156 Sentences With "medieval Russia" | Random Sentence Generator

It's a fantastic story inspired by the folklore of medieval Russia.

Deep in the forests of medieval Russia, winter lasts much of the year.

Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 38. Pereyaslavl was destroyed by the Mongols in March 1239, the first Rus' city to fall in the Mongol invasion of Rus'.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 139.

L.F. Benedetto. Page 433.Janet Martin, "Medieval Russia: 980-1584", page 190.

They offered tribute and trade privileges to the Rus'.Janet Martin. Medieval Russia, 980-1584.

Martin, Medieval Russia, 32-33. After this conference, the rota system continued to work within these patrimonial principalities at least up to the Mongol Invasion. The rota system also continued with regard to the Kievan throne after 1113 up to the Mongol Invasion as well.Martin, Medieval Russia, 33.

Kaiser, Daniel H. The growth of the law in Medieval Russia. – Princeton: Princeton univ. press, 1980. – 308 p.

Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Ashgate, 1998. P. 54Lawrence N. Langer. Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia.

Kania's, for example, is reminiscent of that of medieval Russia, and Xadagan is an obvious reference to the totalitarian regime of Stalin's era.

Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 1. Polotsk was then granted to Vladimir's son, Izyaslav, around the time of Christianization (988), and when Izyaslav predeceased his father in 1001, the throne of Polotsk was passed on to Izyaslav's son, Briacheslav, and the Polotsk line (the senior branch of Vladimir's sons) became izgoi and was not legally allowed to succeed to the Kievan throne,Martin, Medieval Russia, 27. although Bryacheslav's son, Vseslav, held briefly the Kievan throne in 1068-1069, after it was granted to him by the veche following the Kiev Uprising.Martin, Medieval Russia, 29.

Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. , , p. 57 The first mention of Toyma, paying tribute to Novgorodians, is dated 1137Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. , , p. 55, provides a list of tax-paying possessions of Novgorod in 1137, including Toyma.

Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 38. The town was destroyed by the Mongols in March 1239, the first of the great Rus cities to fall.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 139. Certainly from the reign of Vsevolod Yaroslavich, the princes of Pereyaslavl held the principality of Rostov-Suzdal, which was heavily colonized by Slavs thereafter, a process which strengthened the region's power and independence, separating the two regions.

Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. , , p. 57 The first mention of Toyma, paying tribute to Novgorodians, is dated 1137Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. , , p. 55, provides a list of tax-paying possessions of Novgorod in 1137, including Toyma.

A. Lidov. "The Byzantine World and Performative Spaces" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 17-26.

P. 85. (). One of the sources of the statute was Byzantine law, including Nomocanon.Kaiser, Daniel H. The growth of the law in Medieval Russia. – Princeton: Princeton univ.

Page 290. Pashuto is credited as consultant on several films about medieval Russia, including Tarkovsky's masterpiece Andrei Rublev (1966).И. П. Тюрин. "Перспектива памяти: кино, история, литература".

"Creating an Iconic Space. The Transformation of Narrative Landscape" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 627-642 architectural compounds G. Zelenskaya.

Robert Michell and Neville Forbes, eds. The Chronicle of Novgorod (London: Camden Society, 1914), 83; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 138-139.

P. 389 The outcome was the Rus'–Byzantine Treaty of 945.Janet Martin. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Janet Martin. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 115-116 This established friendly relations between the two sides.

A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 364-392.A. Akiyama. "Interrelationships of Relics and Images in Buddhist and Christian Traditions: Comparative and Performative Aspects" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed.

A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 275-316.V. Sarabianov. "Relics and Images of Saints in the Sacred Space of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed.

Franklin & Shepard, Emergence of Rus, p. 157. Peremyshl may have been one of the Cherven towns captured by the Polish prince Boleslaw I in 1018, towns recaptured by Rus in 1031.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 45.

Yuri drove out Vsevolod, whom Yaropolk then replaced with Izyaslav. An agreement was reached by 1134 between Yuri and Yaropolk that their common brother Vyacheslav would take the throne of Pereyaslavl.Martin, Medieval Russia, pp. 105-6.

The Ottoman Empire, though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian fort on the Terek River.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, 357.

In 1392 Vasily Dmitr'evich, Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of Vladimir, obtained a patent from Khan Tokhtamysh authorising the annexation of the Murom principality, along with the principalities of Nizhni Novgorod and Gorodets.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 228.

As a result, Mikhail was summoned to the Horde by the Khan and executed on 22 November 1318.Martin, Medieval Russia, 175; John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339," Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte 38 (1988), 9-19.

Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 119-142 to the study of religious ceremonies, feastsL. Beliaev. "The Hierotopy of the Orthodox Feast: on the National Traditions in the Making of Sacred Spaces" in: Hierotopy.

The temples and sanctuaries of various religions were originally conceived, designed and created as spatial icons.Sh. Tsuji. "Creating an Iconic Space. The Transformation of Narrative Landscape" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 627-642.

Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132) The Principality of Pereyaslavl () was a regional principality of Kievan Rus' from the end of 9th century until 1323, based in the city of Pereyaslavl (now Pereiaslav) on the Trubizh River.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 4.

Some historians believe that she was poisoned by the Shuiskys, who usurped power after her death. Recent studies of her remains tend to support the thesis that Elena was poisoned.Martin, Medieval Russia, 331; Pushkareva, Women in Russian History, 65-67.

Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, 356. In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia, Safavid Persia, Mughal India and Khiva khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character.

Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 396 After his conquest of Kazan, Ivan is said to have ordered the crescent, a symbol of Islam, to be placed underneath the Christian cross on the domes of Orthodox Christian churches.

Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A.Lidov, Moscow: Progress- Tradition, 2006, pp. 32-58 Hierotopy accounts for the ways in which a vast array of media (e.g. religious images, ritual, song, incense, light) are used to organize sacred spaces.

Eteriano, p. 35. As attested by the large number of copies, Cosmas' work was particularly popular in medieval Russia and Serbia. There, it was even used as a basis for writings against other heresies. The treatise is recognised as the earliestPeters, p.

Sacred relics and iconic images often play an integral role in the creation of a comprehensive spatial image.J. Bogdanovich. "The Performativity of Shrines in a Byzantine Church: The Shrines of St. Demetrios" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed.

Dimnik, Dynasty of Chernigov, p. 12. In 1392 Vasily Dmitr'evich, Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of Vladimir, obtained a patent from Khan Tokhtamysh authorising the annexation of the Murom principality, along with those of Nizhni Novgorod and Gorodets.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 228.

Both were disgraced and probably banished from court.J. Martin: Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge University Press), 1999, p. 247. On 4 February 1498, in the Dormition Cathedral in an atmosphere of great splendor, Prince Dmitry was crowned Grand Prince and co-ruler with his grandfather.

Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 26. Vsevolod's appanage included the northern lands of Rostov and the lightly colonised north-eastern zone of Rus (see Vladimir-Suzdal).See . The Primary Chronicle recorded that in 988 Vladimir had assigned the northern lands (later associated with Pereyaslavl) to Yaroslav.

Contarini returned to Venice only in April 1477, after many delays and a difficult return voyage. On his journey home from Iran, Contarini stopped in Moscow, where he had an audience with the Russian tsar Ivan III.Martin, Janet (1995), Medieval Russia, 980-1584, pp. 274, 314.

After the invasion of Eastern Europe, Möngke would bring them back to Mongolia. He also participated in the Siege of Kiev (1240). Möngke was apparently taken by the splendour of Kiev and offered the city surrender, but his envoys were killed.Lawrence N. Langer Historical dictionary of medieval Russia, p.

In pre-Tsarist medieval Russia capital punishment was relatively rare, and was even banned in many, if not most, principalities. The Law of Yaroslavl (c. 1017) put restrictions on what crimes warranted execution. Later, the law was amended in much of the country to completely ban capital punishment.

Retrieved 21 July 2007. and other major cities of northeast Russia, routed the Russians at the Sit' River,Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 139. . and then moved west into Poland and Hungary. By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities.

Despite strong opposition from the Russian Orthodox Church, the divorce was effected, and Elena gave birth to Ivan (future Ivan IV the Terrible) in 1530 and Yuri (future prince of Uglich) in 1532.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 292-293. It was later rumoured, that Elena brought witches from Finland and people of the Sami to help her conceive by the help of magicIsabel de Madariaga (in Swedish) : Ivan den förskräcklige ("Ivan the Terrible") (2008) On his deathbed, Vasili III transferred his powers to Elena Glinskaya until his oldest son Ivan, who was only three at the time, was mature enough to rule the country.Martin, Medieval Russia, 293.

He was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia: 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), 100. Scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, monastery, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with high relief stone sculptures.

The Primary Chronicle records that in 1078 before the death of Izyaslav, Yaropolk was "ruling in Vyshhorod", a city north of Kiev, while his brother Svyatopolk ruled as Prince of Novgorod, and Vladimir Monomakh ruled as Prince of Smolensk.Dmytryshyn, Medieval Russia, pp. 56, 59; Laurentian Primary Chronicle, s.a. 6586 (1078).

Rostislav Vsevolodovich () (c. 1070–1093) was the Prince of Pereyaslavl (1078–1093), son of Vsevolod I of Kiev, and half brother of Vladimir Monomakh. He fought at Stugna river against the Cumans and drowned while fleeing the battle.Basil Dmytryshyn, Medieval Russia: A sourcebook 850-1700, (Academic International Press, 2000), 60.

Martin J. Medieval Russia, 980–1584. 2007. Cambridge University Press. p. 196 Ivan was reputed to be the richest person in Rus', as his moniker "Kalita" (literally, the "moneybag") testifies.Moss (2005) He used his treasures to purchase land in other principalities and to finance the construction of stone churches in the Moscow Kremlin.

