor, missing at the time of the survey in 1952.

The wooden brake wheel was diameter, with iron segment teeth. The four pairs of French Burr millstones were driven overdrift.

The mill is winded by a fantail. The Brake Wheel is diameter. The three pairs of millstones are driven overdrift.

The Great Spur Wheel had 88 cogs, and drove two pairs of millstones via Stone Nuts with 18 cogs each.

Between the two levels are holes in the floor, presumably this is where the millstones were connected to the turbines.

The mill drives four pairs of millstones by wind. The mill is in height to the top of the cap.

The wooden Head Wheel is of clasp arm construction, diameter, with 90 cogs of pitch. It drives two pairs of overdrift French Burr millstones via a cast iron Wallower and Spur Wheel. The cast iron Tail Wheel is diameter. It drives a single pair of underdrift diameter millstones via an Upright Shaft and Spur wheel.

The watermill is a three storey brick building with a roof of pantiles. It is powered by an undershot Poncelet waterwheel made by Whitmore & Binyon, the Wickham Market, Suffolk, millwrights. The watermill drove three pairs of French Burr millstones and was also capable of driving the two pairs of French Burr millstones in the windmill.

The mill also had a pair of diameter French Burr millstones and a pair of Peak millstones. The mill worked for a few years longer powered by a gas engine, but had ceased milling by the early 1930s, but milling was restarted again. The gas engine was replaced by an electric motor in 1954.

The Upright Shaft was made up of four pieces of timber. The clasp arm Great Spur Wheel was of wood. It drove three pairs of underdrift millstones, with a fourth pair being driven by the waterwheel. The wind-driven millstones were all French Burr stones, two pairs being diameter and the third pair being diameter.

These millstones are used for grinding wheat. The pearl barley stones are not complete, and the drive for them is missing.

The windshaft was a wooden one. The millstones were supported on a hurst frame, an arrangement usually found in a watermill.

The mill originally operated three pairs of millstones, but in the later years of its working life one pair was removed.

The front face of the brake wheel has 65 teeth. It drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 12 staves. The rear face of the brake wheel has 59 teeth. It drives a pair of French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 11 staves.

Millstones driven by the Tail Wheel are always Overdrift stones. ;Trestle The Trestle is the substructure of a Post Mill, usually enclosed in a protective structure called a roundhouse, which also serves as a storage facility. Post mills without a roundhouse are called Open Trestle Post Mills. ;Underdrift Millstones driven from beneath are known as Underdrift stones.

The wallower can be disengaged from the brake wheel to allow the mill to be driven by auxiliary power. Lower down the upright shaft a cast-iron crown wheel drives auxiliary machinery via layshafts. The cast-iron great spur wheel drives four pairs of overdrift millstones. Two of the four pairs of millstones are controlled by a single governor.

The face of the stone has a pattern of grooves, which is called the dress. Different types of millstones have different patterns - Watson's Mill's millstones have a 3/4 dress. The particular dress of the stone indicates what substance it ground. The grooves on the two stones are at different angles, and they act like scissors during milling.

The restored Aiket Mill. Old millstones at the mill The corn mill on the Glazert Water at Aiket is first marked on the 1890 OS map. It has been restored as a dwelling, however the waterwheel is no longer in situ. Several millstones are located at the site and the mill race is in good condition and substantially built.

A replacement windshaft made of iroko was fitted in 1995. The windshaft carries a clasp arm brake wheel, which has a diameter of and has 47 cogs. It drove the single pair of millstones, via a lantern pinion stone nut, which has 16 staves. The millstones comprise the original runner stone and a non- original bedstone.

The Cullen millstones are diameter. The hot bulb engine drives a pair of diameter Cullen stones separate to the wind driven stones.

The wooden great spur wheel drives two pairs of overdrift millstones. A wooden crownwheel on the upright shaft drives a sack hoist.

Two pairs of millstones were installed, one pair coming from a watermill at Polegate. A third pair of stones was added later.

This carries a diameter wooden Head Wheel with 120 cogs, and a diameter Tail Wheel. The mill drove two pairs of millstones.

This drives a cast-iron Wallower. The Great Spur Wheel is also of cast iron. The mill drives two pairs of millstones, overdrift.

Much of the machinery is made of wood, including the brake wheel, wallower, great spur wheel, and stone nuts. The millstones are overdrift.

This drives the wallower (27 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel with 93 cogs drives the lantern pinion stone nut with 25 staves. This drives the single pair of French Burr millstones. (Click on "Technische gegevens" to view) A second pair of millstones is driven by electric motor.

William Purtis/Purlis was the miller in 1752, renewing his lease on the mill in that year. An inventory at the time showed that Church mill had two pairs of French Burr millstones and one pair of Peak millstones. It was marked on Brown & Son's survey of Maidstone, 1821. The mill was demolished in 1903 as part of a road widening scheme.

The windmill is a six storey tower mill with an ogee cap which has a gallery. There is a stage at third floor level. The mill had four double Patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft. The windmill drove two pairs of French Burr millstones, and was also capable of driving the three pairs of French Burr millstones in the watermill.

In order to accumulate enough power, a downward water fall of about three to five meters with an inclination of the wooden slope of at least 35 degrees was necessary. Every mill had two or three, some even more millstones. Most millstones were used for grinding so called "black corn". This term then comprised the following sorts: maize, rye, barley, millet and oat.

The use of sandstone in the Zittau Mountains for the production of millstones was already under way from the 16th century. The Jonsdorf Mühlsteinbrüche were one of more than 40 quarrying sites in the surrounding region. In 1560, quarrying began in Jonsdorf itself. Over 350 years, sandstone was quarried here and made into millstones with a diameter of up to 2.70 metres.

The millstones are diameter. The two pairs of pearl barley stones are each driven by a lantern pinion stone nut which has 20 staves.

He used them in the construction of a mansion. The low breast shot waterwheel was by and powered at least two pairs of millstones.

Colney Heath Mill is a four-storey tower mill It has a domed cap. There were four sails which drove three pairs of millstones.

The mill drove two pairs of overdrift millstones, with a third pair driven underdrift by auxiliary engine. The tower is high to the curb.

Dressed stone was carted to Adlington station for transport. The quarry is no longer operational. Millstones were produced at Black Coppice, where some remain.

In the past, Kamnica was known for black slate, which was mined here and used for slate roofing. It was also known for millstones.

The three pairs of millstones are overdriven. The tower is diameter at the base and at the curb, with a height of to the curb.

The mill was winded by a fantail arranged in the Suffolk style. An oil engine latterly powered an additional pair of millstones in the roundhouse.

This drives a lantern pinion wallower with 30 staves, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 100 cogs. This drives a pair of Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 24 staves and a pair of French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 30 staves.

Three water powered turbines ran the four-story mill, including lights, grain elevator and millstones used for grinding grain. Two of its five sets are French buhrs, thought to be the hardest rock in the world. Kymulga Mill continues to operate to this day, though under electricity, still making corn meal with its huge millstones. The building is now a tourist attraction open for guided tours.

In 1940, the mill was sold to James Bilham, who used the engine driven millstones for milling, and removed the two pairs of Peak millstones from the windmill. Bilham died in 1967 and the mill was sold by his widow in October 1969. The mill was bought by millwright John Lawn, who intended to restore the mill to working order. The granary was converted to residential accommodation.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 54 cogs. This drives the wallower (29 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 74 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of Cullen millstones and a pair of Peak millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 22 staves each.

James Nokes died in 1838 and the mill passed to his son Thomas. A fifth pair of millstones had been added by 1849 when Thomas Nokes was bankrupt. By 1856 the mill was driving six pairs of millstones by wind and steam. Thomas Abraham purchased the mill in 1857, having previously been in the employ of Nokes at both West Thurrock windmill and Upminster.

New mill was built in 1848 by Messrs J J and T R Holman, the Canterbury millwrights at a cost of £600. It was originally built with two pairs of millstones, and some of the machinery was to be second hand. A Robey & Co. steam engine was added in 1886 at a cost of £210. and a third pair of millstones added in 1892.

Great Mill was a four-storey smock mill on a two-storey brick base, with a Kentish-style cap carrying four patent sails. It was winded by hand, no fantail being fitted. There was a stage at second-floor level. The mill drove three pairs of millstones, and the steam engine drove a further two pairs, as well as the millstones in the windmill.

Cockfield Mill is a four storey tower mill. It had a domed cap winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove two pairs of millstones.

The mill is winded by a fantail. The mill drives two pairs of millstones underdrift. The Brake wheel is iron. This drives a cast- iron Wallower.

At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel (73 cogs) drives two pairs of millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts, each having 22 staves.

Mills Archive The mill drove three pairs of millstones, the machinery being mostly of cast iron. The mill building survived until 1987 when the site was redeveloped.

This then drives the millstones. There are trapdoors on the first and second floors to allow grain to be hoisted up the building via the sack hoist.

Chilton Street Mill is a five storey tower mill. It had a domed cap winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove two pairs of millstones.

Wilderness Road plaque on the above Historic Marker. One of three millstones from the mill at old Ft. Chiswell which are mounted on the above Historic Marker.

The Brake wheel drives a wooden Wallower mounted on a wooden Upright Shaft. The Great Spur Wheel also survives. The mill drove three pairs of millstones overdrift.

Ultimately they learned that the clog was due to poor dressing of the millstones and after making improvements, including a better brake, were operational by late September.

The windmill has a pair of common sails and a pair of spring sails, carried by a wooden windshaft with a cast iron poll end. The mill has two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The head stones are Derbyshire Peak stones are used for rough grinding, while the tail stones are made from pieces of French Burrstone, embedded in plaster of Paris. These millstones were used for fine grinding.

The first-floor loading door had a hinged chute for sliding sacks into lorries. The millstones were supported on a cast iron cradle and below this were the belt-drives which transferred power from the waterwheel/motors to the stones. Five pairs of millstones were present. The 19th-century mill was used initially for grinding oats, and later for crushing peas and beans for use in animal feeds.

The brake wheel drives the wallower (31 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 79 cogs, drives the diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 25 staves each. The millstones are driven overdrift. As of October 2009, the inner sail stock is the oldest surviving example made by Christiaan Bremer.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 51 teeth. This drives the lantern pinion wallower (21 staves) at the top of the wooden upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the wooden great spur wheel, which has 56 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of Cullen millstones and a pair of French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 20 staves each.

Berman's eventually incorporated this anchor into the bakery's logo. The millstones. Yehoshua Berman also built the city's first flour mill in 1886, north of Mishkenot Sha'ananim, which operated until the 1948 Arab-Israeli war turned that area into a no man's land. Two huge millstones still stand at the former site, which is at the end of the two rows of artisan's galleries on the Street of the Craftsmen.

The compass arm great spur wheel is diameter, and has six arms. The mill originally worked two pairs of overdrift millstones, with a third pair being added later.

These mills were also used for the husking of rice produced in the Baixo Vouga region, using cork slabs that covered the millstones, which reduced their abrasive effect.

Zeldenrun is a round stone smock mill that functions primarily as a flour mill. The windmill sail is of Old Hollandic design. The mill contains three pairs of millstones.

The handful of olive millstones used in olive oil extraction found suggest a reliance on the olive for economic purposes, like a number of other villages in ancient Galilee.

It drove four pairs of millstones overdrift. The wallower remains, mounted at the top of the Upright Shaft, which is wooden and square. The Great Spur Wheel also remains.

In 1968, the derelict mill was damaged by floods, causing the millstones to fall through the rotting floors. The mill was originally powered by a tributary of the River Rother. At one time the mill had two waterwheels, each working two pairs of millstones. The diameter overshot waterwheel, which was originally cast at Cocking Foundry for Coster's Mill, West Lavington, drives the two pairs of millstone, a sack hoist and flour dresser.

There are two pairs of millstones in the windmill and they can mill 4 quintals a day. The windmill, which was built in 1924 by János Ozi, is 200 m away from the Helt windmill. The structure of the windmill is the same, the only difference is that in the Ozi windmill there is only one pair of millstones. The windmills are protected national monuments, and they can be visited all year long.

The Scots term mill- bitch was used for a bag hung near the millstones into which a dishonest miller would slip a handful of meal now and then. The 'mill-ring' is the space between the millstones and the wooden frame. This space inevitably collected meal and was enlarged by unscrupulous millers to increase the amount that accumulated to their benefit. The term 'ring the mill' was used in common discourse to mean a 'cheat'.

In strong wind the sails can revolve at around 25 rpm, at which speed the sail tips are travelling at more than . The Lily is equipped with one set of millstones for producing flour. Note that of the two millstones, only the top stone rotates. The gap between the stationary (bottom) stone and the top (rotating) stone can be manually controlled via a rope and pulley system and automatically via a centrifugal governor.

At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 101 cogs, drives the lantern pinion stone nut, which has 25 staves. This drives the diameter millstones.

The second (Lower) waterwheel was replaced in 2015 and the associated machinery was refurbished and repaired in 2016. The millstones connected to the new (Lower) wheel were dressed in 2016.

Gazeley Mill is a six storey tower mill. It had a boat shaped cap with a gallery, winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove five pairs of millstones.

Seppmann carved most of the wooden machinery himself with an axe, except for two metal cog wheels and the millstones, which had to be purchased from St. Louis for $600.

In the early 19th century, miller James Hard was appointed miller to King George IV. It had a wrought iron breast shot waterwheel of 20' diameter driving four pairs of millstones.

The windshaft is cast in two pieces, bolted together and was too short for Halnaker Mill. Neve's inserted a spacer to lengthen it. The mill worked two pairs of overdrift millstones.

However, some items, such as millstones, were brought from much farther away.D. L. Farmer, 'Two Wiltshire Manors and their Markets', in AHR, vol. XXVII (1989) pp. 1–11 online at bahs.org.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 57 cogs. This drives the wallower (28 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 100 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves and a pair of Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 26 staves.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 59 cogs. This drives the wallower (30 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 81 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 22 staves and a second pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 23 staves.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 48 cogs. This drives the wallower (25 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 70 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 25 staves and a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves.

Notable amongst these improvements was the installation of three 'in line' millstones. Typically millstones are laid around a central gearing mechanism as opposed to in a single straight line - as is the case here. The layout found in Redbournbury is the only known example in the county, and is rare in United Kingdom as a whole. The mill building now standing dates from c.1780. In 1841, the tenant of the mill was one Edward Hawkins.

Mile End Farm Mill was a four storey tower mill. No details of its cap and sails, internal machinery, millstones or whether it was winded by a fantail or not are known.

Both pairs of millstones are diameter. Auxiliary power is a single-cylinder two-stroke Brons diesel engine dating from 1933. There is also a three-cylinder McLaren diesel engine dating from 1943.

Lound Mill is a four storey tower mill. It had a boat shaped cap with a gallery and was winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove three pairs of millstones.

This drove a cast-iron Wallower mounted on a wooden Upright Shaft. The Great Spur Wheel also survives. The mill drove three pairs of millstones overdrift. It was winded by a fantail.

This was a corn mill, probably the one mentioned by Lambarde. It had an overshot waterwheel driving three pairs of millstones, and was working until the First World War but subsequently demolished.

Chalton windmill is a four-storey tower mill. It had four patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and the cap was winded by a fantail. The millstones were driven overdrift.

This is known as Rim Drive. ;Runner Stone The Runner Stone is the topmost of a pair of millstones. It is driven by the Stone Nut. The lower stone is called a Bedstone.

The great spur wheel, at the lower end of the upright shaft has 100 cogs. This drives the lantern pinion stone nut with 37 staves. The millstones are driven overdrift. They are diameter.

The four Common sails had a span of . The leading edges were streamlined using the Faueël system. The sails were carried in a wooden windshaft. The mill drove one pair of diameter millstones.

Bembridge Mill is a four-storey tower mill with a boat-shaped cap, which is winded by chain and wheel. It has four Common sails. The two pairs of millstones are driven underdrift.

Imports included blankets, clothing, axes, sugar, rum, and tobacco. Millstones were acquired and a water wheel constructed, though possibly the flour mill wasn't completed. However, one article said Kirikiriroa flour was well known.

Tutelina Mill is a small four storey tower mill. The tower is to the curb. It had a domed cap, winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove two pairs of millstones.

Walter's Mill is a five-storey tile-hung brick tower mill. It had four Patent sails. The Kentish-style cap was winded by a fantail. The mill drove two pairs of underdrift millstones.

South side before renovation The location was the center of the 18th century village of Dutch Kills; two millstones were preserved as relics of that time, to be displayed in a green space.

Another picture shows a donkey being crowned with garlands by Cupids. Millstones can be seen beside it. This painting probably symbolizes the festival of Vesta, on which the donkeys were relieved of work.

The brickwork is thick at base level and at curb level it is thickened out to . The mill is high to the top of the cap. The mill drove three pairs of millstones.

After the flood, he planned to married his older sister to in order to repopulate the earth but was rejected because she was hesitant to violate the incest taboo. After reasoning with her, she agreed to accept his marriage proposal with a condition: they should both go up to the top of opposite hills, taking with them each a part of a millstone, and roll the millstone down into the valley in the middle. If both parts of the millstones manage to perfectly collide straight into each other, she would marry her younger brother. A Zie, realising that his sister's condition was almost impossible, prepared already collided millstones in the bottom of the valley without her knowledge before they climbed on the hills and rolled their millstones, making it appear as if he won.

Mountnessing Windmill is a post mill with a single-storey sixteen-sided roundhouse. The mill is winded by a tailpole. It has four spring sails. There are two pairs of millstones in the breast.

Photographs of the mill during demolition reveal the cast iron low breast shot waterwheel drove three pairs of millstones via a cast iron layshaft. The original wooden upright shaft and crown wheel were retained.

The mill is winded by a fantail. The wooden Brake Wheel is diameter. The Wallower and Great Spur Wheel are of cast iron. When the mill was built, it had two pairs of millstones.

The Wooden clasp arm Great Spur Wheel survives, but the three pairs of millstones have been removed. The mill was originally painted white overall, but the body of the mill was creosoted in 1969.

The first turbine drives the feed grinder and bolter, the third drives the elevators and auger, and the fifth drives the millstones and the seed cleaner. The other three are no longer in use.

The engine still functions, but is not linked to the millstones in the New Mill. The building is known to have been completed 1843 but was not present on a detailed map of 1840.

This was driven by the oil engine, which could also drive three of the five pairs of millstones. The mill ceased work c.1920 and was stripped of machinery and house converted in 1947.

Duck End Mill is a post mill with a single storey roundhouse. The mill is winded by a tailpole. It has four Spring sails. There was one pair of millstones, driven by an Brake Wheel.

TQ 758 522 This was a corn mill, probably the one mentioned by Lambarde. It had an overshot waterwheel driving three pairs of millstones, and was working until the First World War but subsequently demolished.

Brent Pelham Mill is a two-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It had four sails and drove two pairs of millstones. The weatherboarding is vertical, and survives under the corrugated iron.

Collis Mill is a three storey smock mill on a single storey brick base. It has four Common sails and the pepperpot cap is winded by a fantail. It has two pairs of underdrift millstones.

Upper Mill is a two-storey smock mill on a two-storey brick base. It had four Patent sails and the boat-shaped cap was winded by a fantail. It had two pairs of millstones.

Reed Mill is a four-storey tower mill, formerly with a Kentish-style cap carrying four patent sails. It was winded by a fantail. There was no stage. The mill drove three pairs of millstones.

In 1994, miller Hans Petit rented the mill, and had it restored to working order. In 2001, a third pair of millstones was installed. The mill produces about three tonnes of flour a week by windpower.

Prior to 1837, a watermill was located on the Schunter River that flows through Wendhausen. Records show that a watermill was in use as early as 1491 in Wendhausen. The mill had three pairs of millstones.

The mill stood over high to the top of the cap finial. It had an ogee cap winded by an eight bladed fantail. There were four Single Patent sails. The mill drove four pairs of millstones.

South Mill is a four-storey tower mill with a beehive cap with a gallery. It was winded by a fantail It had four Single Spring sails. The mill drove two pairs of French Burr millstones.

The brake wheel drove a wooden Wallower carried on a long wooden Upright Shaft. The diameter wooden Great Spur Wheel is of compass arm construction with 84 cogs. The mill latterly drove three pairs of millstones.

In 1913 owing to construction work at the nearby King George V Reservoir the water supply which powered the millstones was cut off. The machinery was then converted to electricity. Since then further improvements have been made.

The millstones were only diameter, suggesting that only a limited amount of flour was available. The mill was working until 1911, no auxiliary power being used. The building was house converted in the 1920s and survives today.

The Brake Wheel is of composite construction, with an iron centre and wooden rim. This drives a cast-iron Wallower on the Upright Shaft, which carries a cast- iron Great Spur Wheel, which drives the millstones overdrift.

TR 032 415 Sevington mill was a corn mill which had two overshot wheels driving a total of five pairs of millstones. The mill was refitted in 1852. It burnt down and was a ruin by 1939.

South Marsh Mill is a five-storey tower mill. She had four Patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft. The cap was a beehive shape, winded by a fantail. The mill drove three pairs of millstones.

The brake wheel is a composite one, with iron arms and a wooden rim. This drives a cast-iron wallower. The great spur wheel is also of cast iron. The mill drives to the millstones is overdrift.

The tower is high, diameter at the base and diameter at the curb. The walls are thick at the base. The mill is to the top of the cap. The mill drove two pairs of underdrift millstones.

Machinery in an Overdrift windmill, note the Fantail and Common Sails Brake Wheel and Windshaft Overdrift millstones A Lantern Pinion Stone Nut in a Dutch Overdrift windmill Open Trestle Post Mill with Spring Sails'Tower Mill with Roller Reefing Sails Smock Mill with double Patent Sails ;Bedstone The Bedstone is the bottom of a pair of millstones. It does not move. The upper stone is called the Runner Stone. ;Brake Wheel The Brake Wheel is the main driving wheel in a Smock or Tower mill, and in some post mills.

The millstone drive gear Marked on old maps as a corn mill, after being enlarged, Coldstream Mill was mainly involved in preparing animal feed or meal, grinding linseed cake, beans, maize and barley. The mill had three sets of millstones, usually with two working whilst one was being dressed, that is serviced and sharpened, on a three week cycle. The Marshal family, blacksmiths at nearby Gateside, annealed the tools used to dress the stones. The millstones could be operated as a set of three, two or only a single set of stones.

Until 1914, almost 300 men were employed at this quarry. From the other quarries came stone mainly used for making hewn stones for window and door walling and lintels, and also for making stone crocks for sauerkraut, wine press vats and fruit presses. According to a 1926 state examination certificate, the sandstone from the mountain ridge between the Odenbach and the Glan was one of Germany's hardest. As such, it was well suited for making millstones, and Odenbach millstones were put to use from the Hunsrück to the Moselle.

Zealand & Zealand 1992, p. 6. The cog pit, showing the pit wheel (left), great spur wheel and a stone nut. The oats are hoisted to the bin floor at the top of the mill, from where they are emptied into a hopper that feeds one of the mill's two pairs of millstones situated on the mill floor. This pair of sandstone millstones shells the grain, and the output is then sent down a chute to the basement where the shelled oats ("groats") are separated from the husks using a fan.

It was built by local Māori and millwright Peter McWilliam using of totara logs, salvaged from the bottom of the river by 100 volunteers. The millstones from Melbourne and the cast-iron machinery and brass bearings from Britain were carried upstream by a fleet of 32 canoes. Over 200 workmen were needed to transport the millstones and machinery to the mill site, and they celebrated afterwards with a 'monster picnic' lasting several days. Unlike many of the other Māori-owned mills, which only operated briefly, the Kawana mill ground flour for over 50 years.

Detail of Eling's unrestored static exhibit The tide mill has a pair of independent waterwheels designed to drive two sets of millstones each. One wheel and its associated millstones have been restored to operating condition and produces flour for sale. The other has been cosmetically restored as a static exhibit. The running wheel and its milling and other mechanisms are encased for safety of the miller and visitors, while the static wheel is immobile and kept that way to show visitors the detail that is obscured by the running mechanism's safety enclosures.

Mill Green Mill is a post mill with a single-storey roundhouse. The mill is winded by a tailpole. It has two spring sails and two spring patents. There are two pairs of millstones arranged head and tail.

An unnamed smock mill was built here in 1834. It drove two pairs of diameter millstones. The mill was probably built for Philips Schlecht. As built, it was a "grondzeiler", lacking the brick base it later stood on.

The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft, which also carries a diameter wooden clasp arm brake wheel. The cast-iron wallower is carried on a wooden upright shaft. The three pairs of millstones were driven underdrift.

Barnham Mill is a three-storey tower mill which had four Patent sails carried on a two piece cast iron windshaft. It had a domed cap which was winded by a fantail. It had three pairs of millstones.

The steam engine itself was removed in 1940 and taken to South West Essex Technical College in Walthamstow, while the building and remaining contents were removed in 1960 with two of the millstones remaining at the windmill entrance.

The stone floor is where the two pairs of underdrift French Burr millstones are located. The stones are and diameter. The wooden crown wheel is located towards the ceiling. This drives the sack hoist on the bin floor.

At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel (105 cogs) drives two lantern pinion stone nuts, one having 34 staves and the other having 36 staves. These drive the two pairs of diameter French Burr millstones.

This corn mill had an external cast iron overshot waterwheel carried on a wooden axle. The mill was working up to the outbreak of the First World War and demolished in the 1930s. It had two pairs of millstones.

On Prospect Hill there were two mills. The first was called Manwaring's Mill, or Little Mill. It was a black tarred smock mill that drove four pairs of millstones. Next to it was the Great Mill or Rose's Mill.

Lidstone had a large watermill on the Glyme. It had the largest-diameter waterwheel in Oxfordshire: an overshot wheel in diameter and wide. Via a pitwheel it drove three pairs of millstones. The mill had its own bread oven.

