How to use methanes in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "methanes" and check conjugation/comparative form for "methanes". Mastering all the usages of "methanes" from sentence examples published by news publications.
Lifei Zhang, Wenlong Yang, Linli Zhang, Xiaoxiu Li (2015): "Highly chlorinated unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants generated during the methanol-based production of chlorinated methanes: A case study in China". Chemosphere, volume 133, pages 1-5.
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Due to the 1980 fire and midnight dumpings by Carracino, the surface water of the Elizabeth River, which was in close proximity, had been contaminated by several chemicals. These chemicals included benzene, PCBs, toluene, trichloroethylene, and trihalogenated methanes. This also lead to the contamination of marine life in the river including, crabs, shellfish and fish. This raised awareness of the human health threats as a result of ingesting chemicals via marine life.
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Most low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethene, and trichloroethane are useful solvents. These solvents tend to be relatively non-polar; they are therefore immiscible with water and effective in cleaning applications such as degreasing and dry cleaning. Several billion kilograms of chlorinated methanes are produced annually, mainly by chlorination of methane: :CH4 \+ x Cl2 → CH4−xClx \+ x HCl The most important is dichloromethane, which is mainly used as a solvent. Chloromethane is a precursor to chlorosilanes and silicones.
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The resulting electrophilic bromonium cation (Br+) attacks hydrocarbons (symbolized as R-H in the following equation): :R-H + Br− \+ H2O2 → R-Br + H2O + OH− The bromination acts on a variety of dissolved organic matter and increasingly bromination leads to the formation of bromoform. The vanadium bromoperoxidases produce an estimated 1–2 million tons of bromoform and 56,000 tons of bromomethane annually. Partially in the polar regions, which has high blooms of microalgae in the spring, these compounds have the potential to enter the troposphere and lower stratosphere. Through photolysis, brominated methanes produce a bromine radical (Br−) that can lead to ozone depletion.
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In organophosphorus chemistry, the Kinnear–Perren reaction (sometimes the Clay-Kinnear-Perren reaction) is used to prepare alkylphosphonyl dichlorides (RP(O)Cl2) and alkylphosphonate esters (RP(O)(OR')2).. The reactants are alkyl chloride, phosphorus trichloride, and aluminium trichloride as catalyst. The reaction proceeds via the alkyltrichlorophosphonium salt: :RCl + PCl3 \+ AlCl3 → [RPCl3]+AlCl4− Reduction of this trichlorophosphonium intermediate with aluminium powder gives alkyldichlorophosphines (RPCl2). Partial hydrolysis of the same intermediate gives the alkylphosphonyl dichloride: :[RPCl3]+AlCl4− \+ H2O → RP(O)Cl2 \+ AlCl3 \+ 2 HCl The reaction was first reported by Clay and expanded upon by Kinnear and Perren, who demonstrated that the four chlorinated methanes (CH4−xClx) give the corresponding CH3-, CH2Cl-, CHCl2-, and CCl3-substituted derivatives. They also demonstrated workup with hydrogen sulfide to give the alkylthiophosphoryl dichlorides.
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