Saint Sergius of Radonezh (, Sergii Radonezhsky; 14 May 1314 – 25 September 1392), also known as Sergiy Radonezhsky, Serge of Radonezh and Sergius of Moscow, was a spiritual leader and monastic reformer of medieval Russia. Together with Saint Seraphim of Sarov, he is one of the Russian Orthodox Church's most highly venerated saints.

Vladimir Borisovich Kobrin (Владимир Борисович Кобрин; 1930-1990) was a leading authority on the aristocracy of late medieval Russia. He graduated from the Moscow University in 1951 and continued Stepan Veselovsky's studies of medieval Russian aristocracy after the latter's death in 1952.Археографический ежегодник за 1990 год. Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1990. Стр. 327.

"Light Effects in the Space of Byzantine Church: Peculiarities and Stages of Evolution" in Light and Fire in the Sacred Space, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 95-101. lightingA. Melnik. "The Dramaturgy of Fire in Russian Churches in the 16th and 17th centuries." in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed.

He took many pieces of religious artwork - including the Theotokos of Vladimir icon - from nearby Vyshhorod.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980–1584, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 100. In 1203 Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his Kipchak allies captured and burned Kyiv. In the 1230s the city was besieged and ravaged by different Rus' princes several times.

In exchange for protection of the Southern borders of medieval Russia, the Don Cossacks were given the privilege of not paying taxes and the tsar's authority in Cossack lands was not as absolute as in other parts of Russia. During this period, three of Russia's most notorious rebels, Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin and Emelian Pugachev, were Don Cossacks.

Igor was able to mount a new naval campaign against Constantinople as early as 944/945.Janet Martin. Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press, 2004. P. 115-116 Under threat from an even larger force than before, the Byzantines opted for diplomatic action to circumvent invasion.

Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp.533-562 Spatial icons are essentially dynamic and performative in nature, such that the formal boundary between ‘image’ and ‘beholder’ no longer pertains. Typically, the beholders of spatial icons are actively involved in some way and become, to a certain extent, co-creators of the icons.

Shortly after the executions of Prince Vladimir and most of his family, Ivan launched an attack on Novgorod, claiming treason and treachery. It is probably not a coincidence that Novgorod still housed a number of the late Vladimir's supporters and retainers. Skrynnikov and Graham , Ivan the Terrible [p 114-115,] Martin, Janet. Medieval Russia, 980-1584. Cambridge.

Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Progress-tradition, 2006, pp. 325-372. It is a consciously created spatial image that transcends the material objects involved in its formation. A variety of plastic elements, including everything from buildings to decoration, and from murals to liturgical artifacts, work together to form a spatial icon.

Furthermore, in spite of his excluded status, Vseslav briefly seized the throne of Kiev in 1069 but held it only six months before he was ousted.Martin, Medieval Russia, 29. Another example (there are many others) would be Rostislav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Yaroslavich. Since Vladimir had died in 1052, two years before his father, Yaroslav the Wise (d.

Russia sent 30,000 troops against him. In 1554 he fled the town and Russia imposed its client Dervish Ali Astrakhani who soon began intriguing with the Crimeans. Russia sent more troops and occupied Astrakhan in 1556, proceeding to destroy the largest slave market on the Volga.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p.

The term "Hell-written" first occurs in Prologue (Eastern Orthodox Synaxarium) regarding Sabellianist church banners. Full Church Slavonic dictionary gives the following commentary: "painted in hell". The term "Hell icons" is mostly used amongst Old Believers. The painting of hell icons, known as adopis or "hellography" (as opposed to iconography), was also a type of black magic in medieval Russia.

"The Church and the City: on the Symbolic and Structural Unity of the Russian Sacred Space" in Hierotopy. Comparative studies of sacred spaces, Moscow: Indrik, 2009, pp. 292-322 and countriesV. Petrukhin. "Hierotopy of the Russian Land and the Primary Chronicle" in Hierotopy. Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Moscow, 2006, pp. 480-490 have become products of hierotopic creativity.

Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 161. The princedom gave rise to the princely nobility surname of Belozersky (Белозе́рский), literally meaning "of Belo Ozero" (of White Lake). Subsequently, the only surviving branch of this Russian Princely family (meaning direct male descendants) are the Princes Belosselsky-Belozersky. Emperor Paul I of Russia gave this honor to Alexander Mikhailovich Belosselsky-Belozersky and his descendants.

Although his long Livonian War for control of the Baltic coast and access to the sea trade ultimately proved a costly failure, Ivan managed to annex the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 395. . These conquests complicated the migration of aggressive nomadic hordes from Asia to Europe via the Volga and Urals.