The mill was winded by a tailpole and winch. The four Common sails had a span of and were carried in a cast-iron windshaft. (Click on "Technische gegevens" to view.) The mill drove a single pair of millstones.

Aythorpe Roding Windmill is a post mill with a single-storey roundhouse. It has four double patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. Two pairs of millstones are located in the breast. The mill is winded by fantail.

When the mill was restored, four Common Sails were erected. The ladder was not replaced when the mill was restored, making access to the mill difficult. The mill has two pairs of millstones, in a head and tail arrangement.

The third floor is the stone floor, which contains four sets of millstones. The top floor is the dust floor. Like many Fylde windmills, the tower is topped with a boat-shaped wooden cap. It now has a "Lees Flyer" fantail.

Black Mill was a four-storey smock mill mounted on a single-storey brick base. It had four single patent sails mounted on a cast- iron windshaft and was winded by a fantail. The mill drove four pairs of millstones.

The remains of many mills which used horizontal carved millstones are throughout the parish. Only one, at Breaclet, Bernera is roofed but others of note are found at Croir, Geisiadar, Pennydonald, Carnish and virtually every other township in the parish.

Upper Mill is a three storey black smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It had four Patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The mill was winded by a fantail. The mill drove four pairs of millstones.

Four double Patent sails are carried on a cast iron windshaft. The wallower and upright shaft are of cast iron. The great spur wheel has a cast iron centre and iron teeth. The mill drives two pairs of French Burr millstones.

The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The four Common sails, which have a span of , are carried in a cast-iron windshaft which was cast by Gieterij Hardinxveld in 1998. The mill drives a single pair of diameter millstones.

Bocking Windmill is a post mill with a two-storey roundhouse. It has two Common sails and two Spring sails carried on a wooden Windshaft. Two pairs of millstones are located in the breast. The mill is winded by a tailpole.

Originally the mill had two sets of millstones that produced flour from wheat that was grown locally. It used a process known in the trade as the “New Process.” The mill was reequipped in 1880 when its technology became obsolete.

The great spur wheel has been converted from compass arm construction to clasp arm construction. A third pair of diameter French Burr millstones is located on a hurst frame, driven by the auxiliary engine via a fast and loose pulley.

The tower is diameter at the base with walls thick The tower is high and the mill was to the top of the cap. The mill drove three pairs of millstones, two pairs were diameter and the third pair were diameter.

The steel plaque was replaced the following year with the more permanent wayside rest and monument. The wayside rest is typical of the designs built by the Minnesota Highway Department around that time, with a curved drive that pulls off the main highway and a monument at the middle of the drive. The millstones and the iron water wheel are incorporated into the monument, though, which are an unusual feature for the historical markers designed by Nichols. The Fergus Falls Daily Journal reported that a Mr. Mathews had pulled the millstones from the nearby Balmoral Creek.

Bello Mill Bello Mill (also spelt Bellow Mill) was a mill dating from the 18th century on the river called the Lugar Water, on the estate of James Boswell, Lord Auchinleck in Ayrshire, in Scotland. Before being rebuilt in the 1940s, it had three different sets of mill stones. It had one pair of millstones for rough grinding, and the two pairs of millstones for grinding oatmeal, The neighboring Bello Mill Cottage is famous for being the birthplace of William Murdoch, who was born in 1754. Murdoch invented gas lighting and did experiments on steam engines in the nearby Murdoch's Cave.

The mill gearing had been jammed by a baulk of timber, jamming the machinery by that date. Old Mill was five storeys high. It had an overshot waterwheel of at least diameter and width. It drove six pairs of millstones by lineshaft.

Kenninghall Road Mill is a four storey tower mill with a domed cap which was winded by a six bladed fantail. The mill had four double Patent sails. The tower is to the curb. The mill had two pairs of French Burr millstones.

Denver Windmill is a six-storey tower mill with a stage at third floor level. The tower is high to the curb. The ogee cap has a gallery and is winded by a fantail. The mill drives three pairs of overdrift millstones.

Rock Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey base, formerly carrying a beehive cap winded by a fantail. It had four Patent sails and drove three pairs of millstones (two pairs French Burr and one pair of Peak stones).

The Brake Wheel is composite, with an iron centre and a wooden rim. It drives a wooden compass arm Wallower on a wooden Upright Shaft. This carries a wooden compass arm Great Spur Wheel. The mill drives three pairs of millstones overdrift.

Following storm damage in 1971, the mill was restored to working order. A replacement pair of millstones was acquired from North Brabant in 1982. Also in that year, a crusher was acquired from a German watermill. Windlust is listed as a Rijksmonument, № 39437.

It drove two pairs of millstones, the third pair being added at a later date. In 1890, the mill was carrying four double Patent sails and by the early 1900s was working on two double Patent sails and two single Patent sails.

Crowfield Windmill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It had four patent sails and the boat-shaped cap was winded by a fantail. It has two pairs of underdrift millstones which are mounted on a hurst frame.

The millstones were latterly replaced by roller mills. There was a fire in 1951, after which the mill was modernised, and another fire in July 2004 meant the end of milling at Barton mill. Some of the buildings survive, converted to residential use.

Nyetimber Mill is a four-storey brick tower mill with an ogee cap. It had four Patent sails and was winded by a fantail. The mill drove two pairs of millstones. An external pulley enabled the mill to be worked by an engine.

Alfriston Windmill is a three-storey brick tower mill. It had four Spring sails and the beehive cap was winded by a fantail. The mill drove two pairs of underdrift millstones. All that remains today is the tower, with various additions and extensions.

Highdown New Mill is a four-storey brick tower mill. It had four Patent sails and the beehive cap was winded by a fantail. The mill drove two pairs of millstones. All that remains today is the tower, with various additions and extensions.

The cap is a beehive shape, winded by a fantail. The mill originally drove two pairs of millstones, and Holloway's added a third pair. Currently, the stocks for the sails are on the mill, but the sails have not been erected yet.

The upper storey, which contains four millstones, is entered by a steep internal stairway, and the grain loft is accessed by a ladder. Outside the mill are stone steps leading up to the mill dam, and a stone-lined millrace with a sluice.

The mill gearing had been jammed by a baulk of timber, jamming the machinery by that date. Old Mill was five storeys high. It had an overshot waterwheel of at least diameter and width. It drove six pairs of millstones by lineshaft.

The clasp arm great spur wheel is diameter, with 140 cogs. It drives three pairs of overdrift millstones. The stone nuts having 28 teeth each. As originally built, the mill had a wooden windshaft, and a stage, which was above ground level.

It has 104 cogs and drives a stone nut with twelve cogs. The tail wheel is of cast iron, with 130 cogs. The mill drove two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The headstones are Peak stones and the tailstones are French Burrs.

South Darenth Mill was a brick building that replaced an earlier mill that burnt down in 1879. This mill was run by the Cannon family. The mill had a cast iron waterwheel which drove three pairs of millstones. A steam engine provided auxiliary power.

This differs from most post mills, where there are two sets of millstones, each driven directly by the upper wheel. The forward and the left rear mills have artificial stones with a diameter of . The right rear mill uses natural stone with a diameter of .

Both pairs of millstones were originally driven overdrift by the windmill, with the mixed pair later being driven underdrift by the steam engine, which also drove a wire machine. The remains of the old bakehouse can be seen at the rear of the mill.

Napier developed into an active village. Robert Johnston built a store and gristmill in 1838, importing two millstones from Scotland. Johnston also had a sawmill built to harvest the many black walnut trees in the area. He then proceeded to build a large woollen mill.

Bragg's Mill was built in 1757 by William Haylock, a carpenter of Ashdon. In 1813, the mill was advertised for sale, then having two pairs of millstones. At this time it was still an open trestle mill. The mill was extended at the tail c1815.

Croxley Green Mill is a five storey tower mill with a stage at second floor level. The tower has an internal diameter of at ground level. It had a boat shaped cap winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails drove three pairs of millstones.

North Mill is a five-storey tower mill with a beehive cap, winded by a fantail. It had four Single Patent sails, which rotated clockwise. The Upright Shaft is wooden, as is the clasp arm Great Spur Wheel, which drove three pairs of millstones overdrift.

It is of cast iron with three granite millstones. The large gear wheels have removable timber cogs held in place by pegs. Originally the plant was connected by belt to a small steam engine which no longer remains. Some surrounding structure have also gone.

The original fantail had seven blades, but this was replaced with a six-bladed one when the mill was restored in 1960. A seven-bladed fantail has since been fitted. All the machinery remains in the mill, except for the final drive to the millstones.

A Jander consists of three main parts: 1\. The fan (operated by water flowing from an elevated point). 2\. Millstones (two large wheel-like structures that rotate on an axle and can weigh up to a ton. They are rotated by the fans). 3\.

Duncton Mill was a post mill with a single storey roundhouse, four Common sails. It was winded by hand and had two pairs of millstones. The Head Wheel from Duncton Mill was used as the Brake Wheel in Jack when that mill was built.

The mill drove two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The cast iron brake wheel is diameter and the wooden tail wheel is diameter. The mill is unusual in the way that it has been extended at the rear, giving it a distinctive appearance.

Rock Mill is a two- storey smock mill on a two-storey stone base, with a stage at first-floor level. She had four Spring sails. The cap is in the Kentish style, winded by a fantail. The mill drove three pairs of millstones.

Nutbourne Windmill is a five-storey brick and stone tower mill with a stage at first floor level. The mill had a beehive cap, winded by a fantail and is thought to have had four Spring sails. The mill drove two pairs of underdrift millstones.

White Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It has four spring sails. The mill is winded by a fantail. The mill drives two pairs of millstones by wind, and a third pair is driven by an engine.

Between the two world wars was part of the Kingdom of Italy; then passed to Yugoslavia and then to Slovenia. To remember the Mlinarjev's Mill (Mill Mlinarjev) under Velendol. The mill had two millstones to grind both maize grain. The mill was active until 1960.

The average weekly throughput of the two mills was 125 tons per week. Clock Mill was powered by three iron undershot water wheels, two of 6.1m diameter and one of 5.9m diameter. These wheels drove six pairs of millstones at 130 revolutions per minute.

The mill worked three pairs of millstones. In 1993, Meppel resident Henk Meijerink proposed that the mill should be rebuilt. The plan was supported by Giska Eisma, an architecture student from Zwolle. The idea was put to Alderman Jan Oldebesten, who agreed that it should be done.

Robertson, George (1820). Topographical Description of Ayrshire: More particulary of Cunninghame. Irvine : Cunninghame Press. p.286. Most rural mills at the time only had only a single set of millstones however the space between the stones in these mills was adjustable to cater for shelling or mealing.

In 1971, work was done to get the left-hand pair of millstones into working order and repair the fantail carriage. In May 1972, the mill ground wheat for the first time in preservation. The rear steps were repaired and the fantail carriage fitted in 1973.

Lowfield Heath Windmill is a post mill with a single storey roundhouse. Winding is by tailpole. It originally had four Common sails, and was last worked with four Patent sails carried on a cast iron Windshaft. The mill drives two pairs of millstones arranged Head and Tail.

Edenbridge Mill is a five storey brick tower mill with a domed cap. It had four sails carried on a cast iron windshaft. The mill was winded by a fantail. The mill retains the Wallower, upright shaft and iron Great Spur Wheel, which drove the millstones overdrift.

The original granite and French quartz millstones are present, roller milling machines installed just before 1900, sifters, bolters, and other items. The mill also features a Fitz gearing installed in the basement that takes the power from the waterwheel and uses it to drive all the equipment.

The upright shaft is of cast iron, and is diameter. The great spur wheel is only diameter. The two pairs of millstones are driven overdrift. A third pair is housed on a hurst frame on the ground floor of the mill and can be driven by engine.

Bragg's Mill is a post mill with a single storey roundhouse. It has four patent sails carried on a wooden windshaft with a cast iron poll end. Two sails are double shuttered and two are single shuttered. Two pairs of millstones are driven, arranged Head and Tail.

The brake wheel drives the wallower (32 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 80 cogs, drives the diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves.

The destroyed mill had two structures. In 1884, Joseph Chipman had built a one- story mill over the millrace (which survives), which contained turbines and millstones. The wooden superstructure featured mortise and tenon joinery. An adjoining two story section was moved to the site from elsewhere.

The brake wheel drives the wallower (33 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 104 cogs drives the diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 33 staves.

The mill drove three pairs of millstones. The replica mill bears very little resemblance to an actual working windmill. It has a shorter smock, making the mill appear squatter than the original. The cap is exaggerated in height and is not designed to turn into the wind.

The mill drove four pairs of millstones, a fifth pair being described as "of small size". The upright shaft was in two sections. It carried a cast iron great spur wheel with 96 cogs. The spur wheel weighed 2 tons 13 cwt (2,693 kg) and cost £32.

TQ 495 413 Bassett's Mill HouseThis mill was demolished c.1910 and ruins remained in 1933 and 1939 It appears to have had two pairs of millstones, the upright shaft was wooden. The mill house survives. Picture of mill in The Sussex County Magazine in 1939.

The wooden brake wheel is of clasp arm construction. It has 77 cogs of pitch, driving a wooden wallower with 21 cogs. The cast-iron spur wheel is diameter with 66 cogs. It drives the two pairs of millstones underdrift via two diameter stone nuts with 32 cogs each.

Ramsey Windmill is a post mill with a three-storey roundhouse. The mill was winded by a roof mounted fantail, similar to that seen at Icklesham today. It has four double Patent sails. There are two pairs of millstones in the breast and a third pair in the tail.

East Runton Windmill is a five storey tower mill with a stage at second floor level. It has a boat shaped cap with a gallery, winded by a fantail. The mill had four double Patent sails and drove three pairs of millstones. The tower is to curb level.

It drives the wallower at the top of the upright shaft. The wallower has 33 cogs. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel with 115 cogs drives two lantern pinion stone nuts, each with 33 staves. There are two pairs of millstones which are diameter.

Starting about 1981 an extensive renovation began. Many problems were encountered, so the project took much longer than expected. The mill was purchased by the Goeree-Overflakkee Mill Foundation in 1991, and is now back in working order. It has two pairs of millstones, and is operated by volunteers.

The brake wheel drives the wallower, at the top of the upright shaft, and a sack hoist. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which drove three pairs of millstones, of which two remain. These are driven overdrift. A crown wheel drove auxiliary machinery.

The mill was extended at the tail to allow space to fit a flour-dressing machine. A steam engine was also installed. This drove a single pair of millstones in an outhouse. John Nunn married Mrs Lawrence's daughter in 1892 and left the mill to run Grange Farm, Garboldisham.

As originally built, the mill had a wooden windshaft and Common sails. These were later replaced by Patent sails and a cast iron windshaft. The windshaft is diameter at the brake wheel and diameter at the tail. The mill was probably built with the millstones arranged "head and tail".

A windmill was first marked on William Faden's map of Norfolk published in 1797. This was a post mill which drove two pairs of millstones. The mill was blown down on 22 September 1859. A new tower mill was built for William Chaplyn to replace the post mill.

The mill grinds flour using millstones and a 21-foot overshot water wheel. The flour is shipped to restaurants and livestock farmers. Nearby and also part of the Kennedy-Wade's Mill Historic District are the miller's house and other houses and outbuildings structures forming the small mill community.

Oldland Mill is a post mill on a single-storey octagonal roundhouse. It has four spring sweeps and is winded by a tailpole. The windshaft is cast iron and was cast by Boaz Medhurst, the Lewes millwright, in 1873. There are two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail.

Jill is a post mill with a two-storey roundhouse. She has four Patent Sails and is winded by a five blade fantail mounted on the tailpole. The windshaft is wooden, with a cast iron poll end dated 1831. Jill has two pairs of millstones, arranged Head and Tail.

Blackdown Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It originally had Kentish-style cap, winded by a fantail. When last working for trade she had four patent sails. The mill drove two pairs of overdrift millstones, with a third pair worked by engine.

Waterhall Mill is a four-storey brick tower mill with a domed cap winded by a five-bladed fantail. It had four Spring Patent sails carried on a cast iron Windshaft. The iron Brake Wheel is fitted with Holloways screw brake. The mill drove three pairs of underdrift millstones.

66–67 At Spittal, near Drymen, is a footprint which may be due to natural weathering. It is located at the western end of a long ridge of natural rock outcrop. A quarry for two millstones is nearby. At Craigmaddie Muir, Baldernock, East Dunbartonshire is the Auld Wives Lifts.

This Subscription Mill was built c. 1816 as a three-storey brick tower windmill. With 3 pairs of millstones, it was working in 1892 but was dismantled some time during the First World War. It had 4 double patent sails, an ogee cap and an 8-bladed fantail.

It was advertised in the Chelmsford Chronicle of 10 February 1860 as "for sale to be pulled down and removed by the purchaser". At some point, probably between 1860 and 1868, the mill was modernised. The common sails were replaced by patents; the wooden windshaft replaced by a cast-iron one; the layout of the millstones changed from head and tail to breast; a roundhouse was added to protect the trestle and provide storage space; a fantail was added to turn the mill to wind automatically, replacing the manual tailpole previously carried. The mill had been fitted with a fantail by 1868, and a steam engine by 1890, driving an extra pair of millstones in the roundhouse.

Moore's drive for healthier foods started with his father's death of a heart attack at age 49, and his grandmother's healthy eating obsession. He began experimenting with stone ground flours in the mid 1960s after reading "John Goffe's Mill," a book about an archeologist who rebuilt a flour mill and went into business with no prior experience. Stone grinding, largely abandoned when the flour industry moved to steel rollers, used quartz millstones that operate at lower temperatures and blend the germ, its oil, the bran, and the endosperm, preserving the nutrition in the grains. He found his first traditional stone- grinding flour millstones from a company in North Carolina while he was working, at the time, for J.C. Penney.

He was the miller until the mill stopped working. The waterwheel was later replaced by a turbine. Milling at Fairbourne ceased in 1908. Although the waterwheel was never at a loss for water to supply it, it could only work one of the two pairs of millstones at any one time.

TQ 4168 3527 A Domesday site, the last mill building dated from 1866, replacing the previous building that had burnt down. It had a brick base with timber above. The wooden overshot waterwheel drove three pairs of millstones. Although the mill was working in 1945 it had been demolished by 1968.

Major reconstruction works took place in 1839 with the addition of two extra floors, an entranceway at the ground floor and an extra pair of millstones. The outside staircase was moved inside. The dead curb for winding the cap was replaced with a live curb of wooden rollers in 1871.

The Moulin de Valmy is an open trestle post mill. It has four Common sails carried on a wooden windshaft. There are two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The trestle is unusual in having three crosstrees (instead of the usual two) and thus six pairs of doubled quarterbars.

Crowfield Windmill was originally built as a drainage mill near Great Yarmouth. It was moved to Crowfield c1840 and converted to a corn mill. The mill worked by wind until 1916 when the cap was blown off. An auxiliary engine was used to power the millstones until the mid-1930s.

Somerley Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It had a Beehive cap and was winded by a fantail. When working it had two Common sails and two Spring sails. The mill drove two pairs of overdrift millstones, with a third pair worked by engine.

This drives the wallower (30 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 88 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 26 staves.

Gayton Mill was an eight storey tower mill with a stage at the third floor. The tower is inside diameter at base level, with walls thick. It had an ogee cap, and was winded by a six bladed fantail. It had four Patent sails and drove three pairs of overdrift millstones.

He was the miller until the mill stopped working. The waterwheel was later replaced by a turbine. Milling at Fairbourne ceased in 1908. Although the waterwheel was never at a loss for water to supply it, it could only work one of the two pairs of millstones at any one time.

This wheel drove three pairs of millstones by a layshaft. ;The newer wheel. This wheel was an overshot wheel, diameter and wide, constructed of cast iron, carried on an diameter cast iron axle which was unusually long, as it had to pass over the tail race of the other waterwheel.

This drives a cast-iron wallower with 25 teeth. The cast-iron upright shaft is diameter and in three parts, with dog clutches at the fourth and fifth floor. The cast-iron great spur wheel is diameter with 76 cogs. It drove three pairs of underdrift millstones of , and diameter.

Syleham Mill was a post mill on a two storey roundhouse. The roundhouse is built of clunch. The four Spring sails were carried on a cast iron windshaft and powered two pairs of millstones arranged head and tail. The Head wheel and tail wheel were both of wooden clasp arm construction.

This slope is accented with old millstones. In the past there were several mills in Rosmalen, but this mill is the only one remaining. After the Second World War the mill was damaged, and there were plans to demolish the mill. Because the mill became a rijksmonument, the mill was restored.

Machinery in a watermill Crown Wheel and Upright Shaft Pit Wheel, Great Spur Wheel, Stone Nut (Underdrift stones) Pit Wheel, Wallower and Upright Shaft.A Waterwheel ;Axle The axle carries the waterwheel. It can also carry the Pit Wheel at its opposite end. ;Bedstone The Bedstone is the bottom of a pair of millstones.

The brake wheel drives the wallower (30 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 86 cogs, drives the two lantern pinion stone nuts, which have 28 staves each. These drive the millstones. One pair are Cullen stones of diameter.

La Ferté is famous for millstones used for milling flour. Some have even been found in England. Among notable residents, the artist Émile Bayard was born in this town (1837). The Irish avant-garde writer, dramatist, poet and nobel prize winner Samuel Beckett lived in the neighboring hamlet of Mollien for 36 years.

McHargue's Mill is a reproduction working watermill with authentic interior works. It was built on the banks of the Little Laurel River by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1939. Outside the mill is a large display of millstones. The working stones in the mill were brought over the Wilderness Road in 1805.

East Wretham Mill is a four-storey tower mill which had a domed cap which was winded by a fantail. The mill had four double Patent sails, one pair of which had eight bays of three shutters. The tower is to the curb. The mill drove two pairs of French Burr millstones.

In addition to this they had a "mill cart" (field mill or camp mill) which had rotating millstones mounted on their frames, which would rotate and grind wheat as the cart moved forward. Just like the carriage with mechanical figures mentioned above, when the carriage stopped, the devices associated with them halted.

She engaged John Nunn from Dickleburgh to run the mill and farm. On 3 August 1879, the mill lost two sails in a gale. The mill was repaired, with the width of the driving side of the sails increased from to . These were capable of driving both pairs of millstones at once.

In feudal times the village belonged to the Amt of Daun in the Archbishopric of Trier. In Prussian times, Hinterweiler was a municipality in the Bürgermeisterei (“Mayoralty”) of Rockeskyll. From the Middle Ages until about 1930, millstones were mined at the foot of the Ernstberg.Hinterweiler’s history – Click on Information, and then on Ortsinformationen.

A restoration was undertaken in 1950. In 1974, the mill was repaired so that it was capable of turning by wind again. A further restoration was undertaken in 1976-77 and in 1982 millwright Hiemstra of Tzummarum fitted the French Burr millstones. In 1988, the mill was purchased by the Stichting Molen Welgelegen ().

Millstones can be made from a variety of materials. The stones at Watson's Mill are made from pieces of very hard quartz called buhrstone. They were imported from France in 1859. The reason for this was that native stone from Canada and the United States would chip off into the final product.

Aslacton mill is a four storey tower mill which had a boat shaped cap winded by a six bladed fantail. It had four double Patent sails and drove two pairs of millstones. Unusually, these were driven overdrift by wind and underdrift by engine. The tower is about from base to curb level.

The clasp arm wooden head wheel was converted from Compass arm construction, it is diameter. The wooden tail wheel has also been similarly converted, it is diameter. The mill was originally built with a single pair of millstones, the second pair probably being added when the mill was extended at the rear.

Devlin, Sean. "Racine Unified looks back on milestones and millstones", Racine Journal Times, December 29, 1974. After Franklin was replaced with Walden, Red Apple shared space with the school and occupied the West Wing until 1986, when it moved into the former Washington Elementary School building on the city's north side.Shaver, Gregory.

They offered themselves to me like millstones which would not inspire the drawing, and which I could cut. Scrap, file, sew, unsew, slash, and stitch without the subjectile ever complaining through father or through mother.’See: Paule Thevenin records the source as ‘Text of February 1947, written by Artaud at Ville-Évrard.

They were cut down in 1998. In that year, the mill was sold to Jan Doorenbos. A new entrance was made to the mill so that visitors did not have to enter though the house. In 2002 the mill was equipped with two pairs of millstones, restoring it to its pre-1962 condition.

Vassals had to carry out repairs on the mill, maintaining the lade and weir as well as conveying new millstones to the site. Such trees as beech and particularly hornbeam were grown as a crop to provide the necessary wood for the mill machinery.Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub.

In 1884, the mill was sold by auction, and Henry Bryant purchased the freehold. Bryant rebuilt the floors of the mill. From 1892, a portable steam engine was used as auxiliary power, driving an extra pair of millstones on the ground floor. This was replaced in 1914 by a Hornsby oil engine.

The mill had an ogee cap with a gallery, winded by a fantail. The four double Patent sails drove three pairs of millstones. The lower two storeys of the mill were tarred, with the upper five painted white. The converted mill has a flat roof with a guard rail and a flagpole.

The latter was carried out by millwright Hiemstra of Tzummarum, Friesland at a cost of ƒ288,300. In 1999, the gemeente bought the adjoining miller's house for ƒ235,000. It was converted into an information centre and shop. Internal works were carried out in 2012, including the installation of a new pair of millstones.

At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 103 cogs, drives the diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves. The diameter edge runner stones and the stamp mills are driven by lantern pinion stone nuts of 26 and 27 staves.

Double- layer chocolate truffle cake Chocolate cake is made with chocolate. It can also include other ingredients. These include fudge, vanilla creme, and other sweeteners. The history of chocolate cake goes back to 1764, when Dr. James Baker discovered how to make chocolate by grinding cocoa beans between two massive circular millstones.

It is tall and has an internal diameter of The Common sails have a span of . They are carried on a wooden windshaft with a cast iron poll end. The windshaft carries a head wheel of diameter and a tail wheel of diameter. One of the two pairs of millstones is diameter.

The mill was built with four Common sails carried on a wooden windshaft. The cap was winded by hand. The mill was originally an underdrift mill, with the millstones a floor higher than they are now. A lean- to structure known as the roundhouse was attached to the mill below stage level.

Frederick King put the mill back to full working order in the 1920s, but the sails were finally removed in February 1927, leaving just the stocks. Milling continued until at least 1962, although the millstones were removed in 1960. Power latterly was by electricity. The mill was converted into a residence in 1969.

Milling songs are among the oldest work songs. The chronicler Alessandro Guagnini wrote of Lithuanian milling songs in the 16th century. The genre can be identified by characteristic refrains and vocables, such as zizui malui, or malu malu. They suggest the hum of the millstones as well as the rhythm of the milling.

There are two goal posts apart, one at Sturston Mill (where the Up'Ards attempt to score), the other at Clifton Mill (where the Down'Ards score). Although the mills have long since been demolished, part of their millstones still stand on the bank of the river at each location and indeed themselves once served as the scoring posts. In 1996 the scoring posts were replaced once again by new smaller millstones mounted onto purpose-built stone structures, which are still in use to this day and require the players to actually be in the river in order to 'goal' a ball, as this was seen as more challenging. The actual process of 'goaling' a ball requires a player to hit it against the millstone three successive times.

The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in the runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and is fed down a chute to be collected in sacks on the ground or meal floor. A similar process is used for grains such as wheat to make flour, and for maize to make corn meal. In order to prevent vibrations from the millstones shaking the building apart, they were usually placed on a separate timber foundation, not attached to the mill walls, known as a husk. This foundation isolated the building from vibrations coming from the stones and main gearing and also allowed for the easy re-leveling of the foundation to keep the millstones perfectly horizontal.

We should instead look to the Old Norse tongue for an original name. In earlier times, probably up to the mid 19th century, the Millstone Grit, or gritstone, which forms the flat top of the fell, was used for making millstones. Some partly formed millstones can be seen on the eastern flank of the fell — and also on the corresponding western flank of Mallerstang Edge on the opposite side of the dale. Sand (composed of Millstone Grit) from the beach of Sand Tarn was used by local people to sharpen knives and scythes; they made ‘strickles’ by sticking the sand to wooden blocks with tar. A tusk, claimed to be of ‘the last wild boar caught on the fell’, is kept in Kirkby Stephen parish church.

The steam engine was located in a brick building built against the north-east side of the windmill, and drove two pairs of millstones, a centrifugal governor, and a sack hoist. The steam driven millstones were located on 2 levels and driven by a square shaft of length, those on the upper floor being driven by a cast-iron bevel wheel with wooden cog inserts. It was also able to work various dressing machines in the windmill, but not the wind driven stones. There is some difference over the exact type of engine, it being variously described as a grasshopper engine built by Napiers, and a Cornish boiler by Davey Paxman & Co. Both sources agree that the engine had formerly been used in a Thames steamboat.

All the main parts of The Lily except the millstones have been constructed in the period between 1991 and 1997 virtually single-handedly by Pleun Hitzert. In preparation for building The Lily, Pleun travelled to the Netherlands to work with experienced millwrights in order to learn how to operate and build a windmill. Even though the windmill was essentially complete in 1997, no millstones were fitted at that time. This was because at that time The Lily restaurant and cafe occupied the bottom three floors of the windmill. It wasn’t until a new restaurant (housed in the re-constructed Gnowangerup railway station building) was constructed next to the windmill that the flour milling equipment could be fitted in the windmill.

Cawston Road Mill was a seven storey tower mill which had a boat shaped cap winded by an eight bladed fantail. It had four double Patent sails each having nine bays of three shutters and drove three pairs of millstones, with a fourth pair driven by engine. A stage was provided at second floor level.

In the 18th and 19th century rolling cone motion was used in the process of olive oil extraction. The olives were put in a large circular basin and heavy metal cones were rolled upon them. The fact that a cone can roll in circles without sliding made it more efficient to use conical roller millstones.

The turret-style allowed the top to be turned so the sails face the wind. The millstones were made in Europe and shipped through the port of Indianola. The stones were capable of grinding 500 pounds of cornmeal a week. The walls of the mill are constructed of wooden logs and covered with shakes.

Chislet windmill was a three-storey black smock mill on a low brick base, with four spring sails. The mill was winded by a fantail. The mill drove three pairs of millstones. The Wallower, Upright Shaft, Great Spur Wheel and two of the three Stone Nuts were wood, the third Stone Nut was iron.

These products were shipped out over the Eifel by teams of horses and sold. Some of the millstones were shipped to Belgium and thence throughout the world. These family businesses ceased during the First World War. In 1860, the Eifel's biggest lava deposit – the Feuerberg in Hohenfels – was leased by the municipality for lava mining.

Low-sulfur coal was once mined at three locations within the Pine Creek watershed. Below this is the late Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation, which is formed with grayish-red shale, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate. Millstones were once carved from the exposed sections of this conglomerate. Together the Pottsville and Mauch Chunk formations are some thick.

Crayford Flour Mills were built in 1817. They were powered by a cast iron low breast shot waterwheel by and drove five pairs of French Burr millstones. The upright shaft was wooden, with a cast iron wallower. The waterwheel and machinery were scrapped in 1914, when roller milling plant was installed, driven by gas engines.

Burnham Overy Staithe Mill is a six-storey tower mill with an ogee cap with gallery. The cap is winded by a fantail and the four Double Patent sails of 12 bays are carried on a cast iron windshaft. The windshaft also carries a wooden clasp arm brake wheel. It drove three pairs of millstones.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 57 cogs. This drives the wallower (28 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 70 cogs drives the diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 23 staves.

Fort Green Mill is a four storey tower mill. It had four patent sails and the domed cap was winded by a fantail. It had two pairs of millstones. A photograph of the working mill (above) shows that the sails were double patents carried on a cast iron windshaft and the fantail had six blades.

Saxtead Green Mill is a post mill with a three-storey roundhouse. The mill has four Patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and is winded by a fantail. The mill has two pairs of millstones in the breast. All the machinery is of cast iron except the Brake Wheel, which is of oak.

The mill was modernised in the 1880s, with the original wooden windshaft being replaced by a cast iron one, and spring sails replacing the commons. Larger millstones were added. The mill was tarred at about this point, as shown by a photo dated 1890. She worked by wind until 1908, although latterly in poor condition.

The windmill with sails closed Nutley Windmill is an open trestle post mill. She has two common sails and two spring sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and is winded by a tailpole. The mill drives two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The wooden head wheel and tail wheel are diameter each.

King's Head Mill is a four-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It has a Kentish-style cap winded by a fantail. When working it had four shuttered sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft, driving three pairs of millstones. The current windshaft is a dummy, added when the mill was converted.

The cast-iron windshaft carries a diameter oak brake wheel, which drives the original cast-iron wallower on a cast iron upright shaft. The great spur wheel is a replacement, built by Mr Dallaway. Three pairs of millstones are driven overdrift. Recent photos show that the mill is missing two sails and the fantail.

Medmerry Mill was built as a five-storey mill, driving two pairs of millstones. Holloway's completely refitted the mill in 1908, resulting in a four-storey brick tower mill with a domed cap which was winded by a fantail. It has four Patent sails carried on a cast iron Windshaft. The Brake Wheel is iron.

In 1809 the mill had 3 pairs of millstones for grinding corn. Milling appears to have ceased in 1928, although it may have resumed later. In 1932 a saw mill and generating dynamo were added by the estate of Norbury Hall, both being driven by the waterwheels. The last miller, Sam Wheeldon, finished in 1955.

In 2001 the mill as a whole was moved slightly after the windage on the old spot was affected. A voluntary miller, the mill is in operation regularly. The rods of the mill are approximately 20.70 meters long and feature the traditional Dutch fencing with sails. The mill is equipped with two pairs of millstones.

By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle.

The replica, 2008Ringle Crouch Green Mill was a four- storey smock mill on a two-storey brick base, with a Kentish-style cap carrying five single patent sails on a cast-iron windshaft. It was winded by a fantail. There was a stage at second-floor level. The mill drove four pairs of millstones.

Even in Roman times, Mayen (Lat. Megina) was an important economic centre. From the end of the 3rd century up until the Middle Ages, potteries operated here, and their products were traded and sold across Central Europe. During prehistoric times, nearby quarries were the sources of basalt to make millstones and tuff used to make sarcophagi.

The Goldie & McCulloch Company Ltd. was a Canadian steam engine manufacturer based in Galt, Ontario. The company also manufactured woodworking machinery, industrial safes, French Burr millstones, Boilers, Turbine Water Wheels, Bark Mills and a variety of Tannery machines. They primarily supplied the Canadian market, but the company had a strong export business to Mexico and South America.

Chipstead Mill was a four-storey building which had been enlarged in the late 19th century. It worked until after the Second World War, but the machinery had been removed by 1950. The waterwheel was overshot and drove two pairs of French Burr millstones. A steam engine provided auxiliary power until it was replaced by a suction gas engine.

The mill originally drove two pairs of millstones, driven by a diameter head wheel and diameter tail wheel. Later, another pair was added to the breast, driven by a spur gear arrangement, the spur wheel being diameter. One pair of stones in the breast was removed in 1933. The body of New Mill is long and wide.

The mill was then worked by his widow Nieske Kadijk until it was sold by auction at De Zwaan, Holwerd on 12 May 1839. At this time, the mill had four pairs of millstones. The stage was above ground level and the sails had span of . The mill was bought for ƒ9,506 by Gerben Willems Hoekstra of Zwaagwesteinde.

Several high trees grow. At the opposite end of the grave are two circular cylindrical stones, which are reminiscent of small millstones. In the center of one of them are seen a quadrangular opening and a very noticeable fissure. All this is enclosed by a stone wall, in which two doors and several windows have been made.

In 1986, it was decided to move t Op to Koudum as the mill was surrounded by industrial buildings. Parts from other mills were used in the restoration. The great spur wheel was originally in De Grote Molen, Broeksterwoude, while the millstones were originally in a mill at Langweer. The stone crane came from a mill at Geldermalsen, Gelderland.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 39 cogs. This drives the wallower (20 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 50 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via lantern pinion stone nut which has 18 staves.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 57 cogs. This drives the wallower (28 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 61 cogs. The great spur wheel drives one pair of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 21 staves.

The windshaft carries an diameter clasp arm brake wheel with iron segment teeth. This drives a diameter cast iron wallower carried at the top of the cast iron upright shaft which is diameter. At the lower end the diameter great spur wheel drives two pairs of underdrift millstones via diameter cast iron stone nuts with wooden cogs.

The windshaft also carries the clasp arm brake wheel, which has 55 cogs. This drives the wallower (27 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 77 cogs, it drives the diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 26 staves.

In 1871, he purchased a mill at St. Jacobs, replacing the millstones with rollers, which produced a better quality of flour. In 1884, he purchased a foundry at Waterloo, which produced agricultural implements and machinery. He also owned a lumber company. Snider lobbied for the establishment of forest reserves while in office, seeing the disappearing forests in Waterloo County.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 61 cogs. This drives the wallower (32 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 85 cogs. The great spur wheel drives one pair of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 23 staves.

After the grain was collected, it needed to be winnowed, which was done using the coolamon, the multi-purpose carrying vessel. Sometimes it needed to be winnowed several times. Once the grain was winnowed, it was ground using a millstone, to create flour. Millstones have been discovered which have proven to be as old as 50,000 years.

Wray Common Mill is a five-storey brick tower mill with an ogee cap with a gallery. It has four double Patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft. The cap is winded by a fantail. The cast iron Brake Wheel alone remains of the machinery, although it is known that the millstones were driven overdrift.

New Mill is a post mill on a two-storey roundhouse, the only such roundhouse in Surrey. It had four Spring Patent sails fixed to a cast iron windshaft. Its diameter Brake Wheel of cast iron has 120 teeth. It drove two pairs of millstones in the breast via spur gearing; its Spur Wheel has a diameter.

The Yardliyawara are often subsumed under a collective tribal grouping as one of the Adnyamathanha ('Hill People'), which embraces also several other distinct groups such as the Wailpi, Kuyani, Pilatapa and Barngarla tribes. Their territory around Wertaloona had a variety of sandstone that could be used to manufacture millstones, and northern tribes would come down to trade for it.

It is one of three places where trains can overtake between Neustadt and Kaiserslautern. The local stone quarry was an important freight customer with its own connecting tracks. There, grindstones and millstones were produced and loaded in the first decades. The connecting track from Weidenthal station is currently used by the Feinpapierfabrik Glatz paper factory in nearby Neidenfels.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 56 cogs. This drives the wallower (33 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 63 cogs. The great spur wheel drives one pair of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 19 staves.

Ammu and Velutha begin a short-lived affair that culminates in tragedy for the family. When her relationship with Velutha is discovered, Ammu is locked in her room and Velutha is banished. In her rage, Ammu blames the twins for her misfortune and calls them "millstones around her neck". Distraught, Rahel and Estha decide to run away.

Millstone factory site in Britain Neolithic and Upper Paleolithic people used millstones to grind grains, nuts, rhizomes and other vegetable food products for consumption. These implements are often called grinding stones. They used either saddle stones or rotary querns turned by hand. Such devices were also used to grind pigments and metal ores prior to smelting.

The inner pair have eight bays of three shutters and the outer pair have nine bays of two shutters and one of three shutters. In 1819 the sails powered two pairs of French burr millstones, a flour mill and jumper but by 1876 this had been increased to 3 pairs of stones and a smut machine had been added.

The biggest current exhibition is "Water flour-milling in the Pilica river-basin" ("Młynarstwo wodne w dorzeczu Pilicy"). Its most important element is a wooden water-mill. The interior of the construction houses an exhibition about the traditions of water-milling in the area. Besides the mill, there is a gallery with more than 30 millstones.

TR 156 588 The following mills are those on the eastern stream of the River Stour in Canterbury. This was the last watermill in Canterbury that was working for trade. For many years it was a paper mill, and then a corn mill. There were two waterwheels driving the millstones, and probably another waterwheel which drove other machinery.

In February 1978, the back of the mill was blown out in a gale. The windmill was blown down on the morning of 16 October 1987. The wreckage of the mill was still to be seen on site the following March. One of the millstones was salvaged and used in the restoration of Lowfield Heath Windmill.

As built, Pratt's Mill was a five-storey brick tower mill clad in peg tiles. It had four Patent sails and the Kentish-style cap was winded by a fantail. All that remains today is the lower three storeys of the tower, with various additions and extensions. Hemming states that the mill may have driven three pairs of millstones.

Great Ellingham Mill was described as "newly erected" when advertised for sale by auction on 2 April 1849 at the Crown Inn, Great Ellingham. It was not sold and advertised for sale or to let in July 1849. The mill then had common sails and drove a single pair of millstones. It was then five storeys tall.

The frame of the mill shows its age, there being no side girts. The body has been extended in the breast and tail, and the mill may have been reconstructed so that the original breast of the mill is now the tail. The mill has two pairs of millstones. The structure is currently on the Heritage at Risk Register.

Stanford mill is a five-storey tower mill which formerly had a Kentish-type cap. It had four patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The mill was winded by a fantail and there was a stage at first-floor level. The mill drove four pairs of millstones, two steel mills and two roller mills.

On Sundays they treated themselves to bread with smeared honey and perhaps butter. One of the daily tasks for the entire group was milling corn and wheat for bread on small millstones. They also made cheese out of goat milk almost daily. They also had fish at various times and occasionally had eggs from their chickens.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 59 cogs. This drives the wallower (33 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 85 cogs. The great spur wheel drives two pairs of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which have 28 staves each.

The plaque to the martyrs This is an old established corn mill site. The mill survives and retains most of its machinery. It has a cast iron overshot wheel driving three pairs of millstones. On 18 June 1557 the miller, William Allin and his wife Katherine were burned at the stake at Fairmeadow, Maidstone, along with five other Protestants.

As built, the mill had a stage at first-floor level, four common sails and was winded by hand. It originally drove two pairs of overdrift millstones. The cast-iron windshaft was probably not made for the mill originally. It carries a diameter composite brake wheel with 81 cogs which has been converted from clasp arm construction.

In 1949, the mill was sold to Elizabeth Jillard. The breast stones were transferred to the roundhouse. The mill was worked by wind until 1951, latterly on two sails and an oil engine powered a pair of millstones in the roundhouse until 1967. The mill was sold in that year to Ivor Wingfield, grandson of Arthur Bryant.

Gainsford End Mill is a five-storey brick tower mill with a domed cap winded by an eight bladed Fantail. When built it had four Patent sails carried on a cast iron windshaft. The Brake Wheel drove a cast iron Wallower carried on a diameter cast iron Upright Shaft. The diameter Great Spur Wheel drove three pairs of millstones.

TQ 689 323 The site of this watermill now lies in the middle of Bewl Water. It was one of those very rare watermills that was an overdrift mill, with the millstones driven from above. This arrangement is more commonly found in windmills. When Bewl Water was built, the fourteenth century Mill House was dismantled and re-erected at Three Legged Cross, Wadhurst.

TQ 803 416 The plaque to the martyrs This is an old, established corn mill site. The mill survives and retains most of its machinery. It has a cast-iron overshot wheel driving three pairs of millstones. On 18 June 1557 the miller, William Allin and his wife Katherine were burned at the stake at Fairmeadow, Maidstone, along with five other Protestants.

Mill Stone Branch is a stream in Oregon County in the Ozarks of southern Missouri. It is a tributary of Warm Fork Spring River. The stream headwaters are located at and the confluence with the Warm Fork is at . Mill Stone Branch was so named on account of deposits of stone near its course which was used to fashion millstones.

Additionally, they had to carry out repairs on the mill, maintain the lade and weir as well as conveying new millstones to the site. The width of some of the first roads was determined by the requirements of at least two people on either side of a grindstone with a wooden axle called a 'mill-wand'.Ferguson, Robert (2005). A Miller's Tale.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 53 cogs. This drives a wallower with 27 teeth, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 78 cogs. This drives a pair of diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 25 staves.

Back Square, the former baroque flower garden, stone wall is limited. Has been maintained ever since the old tree of life, which under the mossy Millstones. The square is violated with occasional planting, especially by the school to have many trees and ornamental shrubs. Behind the main building is a terrace with a front two of the tree of life.

Beebe windmill is a four-story smock mill with an ogee cap winded by a fantail. Four Common sails are carried on a wooden windshaft, as is the wooden clasp arm brake wheel. This drives a cast iron wallower carried at the top of the upright shaft. At its lower end the cast iron great spur wheel drives two pairs of overdrift millstones.

A few watermills drove the stones from above, known as Overdrift stones. ;Turbine In some watermills, a Turbine was used as a source of power instead of a Waterwheel. In many cases, the Turbine was installed when a watermill was modernised, although a few mills were built new with Turbines. ;Underdrift Millstones driven from beneath are known as Underdrift stones.

Lutke's Meule was built in 1990 by Gerard Lutke, miller at De Sterrenberg. The mill was able to turn by wind by October 1992 and a pair of millstones were installed in 1993. In 2008, one of the wooden stocks broke, reducing the mill to two sails. Development in the surrounding area had reduced the ability of the wind to power the mill.

Quorn is a village in Leicestershire, England, near the university town of Loughborough. The name was shortened from Quorndon in 1889, to avoid postal difficulties owing to its similarity to the name of another village, Quarndon, in neighbouring Derbyshire. The village's original name is thought to be derived from the Old English cweorndun, meaning "hill (dun) where millstones (cweorn) are obtained".

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 62 cogs. This drives the wallower (32 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 91 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 24 staves.

A customized clay pipe then allowed for water to flow downward at a 35 degree angle against the buckets of the mill's water wheel, thus causing it to rotate and generate power for the millstones to grind grain into flour. The water then proceeded from the mill to the lower reservoir where it was channeled to irrigate fields, orchards, and the fountain.

The mill was built in 1845 for J. Zoeter and D. Voogd, on the site of an existing mill. Until 1952 it had three pairs of millstones for grinding grain for the local farmers. It was then out of service for some time. Between 1982 and 1984 there was a major renovation in which the sails were overhauled and given automatic speed controls.

This engine was replaced by a suction gas engine in 1919. Second hand sails from Sarre Windmill were fitted in 1920. In the 1920s, a pair of sails was bought from Beacon Mill, Benenden for re-erection on the mill, but they proved not to be suitable. A pair of diameter millstones from Beacon Mill was installed in the mill about this time.

The Nendrum Monastery mill was a tide mill on an Mahee Island in Strangford Lough now in Northern Ireland. It is the earliest excavated tide mill, dating from 787 AD. Its millstones are 830mm in diameter and the horizontal wheel is estimated to have developed 7/8HP at its peak. Remains of an earlier mill dated at 619 AD were also found.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 68 cogs. This drives a lantern pinion wallower with 29 staves, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 66 cogs. This drives a pair of diameter millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 23 staves.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 53 cogs. This drives a wallower with 26 cogs, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 75 cogs. This drives a pair of diameter French Burr millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 24 staves.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 58 cogs. This drives a wallower with 27 teeth, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 87 cogs. This drives two pairs of Cullen millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts with 26 staves each.

Friston Mill in 1965 Friston Windmill is a tall post mill with a roundhouse. It had four Patent sails and was winded by a fantail carried on the rear steps in the Suffolk style. The mill is high, making it the tallest surviving post mill in the United Kingdom. The mill has been preserved but the three pairs of millstones have been removed.

Two of the sails were re- erected on the White Mill at Headcorn. The other pair were intended for re-use on the Union Mill, Cranbrook but proved unsuitable for that mill. A pair of diameter millstones from the mill were installed in the Union Mill at Cranbrook. Some repairs were carried out to the mill in 1950 to make it waterproof.

The mill is now equipped with two pairs of millstones: one pair uses wind power; the other one is powered by a Deutz engine. The arms are long and are equipped with the Old Dutch fencing with sails. The mill is operated by volunteers and is used regularly to grind grain; one can purchase items produced in the mill on-site.

A bedstone and rind. Dalgarven Mill, Scotland. The most basic tool for a miller was the quern-stone—simply a large, fixed stone as a base and another movable stone operated by hand, similar to a mortar and pestle. As technology and millstones (the bedstone and rynd) improved, more elaborate machines such as watermills and windmills were developed to do the grinding work.

Nerzweiler was formerly purely a farming village. A livestock headcount in 1928 yielded figures of 27 horses, 208 head of cattle, 79 pigs, 22 goats, 547 chickens and 10 bee colonies. In earlier times, both a mill and a small tannery stood on the brook. According to a 1744 report, the mill had two waterwheels and two sets of millstones.

In olden days, grain was ground on manually operated rotary querns. However, during the Middle Ages, millstones powered by a waterwheel were introduced, and large amounts of grain could be ground more quickly. These mills depended on a good flow of water, which mainly occurred during the autumn and spring. These two seasons were the time for baking flatbread and lefser.

The mill had two undershot waterwheels and was valued in the Church Rate Books of 1764 at £64.1s.1d. Latterly a steam engine was installed to enable the mill to work for longer periods. The mill was demolished in 1858. Latterly it drove five pairs of millstones, one wheel worked two pairs of French Burr stones and one pair of Peak stones.

Castletown SC 259 677 The five storey tower mill at Castletown was built in 1828. The mill drove four pairs of millstones and there was a threshing mill in one of the barns attached to the mill. It was tailwinded and lost its sails shortly after completion in 1828. In August 1829, the mill was tailwinded and the sails were damaged.

Tricker's Mill is a five storey tower mill which formerly had a boat shaped cap with a gallery which was winded by a fantail. It had four Patent sails and drove three pairs of millstones, of which two pairs remain. The cast iron windshaft had previously been used in a post mill. The majority of the machinery survives in the mill.

The millstones that accompanied him from Yorkshire now sit outside St Matthew's Close in New Norfolk. A window dedicated to John and Martha Terry appears amongst the impressive stained glass windows of St Matthew's Anglican Church in New Norfolk. It bears a line from the letter quoted above. The line he wrote next suggests confidence that it was worth the effort.

The roundhouse is of brick, with a boarded roof covered in tarred felt. A pair of underdrift millstones is located on the upper floor of the roundhouse, these were driven via a portable steam engine in times of calm. The roundhouse was originally built as a single-storey structure, it and the mill being raised a storey at a later date.

The Brake Wheel has been converted from Compass arm construction to clasp arm construction, it is diameter with 63 cogs. The mill was originally built with a single pair of millstones in the breast, but now has two pairs. The Upright Shaft is cast iron, and carries three wheels. There is a cast iron mortice wheel with 66 cogs drives a flour dresser.

Bronze Age round barrows and spear heads have been found in the village, and there are signs that Potterhanworth Booths was farmed during the Iron Age.Archi UK Potterhanworth Booths and Branston Booths were both settled by the Romans. At Potterhanworth Booths, remains of Roman field boundaries and enclosures, as well as worked iron, a quern, millstones and coins have been found.

The wooden brake wheel drives a cast-iron wallower, which drives a cast-iron great spur wheel with wooden cogs. This drives two pairs of underdrift millstones in the breast of the mill. The mill also has a flour dresser (bolter). The bolter in Keston mill has been used as the model for a reconstructed bolter in Lowfield Heath Windmill, Charlwood, Surrey.

South Ockendon Windmill was built in the 1820s. A date of 1829 is often quoted but the mill was marked on the Greenwoods' map of 1825. The mill was a combined mill, with a waterwheel driving a pair of millstones in the base in addition to those driven by wind. The mill may have been built with the waterwheel from new.

New Mill is a four-storey smock mill on a two-storey brick base with an attached miller's cottage. It has four patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. It drives four pairs of millstones by wind, with a fifth pair powered by an auxiliary engine. This was a steam engine until 1911, then an oil engine and latterly an electric motor.