Vladimir continued to expand his territories beyond his father's extensive domain. In 981 he seized the Cherven towns from the Poles; in 981–982 he suppressed a Vyatichi rebellion; in 983 he subdued the Yatvingians; in 984 he conquered the Radimichs; and in 985 he conducted a military campaign against the Volga Bulgars,Janet Martin. Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. 1995. pp.

Unusually, these two have been allowed to marry, and even occasionally work on the same projects together. Kalugin was recruited in medieval Russia, while Nan is from Africa, recruited in the same batch as Mendoza in the 16th century. She takes her name from Anansi, the Spider God of her people in Africa. She was orphaned when the Smoke Men, probably Arab slave traders, attacked her village.

Basil Dmytryshyn, Medieval Russia: A sourcebook 850-1700, (Academic International Press, 2000), 60. They crossed the river and met the Cumans in a valley at the rampart of Trepol'. Sviatopolk deployed on the right, Rostislav in the center, and Vladimir on the left. As the Kievan troops reached the rampart, the Cumans bowmen attacked Sviatapolk's men, and after a bloody engagement his troops broke.

Zabelin joined the Moscow Kremlin staff in 1837. Influenced by the early Muscovite "antiquaries" such as Ivan Snegirev and Pavel Stroyev, Zabelin was one of the first to investigate the history of Moscow's suburbs and monasteries. While working in the Armoury, Zabelin studied the history of metalworking and enamel work in medieval Russia. He was also considered an expert on icon-painting and Muscovite architecture.

In medieval Russia, the aging giant bogatyr Svyatogor gives his sword to some traveling pilgrims to be passed on to a new bogatyr. Svyatogor and his horse become a mountain as he dies. Meanwhile, Asiatic pagans known as the Tugars are ravaging and pillaging the land. They raid the village where the bearded and robust Ilya Muromets lives and capture his future wife Vassilisa.

The greatest icon painters of medieval Russia, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny, were summoned to decorate the cathedral with frescoes. Traditionally, Muscovite royals were baptized in this cathedral and held thanksgiving services here. In 1476, Ivan III invited several Pskovian masters to build the church of the Holy Spirit. This graceful structure is one of the few remaining examples of a Russian church topped with a belltower.

According to the traditional scholarship, after the Novgorodians evicted Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich in 1136, Novgorod began electing their princes and forbade them from holding land in Novgorod. Yaroslav's Court then ceased to be a princely compound and the prince resided at Riurik's Court.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Between 1113 and 1136, the Saint Nicholas Cathedral was built at the court.

Upon the death of Andrei Aleksandrovich (Aleksandr Nevsky's son and Yaroslav's nephew), Mikhail became the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1304, as was consistent with the rota system of collateral succession that had been practised in Rus since the time of Yaroslav the Wise. He was confirmed in office by Tokhta, Khan of the Golden Horde.Janet Martin Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 174.

Franklin & Shepard, Emergence, p. 173. The principality can be traced as a semi-independent dominion from the inheritance of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, with Svyatoslav receiving Chernigov, Vsevolod getting Pereyaslavl, Smolensk going to Vyacheslav, and Vladimir-in-Volhynia going to Igor.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 26. The Primary Chronicle records that in 988 Vladimir assigned the northern lands (later associated with Pereyaslavl) to Yaroslav.

60 or David Nicolle "Armies of Medieval Russia 750–1250 (Men-at-Arms 333)" Osprey Publishing 1999; , p.44 He preferred to dress in white, and it was noted that his garments were much cleaner than those of his men, although he had a lot in common with his warriors. He wore a single large gold earring bearing a carbuncle and two pearls.Vernadsky 276–277.

He was born in 1939 and grew up in Princeton, New Jersey. His father, John Van Antwerp Fine Sr. (1903–87), was Professor of Greek History in the Classics Department of Princeton University. His mother, Elizabeth Bunting Fine, was also a classicist and taught Latin and Greek at Miss Fine’s School. Fine Jr.'s undergraduate and graduate training was at Harvard University, where he studied Byzantium, the Balkans, and medieval Russia.

"Performed Topographies and Topomimetic Piety. Imaginative Sacred Spaces in Medieval Italy" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 101-118. In many cases, spatial icons were the work of specific authors; their art could be compared with that of contemporary film directors, for in both cases, there is the coordinated effort of various artists and specialists in shaping a single, comprehensive vision.

A. Lidov. "The Creator of Sacred Space as a Phenomenon of Byzantine Culture" in L’artista a Bisanzio e nel mondo cristiano-orientale, ed. Michele Bacci, Pisa, 2003, pp.135-176. Performativity, as well as various dynamic elements, is a significant feature of spatial icons.A. Lidov. "The Byzantine World and Performative Spaces" in Spatial icons. Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011. pp. 17-26.

Performativity in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, ed. A. Lidov, Moscow: Indrik, 2011, pp. 533-562. are classical examples of iconic performativity in the Eastern Christian tradition. In both cases, the city itself was temporarily transformed into the matrix of a spatial icon; the participants involved in these rituals were thus veritable co-creators of the sacred space along with the artists, priests and celebrants responsible for leading it.