The windshaft also carries the wooden brake wheel, which has 56 cogs. This drives the wallower (29 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 88 cogs. The great spur wheel drives two pair of French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 22 staves each.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 69 teeth. This drives the wallower (35 teeth) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 120 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 29 staves.

Under thirlage the suckeners had to convey new millstones to their thirled mill, sometimes over significant distances. The width of some of the first roads was determined by the requirement to have at least two people on either side of a new grindstone being transported, with a wooden axle called a 'mill-wand' passed through the hole in the centre.

Kleine Orgel ("Little Organ") The Mühlsteinbrüche ("Millstone Quarries") south of Jonsdorf in the Zittau Mountains in Saxony are a region of bizarre rock formations, which have been formed by the quarrying of sandstone for millstones and also by weathering processes. They are a popular hiking and climbing area. An educational trail runs through the region which has an area of about 35 hectares.

Flixton Road Mill was a six storey tower mill with a boat shaped cap. It had four Patent sails of ten bays and was winded by a fantail. There was a stage at second floor level and the mill drove three pairs of millstones. Auxiliary power was by an engine, with the external drive belt enclosed in a wooden casing.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 60 cogs. This drives the wallower (31 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 75 cogs. The great spur wheel drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut which has 22 staves.

It drives a wooden wallower with 50 cogs carried on a cast iron upright shaft. The clasp arm great spur wheel has 122 cogs and drives three stone nuts – two with 19 cogs and the third with 20 cogs. The millstones are , and diameter. As built, John Webb’s Mill had a wooden windshaft some longer than the present one, carrying four Common sails.

In 1873, Jack was fitted with Hammond's Patent Sweep Governor, a feature also fitted to the post mill at Herstmonceux, which was also run by the Hammonds. Jack had three pairs of millstones, and room for a fourth pair. All machinery below windshaft level has been removed. In 1966, Jack was fitted with new sails as he was to appear in a film.

Lower Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. It has a beehive cap with a gallery which was winded by a fantail. The four Patent sails were long and wide carried on a cast-iron windshaft. They drove three pairs of French Burr millstones which are mounted on a hurst frame on the first floor.

TR 039 388 This corn mill still retains its machinery. The overshot waterwheel is wide and diameter, driving the machinery via a cast-iron ring gear with 72 teeth. There were originally four pairs of millstones, of which two remain, driven by a system of belts and pulleys. This dates from the 1840s, when the mill was reworked by Messrs.

Traces of a prehistoric camp have been found here. In 1754, Randle Wilbraham of nearby Rode Hall built an elaborate summerhouse looking like a medieval fortress and round tower. The area around the castle was nationally famous for the quarrying of high-quality millstones ('querns') for use in water mills. Excavations at Mow Cop have found querns dating back to the Iron Age.

Another local speciality of Jeolla Province is konggejeot (콩게젓) which is indigenous to Gangjin County. The gejeng is made by grinding crabs as small as a bean (kong in Korean) with millstones. The thick ground paste is mixed with salt and gochujang. In Jeju Island, gejang is called gingijeot (깅이젓) made on every fifteenth of March in the lunar calendar at low tide.

Robert Fludd's 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine from a 1660 wood engraving. It is widely credited as the first attempt to describe such a device in order to produce useful work, that of driving millstones. Perpetual motion is the motion of bodies that continues forever. A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work infinitely without an energy source.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 51 cogs. This drives a wallower with 28 cogs, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 80 cogs. This drives two pairs of diameter French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts with 24 staves each.

In 1872, the mill was offered to let. By then a steam mill powered by a Clayton & Shuttleworth steam engine was working an additional three pairs of French Burr millstones. The mills were taken by Edward Lewis, who had previously been at a watermill at West Acre. The mill was sold by auction on 23 September 1873 at the Globe Hotel, King's Lynn.

This is a sacred site to the Cats and the girl is their corn goddess. The Cats mine millstones on Mow Cop and bring food as offerings. The soldiers think they have engineered a truce, but the girl poisons their food and they have hallucinations, killing themselves. Only Macey is spared, as he never touched the girl, who was raped by the others.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 53 teeth. This drives the wallower (26 teeth) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 91 cogs. The great spur wheel drives three pairs of diameter millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 26, 28 and 30 staves respectively.

The restored mill, May 1989 Terms explained in the Mill machinery article are in italics ;As built in 1819 A four-storey tower mill with Common sails carried on a wooden windshaft, driving two pairs of overdrift millstones. Brake wheel diameter. Winding was by hand. ;As restored The four-storey tower is built of brick, and stands from ground level to the curb.

Under his direction Nathaniel Lucas prefabricated two post mills and quarried millstones on Norfolk Island. One was erected in 1797 at Miller's PointFarrer 2005:17 and was operated by the government. The other, erected in The Domain, was operated privately by Lucas and later Kable.Tatrai 1994:32 Government-owned mills began to be supplemented by private enterprises in this way.

There is a blocked opening on the ground floor where a steam traction engine once powered an extra set of millstones. The mill was purchased by the local Council in the 1960s and refurbished, including the installation of a new cap and sails, in 2014. On 9 February 2020 the cap and sails were destroyed by winds from Storm Ciara.

Located right of Collier Road in Buckhead along Tanyard Creek, the Collier's grist mill was at the center of a key Civil War battle, the Battle of Peachtree Creek. It was located on the lands of Andrew Jackson Collier. Bronze markers in Tanyard Creek Park and old millstones and markers at the corner of Redland Drive and Collier Rd. recall this history.

The mill was built in 1825 by Tink McCoy and later purchased by Lewis Norton. The mill is now mostly a replica, although the original mill race and millstones remain.Information obtained from interpretive sign at the Norton Gristmill, 18 October 2008. Other historical features include Indian Rock, atop Big Ridge, where a plaque marks the site of the 1794 ambush of Peter Graves.

Written sources indicate that in the 15th century there was millstone production at Lalm, although it is possible the production dates back to the Viking era. From Kvennberget—which translates roughly to the mill-hill—millstones were delivered around Norway and even internationally. Kvennberget gained protected status as a cultural treasure in 1987. Until 1640 Tolstad and Kvennberget were krongods.

After the Østerdalsbanen railroad was built, millstones from Selbu took over the millstone market in eastern Norway. At the same time iron was produced from bog ore to supply tools for the millstone production. Near Melingen there are indications of iron production. Also in the area around Mela there was pottery production since the area has a good supply of clay.

This mill stood on the watercourse that was the bypass from Church Mill. William Purtis/Purlis was the miller in 1752, renewing his lease on the mill in that year. An inventory at the time showed that Little Church mill had one pair of French Burr millstones and four bolting mills. It was marked on Brown & Son's survey of Maidstone, 1821.

The site of this watermill now lies in the middle of Bewl Water. It was one of those very rare watermills that was an overdrift mill, with the millstones driven from above. This arrangement is more commonly found in windmills. When Bewl Water was built, the fourteenth century Mill House was dismantled and re-erected at Three Legged Cross, Wadhurst.

Yarmouth: DeLorme, 2004, 54. . It was purchased before its completion by Pennsylvanian Gabriel Bear, who completed and opened the mill in 1849. After his locally made millstones proved faulty, Bear travelled to France, where he acquired stones of a type regarded worldwide as of highest quality. The mill is a wooden building with a stone foundation and a metal roof.

Upthorpe Mill is a post mill on a single-storey roundhouse. It has two pairs of Double Patent sails carried on a wooden windshaft with a cast-iron poll end. This carries a wooden brake wheel with iron segment teeth, driving a cast-iron wallower mounted on a wooden upright shaft. The cast iron great spur wheel drives two pairs of underdrift millstones.

It produces over 400 products, primarily whole grains that are ground with quartz millstones which come from several 120-year-old mills, as well as baking mixes, beans, seeds, nuts, dried fruits, spices, and herbs. They are sold through seventy natural food and specialty grocery distributors in the United States and Canada, their online store, and the company's factory store and restaurant.

It carried a Great Spur Wheel and an iron Crown Wheel of diameter. This received a drive from the steam engine so that the mill could be driven that way if necessary. The mill drove three pairs of millstones. ;The brick mill This was built in two parts, latterly known as the "middle room" and the "end room", this last part being built in 1889.

The Trapps, the Clove, and neighboring sister hamlets provided that skilled labor. The hamlet declined after 1900 as technological advances replaced mountain industries. Wooden hoops for securing barrel staves gave way to steel hoops; millstones bowed out to steel. About 1907, the Town of Gardiner abandoned part of Van Leuven Road, a main north- south route in the Trapps; the town could no longer afford its maintenance.

He rebuilt the mill in 1796, which date was to be seen on the mill. This was a corn mill with an overshot waterwheel driving two pairs of millstones, one pair of French Burrs and one pair of Peaks. William Hudson was the miller from 1847 - 1855. Thomas Clark (1838–1929) was the miller through the second half of the nineteenth century, taking the mill c1861.

De Wieker Meule was originally built in 1764 in De Leijen. In 1829, the mill was bought by Jacob Schiphorst Haalweide and moved to De Wijk. An extension was built against the base of the mill which housed two pairs of millstones driven by a diesel engine and later an electric motor. These were in addition to the two pairs of stones driven by the windmill.

That drove the wallower on the upright shaft, then a diameter cast iron great spur wheel drove four pairs of millstones. There were two pairs of French burr stones and two pairs of Peak stones. One pair of each type was diameter and the other pair of each type was diameter. At the top of the upright shaft was a diameter cast iron crown wheel.

TQ 760 555 This mill stood on the watercourse that was the bypass from Church Mill. William Purtis/Purlis was the miller in 1752, renewing his lease on the mill in that year. An inventory at the time showed that Little Church mill had one pair of French Burr millstones and four bolting mills. It was marked on Brown & Son's survey of Maidstone, 1821.

This was cast by Fabrikaat Hardinxveld in 1997. The windshaft also carries the clasp arm brake wheel, which has 59 cogs. The brake wheel drives the wallower (29 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft the great spur wheel, which has 85 cogs, drives the diameter French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nut which has 26 staves.

The family came from Slovácko, a rural region in the south of the country. Parents Jaroslav and Anna Škrdlík moved to the town of Ostrava in search of work. The name “Škrdlík” is derived from the word škrle, a tool for the working of millstones used in Moravia in the 12th century,Xantypa magazine, June 2002, p. 86 inspired by the sound of metal scratching stone.

In 1912, Thomas Lawrence committed suicide in the mill, hanging himself. In 1913, the mill was bought by Christopher Pattinson, who was also running the post mill at Garboldisham. The mill was last worked in 1919 but milling continued for a further three years by oil engine. This was located in a shed some way from the mill and powered a single pair of millstones.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 60 cogs. This drives a wallower with 31 teeth, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 72 cogs. This drives a pair of Cullen millstones and a pair of French Burr stones via lantern pinion stone nuts with 22 staves each.

240px Tot Voordeel en Genoegen (Profit and Pleasure) is a windmill built in 1798 on the Molendijk 15 in Alphen, Gelderland, in the Netherlands. It is a large post mill, built above a roundhouse, used for grinding wheat flour. It is the only windmill in the Netherlands that drives three pairs of millstones. The mechanism is mostly wooden, since iron was expensive when it was built.

The ropes are made from flax, which was once grown in the area, and the gears are wooden. Use of iron was avoided wherever possible due to the cost. The mill is unique in having three sets of millstones, each of which can be operated independently. The main drive from the upper wheel turns the forward wheel, which in turn drives the two rear wheels.

Simpsonville remained a hub for the local economy until undermined by the declining milling industry and the Great Depression. Nearby Atholton postal services were merged with Simpsonville. Lee Preston led Atholton High School students to conduct the first archeological excavations around Simpsonville in 1984. Over 42,000 artifacts have been recovered through decades of investigations, including machine parts, clothing, bottles, window glass, and two millstones.

The date 1848 is on a plinth at the bottom of the Upright shaft, and may indicate the date of the existing waterwheel and machinery. The crown wheel was used latterly to drive the electricity generator, with one of the stone nuts being adapted as the driven gear. The mill had two pairs of millstones and last ground corn c.1920. The sack hoist does not survive.

Framsden Windmill was built as an open trestle post mill with Common sails and winded by a tailpole. The two pairs of millstones were arranged Head and Tail, each driven by a compass arm wheel. A roundhouse was added in 1836 and a fantail was added. At this time, the wooden windshaft was replaced by a cast iron one and Patent sails were added.

Additionally they had to carry out repairs on the mill, maintain the lade and weir as well as conveying new millstones to the site. The width of some of the first roads was determined by the requirements of at least two people on either side of a millstone with a wooden axle called a 'mill-wand'.Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub.

On the ground floor there is machinery for lifting the sluice gates and for the running stones. On the stone floor above there are six pairs of millstones, three driven by one water wheel and three by the other. The stone floor also houses the machine for cleaning the grain and the flour dresser. The grain hoppers are on the bin floor above the stone floor.

Barbary sheep, birds, foxes, gazelles and rabbits live in the valleys, and the Haruj is used as a pasture by Arabs and Tibbus. 4,000 year old petroglyphs in the field show antelopes and cattle. Neolithic stone weapons made out of Haruj rocks have been found and several millstones discovered in the Roman cities of Leptis Magna and Cyrene did originate in the volcanic field.

A favorite saying of Philip Kapleau was "Grist for the mill" which means that all of our troubles and trials can be useful or contain some profit to us. In this spirit, his gravestone is one of the millstones from Chapin Mill, the 135-acre (0.55 km2) Buddhist retreat center whose land was donated by a founding member of the Rochester Zen Center, Ralph Chapin.

The windshaft also carries the clasp arm brake wheel, which has 59 cogs. This drives the wallower (30 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 104 cogs, drives the two pairs of millstones. The diameter French Burr stones are driven by a lantern pinion stone nut which has 29 staves.

Local residents bought the building and it was given to the National Trust. After the war, the mill was in use as a youth hostel, and was one of the few YHA establishments where smoking was forbidden because of fire hazard. In 1999, the National Trust put in new millstones. Flour is still being milled, and the building is a tourist centre, with a camping site nearby.

The feed grinder introduced another method of grinding grain. Whereas the particular dress of the millstones limits what substance can be ground, the feed grinder was capable of grinding a variety of grains and seeds. This machine was mostly used to mix feed for the local farmers' animals. Today the feed grinder is used to grind corn, which the mill sells as duck chow.

The upright shaft was of wood. The mill drove three pairs of millstones. Miller John Colgate had introduced steam power by the 1870s, and the tall chimney for the steam engine was known locally as "Colgate's Folly", as it did not function as well as intended. The mill was used as a store in its final years before its demolition in 1934 or 1935.

The site is located on an isolated, rural hilltop rising over the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Assunção. It consists of a destroyed fortified settlement, with small walls constructed with small stones, in addition to remnants of tiles, bricks and millstones. Most of the artefacts unearthed from the site was collected by the Sociedade Martins Sarmento, and presented at the Municipal Museum of Bragança and Archaeological Museum.

The groats are then hoisted back to the top floor and fed through the second pair of millstones (made of French burr stone). This produces the oatmeal, which descends to the basement for bagging.Zealand & Zealand 1992, pp. 6-9. The mill is powered by the Barry Burn: there is a working dam and lade half a mile upstream, which channel water to the mill wheel.

The wheel is diameter, and is powered by the water dropping down from the lade on downstream side of the overshot waterwheel . The mill's power is controlled by a series of levers, cogs and gears in the basement. These supply power to the millstones, to the hoists, and to a fan that is used to separate the groats from the chaff.Zealand & Zealand 1992, p. 5.

There were once also such cranes in Lorch, Eltville and Rüdesheim. These cranes can still be found in existence along the Rhine at Andernach (stone; loaded tuff, millstones and wine barrels) and Bingen (wood, loaded mainly wine barrels). In Mittelheim is found one of Germany's oldest stone churches, St.-Aegidius-Basilika (“Saint Giles’s Basilica”). In Winkel stands Germany's oldest stone house, the Graues Haus (“Grey House”).

The factory had many fires in its time, some harmless some fatal, but the sturdy structure stood until it was demolished in the 1920s. The old millstones and bricks have smoke stains still on them and the stones have been used as walls for the 1930s houses and the bricks for the houses. Some curved bricks have been found on the site of the mill.

The millrace and sluice have been preserved. The Zajc Mill (Zajčev mlin) stands immediately southeast of the Vehovec Mill in a building that dates to the first quarter of the 19th century but has been remodeled several times. It contains two old-fashioned sets of millstones and a roller mill, and it stands nest to a small hydroelectric station with a radial Francis turbine.

The sails powered three pairs of millstones, of which one had a diameter of five feet. The internal machinery also included a sifter and a flour mill. Also on site a bakehouse was built in 1862. In March 1860 the windmill was badly damaged in a gale which prompted a 10 horse power Garwood steam engine to be installed to act as auxiliary power.

The great spur wheel on the ground floor of the Rottingdean windmill. The millstones on the floor above are driven from here. This large wooden gearwheel is mounted atop the Upright shaft and receives drive from the brake wheel which is driven by the windshaft and sails. Sadly, it was cut in half during the fitting of a steel skeleton to assist in supporting the mill.

The cap is in the Kentish style, winded by a fantail. The mill drove two pairs of underdrift millstones. The mill stood at the junction of three barns, one of the original barns remains standing today, and one of the others was replaced with a new build barn in 1997. Most of the machinery was removed in 1937, leaving the Brake Wheel and Upright Shaft.

Throughout the whole show visitors are guided by the master of bakery, a gingerbread witch and the craftsmen.Voyage magazine (polish edition)no. 2, 2012, ISSN 1505-0882 INDEX 344192 The museum is located on 9, Rabiańska Strett, in an early 19th-century granary, and visitors also participate in flour production using millstones. The museum forms part of the gingerbread tradition still living in town.

Gazeley Mill was built in 1837 by William Death, replacing a nearby post mill. The mill drove five pairs of millstones. A Gippeswyck oil engine was installed by Turners, the Soham millwrights in 1880. In 1893, a one-and-a-half-sackA capacity of 1½ sacks (30 stone / 190kg) per hour roller mill made by Messrs E R & F Turner of Ipswich was installed.

At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 87 cogs, drives the two lantern pinion stone nuts, which have 27 and 28 staves. These drive the and diameter millstones. A third pair of stones is driven by an electric motor so production could continue on days when there was not enough wind. Several modern developments were added during the 1992 rebuild.

It was run until shortly before it closed by the Pākehā miller Richard ("William") Pestell, appointed by the New Zealand Government. Pestell had married into the Māori family of Temā Panitua and was known to them as Wiremu Petara. Upon his retirement, his second son Richard continued running the mill until it closed in 1913. The building was gradually dismantled, only the machinery, wheel, and millstones surviving.

A post mill stood on this site in 1328. It was owned by Anchin Abbey. A mill on this site was burnt in 1616 as an act of war. The current mill was built in the 15th century, It was standing by 1669, although at that time it only had one pair of diameter millstones and was owned by Henin Robert, Lord of Vertain and Angremont.

Anyone was free to produce as many millstones as they could as long as the land owner received every fourth millstone as payment. Starting in the 1830s this business was popular for farmers as winter work. The population increased greatly during this time and it was difficult for the population to subsist on farming. The business in Kvennberget lasted until the end of the 1870s.

Wheel pit, Lower Chrisbrook Mill This late eighteenth century mill housed an internal water wheel; it was a corn mill c.1719. It had an overshot waterwheel driving four pairs of millstones. The mill last worked in 1905 and the machinery scrapped some thirty years later. An earlier mill on this site was probably the mill leased by the prior of Canterbury to Robert De Hucham.

That drove the wallower on the upright shaft, then a diameter cast iron great spur wheel drove four pairs of millstones. There were two pairs of French burr stones and two pairs of Peak stones. One pair of each type was diameter and the other pair of each type was diameter. At the top of the upright shaft was a diameter cast iron crown wheel.

He rebuilt the mill in 1796, which date was to be seen on the mill. This was a corn mill with an overshot waterwheel driving two pairs of millstones, one pair of French Burrs and one pair of Peaks. William Hudson was the miller from 1847–1855. Thomas Clark (1838–1929) was the miller through the second half of the nineteenth century, taking the mill c. 1861.

It carried a Great Spur Wheel and an iron Crown Wheel of diameter. This received a drive from the steam engine so that the mill could be driven that way if necessary. The mill drove three pairs of millstones. ;The brick mill This was built in two parts, latterly known as the "middle room" and the "end room", this last part being built in 1889.

The date 1848 is on a plinth at the bottom of the Upright shaft, and may indicate the date of the existing waterwheel and machinery. The crown wheel was used latterly to drive the electricity generator, with one of the stone nuts being adapted as the driven gear. The mill had two pairs of millstones and last ground corn c. 1920. The sack hoist does not survive.

La Dame de Monsoreau is a historical novel by Alexandre Dumas, père published in 1846. It owes its name to the counts who owned the famous château de Montsoreau. The novel is concerned with fraternal royal strife at the court of Henri III. Tragically caught between the millstones of history are the gallant Count de Bussy and the woman he adores, la Dame de Monsoreau.

The mill contains original machinery including wood gears and drive shafts, two runs of millstones, and a husk frame in the basement gear pit. Also on the property is a mid-19th century log dwelling—traditionally identified as the miller's house—with twentieth century frame additions and front porch. and Accompanying photograph It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

The original mill building having a peg tile roof with the extension being roofed in slate. The cast-iron waterwheel is diameter and wide, mounted on a wooden axle, driving a cast-iron pit wheel with 92 wooden cogs. The cast-iron wallower has 32 teeth and is carried on a wooden upright shaft, driving a cast-iron Great Spur Wheel with 120 cogs. This drove three pairs of millstones.

The area was first settled in 1802 by James McMahan, formerly of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. McMahan established a mill near the mouth of Chautauqua Creek, where it empties into Lake Erie. The mill was later dismantled in advance of the War of 1812 to prevent it falling into the hands of the British. Today some of the millstones from McMahan's mill rest outside the Patterson Library in Westfield village.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 63 cogs. This drives a wallower with 32 teeth, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 82 cogs. This drives a pair of diameter French Burr millstones and a pair of Cullen stones via lantern pinion stone nuts with 25 staves each.

Howsham Mill dates back to c.1755 and is attributed to John Carr of York. It was built in the Gothic Revival style both as a working grist mill to grind grains into flour and as an eyecatcher or folly within the formal parkscape of nearby Howsham Hall. The mill was powered by a breastshot waterwheel connected by a gear wheel to millstones that grind the grain into flour.

The nature preserve is close to the Washington-Athens County border. The preserve centers on Beebe Road, which may be reached from Ohio State Route 144 east of Stewart, Ohio. The name derives from the fact that the land was formerly owned by the Acadia Coal Company. The property includes an old millstone quarry, and many old millstones can still be seen on the site, now back in the forest.

Reigate Heath Windmill is a post mill with a single-storey roundhouse. Winding is by tailpole. It originally had four common sails carried on a wooden windshaft, with the stones arranged head and tail. It was last worked with four double patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft, with the two pairs of millstones arranged side by side in the breast of the mill, driven underdrift by spur gearing.

Chillenden windmill is a white open- trestle post mill with four spring sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The windshaft carries a cast-iron brake wheel with a wooden rim. The brake wheel has fifty wooden cogs, driving a cast-iron wallower on a cast-iron upright shaft. This carries a cast-iron great spur wheel which drives two pairs of underdrift millstones in the head of the mill.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 53 cogs. This drives a wallower with 24 cogs, which is situated at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 68 cogs. This drives a pair of diameter Cullen millstones and a pair of diameter French Burr stones via lantern pinion stone nuts with 20 staves each.

The mill under restorationInspection of the mill after the loss of a sail in 1976 revealed that the trestle had been weakened by Death Watch Beetles. The machinery and millstones were removed from the mill and placed in storage. A steel frame was constructed and used to support the mill whilst the trestle and crown tree were replaced. A new diameter brake wheel was constructed and fitted in 1985.

The name Whernside means "hillside where millstones were got" (quern meaning "millstone"). The upper part of the hill is composed of millstone grit, and there were once quarries on the Wharfedale side. According to one source the name was originally applied to the hillside on the Wharfedale side, and then extended to the whole hill as seen from Wharfedale. The hill as seen from Nidderdale was known as Blackfell.

The Salt Cellar, a gritstone tor on Derwent Edge in the Peak District, England Gritstone or grit is a hard, coarse-grained, siliceous sandstone. This term is especially applied to such sandstones that are quarried for building material. British gritstone was used for millstones to mill flour, to grind wood into pulp for paper and for grindstones to sharpen blades. "Grit" is often applied to sandstones composed of angular sand grains.

The body of the mill measures by in plan. The balance of the mill has been changed at some point, with the position the crown tree meets the side girts has been changed, being some to the rear of its former position. This was probably done after 1830, as a result of the doubling the number of millstones in the breast. The increased weight would have made the mill headsick.

Like all stations along the Ludwig Railway at that time, the station had facilities for handling freight. The local stone quarry was an important freight customer with its own connecting tracks. Grindstones and millstones were produced and loaded on them. In 1871, the normal freight trains on the Ludwig Railway on the Kaiserslautern–Mainz, Homburg–Frankenthal, Ludwigshafen–Neunkirchen, Worms–Homburg routes stopped at the station for between three and five minutes.

Dounby Click Mill is a mill located on the Mainland of Orkney, in Scotland. It is the last of the horizontal or "Norse" watermills of Orkney still in working order. The mill is constructed with drystone walls and roofed with flagstones and turf. The design avoids the use of complicated gearing to transfer the drive to the millstones by mounting the stones directly above the wheel and on the same shaft.

He was to keep in repair the mill and also two millstones, thick, and in breadth. The mill was leased in 1544 to William Hutchinson, yeoman of the spicery, and Janet his wife for their lives. It afterwards came to John Wilson, and was granted in 1576–77 to Richard Master. There was also a water-mill called Batchworth Mill, and a fishery called Blacketts Mill in Rickmansworth.

The Edina Mill was the first in the state of Minnesota to make them and for many years it was the only place in the area to get them. In 1875, George Millam, a Scottish miller hired by Craik shortly after he bought it, purchased the mill from Craik and converted from a wooden overshot water wheel to turbine power. By 1879, three turbines drove the millstones and other milling machinery.

There are three sets of millstones, two of which are wind-driven, and one set driven from an external engine/tractor. In 1884, the mill was extended and gained an extra floor. The windmill has continued to work through all of its life, making it unique. The windmill is entirely maintained by a group of volunteers, and is open to the public every Saturday and Sunday throughout the year.

TQ 902 496 This corn mill in Boughton Malherbe is now a derelict ruin, with the remains of the ground floor, waterwheel and some machinery remaining. The waterwheel was overshot, some diameter and wide, carried on a diameter cast-iron axle. The Pit Wheel is of cast iron, and had 96 cogs. The Upright Shaft was wood, as was the clasp arm Great Spur Wheel, which drove three pairs of millstones.

The pit wheel is diameter with 80 cogs, driving a cast-iron Wallower carried on the upright shaft and driving a diameter Great Spur Wheel which drove three pairs of millstones. A Crown Wheel drove two lineshafts.Spain (1986), p27-33 The mill was run by the Tanton family for many years. A John Tanton was the miller in 1764, and another John Tanton died in 1837 aged 72.

The ship is flanked by two millrinds – the iron centres of millstones – symbolising engineering. The lions are taken from the crest of the Borough of Swinton and Pendlebury; they are wearing iron steel chain representing engineering. The shield is topped by a griffin carrying a pennon depicting three boars' heads. The griffin is taken from the crest of Eccles and the boars are from the crest of Irlam Urban District.

The old grain mill by the Thaya - first mentioned in the urbar in 1414 with six set of millstones was sold in 1786 and built anew in 1811. It was closed in 1886/87 because of the drainage of the Thaya river. After World War I the multi-ethnic state Austria–Hungary was split up. By the Treaty of Saint- Germain-en-Laye Neusiedl became part of the new Czechoslovakian Republic.

Since 1873, the home has been part of the grounds of Trinity Episcopal Church, listed on the New Jersey and national registers of historic places. Jonathan's youngest son, Benjamin Dunham, is recognized as a founder of the church, and the house his father built now serves as the Rectory. One of the original circular millstones used by Dunham in his grist mill operations still exists and is displayed on the property.

About a century after the inauguration of the bridge, a grain mill was installed on the left bank of the river. It is one of only two Roman turbine mills known in North Africa (the second is in Testour). It was a rectangular parallelepipedal building in the protection of the high bridgehead. The wooden turbines had horizontally mounted paddle wheels, three millstones were attached directly to the turbine axles.

17, 19. Although his formal education was limited, Farmer ran a school for a short time in Morgantown, West Virginia, after completion of his military service. He closed the school around 1816 or 1817 and returned to Kentucky to pursue other vocations such as farming, carpentry, and hauling millstones down the Ohio River while he continued to attend religious services and camp meetings, and preach on occasion.Case, Faith and Fury, pp.

The original mill building having a peg tile roof with the extension being roofed in slate. The cast iron waterwheel is diameter and wide, mounted on a wooden axle, driving a cast iron pit wheel with 92 wooden cogs. The cast iron wallower has 32 teeth and is carried on a wooden upright shaft, driving a cast iron Great Spur Wheel with 120 cogs. This drove three pairs of millstones.

The more compact kinds from Hungary are so hard and tough that they have been used for millstones. Historically extensive deposits were mined in Tuscany and Hungary, and at Bulahdelah, New South Wales, Australia. It is currently mined at Tolfa, Italy. In the United States it is found in the San Juan district of Colorado; Goldfield, Nevada; the ghost town of Alunite, Utah near Marysvale; and Red Mountain near Patagonia, Arizona.

1910 and it was about this time the mill was last used for milling, then being used to generate electricity. Brattle Mill was sometimes known as Upper Mill. A diameter by wide cast iron overshot waterwheel from Lower Mill, Polegate, Sussex, was reconstructed at the mill in the early 1980s and the owner intended to reconstruct the machinery to return the building to a working mill. The mill originally worked three pairs of millstones.

Thin, rocky soil prevented the establishment of large farms in the Trapps. Families grew a few acres of corn, buckwheat, rye, oats, or potatoes; they kept a horse, cow or two, a handful of chickens, perhaps a few pigs. They supplemented their subsistence farm crops by selling butter, fruit, and eggs. Trapps men also shaved barrel hoops; peeled hemlock and oak bark for nearby leather tanneries; carved millstones from conglomerate rock; and burned charcoal.

John Clark (1832–1873) was a miller here at one time. The mill and house were rebuilt in 1880 and the miller from this time until 1925 was a Mr. Wratten. The main axle of the watermill broke in 1925 thus bringing an end to the working life of the mill. The mill had an overshot waterwheel diameter and some wide of composite construction and powered three pairs of millstones via a lineshaft.

It all started in 1830 when Iver Knudsen Lykke started exporting millstones by ship to Southern Norway and Eastern Norway. Because he usually was paid in agricultural products, Lykke started a fat store in Trondheim, and from the 1860s it was exported to England. The third generation was Ivar Lykke, who was Prime Minister of Norway 1926 to 1928. In 1981 Trond Lykke, fifth generation, started the low-price store Bunnpris at Øya in Trondheim.

TQ 756 542 Wheel pit, Lower Chrisbrook Mill Lower Crisbrook Mill This late eighteenth- century mill housed an internal water wheel; it was a corn mill c. 1719. It had an overshot waterwheel driving four pairs of millstones. The mill last worked in 1905 and the machinery scrapped some thirty years later. An earlier mill on this site was probably the mill leased by the prior of Canterbury to Robert De Hucham.

If mounted on a Layshaft it is called a Spur Wheel and only drives one Stone Nut ;Hurst Frame An internal framework supporting the gears and millstones. This isolation prevents damage to the building from the vibrations of the workings. ;Layshaft A Layshaft in a watermill is a horizontal shaft, carrying a Wallower and one or more Spur Wheels. The term can also refer to a minor shaft driving machinery by pulleys and belts.

This was a corn mill rebuilt by Weeks of Maidstone in 1859, it had an internal cast iron overshot waterwheel by , which had probably replaced a breast shot waterwheel of larger diameter. The waterwheel drove three pairs of millstones. Electricity replaced water power between the wars, and the mill last worked in 1947. The stones of the mill were said to have been caused to run backwards at one time through the mill being bewitched.

A furnace was located at the entrance into the house and the discovered pottery includes pots, bowls, cups, etc. House utensils included leverages, weights, flint tools and both parts of millstones: bedstones and runner tones. Even some three-legged wooden stools have been preserved. Next to the furnace there was a piranos, the pot with the firebox and an outer handle, so the food was obviously prepared in the entry section of the house.

Gigantolithic was initially mistaken for Acheulean or Levalloisian by some scholars. Diana Kirkbride and Henri de Contenson suggested that it existed over a wide area of the fertile crescent. Heavy Neolithic industry occurred before the invention of pottery and is characterized by huge, coarse, heavy tools such as axes, picks and adzes including bifaces. There is no evidence of polishing at the Qaraoun sites or indeed of any arrowheads, burins or millstones.

In 1840, Samuel Medhurst, the Lewes millwright, fitted a cast-iron windshaft, and patent sails, which span . The internal wooden machinery was also replaced with cast iron. George Warren, the Hawkhurst millwright fitted a fantail a few years later, giving the mill its current appearance. A steam powered beam engine by Middleton of Southwark, Surrey, was added in 1863, along with an extra pair of millstones from a steam mill in Smarden.

No other machinery remains, since the wallower, upright shaft and great spur wheel were removed after the mill ceased to operate by wind The mill has four floors, a thatched cap and is constructed of local limestone known in the area as Blue Lias. It has two pairs of diameter millstones. One pair is French Burr stones, which date from 1859. The other pair has a French Burr runner stone on a conglomerate bedstone.

Bidborough Mill is a four- storey brick tower mill, partly rendered with cement. It had a Kentish-style cap, four single patent sails and was winded by a fantail. The millstones were driven underdrift. A large pulley on the outside of the mill at first-floor level allowed the mill to be driven by belt from a traction engine or tractor, via a gear bolted to the underside of the Great Spur Wheel.

Stoneground flour is whole grain flour produced by the traditional process of grinding grain between two millstones. This is in contrast to mass produced flours which are generally produced using rollers. The process leaves the wheatgerm more intact than roller processes for producing wholemeal flour,What is the difference between stoneground and wholemeal flour? the larger pieces of bran and other components of the grain cause it to have a coarser texture but greater flavour.

The elongated section on the north side of the millhouse was built in the latter half of the 19th century to house the mill's new sawmill. The Pigeon Forge Mill makes use of both the breatshot wheel that characterizes its exterior and several smaller tub wheels. Water is diverted to the wheels via the milldam, which spans the length of the river. The mill uses two two- ton French burr millstones for grinding.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel, which has 58 cogs. This drives the wallower (32 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. The great spur wheel, which has 90 cogs, drove a pair of millstones via a lantern pinion stone nut with 25 staves. At the bottom of the upright shaft the crown wheel, which has 35 cogs, drives a gearwheel with 43 cogs on the axle of the Archimedes' screw.

In that year, Wyer's brother-in-law Benjamin Knott took the mill. A new stock was fitted in August 1915 and a new sail fitted by Robert Martin, millwright of Beccles, Suffolk, in September 1922, at which date the mill was painted. Knott ran the mill until 1940, latterly in partnership with his son James. During Knott's tenure, a Hornsby oil engine was installed in the granary, driving a further pair of millstones.

Tlysau website Millstones were quarried on Conwy Mountain during the Napoleonic wars. Tracks and footpaths cross Conwy Mountain, and many walks, which can be accessed from Sychnant Pass at its western end. The route along Conwy Mountain comprises a section of the North Wales Path, a way-marked long distance walk of some 60 miles which runs close to the North Wales coast between Prestatyn in the east and Bangor in the west.

A short walk from Takako Station, Takako Lake is located in Kamihobara's area of Takako. According to legend, when the area changed hands from the 17th lord of the Date Clan, Date Masamune to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, locals rushed to hide any trace of the local gold smelting works from the incoming rulers by submerging them in the lake. Alleged sightings of medieval millstones and other tools continued on into the Showa Period.

One of the millstones from Hickman's Mill can still be seen at the church. Northeast of the church is a smaller stone building with the date "1921" on the face which once served as the town bank. Across from the original bank building is an old frame structure that served as a community center and post office with a gymnasium on the 2nd floor, and next door is the original telephone exchange building.

An exception to this were some of the cogs, which were of hard wood, though others were of cast iron, as were the pinions. The teeth, some of wood and others of iron, were manufactured by chipping and filing into epicycloidal shapes. The shafts and axles were made of iron and the bearings of brass. The mill's double engine, producing , drove 20 pairs of millstones, each grinding some nine bushels of corn an hour.

Interior of Shalford Mill Originally each half of the mill had two pairs of millstones, the eastern sets were used to produce high quality flour for the domestic market. The western sets consisted of a coarse pair for grinding animal feed and a fine pair for grinding corn. Each pair was driven by a diameter breastshot water wheel. After the eastern side was closed a third pair of stones was added to the western half.

See, for a recent mention of Triopio, Judith DiMaio's description of accessing the Fonte Egera nymphaeum, in Robert Kahn, ed., Rome, pp 226-227. erected on land brought to him by his wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla, and centuries after Rome's fall it was employed for agricultural purposes: to irrigate fields, to water cattle, and to move millstones. The final stretch of the river flowed where the present-day Circonvallazione Ostiense in the Garbatella neighborhood lies.

The tower mill in 2005 The tower mill at Alkborough was built circa 1860 of red brick and tar, originally for the milling of cereals. It replaced a post mill which was recorded as still standing in 1853. It remained in wind operation until 1916 (but continued with engine operation for a short while thereafter), and from 2009 became part of a private dwelling. The mill retains two millstones in situ on the first floor.

Portrait of John Horrocks, textile pioneer The company was formed by John Horrocks in 1791. John Horrocks was the son of Mr John Horrocks, a quarry master and manufacturer of millstones at Edgworth near Bolton. At the time, the cotton business and the textile industry was expanding and John Horrocks was interested in the business possibilities. He originally bought two or three frames to spin cotton and started his business in his father’s factory.

The village had its first documentary mention in 1156 under the name Vispach in a document from Archbishop Arnold of Mainz. Nearby there were iron ore prospecting and a quarry for millstones, road gravel, cobblestones and border stones. Wüstems was mentioned in 1435 as Wosten Emsse in a record by Cuno von Reifenberg. The name's first syllable, Wüst, likely derives from Wüstungen (German for “abandoned settlements”) and refers to a forsaken village or rural area.

1910 and it was about this time the mill was last used for milling, then being used to generate electricity. Brattle Mill was sometimes known as Upper Mill. A diameter by wide cast iron overshot waterwheel from Lower Mill, Polegate, Sussex, was reconstructed at the mill in the early 1980s and the owner intended to reconstruct the machinery to return the building to a working mill. The mill originally worked three pairs of millstones.

At this time the mill had two overshot waterwheels and drove four pairs of millstones. In 1855 the mill lake covered . Thomas Brand was still running the mill in 1871, assisted by his son Thomas, John Holman and John Burfield, all described as millers in the census of that year. In 1881, Thomas Brand (son) was the miller at Wire Mill. He ran the mill until 1887/88 when David Dadswell took the mill.

John Clark (1832–1873) was a miller here at one time. The mill and house were rebuilt in 1880 and the miller from this time until 1925 was a Mr. Wratten. The main axle of the watermill broke in 1925 thus bringing an end to the working life of the mill. The mill had an overshot waterwheel diameter and some wide of composite construction and powered three pairs of millstones via a lineshaft.

The bearing-stone for an earlier, undershot waterwheel was found during renovation and this dates to the fourteenth century. In full working order the current wheel produced about , rotating at 8 r.p.m. and driving three pairs of millstones, through gearing, at 120 r.p.m. The pit wheel and wallower are of the same date as the waterwheel, but the great spur wheel, made of oak with applewood teeth, has been dated to 1580.

Peter's statue, which at their first "encounter" during the flood had its back turned to Evgenii as if ignoring him, late hounds him mercilessly when he dares to protest at Peter's role in his suffering. The vast, impersonal forces of order and chaos, locked in an unending struggle – these, Pushkin seems to be saying, are the reality: these are the millstones of destiny or of the historical process to which Evgenii and his kind are but so much grist.

The section of the mill that housed the waterwheel. The mill had two sets of millstones that were composite, bound together with metal bands and possibly formed of Paris or French burrstone that was used for finer grinding and composed of sections that were cemented together with plaster. Well known millstone quarries were located at Kaim Hill near Fairlie in North Ayrshire. One millstone removed the husk from the grain and the other ground the corn down to meal.

The date of erection is not known, but it would seem to have been in existence by March 1791, when there was an advert in the Kentish Gazette in relation to the patent vanes used in the mill. The mill was demolished circa 1828. An illustration of the mill in Rees's Cyclopædia shows that the windmill had forty vertical sail blades mounted on the vertical Windshaft-cum-Upright Shaft. It drove three pairs of overdrift millstones.

In 1771 Richard Arkwright invented the first fully automated spinning mill driven by water power, known at the time as the water frame. An automatic flour mill was developed by Oliver Evans in 1785, making it the first completely automated industrial process. Steam engines are a technology created during the 1700s used to promote automation. The centrifugal governor, which was invented by Christian Huygens in the seventeenth century, was used to adjust the gap between millstones.

The term layshaft originates with watermill machinery. The layshaft is the gear- carrying shaft that links the wallower (the small spur gear driven at increased speed by the waterwheel) to any upright shafts that carry the millstones. The term, layshaft, was also used by millwrights, in both wind- and watermills, to refer to a shaft that drove secondary machinery such as sack hoists, rather than the main milling machinery. The term layshaft was also applied to back-geared lathes.

The chaff was separated from the grain seeds by heating the seeds in the piranos until they become brittle so that they would separate easily in the mortar and pestle. The grains ware grinded by hand with the millstones. Due to the predominance of the millet, it is concluded that the most important and everyday meal was a millet porridge. They also made some kind of pogača of wheat and rye, while the legumes were cooked like today.

The wooden Brake Wheel is of clasp arm construction, diameter, with 96 cogs. This drives an iron Wallower of with 47 cogs. At the lower end of the long wooden Upright Shaft is the clasp arm Great Spur Wheel, which has 108 cogs, and drove three pairs of millstones. The two pairs of French Burr stones being driven by Stone Nuts with 26 cogs, whilst the Peak stones were driven by a Stone Nut with 25 cogs.

The cement > of which the structure is made apparently defies time ... There are three > wheel-houses, the arches of which have been bricked up, and the old > millstones are at San Marino, J. De Barth Shorb's noted ranch near by, where > they are used as stepping-stones. ... Padre and Indian have long gone to > their rest, and the old mill is absolutely lifeless and deserted save many > tiny chameleons that bask and sun themselves in the heated air ...

The fibres can then be used to produce linen and other products, such as paper for banknotes, rope, etc. The present mill was erected in 1614 as a corn mill and rebuilt in 1880 after being damaged by fire. The River Garnock's waters power a 6-metre diameter breast-shot wheel that drives the French burr millstones through cast iron gearing. The traditional methods of producing flour can be followed during a tour of the mill.

This carries a cast-iron spur wheel which drives a cast-iron pit wheel with wooden cogs, carried on a wooden axle, as is the cast-iron scoop wheel with wooden paddles. Only the lower part of the upright shaft and the pit wheel and scoopwheel survived the fire. As well as the scoopwheel, the mill drove a pair of millstones which was used to grind feed for horses on the estate where the mill stood.

The first step in dry milling is the removal of what is left of the fruit from the bean, whether it is the crumbly parchment skin of wet-processed coffee, the parchment skin and dried mucilage of semi-dry- processed coffee, or the entire dry, leathery fruit covering of the dry- processed coffee. Hulling is done with the help of machines, which can range from simple millstones to sophisticated machines that gently whack at the coffee.

Mineable coal seams have been used since the mid-late 16th century. The Coal Measures in the area overlie the Millstone Grit which has been quarried in the past for millstones and, along with local limestone deposits, used as a construction material for roads and buildings. Blackburn was bisected by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal which provided a transport facility for the earlier mills, but by the time that Imperial Mill was built this was less important.

The Brake Wheel was converted from Compass arm construction. It has a six-armed, cast-iron centre and wooden rim and it is diameter. The mill was originally built with the millstones arranged head and tail, and was converted to a breast stone layout at the time the cast-iron windshaft and patent sails were fitted. The wallower is wooden, and was secondhand when fitted to the mill, as was the cast-iron great spur wheel.

The present four-storey house, dates from the early nineteenth century and still has a weir in the Monnow, with a very short leat. The building has a slate roof and it is now used as a dwelling. After 1895 two undershot wheels, measuring 3.6 m (12 ft) and 0.9 m (3 ft) drove four pairs of millstones and rollers. The Mill was a corn mill, producing flour, for much of its existence dating back to 1448.

Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette - Thursday 19 April, 1804 It had a diameter breast-shot wheel, but very little is known about the machinery used. The surviving nineteenth-century gearing indicates the millstones were on the upper floor, The Mill, c 1920. The building to the left later became the Blake Museum. It was used during the nineteenth century as a corn mill and in 1858 converted to steam powerBridgwater Mercury - Wednesday 05 May, 1858 :BRIDGWATER TOWN MILLS. :F.

An identical feudal astriction existed and was enforced actively in feudal western Europe, e.g. mill soke in England,Querns and millstones banalité du moulin in France, banmolen in the Netherlands, Mühlenzwang in Germany. Thirlage was the feudal law by which the laird (superior) could force all those vassals living on his lands to bring their grain to his mill to be ground. The law ensured that all the grain the vassals produced could be measured and thus taxed.

The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 63 cogs. This drives the wallower (34 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel (100 cogs) drives the lantern pinion stone nuts for the millstones (25 and 27 staves) and the lantern pinion stone nuts for the pearl barley stones (21 staves). All four pairs of stones are French Burrs, those used for flour milling are diameter.

In the 1981 season two separate work-ins were held, the first from 25 July to 2 August and the second from 22 August to 30 August. A total of 37 volunteers participated over the two weeks. The millstones were removed from the stone floor, which was then repaired. One of the main beams was found to have been attacked by Death Watch beetles, and over a third of the elm beam was replaced with oak.

The new cabinet agreed that Labour should "go to the country", to get a mandate for Rowling and so that several policy "millstones" could be dropped. But Rowling referred it to caucus, who (led by Mike Moore and Trevor Davey) voted against a snap election. Freer said later that Rowling "procrastinated, as usual".and by 1975 that Rowling was "incapable of vigorous leadership" There was belated talk of a "snap election" in early 1975 after the oil shock.

At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel drives four pairs of millstones. Two pairs are used for making flour and two pairs are used to produce pearl barley. The flour stones are each driven by a stone nut with 30 staves and the pearl barley stones are each driven by a stone nut with 20 staves. A lantern pinion with 35 staves drives carries the drive to the saw via a shaft.

Schech's Mill is a historic mill in Houston County, Minnesota, United States. It is one of three watermills in Minnesota still operating solely with water power and the only one to have its original millstones. Built by John Blinn in 1876, it was purchased by a Minneapolis miller, Michael Schech who had emigrated from Bavaria, Germany. The mill produced cornmeal, rye buckwheat, wheat flour, graham flour, and whole wheat cereal, which was sold in Caledonia and Houston, Minnesota.

The Faber Mill The Faber Mill () is a watermill in Hotton (in the Rue Haute) built in 1729. The mill is a listed building and is built from limestone with a pegged roof and is nowadays a museum. There are four levels inside the building: one level for the three mills, one for the pairs of millstones, one for the bolting and an attic. The mill has two wheels outside in a tributary of the river Ourthe.

In 1800, by subscription, a five-story tower mill was built. The original mill had two pairs of millstones, with an extra one being added in 1838. The main purpose of the mill was the milling of corn which was a main source of employment in the 19th century. Consequently, this led to a rapid increase in the number of people living in Ullesthorpe with the village population increasing from 494 in 1801 to 600 in 1821.

As in many windmills, The Lily features two sets of gears between the sails and the millstones. The first one is between the brake wheel and the wallower which have 63 and 29 teeth respectively. The second gear is formed by the great spur wheel and the stone nut which have 66 and 23 teeth respectively. The number of teeth in each gear has been designed to be coprime to ensure even wear and smooth running of these gears.

Engines of Our Ingenuity: A Minoan Wreck by John H. Lienhard During the 1989 to 1992 HIMA excavation, the site produced more than 15,000 pottery sherds and artifacts. They also found many millstones at the site that is speculated was used as part of the ship's cargo or possibly as ballast. These artifacts and items were raised from the sea bottom and transported to the Spetses Museum. There they will be studied and placed into conservation.

He died in 1847 and the mill was purchased by John Bokenham, who sold it to John Bryant in 1848. He died in 1865 and the mill was run by his widow, Sarah until 1874 when their son James took the mill. James Bryant died in 1907 and the mill passed to his son Arthur, who installed a Ruston & Hornsby engine to drive an additional pair of millstones in the roundhouse. The mill survived a lightning strike in 1936.

There are also numerous foundations of buildings by the river Rib and the remains on the concrete bridge. On the other side of the river Rib, on the factory site, there still exists some of the yellow brick factory buildings. Alongside the left-hand side of the factory runs the Barwick tributary. From the bridge there, on the right-hand side of the bank, lies one of the millstones used in the grinding process for the smokeless powder.

Last campaigns have dug up a large number of materials which contribute to know more precisely the Iron Age living standards. Among the most significant materials: a bronze brooch (fibula) as a sample of metalworking used in clothing found in a primary location (dwelling): flint arrow heads teach us about hunting and weaponry; millstones and hand-mills used to mill grain and seeds to obtain flour and pastes; pieces of pottery used in cooking, serving or storing, of many shapes (bowls, plates, pots, vases and jars), plain and decorated with engravings, printed or polishings. All of them are forming part of a typical set of materials from the Iron Age, more concretely Hillforts culture. One of the most astonishing aspects of the site is the large number of stone tools, more common during the Neolithic but still working during the Late Prehistory, instruments such as polishers, cutters, mortars, hand-mills, millstones, bullets, weights used in looms (weaving), roofs (construction) or nets (fishing), more than 90 pieces have so far been found.

When Buggs Island Reservoir is drained periodically for maintenance by the Corps of Engineers, many more foundations are visible along the old flooded road bed which once led to Palmer Springs. These buildings yield many fragments of metal parts, and other clues as to the uses that they served on the Plantation. There was a mill, a ferry, a mill works, a tannery, a brick making area, and a blacksmith shop. In the garden there are still two millstones from Tarry's mill.

Steel and Sons, Vulcan Foundry, Cork'. A pinion-wheel, via a pit-wheel within the mill, powered two line shafts, which in turn powered two pairs of French burr millstones on the first floor. A similar gable-ended structure was attached to the mill north wall, with intact roof and floors, but in poor condition. Foundation blocks for machinery remained on the ground floor, but all gearing and machinery had been removed, with a Crossley Engine lying discarded to the north.

Cut-away drawing of steam engine speed governor. The valve starts fully open at zero speed, and is closed as the balls rotate and rise. The speed sensing drive shaft is top right Porter governor on a Corliss steam engineCentrifugal governors were used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills since the 17th century. Early steam engines employed a purely reciprocating motion, and were used for pumping water – an application that could tolerate variations in the working speed.

The four common sails, which have a span of are carried in a cast-iron windshaft which was cast by Prins van Oranje, Den Haag in 1895. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 65 cogs. This drives the wallower (35 cogs) at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel, which has 85 cogs, drives two pairs of French Burr millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts with 25 staves each.