Keenan was skeptical of the authenticity of texts that were attributed to medieval Russia. Two of these supposedly medieval texts were used to characterize the relations between Muscovites and the Mongol steppe. These texts were the Iarlyk of Akhmed-khan to Ivan III and Kazanskaia istoriia (The History of Kazan). He was also skeptical of the authenticity of the correspondence between Tsar Ivan IV and Prince Andrei Kurbskii.

Cross (ed.), The Russian Primary Chronicle, p. 297. In 1132, Yaropolk became Grand Prince on his brother Mstislav's death, while the Monomashichi descended into general internecine conflict over the Pereyaslavl principality. Yaropolk appointed Vsevolod Mstislavich, prince of Novgorod, to the principality of Pereyaslavl - in this era designated heir to the Kievan throneMartin, Medieval Russia, p. 174. \- thus provoking Yaropolk's younger brother Yuri Dolgoruki, controller of Suzdal, into war.

Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge. Law in Medieval Russia, IDC Publishers, 2009 The dominant form of government for these early republics was control by a limited council of elite patricians. In those areas that held elections, property qualifications or guild membership limited both who could vote and who could run. In many states no direct elections were held and council members were hereditary or appointed by the existing council.

Four years later, Aleksandr succeeded his childless brother Dmitry the Terrible Eyes who had been executed on behest of Uzbeg Khan in the Horde after Dmitry avenged his father's death by murdering Yury.Martin, Medieval Russia, 176. A mob in Tver burning the Khan's cousin Shevkal alive in 1327. In 1327, a Tatar official, the baskak Shevkal (the cousin of Uzbeg), arrived in Tver from the Horde, with a large retinue.

Among the sights in the vicinity of Pskov are Izborsk, a seat of Rurik's brother in the 9th century and one of the most formidable fortresses of medieval Russia; the Pskov Monastery of the Caves, the oldest continually functioning monastery in Russia (founded in the mid-15th century) and a magnet for pilgrims from all over the country; the 16th-century Krypetsky Monastery; Yelizarov Convent, which used to be a great cultural and literary center of medieval Russia; and Mikhaylovskoye, a family home of Alexander Pushkin where he wrote some of the best known lines in the Russian language. The national poet of Russia is buried in the ancient cloister at the Holy Mountains nearby. Unfortunately, the area presently has only a minimal tourist infrastructure, and the historic core of Pskov requires serious investments to realize its great tourist potential. On 7 July 2019, the Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Yury Dolgoruky forced him to flee to Poland in 1155, but the next year Mstislav returned with a new army and defeated Dolgoruky at Volodymyr-Volynsky. Dolgoruky died in 1157, and Mstislav had himself crowned at Volodymyr-Volynsky. In 1169, Kiev was sacked by Andrey Bogolyubsky who removed Mstislav as grand prince.Janet Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia, (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 127.

In 1954, he defended his Kandidat thesis on the monetary systems of pre-Mongol Rus. This was published as The Monetary and Weight System of Medieval Russia ("Денежно-весовые системы русского средневековья") and has become a classic. His doctoral thesis on the posadniks of Novgorod followed in 1962 and significantly changed our understanding of the constitution of the Novgorod Republic.V. L. Yanin, Novgorodskie Posadniki (Moscow: Moscow State University, 1962; reprinted Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, 2003).

His doctor's dissertation was on the subject of Muscovite pulp manufacture and paper mills. In 1902-14 Likhachyov filled the office of Assistant Director of the Imperial Public Library in St. Peterbsurg. During these years he brought to light a wealth of medieval papers, as well as many valuable materials concerning coins, watermarks, and hierarchy of medieval Russia. Together with Prince Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky he founded (in 1897) the Russian Genealogical Society.

Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584 (Cambridge, 2003), pp.2-4. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen SlavsCarl Waldman & Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European Peoples (2006), p.415. and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers.

Troubles for Izyaslav were to continue though. In 1068, Izyaslav's alleged negligence to the advances and incursions of the Cuman people (Polovtsy) after the defeat at the Battle of the Alta River led the citizens of Kiev to revolt; Vseslav was released, and took the Kievan throne while Izyaslav fled to Boleslaw in Poland.Dmytryshyn, Medieval Russia, p. 54. With Polish assistance Izyaslav returned in May 1069, expelled Vseslav and retook the throne.

The richest landowners of medieval Russia included Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery, Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery and the Solovetsky Monastery. In the 18th century, the three greatest monasteries were recognized as lavras, while those subordinated directly to the Synod were labelled stauropegic. In the 1540s, Metropolitan Macarius convened a number of church councils, which culminated in the Hundred Chapter Council of 1551. This assembly unified Church ceremonies and duties in the whole territory of Russia.

Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 31. Oleg Sviatoslavich, grandson of Iaroslav and Prince of Chernigov, ruled Murom through a posadnik in the early 1090s, and it was recognised as Oleg's sphere of influence at the Liubech Conference of 1097.Franklin & Shepard, Emergence, p. 185. Here Oleg's brother Davyd was made co-ruler of Chernigov, and Oleg's lands were parcelled out between Oleg, Davyd and their brother Iaroslav; the latter obtained Ryanzan and Murom.

Yaroslav III Yaroslavich (1230-1271) (Russian: Ярослав Ярославич) was the first Prince of Tver and the tenth Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1264 to 1271. Yaroslav and his son Mikhail Yaroslavich presided over Tver's transformation from a sleepy village into one of the greatest centres of power in medieval Russia. All the later dukes of Tver descended from Yaroslav Yaroslavich. He was a son of Yaroslav II and younger brother of Alexander Nevsky.

The Bear and the Nightingale is a historical fantasy novel written by Katherine Arden. It is Arden's debut novel, and the first novel in the Winternight trilogy. The Bear and the Nightingale is set in medieval Russia and incorporates elements of Russian folklore. The central character is a young girl, Vasya Petrovna, who is able to communicate with mythological creatures, at a time when Orthodox Christianity is attempting to stamp out all belief in such beings.

Krasnomaysky was known since the 15th century as the village of Klyuchino (Klyuchinskaya Pustosh). Klyuchino was located on the bank of the Shlina, close to the portage to the Tvertsa River, one of the most popular trade routed of the medieval Russia. In 1858-59, merchant Samarin built a chemical plant, and the settlement was founded to serve the plant. Subsequently, the plant was sold to merchant Andrey Bolotin, who converted it into a glass-making factory.

Later in the decade, however, several heretics were burned in both Novgorod and Moscow.David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia," The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32; Andrei Pliguzov, "Archbishop Gennadii and the Heresy of the 'Judaizers'" Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16(3/4) December 1992: 269-288; George Vernadsky, "The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow," Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct.

In medieval Russia two types of names were in use: canonical names given at baptism (calendar or Christian names, usually modified) and non-canonical. The 14th century was marked by the elimination of non-canonical names, that ended by the 18th century. In the 20th century after the October Revolution the whole idea of a name changed. It was a completely new era in the history of Russian names, marked by significant changes in common names.

In medieval Russia, it used to be used for manufacturing Bulat steel. Though the original process is now lost, it is known it involved dipping the finished weapon into a vat containing a special liquid of which spiny restharrow extract was a part (the plant's name in Russian, stalnik, reflects its historical role), then holding the sword aloft while galloping on a horse, allowing it to dry and harden against the wind.Zevin, Igor Vilevich. A Russian Herbal. 1997.

In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al-Kubra (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as Takht-e Rum (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as Tsargrad (Царьград) or Carigrad, 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words tsar ('Caesar' or 'King') and grad ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (Vasileos Polis), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.

The Russian Stories, also known as the Russian Series, the Russian Trilogy and the Rusalka Trilogy, are a series of fantasy novels by science fiction and fantasy author C. J. Cherryh. The stories are set in medieval Russia along the Dnieper river, in a fictional alternate history of Kievan Rus', a predecessor state of modern-day Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The three books in the series are Rusalka (1989), Chernevog (1990), and Yvgenie (1991). Rusalka was nominated for a Locus Award in 1990.

In 1314, Novgorod called on Yury to be named grand prince and for Mikhail to be deposed. Thus the support of the Church aided Yury to Mikhail's detriment.Martin, Medieval Russia, 193. Despite his having been unfavored by the Russian Orthodox Church during his lifetime, the Church later declared Mikhail a saint because of his piousness during his summons by the Khan which he knew was to certain death and because his relics, when transported to his hometown, were discovered to be incorrupt.

When the Grand Prince died, the next most senior prince moved to Kiev and all others moved to the principality next up the ladder.Nancy Shields Kollmann, “Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus’.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 14 (1990): 377-87; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 27-29. Only those princes whose fathers had held the throne were eligible for placement in the rota; those whose fathers predeceased their grandfathers were known as izgoi, "excluded" or "orphaned" princes.

Petersburg: N.p., 1857), 71-75 and L. A. (Lev Aleksandrovich) Dmitriev’s modern translation in L. A. (Lev Aleksandrovich) Dmitriev and D. S. (Dmitrii Sergeevich Likhachev), eds., Pamiatniki literatury drevnei Rusi XIV-seredina XV veka, 3 vols., (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1981), 448-453; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 114-115; E. S. (Engelina Sergeevna) Smirnova, “Novgorodskaia ikona Bogomater’ ‘Znamenie’: Nekotorye voprosy Bogorodichnoi ikonografii XII v.” in A. I. (Aleksei I.) Komech and E. O. Etingof, eds.