It powered three pairs of millstones. One pair are French Burr stones (by Hughes & Son of Dover and London) of diameter, one pair are Peak stones of diameter and the third pair have a Peak runner stone on a French Burr bedstone, both diameter. The Crown Wheel drove two layshafts, which powered various machines including a "Ureka" winnower and an oat crusher by Ganz & Co., of Budapest, Hungary. A saw bench outside the mill was also driven by belts & pulleys.

Water from the pound was fed along a short mill-stream, to drive a wheel which was around in diameter. The central shaft was wooden, and was connected to three sets of millstones. Tidal water in the pound was supplemented by the flow from the upper river, particularly at neap tides, when high tide levels were lower. Rankins objected when the Great Eastern Railway wanted to build a reservoir near Rochford railway station, by constructing a weir across the stream.

About 8000 BC the Vipava Valley was colonized by Illyrians, Iberians, and Ligures as well as later immigrated Celts and Etruscans (which thereafter became the Rhaetian people).Friaul In Roman Times the valley of the fluvius frigidus (literally, 'cold river', today the Vipava) became part of the Roman X Regio Augustea – ‘Venetia et Histria'.F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini: The first archaeometric characterization of Roman millstones found in the Aquileia archaeological site (Udine, Italy). In: Archaeometry, vol. 54, no. 1, 2012, p.

Jacob Pickard ran a sawmill at Pickard's Mills. It was originally operated at Jefferson in the western part of the county, but James M. Ward, Jack Hill, and Frank McMannis moved it to the new site at a town then called Hillsborough. Jacob Pickard took over the mill and the town then came to be known as Pickard's Mill. In 1851, the old mill was replaced with a steam-powered sawmill, which was also equipped with millstones for grinding wheat and corn.

Such windmills are rare and it is the only one of its kind in Germany and. It was built with parts from England so it conformed to the English measuring system. Its three pairs of millstones were driven by a cast iron drive train that was new and unknown in Germany at that time. Coat of arms of Wendhausen The windmill ceased operations during World War I. In 1927 the mill was fitted with an electric motor and the sails were removed.

The Sanpete Valley may have been traversed or inhabited as long as 32,000 BP, by small bands of hunters. Such lifestyle probably continued for about 20,000 years, at which time the extinction of larger game animals forced a change. About 8,500 years ago, different groups (characterized by use of Atlanta, millstones and textiles) came onto the scene. These also departed the area about 2,500 years ago, for unknown reasons, after which the area was probably unvisited by humans for 1,500 years.

One house, a large multi-room residence with an interconnecting courtyard, had been built in the of Romano- British period. The excavation findings included Iron Age, Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon pottery; flint and quartz tools; a slate spindle-whorl; several millstones; bronze brooches and iron slag. In the early years of development, the village consisted of oval or round stone houses with thick walls. The houses had cone-shaped, thatched roofs and small storage chambers that were built into the walls.

A second hole was most likely also on the missing half of the loaf. The bread had no pronounced crust and it was baked from a very finely ground and sifted wheat flour. A microscopic examination of the surface showed that the dough contained only remarkable small traces of wear fine millstones. The dough itself was kneaded thoroughly and showed only very small porosity, suggesting that neither a wild yeast fermentation nor a sourdough were used to leaven the bread loaf.

Edge runners in an oilmill An edge mill is a mill used for crushing or grinding in which stones roll around on their edges on a level circular bed. They were developed in China in the third century and are still used today in remote villages around the world. When the millstones were replaced with iron or steel disks in the 19th century, they were known as a Chilean mill. It is used for milling ore and as an oil mill.

A cold press olive oil machine in Israel. Olive oil mill Olive oil is produced by grinding olives and extracting the oil by mechanical or chemical means. Green olives usually produce more bitter oil, and overripe olives can produce oil that is rancid, so for good extra virgin olive oil care is taken to make sure the olives are perfectly ripened. The process is generally as follows: # The olives are ground into paste using large millstones (traditional method) or steel drums (modern method).

One of the rooms leading off the courtyard contains the Shipwreck Museum, which exhibits the remains of a Greek merchant ship from the 4th century BC, one of the oldest vessels ever to be recovered, together with its cargo. In 1965, Andreas Kariolou, a Greek-Cypriot diver, discovered the vessel, laden with millstones and amphorae of wine from Kos and Rhodes. The vessel was sailing to Cyprus when a storm wrecked it outside Kyrenia harbour. In 1967 he showed the wreck to archeologists.

During use the interior walls would have been plaster-covered, obscuring any masonry and therefore making detailed work unnecessary. The west curtain wall is no longer present, nor is the majority of the south tower. The crag under which the south tower would have partially stood is missing, which may have been an indication of quarrying close to the castle itself. The hilltop was known for being used as a quarry for the construction of millstones during the 17th century.

Schech's Mill is unique in the state for retaining intact and operable machinery from the 1870s, after the middlings purifier had been introduced but before millstones were supplanted by roller mills. In 1922, a concrete dam was built to replace the original wooden one. Schech Mill is situated in the Driftless Area a region of the American Midwest noted for its deeply carved river valleys. Private tours of the mill can be arranged most summer weekends which include an authentic flour grinding demonstration.

There it took a sharp west turn to the river at the present intersection of Market Street and North Monument Avenue, between the former Hamilton Municipal Building and the present Courtyard by Marriott. The first water passed through the system in January 1845. As the water flowed through the canal, it turned millstones in the hydraulic. The project had been a risky one because there were no shops along its course to use the power when the company was organized in 1842.

The windmill was built and fitted out by Sam Oxley, an Alford millwright, in the early 1800s for the Jessop family, who baked bread on the same site. It was completed by 1844. Dobson was the name of the last miller. The mill is built in five storeys of tarred brick and was fitted with five sails, unusual in that they turned clockwise, driving three sets of millstones (two pairs of grey stones and one pair of French) in an anti-clockwise direction.

Fought's Mill was a gristmill built by Jacob Fought in 1771 in West Buffalo Township, Union County, Pennsylvania. The mill operated on water received from two dams that had been built on Buffalo Creek. This water power was used to unload the grain from the wagons and raise it to the first and second floor levels by rope and pulley. The grain was then ground between two millstones, which were ridged on the joining sides, to make flour, cornmeal, and feed for livestock.

Early streamworkers operating on a small scale used a block of hard stone as a mortar and perhaps a metalbound piece of wood or a ball of stone as a pestle to break up the ore when necessary,Harris 1972, p.28. but the rich gravels would have required little or no crushing before concentration.Newman 1998, p.40. A later technique called "crazing" employed a pair of circular stones used like millstones, the top one rotating on the fixed lower stone.

These measures include carefully sifting the grain before it is milled or ground to remove stones, which could strike sparks from the millstones, and the use of magnets to remove metallic debris able to strike sparks. The earliest recorded flour explosion took place in an Italian mill in 1785, but many have occurred since. These two references give numbers of recorded flour and dust explosions in the United States in 1994: and 1997 In the ten-year period up to and including 1997, there were 129 explosions.

The Frohnauer Hammer goes back to the 15th century when it was mentioned as a corn mill with four millstones. On 28 October 1491, Caspar Nietzel discovered a deposit of silver ore on the Schreckenberg mountain, not far from the mill. That same year, mining courts (Berggerichte) were held for the first time in the mill gardens. On 21 September 1496, a decision was made in the rooms of the mill to found the New Town on the Schreckenberg (Neustadt am Schreckenberg), later St. Annaberg.

Following the old Van Leuven Road, this path is accessed from the Mohonk Preserve's West Trapps Trailhead on U.S. Route 44/55. A guide to the path is available at the trailhead kiosk or from the Preserve's Visitor Center on U.S. Route 44/55. Along the path, visitors can discover the following: \- An abandoned millstone quarry, where Trapps stonecutters once blasted out stone slabs to carve and finish into millstones. \- An old bridge abutment, where a bridge once allowed people, horses, and wagons to cross the brook.

A terrified Cacus blocked the entrance with a vast, immoveable boulder (though some incarnations have Hercules himself block the entrance) forcing Hercules to tear at the top of the mountain to reach his adversary. Cacus attacked Hercules by spewing fire and smoke, while Hercules responded with tree branches and rocks the size of millstones. Eventually losing patience, Hercules leapt into the cave, aiming for the area where the smoke was heaviest. Hercules grabbed Cacus and strangled the monster, and was praised throughout the land for his act.

The Confederates responded to the siege techniques with increased efforts of their own. The grist mill at Fort Desperate had been destroyed by shelling. It was replaced by using the locomotive from the defunct railroad to power millstones, providing a steady supply of cornmeal for the garrison. Expended rifle and artillery shells were salvaged for reuse by the defense, small arms shot being recast for making new cartridges, artillery rounds reused and distributed to Confederate artillery of the same caliber, or reused as mines and grenades.

In 1539 Jonsdorf was first mentioned in a document which showed the selling of land to ten new settlers by the monastery of Oybin. In 1547 the whole land of Oybin had been sold to the city of Zittau by Maximilian the Second. In 1580 Hieronymus Richter established the first sandstone quarry inside the rock formations surrounding Jonsdorf to produce millstones. Some decades later, in 1667, the city-council of Zittau decided to found some additional quarries in the district between Jonsdorf and Waltersdorf.

Even before the Thirty Years' War, the Mühlenberg was riven with galleries in which millstones were being produced. As protection, in particular against Swedish troops, these galleries and caves were expanded and then used to shelter livestock. For a water supply, great basins were hewn in lava blocks, which could hold up to 300 litres of water. Water was to be had from a spring outlet on the mountain’s south slope. After the Thirty Years’ War, the land had been laid waste and the people impoverished.

Panoramic view of Polichnitos Traditional house in Polichnitos Traditional house in Polichnitos (closeup) Millstones from the old oilmill in Polichnitos Polichnitos () is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit.Kallikratis law Greece Ministry of Interior Population 4,234 (2001). The municipal unit is located in the central south coast of the island, adjacent to the south side of the Bay of Kalloni.

Kardamaina is built on the site of the ancient settlement of Alasarna. During the 2nd century BC, Alasarna was an important urban center with a thousand citizens (excluding slaves). Archaeological excavations have brought to light some impressive ruins, such as a temple of Apollo, an extensive Early Christian settlement (one of the few known in Greece), and four basilicas that belong to the same period. Stone objects of everyday use (millstones, tools, vases, vessels), mostly made of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, have been recovered.

The girl, understanding how improbable it would be for that to happen, said it was a fair trial and agreed. When they came down from the mountains to check the result, they were astonished to find one half on top of the other looking as if it had never ceased to be a whole. After such an obvious sign, they immediately married. With the younger brother on top, like the millstones, they joined their bodies to become as one and the older sister conceived.

On a clear day the views from the summit to the west can be spectacular, with views of the Lake District and Morecambe Bay, including (with the aid of binoculars) Blackpool Tower, some away. Whernside lies about northwest of Ribblehead Viaduct on the Settle–Carlisle Railway. Whernside is sometimes confused with the lower peak of Great Whernside away to the east of Whernside. The word "Whern" is believed to refer to querns (millstones) whilst "side" is derived from the Norse "sættr", meaning an area of summer pasture.

Seeds were crushed by edge rolling millstones, and then held in linen bags to be beaten by trip hammers. The process was initially powered by waterwheel, but subsequently a beam engine was installed, and by 1880 was driving 16 hydraulic presses. Oil was used in the production of soap and paint, while oil cake was used as cattle feed, fertiliser and fuel. Much of the mill was destroyed by fire on 6 June 1854, when slicks of burning oil floated downstream and threatened Barcombe Mill.

TQ 989 450 The corn mill to the north of Hothfield still retains most of its machinery. It stood on a stream which feeds into the Great Stour. The cast-iron overshot waterwheel is diameter and wide, carried on a square cast-iron axle, driving a cast-iron Pit Wheel with 88 cogs. This drove a cast-iron wallower carried on a square cast-iron Upright Shaft, which also carried a Great Spur Wheel which originally drove four pairs of millstones and latterly drove two pairs.

View from the A6187 road A gated entrance to the Longshaw Estate Longshaw Estate is an area of moorland, woodland and farmland located within the Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, England. Stone guide post from 1709 with directions to Chesterfield and Sheffield The name of Longshaw is thought to have derived from the long wood in Padley Gorge. There are remains from Bronze Age and medieval human settlement in the area. Millstones were made from the gritstone at Yarncliffe Quarry back to the 15th-century.

St Leonard's Mill was a post mill with a single storey roundhouse, It was winded by a roof mounted fantail. The mill had two Spring sails and two Common sails carried on a wooden Windshaft. The mill was the last in Sussex to retain a wooden windshaft without an iron poll end, this had been removed by 1935. Two pairs of millstones were arranged Head and Tail, with a third pair underdriven by a belt, this from an Upright Shaft which was driven by the tail wheel.

A chain elevator lifted grain from the ground floor to the grain silos on the third floor (first floor in the smock) from where it could be fed by gravity to one of the pairs of millstones. The grain flow to the silos and from silo to millstone was computer controlled by pneumatically operated valves. Also a central dust extraction system was added. Flour was collected on the first floor in a large silo and mixer from where it could be bagged on the ground floor.

Here there was room for painters, wheelwrighters and a host of other skilled men needed to keep the Royal Navy in perfect trim. Its final use was a survival pack ration and equipment store. ;Mills and Bakery The northern range of this complex of buildings contained a central granary flanked by flour mills, with 27 sets of millstones powered by a pair of steam engines, capable of producing of flour per week. Grain could be loaded directly into the granary from vessels on the quayside.

A 1779 Estate map of Lainshaw shows that lands to the East of the lane to the supposed mill belonged to Lambroughton.National Archives of Scotland. RHP/1199. Trewithen, 1 Chapeltoun Terrace near East Lambroughtoun Thirlage was the feudal law by which the laird could force all those farmers living on his lands to bring their grain to his mill to be ground. Additionally they had to carry out repairs on the mill, maintain the lade and weir, as well as conveying new millstones to the site.

There was a stage at first floor level. Two pairs of French Burr millstones were driven by wind, with a third pair by steam engine towards the end of the mill’s working life. As originally built, the mill had an oak windshaft, square at the poll end and long carrying four Common sails with cloths long by wide. The windshaft carried an elm brake wheel diameter with 80 cogs, which drove an elm wallower diameter with 46 cogs, carried on an oak upright shaft long and square.

1890, about which time the millstones were moved down a floor and the drive converted from underdrift to overdrift. A steam engine was added in 1902 and the mill was working by wind until 1930 and afterwards by an internal combustion engine until c.1936. The mill was bought by Essex County Council in 1945 and although preserved, by 1977 it was without the fantail and associated supporting timbers, and down to only one pair of sails. Major repairs were started in 1991 by Vincent Pargeter.

Milling was done by women, and the lyrics are about women's life, as well as the work itself: about the millstones, the difficulty of the work, feelings of love and family relationships. Very often milling songs begin with the formula phrase, "Malu malu aš viena" (I mill, I mill all alone), followed by a text reminiscent of orphans' songs. Milling songs have no traditional melodies, but they are characteristically slow, composed, the melodic rhythm varies little. They are closely related to their work function.

Mill Lane Mill was built in 1856, replacing a post mill which had been standing in 1811. The mill was built for Richard Dewing of Carbrooke Hall. Dewing died on 22 November 1876 and the estate was managed by Edward May Dewing. A steam engine had been installed as auxiliary power by 1888, driving a separate pair of millstones. The mill was offered for sale by auction on 30 July 1900 at the Mart, London EC. It was bought by Herbert Jeremiah Minns, who was the sitting tenant.

Hogg Hill Mill is a post mill on a two- storey roundhouse. It has four spring sails carried on a cast iron windshaft and is winded by a roof mounted fantail, one of only two surviving post mills in England with this feature, and the only one where this can still be seen.The other mill is at Ramsey, Essex, which has not carried its fantail since 1939 The mill drove two pairs of millstones, arranged head and tail. The brake wheel has been removed, but the wooden tail wheel is of clasp arm construction.

The equestrian detachments from the nomadic right wing did the same thing in the opposite direction. These detachments met at the center of the Christian army, together showering it with a blanket of arrows, before they separated, riding towards the other wing of their own army. Then they repeated the same attacks, riding from right to left, then left to right, shooting arrows on the enemy non-stop. These actions were repeated without stopping, the detachments moving like the millstones during grinding, al- Masudi writes.Maszúdí. In Györffy György, 2002 p. 100.

It is carried on the Windshaft and drives the Wallower on the Upright Shaft ;Buck The Buck is an East-Anglian term for the body of a post-mill. ;Centrifugal governors Governors are used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills in the 17th century. ;Crown Tree The Crown Tree is the central, single baulk of timber, usually oak, that rests on top of the post in a post mill. Attached to it are the side-girts and the rest of the frame of the buck.

Isaac Hardenbergh House, also known as The Hardenbergh Manor, is a historic home located at Roxbury in Delaware County, New York, United States. It was built about 1790 and consists of a 2-story, five-bay center-entrance stone structure with a smaller -story frame addition built about 1820. Also on the property is a board and batten horse and carriage barn, the ruins of a large dairy barn, and gateposts partially constructed of millstones. See also: It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

The Huth family were important in church life in the 19th and 20th centuries. Henry Huth was a bibliophile whose enormous collection of rare books was sold for £300,000 in 1910 (£ in ). He lived in an extravagant château-style 1870s house called Wykehurst Place in the parish, and was buried in the churchyard after his death in 1878. In 1905, his son Edward gave the church a large, "magnificent" lychgate constructed from local materials: oak, millstones from a mill in the parish, Sussex Marble (a locally quarried limestone) and a Horsham Stone slab roof.

The lake is oval in shape, and surrounded by high banks. The lava was quarried for millstones from the Roman period until the introduction of iron rollers for grinding corn. On the western side lies the Benedictine monastery of Maria Laach Abbey ('), founded in 1093 by Henry II of Laach of the House of Luxembourg, first Count Palatine of the Rhine, who had his castle opposite to the monastery above the eastern lakeside. The lake has no natural outlet, but is drained by a tunnel dug before 1170 and rebuilt several times since.

The community was traditionally associated with the manufacture of millstones (chaki in Urdu), which they then peddled throughout North India and Punjab. According to their traditions, they descend from the Muslim soldiers, who are said to have settled in India sometime at the start of Muslim rule in North India. Like other Indian Muslim artisan communities, they have suffered from a decline in their traditional occupation as a result of growing mechanization, and many are now involved in daily wage labour. The Khumra speak Urdu, and the Khari boli dialect of Hindi.

The great mineral wealth of the Rhine Province furnished its most substantial claim to the title of the "richest jewel in the crown of Prussia". Besides parts of the carboniferous measures of the Saar and the Ruhr, it also contains important deposits of coal near Aachen. Iron ore was found in abundance near Koblenz, the Bleiberg in the Eifel possessed an apparently inexhaustible supply of lead, and zinc was found near Cologne and Aachen. The mineral products of the district also included lignite, copper, manganese, vitriol, lime, gypsum, volcanic stones (used for millstones) and slates.

It is believed that the Phoenicians created the sea opening which is in the shape of Africa when looked at from the sea. There are also some markings on the wall in the shape of eyes, that are said to be made by the Phoenicians, which make up a map of the local area. The cave itself is part natural and part man-made. The man-made part was used by Berber people to cut stone wheels from the walls, to make millstones, thus expanding the cave considerably.

The first, Between Two Millstones, Book 1: Sketches of Exile (1974-1978), was translated by Peter Constantine and published in October 2018, the second, Book 2: Exile in America (1978-1994) translated by Clare Kitson and Melanie Moore and published in October 2020. Once back in Russia Solzhenitsyn hosted a television talk show program. Its eventual format was Solzhenitsyn delivering a 15-minute monologue twice a month; it was discontinued in 1995. Solzhenitsyn became a supporter of Vladimir Putin who said he shared Solzhenitsyn's critical view towards the Russian Revolution.

A typical millstone will have six, eight or ten harps. The pattern of harps is repeated on the face of each stone, when they are laid face to face the patterns mesh in a kind of "scissoring" motion creating the cutting or grinding function of the stones. When in regular use stones need to be dressed periodically, that is, re-cut to keep the cutting surfaces sharp. Millstones need to be evenly balanced, and achieving the correct separation of the stones is crucial to producing good quality flour.

Henry Percy was initially buried by his nephew Thomas Nevill, 5th Baron Furnivall at Whitchurch, Shropshire, with honours, but rumours soon spread that he was not really dead. In response the King had him disinterred. His body was salted, set up in Shrewsbury impaled on a spear between two millstones in the marketplace pillory, with an armed guard and was later quartered and put on display in Chester, London, Bristol and Newcastle upon Tyne. His head was sent to York and impaled on the north gate, looking toward his own lands.

The extremely dry cave had created an ideal storage condition that preserved a variety of artifacts from beetle wings to textiles and human paleofeces. They also found leather scraps, pieces of string, nets of twine, coarse fabric, basket fragments, and bone and wood tools such as knives, weapons, and millstones. In total, excavations have produced over 2,500 chipped-stone artifacts and over 1,000 grinding stones. The excavation also yielded identifiable fragments of 68 plant species that still grow today within ten miles of the cave as well as the bones of many species of animals.

Bondgate was for the workers: bondsmen and tenants. A leper hospital was founded on the road to Harewood beyond Cross Green. As well as farming and use of woodland, important local activities were quarrying stone, and the manufacture of potash from bracken, used to make a soap which therefore supported a community carrying out fulling, the cleansing and finishing of woollen cloth on Watergate. The Chevin provided stone for building (and millstones) as well as bracken, wood and common grazing, while the river provided reeds for thatching houses.

The distance between the stones can be varied to produce the grade of flour required; moving the stones closer together produces finer flour. The grain is lifted in sacks onto the sack floor at the top of the mill on the hoist. The sacks are then emptied into bins, where the grain falls down through a hopper to the millstones on the stone floor below. The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it in a gently sloping trough (the slipper) from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone.

The mill drove two pairs of millstones, flour dressers, wheat cleaners and other machinery. The mill as it appeared with decorative, non-functional sails and bronze cap prior to the 2012 restoration The construction of the mill was part of a broader program to enable the Jews of Palestine to become self-supporting. Montefiore also built a printing press and a textile factory, and helped to finance several agricultural colonies. He attempted to acquire land for Jewish cultivation, but was hampered by Ottoman restrictions on land sale to non-Muslims.

But the mill was never built, and the millstones brought out from England went inland to Waimate North instead. Curiously enough, when work started on the building, Māori were already moving out of the district, and when it was finally completed there were very few Māori remaining at Kerikeri. Furthermore, there were rumblings within the missionary community that Kerikeri was becoming the backwater of missionary activity, eliminating the need to store goods and provisions there. It was considered a folly at the time, but one that blesses Kerikeri today.

The seeds were winnowed by stirring through the heap with long sticks, and gathered on opossum skins. Then the men took over as threshers, separating the husks by alternately beating and then stamping the seeds laid in two holes, on rectangular the other circular. The refined product then underwent further purifying by employing wiri or bark dishes, and jubbil. The resulting seedstock was then packed in skin bags, Once taken out of storage, the seeds were prepared by grinding then, with additions of water, on dajuri millstones and cooking the cakes over ashes.

During its working life, the mill was fitted with second hand millstones from the smock mill at Dymchurch and the post mill at Kennington. The sails on the mill when it stopped working in 1926 had previously been on High Halden post mill and before that Aldington smock mill. A steam engine provided auxiliary power at one time. In 1946, the owner of the mill, Sir Sydney Nicholson, had the mill made weatherproof but plans for further repair and restoration were thwarted by his death the next year.

To fix this issue, millstones in their mills were run at a lower speed and were set higher so as to simply crack the kernel at the first grinding. It was then put through several grindings. The purpose was to make middlings the most valuable part of the product, as gluten was found in the middlings and provided nutrition and gave bread its rising quality. The Archibalds' mills would later be among the first to adopt the middlings purifier, developed in Minneapolis, which allowed for large scale production of the higher gluten flour.

Just as with baking, Green found the responsibilities of operating the mill annoying and tedious. Grain from the fields was arriving continuously at the mill's doorstep, and the sails of the windmill had to be constantly adjusted to the windspeed, both to prevent damage in high winds, and to maximise rotational speed in low winds. The millstones that would continuously grind against each other, could wear down or cause a fire if they ran out of grain to grind. Every month the stones, which weighed over a ton, would have to be replaced or repaired.

The cast iron upright shaft carries a cast iron wallower with 38 teeth and a cast iron Great Spur Wheel with 104 cogs. It powered three pairs of millstones. One pair are French Burr stones (by Hughes & Son of Dover and London) of diameter, one pair are Peak stones of diameter and the third pair have a Peak runner stone on a French Burr bedstone, both diameter. The Crown Wheel drove two layshafts, which powered various machines including a "Ureka" winnower and an oat crusher by Ganz & Co., of Budapest, Hungary.

255x255px In 1878 there were seven waterwheels at Three Mills. Most of them were around 20 ft in diameter and 3 ft in width, but one was 8 ft in width. There were four in the House Mill and three in the Clock Mill. They drove fourteen pairs of millstones and produced a total of 150 HP (112KW). The average output of the House Mill was about 2 tons of maize and 5 tons of barley per tide rising to 10 and 14 tons respectively on spring tides.

Fowler's Mill had a three storey base, which was diameter at the ground and diameter at the top of the high walls. The windmill was mounted on top of this structure, it was a twelve sided structure some tall, giving an overall height of some overall. There were ninety-six sails (called floats), with the same number of shutters in the mill body which could be opened or closed to allow a flow of air through one half of the diameter of the structure. The mill drove six pairs of millstones.

Farmer harrowing a crop near Xi'an, China, c. 1908 Various types of oxen have been domesticated in the area of what is now modern China for thousands of years, used for agriculture, transportation, for food, and other purposes. These generally powerful creatures have had a significant roles in turning and tilling the soil with the plow, hauling loads by pulling an oxcart, turning millstones and waterwheels, and in the case of the yak, being saddled and ridden by humans or carrying loads mounted on their backs. The water buffalo also is ridden, though in a more bareback style.

Centrifugal governors were invented by Christiaan Huygens and used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills in the 17th century. In 1788, James Watt adapted one to control his steam engine where it regulates the admission of steam into the cylinder(s),University of Cambridge: Steam engines and control theory a development that proved so important he is sometimes called the inventor. Centrifugal governors' widest use was on steam engines during the Steam Age in the 19th century. They are also found on stationary internal combustion engines and variously fueled turbines, and in some modern striking clocks.

There were formerly several fords over the River Derwent near this place and in medieval times a wooden bridge. The present stone bridge was widened in 1820, but its original date is not known. The bed of the river itself was the source of stone for millstones, and licences for this are recorded at "Shotley Brig" in 1356. A water-powered corn mill was established in the 14th century, later replaced by a steam-powered one which was sold to the Derwent Co-operative Flour Mill Society Ltd in 1872, and continued until its closure in 1920.

By that time its wood waterwheel and its millstones had been replaced by a metal turbine and imported "grain breakers". The mill continued to operate until 1938 to grind flour for area residents, but after that it was used intermittently for a few years to grind meal for animals. The last mill operator was Oscar C. Jones, who departed the site in 1939. In 1970 the Clark family sold the area containing the mill to Terracor Corporation, as part of its planning to develop a planned community (Stansbury Park, named for the Stansbury Mountain Range along the west side of the valley).

William Aspdin's innovation was counterintuitive for manufacturers of "artificial cements", because they required more lime in the mix (a problem for his father), a much higher kiln temperature (and therefore more fuel), and the resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones, which were the only available grinding technology of the time. Manufacturing costs were therefore considerably higher, but the product set reasonably slowly and developed strength quickly, thus opening up a market for use in concrete. The use of concrete in construction grew rapidly from 1850 onward, and was soon the dominant use for cements.

The grain was bagged up for the millstones, the straw taken to the straw barn. A gathering or mill pond, leats and sluices were needed.Keys to the Past Retrieved : 2012-06-22 The water supply came from the hill above and remains of the control sluice are still visible, with an overflow running through a pipe to the Montfode Burn and the 'spent' water from the mill leaving via a substantial stone lined outflow that exited below the main farm buildings. A turbine may have been used as no signs of a waterwheel and associated equipment exist.

It has been owned by Cambridge Past, Present and Future (formerly known as the Cambridge Preservation Society) since 1932. The body of the mill, the 'buck', contains all the machinery and is balanced on a 'post' supported by an oak trestle, which supports the entire weight of the mill, and bolted to four brick piers. Four sails and millstones in front of the post balance the double steps (which act as a thrust support when down) and the tail pole behind (which is used to turn the sails into the wind). It is called a 'Post Mill' because of its supporting post.

When he determined upon an enterprise he pushed it forward to success with indomitable perseverance. So many of his relatives settled in the north of the Kirk Green that the neighborhood was known as Dunhamtown for many years." In addition to one of the original millstones used by Dunham, two memorial plaques have been placed in front of the Trinity Church Rectory. The first plaque reads, "This millstone from the mill of Jonathan Dunham builder of Trinity Church Rectory 1670 was placed here by Trinity Young Peoples Fellowship on the 250th Anniversary of Trinity Church May 16, 1948.

Pedestal dedicated to the Goddess Diana located in the Villa Nueva of Algeciras, dated to the first century The city's economy included fishing and preparing salt fish, as shown by the industrial complex located in today's San Nicolas street of the Villa Vieja (Old Town) of Algeciras. It dates from the first century until probably late fifth or early sixth centuries. Many millstones were found in five fish- processing factories, and many traces of fish, but very few bones. This suggests that the factories were involved in grinding down the bones to manufacture flours of fish.

In 2006 the church was the location of a service attended by Mayors and civic heads from across Yorkshire as part of the Yorkshire Day celebrations being hosted in Penistone. The same year saw the creation of a new Heritage and Sensory Gardens (St Johns Gardens) in the lower end of the church yard, including millstones with historical local dates and a memorial to Nicholas Saunderson, who was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. The church was subject to interior work in 2006, with the creation of new community facilities, under the auspices of Revd David J. Hopkin.

Nikia village According to Greek mythology, the island was formed when Poseidon cut off a part of Kos and threw it onto the giant Polybotes to stop him from escaping. The ancient name of the Nisyros was Porphyris. Ancient walls, dating from the 5th century BC, part of the acropolis of the island, are found near Mandraki. It was apparently also a source of millstones used in some of the earliest watermills, being referred to by epigrammatist Antipater of Thessalonica in the 1st century BC.M. J. T. Lewis, Millstone and Hammer: the origins of water power (University of Hull Press 1997), pp.

Denver windmill was built in 1835, replacing an earlier post mill which was marked on the 1824 Ordnance Survey map. The mill was built for John Porter and the tower bears a datestone with the legend JMP 1835. A steam mill had been erected at Denver windmill by 1863, powered by a engine. This drove three pairs of millstones, as did the windmill. Denver Mill - Blackstone engine In 1896, James Gleaves made a Deed of Assignment and the mill was offered for sale by auction at the Crown Hotel, Downham Market but was withdrawn from sale at the auction.

John Terry (21 January 1771 – 8 July 1844) was an early settler and pioneer farmer in New Norfolk, Tasmania. Born in Askrigg in the Yorkshire Dales, he was the eldest son of John Terry of The Mill, Redmire and Grace Green. The Terrys also had milling and other interests in Bedale, Forcett and Askrigg. He married Martha Powell on 12 July 1797 and continued in the family milling business until, in October 1818, John and Martha, their eight daughters, three sons and two millstones sailed from Sheerness, England on the Surrey, the only "free" settlers on a convict ship to Sydney, Australia.

The mill may have started life with two Common sails and two Spring sails carried on a wooden windshaft as the wooden clasp arm Brake Wheel has had to be fitted with packing pieces to enable it to fit the current windshaft, which being of iron is a smaller diameter than a wooden one would be. The Wallower is of cast iron, carried on a wooden upright shaft. This carries the Great Spur Wheel, which is of iron with wooden cogs and drove the two pairs of millstones underdrift. A third pair was added when steam power was installed.

There is also a black jaguar at the entrance that will attack anyone who doesn't traverse the path quick enough. James and Precious have no means of conquering this other than the practice on the beach beforehand. # A path containing a series of millstones, two spinning clockwise and the middle one spinning anti-clockwise, with three enormous grindstones to the left hand side of them that could crush the victim if they got too close. This is one of the few tasks that James and Precious could neither prepare or practice for, having to rely on speed and balance.

Union Roller Mill, about 1895, 68 West 100 South, The Union Roller Mill was built in 1865 and was later renamed the Thatcher Milling & Elevator Company. In 1888 the millstones in the Thatcher Mill were discarded and steel rollers were installed with an elevator with the capacity of 40,000 of bushels of grain. At the right of the photo is the East Building of the Brigham Young College On February 18, 1892, Emily Jean Crimson married George Washington Thatcher and had one daughter, Patience Thatcher Logan (1897-1980). They lived at 169 East Center St., Logan, Utah.

Quartz-dolerite is very common in central Scotland, in intrusive formations, sills and dykes, and is widely quarried for roadstone. It was used with some success for making millstones at one time, the Millstone Grit part of the Carboniferous strata not being present in Scotland, but it is no longer used for this purpose, and would probably be illegal now due to the formation of small quartz and other silicate particles, which could cause the serious respiratory disease silicosis. In Scotland quartz-dolerite is commonly known as whin or whinstone. Quartz-dolerite contains many cooling fractures and weathers readily, becoming unstable.

Bloak Holm mill was located nearby, a little further down the Glazert Water and is recorded as being part of the Kirkwood Estate in the 18th century. The surviving Aiket millstones are made of French Burr which came in sections and the millwright had to turn these into a usable millstone. The sections were shaped and then the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle such were fitted together to give him the overall shape and size required. Once assembled, a set of iron tyres were fitted around them, in exactly the same way as a wheelwright would prepare a wooden wagon wheel.

Early hydraulic cements, such as those of James Parker, James Frost and Joseph Aspdin were relatively soft and readily ground by the primitive technology of the day, using flat millstones. The emergence of Portland cement in the 1840s made grinding considerably more difficult, because the clinker produced by the kiln is often as hard as the millstone material. Because of this, cement continued to be ground very coarsely (typically 20% over 100 μm particle diameter) until better grinding technology became available. Besides producing un-reactive cement with slow strength growth, this exacerbated the problem of unsoundness.

It is a hut-like structure with a uniform ground prepared to be dwelt and furnish with the basic Iron Age housing elements: Pit holes to support the structure, millstones, hand-mills, metalworking (bronze), remains of a bonfire, grain store pits and pieces of pottery. The chronology of this period is between the 6th century BC and the 2nd half to the 2nd Iron Age. More than 30 centimetres above, a third and more recent layer was discovered with a clear interruption in dwelling. This third and recent is belonging to the late 2nd Iron Age.

Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron turbines and these were sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills. In most wheel-driven mills, a large gear- wheel called the pit wheel is mounted on the same axle as the water wheel and this drives a smaller gear-wheel, the wallower, on a main driveshaft running vertically from the bottom to the top of the building. This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the water wheel, which typically rotates at around 10 rpm. The millstones themselves turn at around 120 rpm.

The finds material recovered from the "urban district" includes above all ceramics, and also some fragments in bronze and iron, stone bullets, a chopper, organic material of animal origin, and millstones. Among the most ancient materials found are some specimens handmade from paste, but also items made on the wheel. The types of ceramics discovered can be distinguished chronologically, beginning in the 7th century B.C. These include discoveries which can be assigned to the proto- Elymus, indigenous, Attic, Ionic and Hellenistic periods. This confirms that there was continuous contact with Segesta and with other Elymus centres of western Sicily.

The 1902 turbine was small and revolved at a much faster pace which removed the need several of the gear wheels which on larger, slow moving water wheels waste considerable power out-put. In 1965 this turbine was still producing 25% of the mill's power requirements. It had undergone a minor overhaul in 1930 and a major overhaul in the 1960s that would have left it capable of running for the next 40 years. The mills power was used to drive two and sometimes three pairs of millstones, which were in regular use for grinding animal food stuffs.

The House of the Pinelos (Casa de los Pinelo) is a mansion of the 16th century decorated with millstones The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría (Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Isabel of Hungary) is located in the Casa-Palacio de los Pinelo in central Seville, Spain. It is divided into six sections: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Music, Archaeology, Decorative Arts and Performing and Audiovisual Arts. It was founded in 1660.Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría de Sevilla Notable members include; Ana María Vicent Zaragoza, José Hernández and Pepi Sánchez.

Saunders was still at the mill in 1855 when it was sold by Lady Selina Charlotte, Viscountess Milton to George Gatty. At that time the mill had an diameter overshot waterwheel driving two pairs of millstones. John Tully Coomber had joined Saunders by 1858, working the mill until at least 1861. George Gatty died in 1864 and the mill passed to his son Charles Henry Gatty. Robert Bartley was the miller in 1869, working the mill until at least 1871 and then Sydney Killick was the miller in 1881, followed by Thomas Colvin who was there in 1891.

The drangues are semi-human warriors with extraordinary strength, giving them the ability to tear trees out of the ground and throw large boulders at their enemies. They can also cast lightning bolts and meteors, or whole houses. The wings and arms of a dragùa are thought to be the source of his power and if their bodies are dissected, a golden heart with a jewel in the middle of it will be found. As warrior fighting the kulshedra, he is armed with the "beam of the plow and the plow-share", cited by or a "pitchfork and the post from the threshing floor, and with the big millstones".

Oil-rich vegetable materials have been processed mechanically to extract the valuable oils for thousands of years, typically using vertical millstones moving around a central post (edge runner stones or kollergangs in an edge mill) to crush or bruise the seeds or fruit which can then be stamped or pressed to extract the oil. A treadmill, windmill or watermill was later used to drive the milling and pressing machinery, replaced in modern times with steam and later other power sources. Bullock or horse driven oil mills, such as the traditional ghani in Bangladesh, have increasingly been replaced by power-driven steel oil mills.D.K. Salunkhe, R.N. Adsule, J.K. Chavan (1992).

It is believed that Alvôco Várzeas is a very old village. The appearance of the millstones and mills and the legacy of anthroponyms that still exist today in Alvôco prove that this settlement was occupied by the Romans due, perhaps, to the vicinity of mineral holdings in meadows of Alvôco River. In this locality can visit the parish church that has as its patron saint Stº. Andrew, being a masterpiece of architecture in continuation of the regional tradition from the 19th century As a cause of greater interest in the parish, and obligatory visit, is its Medieval Bridge, although known by popular tradition as "Roman Bridge".

Five minutes north of this place, and over above the southern bank of the Kasimiyeh, which flows here in a deep ravine, I met with many ancient millstones, broken, and an ancient tomb cut in the rock, having the form of a simple grave, but covered with a great curved block of stone. Thirty minutes west of Bidias is the ruin called Khurbet ed Dar, on a hill overlooking the ravine. It consists of the interior of an enclosure formed of numerous stones roughly squared, with those of a few houses. At a short distance west of this place there are the ruins called Kh. el Meshatah, on a northern hill.

The area that is now Harwich was settled in the 17th century as part of Yarmouth, and was separately incorporated in 1694. Part of the area that is now Harwich Center was settled by members of the Broadbrooks family, who later shortened their name to Brooks. This family became one of the leading forces in the civic and economic development of the village, building at least eight of its buildings. Brooks Park, at the eastern end of the village, is where the 1732 homestead of Ebenezer Broadbrooks was located; no longer standing, its site is marked by millstones from his mill that are placed near the park entrance.

Clonalvy is a civil parish in County Meath, Ireland. The name is taken from the Irish language, with cluain (or clon) meaning 'meadow' and Áilbhe (or Áilbhe) referring to a person or place. It is taken to mean Ailbhe's Meadow but could also refer to the Meadow of the Ailbine River (now Delvin River). According to the Placenames Database of Ireland Clonalvy is "just beside Fourknocks, seems a most likely location for the famous Lia Ailbhe, the standing stone described in AN as 'the chief monument of Brega' (príomh- dindgnai Maighi Bregh) in 999, when it fell and was made into four millstones by Máelaschlainn the high king".

The mill and waterwheel in 1998 Originally only two separate rubble-built buildings were present on this slopping site, later joined together by rubble-built walls.Canmore - Coldstream Mill The 2-storey mill of the early 19th century was built on a 'L' plan and had three millstones. A single-storey rubble built building extended off the millstone floor to the south-east and a larger wooden store shed once stood alongside the upper kiln building with the lade running through a culvert beneath it. The provision of a kiln was an early development; it had an air vent running along the roof apex to allow heat and gases to escape.

446 but when the prospect of a new war arose in 1823, he expressed rather different concerns: "Men delude themselves by supposing that war consists only in a proclamation, a battle, a victory and a triumph. Of the soldiers' widows and the soldiers' orphans, after the fathers and husbands have fallen in the field of battle, the survivors think not".Quoted in Élie Halévy, The Liberal Awakening (London 1961)p. 173 Shelley, however, in his Masque of Anarchy, challenged Eldon's sincerity: "Next came Fraud and he had on, Like Eldon, an ermined gown - His big tears, for he wept well - Turned to millstones as they fell".

At the time of the Chad National Museum's establishment, it had four rooms for prehistory, protohistory, archives, folk arts, crafts and traditions. The prehistory room, at least in 1965, included items related to pebble culture, including material from the Amgamma cliff, Paleolithic implements, axes with helve-holes, nether millstones, and quartz and obsidian arrowheads. The museum at one time included a full-sized ochre reproduction of a hunting scene from the first millennium B.C. Its collection also included baked bricks, some attributed to Boulala and Babalia people. These items were discovered at the Bouta-Kabira sanctuary including human masks, bronze objects and bone tools.

A fantail was also added at this time. It is likely that the mill was re-arranged with both pair of millstones relocated to the breast instead of being arranged head and tail. All three mills were shown on the 1837 Ordnance Survey map. The smock mill had gone by 1839. The post and tower mills were offered for sale by auction on 21 November 1839 at the Fox Inn, Garboldisham. The mills were not sold and were offered for sale or to let in February 1840. The smock mill may have burnt down on 22 August 1840. A fire was reported at a tower mill in Garboldisham on that date.

In 1837 brothers Carl and Eduard Vieweg, publishers from nearby Braunschweig, replaced the Schunter watermill with a nearby windmill. They wanted to build a paper mill to produce paper for their own publishing house and to have it powered using the wind. The brothers were given permission to build the windmill as long as, within one year, they provided as much mill grinding capacity for the Wendhausen area as they had with the three millstones from the watermill. A Dutch-style windmill with five sails was chosen to provide additional power and could accommodate more grinding and milling than traditional and older post mills.

Horse or donkey-powered stone mills at Pompeii. The donkey or horse-driven rotary mill was a 4th-century BC Carthaginian invention, with possible origins in Carthaginian Sardinia. Two Carthaginian animal-powered millstones built using red lava from Carthaginian-controlled Mulargia in Sardinia were found in a 375–350 BC shipwreck near Mallorca. The mill spread to Sicily, arriving in Italy in the 3rd century BC. The Carthaginians used hand-powered rotary mills as early as the 6th century BC, and the use of the rotary mill in Spanish lead and silver mines may have contributed to the rise of the larger, animal-powered mill.

It is also used for the production of cast rock that is used in corrosion and abrasion protection, as for sewage pipes and acid- resistant rocks. Other uses of trap rock include gardening and landscaping, for the production of millstones, for the production of mineral fibres (basalt wool), as a flux in ceramic masses and glazes, for the production of glass ceramics, crushed as a filter aggregate (air filtration of poison gas in ABC bunkers), as filter bed material water treatment facilities, and ground as a soil improvement product.Lorenz, W., and W. Gwosdz (2003). Manual on the Geological-technical Assessment of Mineral Construction Materials.

Roman Pottery from the Fortress (Archaeology of York 16/7). York: York Archaeological Trust suggest hunting was a popular pastime and that diet would be supplemented through the hunting of hare, deer and boar. A variety of food preparation vessels (mortaria) have been excavated from the city and large millstones used in the processing of cereals have been found in rural sites outside the colonia at Heslington and Stamford Bridge. In terms of the ceremonial use of food; dining scenes are used on tombstones to represent an aspirational image of the deceased in the afterlife, reclining on a couch and being served food and wine.

On the western side of the town centre the Blakewater continues through the Wensley Fold area before joining the River Darwen outside Witton Country Park; the Darwen flows into the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale. The geology of the Blackburn area yields numerous resources which underpinned its development as a centre of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution. Mineable coal seams have been used since the mid-late 16th century. The Coal Measures in the area overlie the Millstone Grit which has been quarried in the past for millstones and, along with local limestone deposits, used as a construction material for roads and buildings.

A bedstone and the rind A millrind or simply rind is an iron support, usually four-armed or cross-shaped, for the upper ("runner") stone in a pair of millstones. The rind is affixed to the top of the square-section main shaft or spindle and supports the entire weight of the runner stone, which can be as much as several tons. The face of a runner stone usually has a carved depression, called the "Spanish cross", to accommodate the millrind. The rind is necessary because the grain is fed through the runner stone's central hole, so the spindle cannot be inserted through it like a cartwheel on an axle.

The sack hoist was dismantled to enable its repair, brickwork was repaired, and new lintels were made for some of the windows. A tarpaulin was secured over the mill tower to keep the weather out over winter. The floorboards on the bin floor were replaced and one of the two pairs of millstones was removed. The work was financed by grants of £500 from the Council for the Preservation of Rural Essex,In recognition of the work carried out by the Suffolk Mills Group between 1974 and 1978 on Ramsey Windmill, Essex £250 from St Edmundsbury Borough Council, £200 from the Scarfe Trust, and £200 from the Suffolk Mills Group.

The Humble Cemetery and Stroybat by Sergei Kaledin, Odlyan, or the Air of Freedom by Leonid Gabyshev, the journalistic pieces on the Chernobyl catastrophe by G. U. Medvedev, Advances and Debts by the economist N. P. Shmelev were also published there. During the years of perestroika, the struggle between Novy Mir and the censorship authorities did not go well for the monthly. Some parts of this struggle are described by A. Solzhenitsyn (A grain between two millstones, part 4, Novy Mir, 2003, No. 11) and Zalygin himself (Notes that do not need a plot, Oktyabr, 2003, No. 9-11). In 1991, the circulation of Novy Mir reached 2,700,000.

The Ngarkat faced a particular problem in making implements, millstones, hammers and axes, since suitable stone or rock materials were quite rare in their area. Onsets of highly arid weather, on draining soakages, yield evidence, aside from skeletons, of tools fashioned from chert, quartzite and jasp-opal. Despite its arid inhospitable terrain, Ngarkat territory was crisscrossed by trade routes, from Lake Hindmarsh to Bordertown, from Nhill to Murrayville and Pinnaroo, from the Wirrurgren Plain north of Lake Albacutya through Pinnaroo country to the Murray Bridge area. The items bartered along these trails were things like yabbyclaw necklaces, pipe clay, red ochre, diorite stone axes, and the like.

Water Mills Route The Water Mills predominate in Albergaria-a-Velha - a municipality with the largest number of inventoried water mills in Europe - constituting one of the most important elements of the rural landscape throughout the entire municipality. These are elements with high patrimonial value that delight the eyes of their citizens and all the visitors that dare to explore them. Albergaria-a-Velha is a land of traditions made of water, bread and mills. The Water Mills Route is currently made up of 11 clusters in a total of 14 mills with 19 couples of millstones, distributed in different parishes of the county.

Although part of the hill is grass grazed by sheep, and part is forested, much remains open common land, and it is here that most of the limestone pavement is to be found. However, much has been removed over the years for many purposes including building, agricultural fertiliser, and production of millstones, but is now protected by law and it is an offence to remove any. The limestone is over thick, and was laid down during the Carboniferous period some 350 million years ago. The limestone pavements here occupy an intermediate position between the low-lying pavements of Gait Barrows some to the west, and those on Ingleborough, to the east.

The artefacts unearthed included fragments of ceramics dating to the Iron Age and Roman occupation, including pots, glass, Imbrex and tegula, millstones, coins and metallic elements (including artesanal, defensive and agricultural implements). In addition there were decorative jewellery in silver and bronze Transmontanan fibulas, in addition to granite statuary and altars (an epigraph, fragment dedicated to Jupiter and another truncated to the foculus). These and other artefacts were housed and on display in the Museu Municipal de Penafiel (Penafiel Municipal Museum), Museu de Etnografia e História do Porto (Porto Museum of Ethnography and History) and the Museu de Antropologia da Universidade do Porto (University of Porto's Anthropologic Museum).

The mill operated until 1958, and was purchased in 1970 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the West Point Lake reservoir project. The mill sits on the sloped bank of Wehadkee Creek, and is 3.5 stories tall on the stream side and 2.5 stories on the bank side. It is constructed of unfinished stones, however features details such as finished stones as quoins, courses of rectangular stones between the doors and cornice, and half millstones as window and door arches. There are two entrances on the main floor, with a large opening above that was probably used to hoist grain to the upper story for storage.

Eben Ernest Hayes was born at Monks Kirby, England, on 4 February 1851, the first of 10 children of Ebenezer Hayes and Hannah Jones. Ernest was educated locally, then apprenticed as a millwright, learning fitting and turning, remodelling machinery and dressing millstones. Hayes married Hannah Eleanora Pearson at Whitington, Norfolk, on 15 February 1881 and emigrated to New Zealand at Port Chalmers on 14 November 1882.Claudia Orange, Eben Ernest Hayes on Dictionary of New Zealand Biography website, retrieved 2010-01-21 Hayes settled in Central Otago, running flour mills and developing a farm with a small workshop, where he began to invent tools to help his farm work.

The Salt Cellar, a gritstone tor on Derwent Edge in the Peak District, England Millstone Grit is the name given to any of a number of coarse-grained sandstones of Carboniferous age which occur in the British Isles. The name derives from its use in earlier times as a source of millstones for use principally in watermills. Geologists refer to the whole suite of rocks that encompass the individual limestone beds and the intervening mudstones as the Millstone Grit Group. The term Millstone Grit Series was formerly used to refer to the rocks now included within the Millstone Grit Group together with the underlying Edale Shale Group.

Continuous control, before PID controllers were fully understood and implemented, has one of its origins in the centrifugal governor, which uses rotating weights to control a process. This had been invented by Christiaan Huygens in the 17th century to regulate the gap between millstones in windmills depending on the speed of rotation, and thereby compensate for the variable speed of grain feed. With the invention of the low-pressure stationary steam engine there was a need for automatic speed control, and James Watt’s self-designed "conical pendulum" governor, a set of revolving steel balls attached to a vertical spindle by link arms, came to be an industry standard. This was based on the millstone- gap control concept.

The common axle, the main drive for the millstones, had 136 'sacrificial' teeth that were traditionally made from lignum vitae, however due to increasing costs they were progressively replaced as required by exceptionally hard wood alternatives such as beech or hornbeam that were grown in the local hedgerows for this purpose. The non- native hornbeam is usually rare in rural districts however several still grow near Coldstream. The purpose of these wooden teeth was to replace integral cast iron teeth that would be much harder and more expensive to replace if the waterwheel suddenly seized due to an obstruction or if any other sudden excessive force was exerted.Griffith, Roger & Inness, Douglas (1998).

The first volume of his collected works from 1942, Broken Millstones ("ריחיים שבורים") was one of the first books published by the newly established Am Oved press, that shortly afterwards became a central Hebrew publishing house. For the rest of his life, Hazaz had a major role in the activity of Am Oved, and most of his writings were published there. In 1951, Hazaz married Aviva Kushnir (née Ginzburg-Peleg, 1927-2019), his right- hand in his endeavors as an author and public figure, and an impressive intellectual in her own right. Hazaz bequeathed his literary inheritance to his wife, and entrusted her with the preparation of his unpublished manuscripts for printing.