Mayors (posadniki) from all parts of the city, together with one or more Lord Mayors and former mayors formed the Council of Lords (sovet gospod, boyarskiy sovet) which was the main executive organ of the state. The power of the prince was limited but - in contrast to the Novgorod Republic - he still retained important administrative and judicial functions, the latter carried out jointly with the posadnik.Lawrence Langer, “The Posadnichestvo of Pskov: Some Aspects of Urban Administration in Medieval Russia.” Slavic Review 43, no.

Medieval Gusli players (painting by Victor Vasnetsov) Written documents exist that describe the musical culture of the Rus'. The most popular kind of instruments in medieval Russia were thought to have been string instruments, such as the gusli or gudok. Archeologists have uncovered examples of these instruments in the Novgorod region dating as early as 11th century. (Novgorod republic had deep traditions in music; its most popular folk hero and the chief character of several epics was Sadko, a gusli player).

The Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) or Don Volga-Astrakhan campaign of 1569 (referred to in Ottoman sources as the Astrakhan Expedition) was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the Astrakhan Khanate. It was the first of twelve Russo-Turkish wars ending with World War I in 1914-18. In 1556 the Astrakhan Khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, 354.

Kireyevsky aspired to retrieve the lost wholeness of Man in the teachings of Eastern Orthodoxy. His devout wife introduced him to the elders (startsy) of the Optina Monastery, which he frequented in the declining years of his life. Although he did not share Yuri Samarin's radical enthusiasm for all things pre-Petrine, Kireyevsky extolled the spiritual treasures of medieval Russia. According to him, the monasteries of ancient Rus' "radiated a uniform and harmonious light of faith and learning" to disparate Slavonic tribes and principalities.

Yvgenie is a fantasy novel by American science fiction and fantasy author C. J. Cherryh. It was first published in October 1991 in the United States in a hardcover edition by Ballantine Books under its Del Rey Books imprint. Yvgenie is book three of Cherryh's three-book Russian Stories trilogy set in medieval Russia in forests along the Dnieper river near Kiev in modern-day Ukraine. The novel draws on Slavic folklore and concerns the fate of a girl who has drowned and become a rusalka.

Rusalka is a fantasy novel by American science fiction and fantasy author C. J. Cherryh. It was first published in October 1989 in the United States in a hardcover edition by Ballantine Books under its Del Rey Books imprint. Rusalka is book one of Cherryh's three-book Russian Stories trilogy set in medieval Russia in forests along the Dnieper river near Kyiv in modern-day Ukraine. The novel draws on Slavic folklore and concerns the fate of a girl who has drowned and becomes a rusalka.

Muscovite is in demand for the manufacture of fireproofing and insulating materials and to some extent as a lubricant. The name muscovite comes from Muscovy-glass, a name given to the mineral in Elizabethan England due to its use in medieval Russia (Muscovy) as a cheaper alternative to glass in windows. This usage became widely known in England during the sixteenth century with its first mention appearing in letters by George Turberville, the secretary of England's ambassador to the Muscovite tsar Ivan the Terrible, in 1568.

Two years later, the brothers divide control of Kievan Rus' along the Dniepr River, with Yaroslav taking the western or Right Bank and Mstislav the eastern or Left Bank. Yaroslav ruled from Novgorod, while Mstislav remained at Chernigov.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 23, 25-26. This division persisted and the two princes seemed to rule compatibly until Mstislav died in 1036, after which Yaroslav became sole ruler over Kievan Rus, ruling in Kiev itself until his own death in 1054.

Gleb was later Prince of Novgorod the Great, where he saved Bishop Fedor's life by chopping a sorcerer in half who led a pagan uprising against the bishop. Gleb was eventually killed fighting pagan Finnic tribes in the northern Novgorodian Lands ("the Zavoloch'e" or "Za Volokom", "the Land beyond the Portages") on May 30, 1079.А. N. Nasonov, ed., Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 18, 201; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 44.

Due to a dispute with Vasily III, who wished to divorce his wife and remarry, a policy which the metropolitan opposed, Varlaam was removed from office on December 17, 1521. He was initially confined in shackles in the Kyrilo- Beloozersky Monastery north of Moscow, but was soon removed to the Spaso- Kamenyi Monastery in Vologda where he died sometime in 1522.Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 29; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 262-264.

These cathedrals, however, are not identical with the Roman edifices of Catholic Europe and represent a synthesis of the Byzantine cruciform plan and cupolas with Roman whitestone construction and decorative technique. This mixture of Greek and Western European traditions was possible only in Russia. One of its results was a famous architectural masterpiece of Vladimir, the Church of Pokrova na Nerli, a true symbol of cultural originality of Medieval Russia. In the early Middle Ages, Rus principalities were similar to other European countries culturally and in historical development.