The former ICI Winnington Works seen from the Anderton Boat Lift in 1992 Northwich has been described as having a market since at least 1535, when it was described as a market town by Leland, but there is no surviving charter. The town still has a market today, which is earmarked for refurbishment as part of the Northwich Vision plans. The town's economy was dominated by the salt industry. However, a list of tolls for goods crossing over Northwich bridge in 1353 shows goods coming into the town, including a wide range of carcasses, fleeces, hides and skins, cloth, fish, alcoholic drinks, dairy products, building materials, household goods, metals and glass, and millstones.

Besides agriculture and winegrowing, business was from days of yore of great importance. Without doubt, the oldest industrial operation was the monastery mill (Klostermühle), which after the monastery’s dissolution the Counts Palatine (Dukes) of Zweibrücken put into Erbbestand (a uniquely German landhold arrangement in which ownership rights and usage rights were separated; this is forbidden by law in modern Germany). In the early 20th century, the millstones were replaced with an electric generator, and the municipality took over the mill and began, for a short time, to produce electricity. In 1907, the operation passed back into private ownership, and as of about 1920 produced only electricity, and that only for RWE beginning in 1928.

Monds blamed this state of affairs on the "speculative" operation of a steam-powered mill, just a short distance uphill. The steam mill owners eventually became insolvent and Monds acquired the operation and building.Monds, pp.98–99 Monds Roller Mill in 2012 Over time the mill's machinery was updated: in 1868 the existing wire machine was replaced with a silk dressing machine; a corn screen was installed in 1871; an oatmeal plant was added in 1880; the water wheel was replaced with an American-built water-powered "Victor" turbine in 1887; and in 1889 the plant was converted from millstones to roller milling, making it one of the earliest conversions in Tasmania.

The Rocznik małopolski, by the other hand, spoke clearly about Ludgarda's murder in the Szamotuły code, in which added further information about this event: ::Regardless of the historian (I might add) we have seen in our youth in the streets of Gniezno a wooden chapel, which in the vernacular language is called vestibule, where exist two great stones in the shape of millstones reddened with the blood of that lady, who are completely worn and faded, and were deposited in her tomb at Gniezno cathedral.Rocznik małopolski, [in:] MPH, vol. III, p. 183. Another source that describes the death of Ludgarda is the Kronika oliwska, written in the mid-14th century by Abbot Stanisław.

Cornelius Drebbel had built thermostatically-controlled incubators and ovens in the early 1600s, and centrifugal governors were used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills. James Watt patented a form of governor in 1788 to control the speed of his steam engine, and James Clerk Maxwell in 1868 described "component motions" associated with these governors that lead to a decrease in a disturbance or the amplitude of an oscillation. The term "feedback" was well established by the 1920s, in reference to a means of boosting the gain of an electronic amplifier. Friis and Jensen described this action as "positive feedback" and made passing mention of a contrasting "negative feed-back action" in 1924.

They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminium disc with particles bonded to the surface. Today most grinding wheels are artificial composites made with artificial aggregates, but the history of grinding wheels began with natural composite stones, such as those used for millstones. The manufacture of these wheels is a precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses produced on rotation. Grinding wheels are consumables, although the life span can vary widely depending on the use case, from less than a day to many years.

James A. O'Neil built the county's first gristmill at the confluence of La Creole Creek (now Rickreall Creek) and O'Neils Creek over the winter of 1844–1845. The site was chosen for its proximity to water power for the mill, timber and a rock quarry that could provide millstones. The most important factor for siting the mill at this location, however, was its proximity to the Siskiyou Trail. A community formed around the mill as it was one of only two gristmills on the west side of the Willamette River at the time and it served settlers from as far away as northern Yamhill County and south as far as Linn and Benton counties.

The Kawana flour mill near Matahiwi was built in 1854, and is the last remaining flour mill on the Whanganui River and the only remaining 1850s mill machinery in New Zealand. Wheat was an important early crop for the Whanganui District: by 1848, thanks to the influence of missionaries Richard Taylor and Father Jean Lampila, an estimated was being grown by Māori along the Whanganui River. With funds from the government, local Māori, and Governor George Grey, several water-driven flour mills were built in the 1850s. The mill at Matahiwi was named Kāwana Kerei in honour of Governor Grey, who had donated the millstones as a personal gift to the Ngā Poutama people.

They expanded the livestock operation of their father to include a sizable grain harvest, and they enjoyed gambling and racing horses. Millstones for some of the first gristmills in Alta California were quarried from the upper northwest Putah Canyon, near a difficult and tortuous road out of Berryessa Valley into Napa Valley, a two-day trip by mule team. After California was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the Berreyesas filed the claim with the American Public Land Commission in their wives' names in 1852, and the grant was patented to María Anastasia Higuera de Berreyesa and María Nicolasa Higuera de Berreyesa in 1863. Report of the Surveyor General 1844–1886 United States.

The objects in Kyrenia Castle are the original ones that she carried during her last voyage about 2300 years ago. From them we can learn about the life of those traders. More than 400 wine amphoras, mostly made in Rhodes, constitute the main cargo and they indicate that the ship made an important stop at that island. Ten distinct amphora shapes on board suggest other ports of call, such as Samos in the north. Another part of the cargo of the ship was perfectly preserved almonds, 9000 in number, that were found in jars and also within the ship's hull. The 29 millstones, laden on over the keel in three rows cargo, but at the same time served as ballast.

Between 1488 and 1593, the Counts of Manderscheid-Schleiden were enfeoffed with Steffeln. Through sale it found its way into Manderscheid-Gerolstein hands in 1617. After this line died out, Steffeln was held from 1693 to 1719 by the Manderscheid-Blankenheim line. The castle, mentioned in 1282, on the tuff crags overlooking the village was converted in the 15th or 16th century into a compulsory-labour and toll estate for the Manderscheid toll station on the long-distance trade road running from Liège by way of Malmedy to Koblenz, and into a seat for the comital Schultheißen. Part of the residential house is preserved (the back part of today’s rectory). There was trade in “oven stones” from the Küllenberg (mountain) and millstones from the Steffelberg.

The Prehistoric section has artifacts from Tuscia: Chopper (cutting tools used by early hominids), bifaces, scrapers, retouched tips, brooches, and engraved funeral stones, complemented by an educational department that analyses topics arising from prehistorically finds in central Italy starting from the Lower Paleolithic through to the Neolithic Age and from the copper age to the Bronze Age, ending with a small section on the Iron Age. Within the Etruscan collection, donated by Monsignor Giovanni D'Ascenzi, there are ceramics from Villanovan, Etruscan, Attic and Corinthian cultures in addition to Phoenician glass paste, and other objects from this period including bronze figures and bone. The first floor ends with the Roman section, where there are various finds from Valentano e.g., coins, millstones and architectural elements.

Disused windmill and Mill House at Metheringham Metheringham Windmill, locally known as The Old Meg Flour Mill, was a six-storeyed, six-sailed, and tarred slender Lincolnshire type windmill with the typical white onion-shaped cap with fantail, built in 1867 to be used to grind flour from grain. Located on a paddock at the eponymous village in North Kesteven south of Lincoln it is one of the many tall brick-tower mills of Lincolnshire with stage, now disused. The mill was equipped with a complete iron gear, six Sutton patent sails which drove her four pairs of millstones, and a mill house nearby, but was never prosperous. She later lost up to four of her sails, which were not replaced.

Zayn al-Din is assumed by the modern historian Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn to be the "Zayn Ibn Ma'n" mentioned in an Ottoman register as the owner of a dilapidated watermill with two millstones in 1543, while Ibn Tulun's reference to a part of the Chouf as "Shuf Sulayman Ibn Ma'n" in 1523 likely refers to Alam al-Din Sulayman.Abu-Husayn 1985, p. 69. Neither Zayn nor Sulayman are mentioned by later chroniclers of the Ma'nids, likely for political reasons related to the chroniclers' association to the Ma'nid line of Qurqumaz.Salibi 1973, p. 284. The latter was based in the Chouf village of Baruk, where he gave refuge to members of the Sayfa family after their flight from Akkar in 1528.

Today, LAMP maintains four archaeologists on staff and works with a team of archaeological conservators, and regularly employs a large number of volunteers and student interns. To date, the oldest identified shipwreck discovered in St. Augustine waters is the sloop Industry, a British supply ship lost on May 6, 1764, while attempting to make port with munitions, tools, and other equipment for the garrisons in Britain's recently acquired colony of Florida. Artifacts from the wreck site—including eight cast-iron cannon, an iron swivel gun, crates of iron shot, iron mooring anchors, millstones, and boxes of tools such as axes, shovel blades, knives, trowels, files, and handsaws—were well-preserved, and provided an unprecedented glimpse into the needs of British soldiers and administrators on the Florida frontier.

It was built in 1875 for miller Edric Lansdall as a four-patent-sailed, slightly tapering four-storeyed tarred tower mill with onion-shaped cap and fantail on top of the remaining roundhouse of a previously erected post-mill. The junction between the former roundhouse wall of hand-made bricks and the newly superimposed tower made of machine-moulded bricks is almost indistinguishable. On the second floor, the stone floor, originally three pairs of millstones (two pairs of peak stones (grey stones or greys) and one pair of quartzite (French stone)) were driven, of which only one grey pair remained. This peak stone is cut from rock millstone grit quarried in the Peak District of southwest Yorkshire and northeast Derbyshire, England.

Experienced millers and millwrights were in short supply in the early colony.Pearson 1996:56 The First Fleet had arrived with four millstones but with no millwrights nor suitable millstream a substantial milling enterprise was not possible. The first grain was ground with forty iron hand mills which quickly wore and had an output as little as one bushel per twenty four hours.Birmingham, Jack and Jeans 1983:27 As early as 1791 Governor Phillip noted that a windmill was urgently needed, although Lieutenant-Governor Philip Gidley King argued that the building of a mill would be too labour-intensive and expensive and stone querns presented a more practical option.Tratai 1994:14 Governor Phillip sent several requests for skilled tradesmen, to no avail.

With enough millers now using Evans's machinery, adoption began to accelerate rapidly after 1800, as did his considerable wealth from the license fees. In these years Evans concentrated on growing his commercial operations in Philadelphia, expanding his store several times, becoming an agent for English imports, and taking on blacksmiths to complete more complicated metal work for mills. All the while Evans continued to refine various elements of mill design, including patenting a new process for making millstones and developing a screw mill for grinding plaster of Paris, which was in great demand in Philadelphia for stucco work. Evans and his younger brother Evan, along with blacksmith Thomas Clark, developed a device for packing flour barrels using a wooden disc operating by a compound lever and a toggle joint.

Every barony had a thirled mill held by the laird which his tenant farmers had to use, and the nearby Kilmaurs Mill on the Carmel Water dated back to at least the early 17th century as shown by old maps of the area. A mill on the site of old Kilmaurs Mill may therefore have been the one directly associated with the laird at the Place. An unusual feature of this old mill was a carved stone showing a millstone drive spider or rind (often used on Miller's tombstones as a symbol of the milling trade) on which the upper grindstone rested, a ring of rope, a bill for dressing millstones, and a grain shovel. This stone still survives at the site of the old mill, built into a wall.

From then until his death, he lived with his wife in a dacha in Troitse-Lykovo in west Moscow between the dachas once occupied by Soviet leaders Mikhail Suslov and Konstantin Chernenko. A staunch believer in traditional Russian culture, Solzhenitsyn expressed his disillusionment with post-Soviet Russia in works such as Rebuilding Russia, and called for the establishment of a strong presidential republic balanced by vigorous institutions of local self-government. The latter would remain his major political theme. Solzhenitsyn also published eight two-part short stories, a series of contemplative "miniatures" or prose poems, and a literary memoir on his years in the West The Grain Between the Millstones, translated and released as two works by University of Notre Dame University as part of the Kennan Institute's Solzhenitsyn Initiative.

On the estates of Fairgirth and Barnhourie, are considerable tracts of ancient wood; and the plantations of more modern date are also extensive, and consist chiefly of oak and Scotch fir, both of which are in a thriving state. The prevailing rocks are granite, of which there are quarries; stone of good quality for millstones is also raised, and there are evident indications of copper and iron, but no attempt has yet been made to work either of the veins. At the mouth of the river Urr small vessels are built, and there is a landing-place for unloading cargoes of lime and other articles, and for shipping the agricultural produce to Liverpool, Glasgow, and other ports. The ecclesiastical affairs of the parish are under the superintendence of the presbytery and synod of Dumfries.

At this time, Erythrae was renowned for its wine, goats, timber, and millstones, as well as its prophetic sibyls, Herophile and Athenais. In the Roman period the city was plundered and its importance faded after the earthquakes of that region in the 1st century AD. The city experienced a revival of some sorts under the later Roman Empire and into the Byzantine period. Bishops are attested from 431 to 1292, and an archon, a minor governor, was based in the city in the 9th and 10th centuries. Pausanias, at the Description of Greece writes that in the city there was a temple of Athena Polias and a huge wooden image of her sitting on a throne, she holds a distaff in either hand and wears a firmament on her head.

Peat is found in thick, plentiful layers across the Pennines and Scottish Borders, and there are many large coalfields, including the Great Northern, Lancashire and South Yorkshire Coalfields. Millstone grit, a distinctive coarse-grained rock used to make millstones, is widespread in the Pennines, and the variety of other rock types is reflected in the architecture of the region, such as the bright red sandstone seen in buildings in Chester, the cream-buff Yorkstone and the distinctive purple Doddington sandstone. These sandstones also mean that apart from the east coast, most of Northern England has very soft water, and this has influenced not just industry, but even the blends of tea enjoyed in the region.; ; Rich deposits of iron ore are found in Cumbria and the North East, and fluorspar and baryte are also plentiful in northern parts of the Pennines.

On the second floor, the stone and stage floor, there are the original three pairs of stones (two pairs of grey and one pair of French quartzite stones) and a drive down to the first floor with a fourth pair of stones. On the ground floor a fifth pair of stones was installed which could also be driven by wind if desired or rather by engine. The mill houses a mixer on the first floor and in addition an elevator from the ground floor. Due to its large sail area supplied by its eight sails and its well-winded site the mill is able to drive four pairs of millstones - now 2 pairs of French (quartzite) stones and 2 pairs of so-called Peak stones (Derbyshire sandstone) and is able to work in very light breezes, when other local mills don't.

By 1771, the mill had two pairs of millstones. It was then owned by the Marquis of Aigremont until the time of the French Revolution. On 24 vendémiaire 6 (15 October 1798) the mill was sold to a person named Masse, its former owner the Marquis of Aigremont having fled France. In 1824, the mill was owned by Jean Baptiste Castelain, miller. It was sold to M. Havez-Debuchy, a grain merchant of Templeuve, in 1836. By 1849, the mill was in the ownership of Louis Alexandre and Henri Havez of Wazemmes. It had passed to Jean Louis Havez, a butcher of Lille, by 1876. In 1887, the Moulin de Vertain was owned by the widow of Louis Havet-Vanhoverberghe. In 1908, the mill was in the ownership of Paul de Baratte, a notary in Paris.

The first room has a display of photographs illustrating aspects of the villagers everyday life and such major social events as weddings, baptisms, national holidays, and school rallies. There are also quite a number of photographs of officers and soldiers of the Republican Army of Greece (DSE), because the village was the DSEs base in 1946–7. The second room houses genuine traditional womens costumes of the late 19th century (everyday wear and bridal outfits), woven textiles, embroidery, a number of objects for everyday domestic use (cauldrons, baking trays, cooking- pots, and plates), agricultural implements (most notably a hand plough), millstones, a wooden barrel for collecting grain at the mill, and jars for the pickles and cereals that were stored in the cellars in winter. The ground floor has been converted into a guest-house for visitors to the area.

Roman logistics were among some of the best in the ancient world over the centuries, from the deployment of purchasing agents to systematically buy provisions during a campaign, to the construction of roads and supply caches, to the rental of shipping if the troops had to move by water. Heavy equipment and material (tents, artillery, extra weapons and equipment, millstones etc.) were moved by pack animal and cart, while troops carried weighty individual packs with them, including staves and shovels for constructing the fortified camps. Typical of all armies, local opportunities were also exploited by troops on the spot, and the fields of peasant farmers who were near the zone of conflict might be stripped to meet army needs. As with most armed forces, a variety of traders, hucksters, prostitutes and other miscellaneous service providers trailed in the wake of the Roman fighting men.

Alfonso XI of Castile After the disastrous battle of the river Palmones, the sultan of Granada wanted to prepare a second attack on the Christian hosts, but the morale of the troops was low. The emissary of the Moroccan Sultan convinced him to try to resolve the conflict with the King of Castile by a peace treaty, and a letter was sent to the Christians at Algeciras offering a truce, but Alfonso XI did not want peace on any terms other than that the city became part of his kingdom. In January 1344 Alfonso decided to restore the naval boom, since the blockade was often violated by small boats from Gibraltar. The new barrier was formed by strong ropes supported by floating barrels, maintained in position by ship masts weighted at one end with millstones and with the other end protruding several meters from the sea surface.

The mill was one of the central places in the life of a rural community, where the memories of once, are still very much alive in the daily rituals of the millers and in the endless spinning of their millstones and casters. Although there are mills throughout the municipality, it is along the Rio Caima that we have the units of greatest expression and importance, since the more stable flow allowed permanent work. However, also in the rivers Fílveda and Jardim, in the streams of Albergaria-a-Velha, Fontão, Frias, Fial and Mouquim and in the countless corgas and ditches of all the parishes, there are traces or records of more than three and a half hundred mills, indicating the importance that the mill activity had in the region. These mills were built mainly in the 18th and 19th centuries, using local construction materials.

Self-regulating mechanisms have existed since antiquity, and the idea of feedback had started to enter economic theory in Britain by the 18th century, but it was not at that time recognized as a universal abstraction and so did not have a name. The first ever known artificial feedback device was a float valve, for maintaining water at a constant level, invented in 270 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. This device illustrated the principle of feedback: a low water level opens the valve, the rising water then provides feedback into the system, closing the valve when the required level is reached. This then reoccurs in a circular fashion as the water level fluctuates. Centrifugal governors were used to regulate the distance and pressure between millstones in windmills since the 17th century. In 1788, James Watt designed his first centrifugal governor following a suggestion from his business partner Matthew Boulton, for use in the steam engines of their production.

Research in Northern Poland shifted the north-eastern frontier of this complex to the western parts of the Baltic with the adjacent Northern European plain. Typical Bell Beaker fragments from the site of Ostrikovac- Djura at the Serbian river Morava were presented at the Riva del Garda conference in 1998, some 100 km south-east of the Csepel Beaker sub-group (modern Hungary). Bell Beaker related material has now been uncovered in a line from the Baltic Sea down to the Adriatic and the Ionian Sea, including the modern states comprising Belarus, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania, North Macedonia and parts of Greece.The Eastern Border of the Bell Beaker-Phenomenon - Volker Heyd, 2004 The Bell Beaker culture settlements in southern Germany and in the East-Group show evidence of mixed farming and animal husbandry, and indicators such as millstones and spindle whorls prove the sedentary character of the Bell Beaker people, and the durability of their settlements.

It developed once the navigation provided transport links, enabling flour and produce to reach Lewes to the south and several villages to the north. The owners at the time were Thomas Rickman & Son, who also owned Barcombe Oil Mill. A siding from the mill to Barcombe Mills railway station revolutionised transport, and a new, larger mill was built in 1870, with four floors and powered by two enclosed water wheels. It could produce 500 to 600 sacks of flour each week. Ownership passed to William Catt & Sons in 1879, who also ran the tide mill at Bishopstone, and in 1894 they installed a Turner five-sack roller mill. A compound engine was used to power the roller mill, while three pairs of millstones were driven by a "Little Giant" turbine. Milling ceased in 1918, and after a period of dereliction, it was used to manufacture buttons, made by slicing Italian nuts. Button production started in 1931, but the mill building was destroyed by fire in March 1939.

Founded by the Romans as Antunnacum in 12 BC on the site of an old Celtic settlement probably called Antunnuac, Andernach is one of the oldest towns in Germany which as such held its "Bimillenary feast" in 1988. Both the Roman and the Celtic names mean "village or farm of Antunnos/us"—a man not yet identified. It was the southernmost outpost of the Electorate of Cologne from the 12th to the 19th century. In addition to the touristically appealing medieval remnants of the old town fortifications, the city of Andernach is the location of several old industrial plants such as a huge malt mill (the last one of more than ten mills and breweries from the 19th and 20th centuries dismantled in 2008). In the 19th century the town was noted for the production of millstones, bricks and clay for making tobacco pipes.The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol I, London, Charles Knight, 1846, pp.702-3.

When a new long stock was imported from Sweden, the journey through Buntingford was not without difficulty as the stock went through a cottage window at one point. The steam engine had been replaced by an oil engine by 1919, which worked a pair of millstones on a hurst frame outside the roundhouse. Scowen worked the mill until his death in 1920. The mill was worked by Joseph Ponder Scowen's widow Marian for a couple of years, and in 1922 Richard Hull took the mill. Hull worked the mill until 1930, apparently using the oil engine after 1923, since the fantail had blown off by 1926 and one of the sails had been blown off by July 1929. The other three sails had been taken down by 1932 and the mill became derelict. In 1938, organised by Captain Berry, a group of people who were concerned not to lose a major piece of local history re-boarded and painted the buck. Without this there would be no windmill in Hertfordshire today.

An 18th century engraving, depicting the explosion of one of Giambelli's "hellburners" on the Duke of Parma's pontoon bridge at the Siege of Antwerp in 1585. Giambelli is said to have vowed to be revenged for his rebuff at the Spanish court; and when Antwerp was besieged by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma in 1584, he offered his services to Elizabeth I of England, who, having satisfied herself of his abilities, engaged him to advise in its defence. His plans for provisioning the town were rejected by the senate, but they agreed to a modification of his scheme for destroying the pontoon bridge which closed the entrance to the town from the side of the sea, by the conversion of two ships of 60 and 70 tons into "infernal machines" or "hellburners". Each ship had a masonry chamber built into the hold, filled with 7,000 pounds (3,175 kilograms) of gunpowder and heaped over with millstones, tombstones and scrap iron; stacks of timber and brushwood on the top deck were set alight to give the impression that it was an ordinary fire ship.

The Mill at Anselma is considered the best-preserved example of a grain mill of its kind in the country, boasting its original wooden gearing system and millstones. It is fully functional today and continues to mill flour and cornmeal for sale. The historic Larkin Covered Bridge, built in 1881, is located near the village of Eagle. In 2019, communities across Chester County were at risk of flash flooding when the region received roughly a month's worth of rain within less than two months. Between May 1 and June 20, Chester Springs received 29 days of rain (6.77 inches in May and 6.06 inches in June for a total of 28.51 inches as compared with 26 days of rain in Tredyffrin (6.29 inches in May and 8.05 inches in June for a total of 28.09 inches), 30 days in Glenmoore (7.63 inches in May and 5.36 inches in June for a total of 30.82) 27 days in East Marlborough (6.97 in May and 6.13 inches in June for a total of 27.65), and 31 days in Nottingham (6.75 inches in May and 4.52 inches in June for a total of 27.67).

It is thought that there were eight or possibly nine mills on the River Lea in Stratford at the time of the Domesday Book (though this number may refer to the number of pairs of millstones rather than buildings). These are the earliest recorded examples of a tidal mill system. In the clock mill there were 16 workers. Stratford Langthorne Abbey, founded in 1135, acquired Three Mills some time in the 12th or 13th centuries, and the local area became known by the name. By the time Henry VIII dissolved the abbey in the 1530s, the mills were grinding flour for the bakers of Stratford-atte-Bow, who were celebrated for the quality of their bread and who supplied the huge City of London market. In 1588, one of the mills was described as a "gunpowder mill". During the 16th century the three mills were reduced to two (which today are the House Mill and the Clock Mill). In the 17th century, the mills were used to grind grain, which was then used to distill alcohol; the mills became a major supplier to the alcohol trade and gin palaces of London.

Tractate Gittin in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of divorce in .Mishnah Gittin 1:1–9:10, in, e.g., Jacob Neusner, translator, Mishnah, pages 466–87; Tosefta Gittin 1:1–7:13, in, e.g., Jacob Neusner, translator, Tosefta, volume 1, pages 895–923; Jerusalem Talmud Gittin 1a–53b, in, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi: Tractate Gittin, elucidated by Gershon Hoffman, Avrohom Neuberger, Chaim Ochs, Aharon Meir Goldstein, Yehuda Jaffa, Mendy Wachsman, Abba Zvi Naiman, Shlomo Silverman, and Mordechai Smilowitz, edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus (Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2016), volumes 38–39; Babylonian Talmud Gittin 2a–90b, in, e.g., Koren Talmud Bavli: Gittin, commentary by Adin Even-Israel (Steinsaltz) (Jerusalem: Koren Publishers, 2015), volume 21. Joseph's Brothers Raise Him from the Pit in Order To Sell Him (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by James Tissot) The Mishnah interpreted the prohibition of , "No man shall take the mill or the upper millstone to pledge," to teach that a creditor who took a mill as security for a loan transgressed a negative commandment and was guilty on account of two forbidden utensils. The Mishnah interpreted to prohibit a creditor from taking in security not only millstones, but everything employed in the preparation of food for human consumption.

A Cucuteni-Trypillian culture deer antler plough Food and cooking items retrieved at a European Neolithic site: millstones, charred bread, grains and small apples, a clay cooking pot, and containers made of antlers and wood A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands. The profound differences in human interactions and subsistence methods associated with the onset of early agricultural practices in the Neolithic have been called the Neolithic Revolution, a term coined in the 1920s by the Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.