However, where regulations existed, they were often poorly enforced, disputed by various stakeholders, and changed back and forth over time. In medieval Poland, for example, there were laws against the flight of peasants, but their enforcing was usually left in the hands of the landowners. As escape was sometimes encouraged by other landowners, who needed labor and promised better working conditions, even if such attitude was illegal and penalized by a fine, this compounded the problem. Similar problems existed in medieval Russia, Ottoman Empire, Germany, and other places.

Savva Yamshchikov, a famous Russian restorer and art historian, was a scientific consultant of the film. Andrei Rublev is set against the background of 15th-century Russia. Although the film is only loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev, it seeks to depict a realistic portrait of medieval Russia. Tarkovsky sought to create a film that shows the artist as "a world-historic figure" and "Christianity as an axiom of Russia's historical identity" during a turbulent period of Russian history that ultimately resulted in the Tsardom of Russia.

The drainage basin of the Tsna includes the western part of Vyshnevolotsky District, the southern part of Firovsky District, and the northwestern part of Kuvshinovsky District, as well as minor areas in the east of Ostashkovsky District. Historically, the Tsna was one of the most important waterways in medieval Russia, providing a connection from the Baltic Sea basin into the Caspian Sea basin via the Tvertsa. In the beginning of the 18th century the portage located in Vyshny Volochyok was replaced by a system of canals, Vyshny Volochyok Waterway.

The Prince of Beloozero was the kniaz, the ruler or sub-ruler, of the Principality of Beloozero, a lordship which lasted over two centuries in the north of what is now European Russia. Before 1238, it formed part of the principality of Rostov, which also included the lands around Yaroslavl, Uglich and Ustyug.Martin, Medieval Russia, pp. 161-2. It was detachted from Rostov in 1238 when, following the death of Vasilko Konstantinovich, Prince of Rostov, his younger son Gleb Vasilkovich took Beloozero while his older son Boris Vasil'kovich became his successor at Rostov.

Strigolniki are thrown into the river from the Volkov Bridge in Novgorod (Illustration from the Nikon Chronicle The Strigolniki (singular Strigólnik– in Russian) were followers of the first Russian heretical sect of the middle of the 14th and first half of the 15th century, established in Pskov and later in Novgorod and Tver.B. A. Rybakov, Strigolniki: Russkie Gumanisty XIV Stoletiia (Moscow: Nauk, 1993); David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia," The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32. The origins of the name remain unclear.

Martin, Medieval Russia, 27. The rota system was modified by the princely summit conference held at Liubech in the Chernigov in 1097. Certain lands were granted as patrimonial lands, that is inherited lands outside the rota system. These lands were not lost by a prince when the Kievan throne became vacant, and they served as core lands that grew up into semi-independent (if not outright independent) principalities in the later centuries of Kievan Rus, leading some historians to argue that Kievan Rus ceased to be a unified state.

Here, it was viewed as a component of reciprocal relationship wherein lovers consider voluntary servitude as legitimate, particularly in the effort to honorably satisfy the beloved in the pursuit of virtue. Voluntary servitude in this case was integral in the practice of education. In medieval Russia, self-sale was the main source of slaves. However, as two of the reasons for self-sale in Russian history were avoidance of the military draft and avoidance of poll taxes, also known as soul taxes, it is questionable how voluntary this sort of slavery really was.

Zyrian Trinity by Stephen of Perm Stephen of Perm (Russian : Стефан Пермский, also spelled "Stephan", ; 1340–1396)Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980-1584, (Cambridge, 1995), p. 225 was a fourteenth-century painter and missionary credited with the conversion of the Komi to Christianity and the establishment of the Bishopric of Perm'. Stephen also created the Old Permic script, which makes him the founding-father of Permian written tradition. "The Enlightener of Perm" or the "Apostle of the Permians", as he is sometimes called, is commemorated by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches on April 26.

After being badly defeated by Russians under Dmitri Donskoi first in 1378 at the Battle of the Vozha River and then at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), Mamai began to assemble a large force to punish Dmitri. But he was defeated by Tokhtamysh on the banks of the Kalka River and was either executed by Tokhtamysh or assassinated by the Genoese after fleeing to Caffa.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980-1584, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 237. The death of Mamai paved the way for the next khan to reunify the Golden Horde.

Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 45 The Polovsty continued to raid throughout the area, prompting the Kievans to call on the grand prince to rearm them so they could march out and meet the threat. Iziaslav refused, prompting the rebellion. The Tale of Bygone Years (in Russian Povest Vremennikh Let), a part of The Lavrentian Chronicle, relates what happened next: > The Kievans who had escaped to their native city held a veche (literally > "created a veche") on the marketplace and sent the following communication > to the Prince [Iziaslav]: 'The Polovtsy have spread over the country.

The prologue, spoken by Edith Wynne Matthison, dedicated an altar to Peace and was followed by rhythmic dancing by Florence Fleming Noyes and her pupils. A scene from early Flemish days followed, and four famous cities, Bruges, Ghent, Ypres, and Louvain paid their allegiance to Flanders, played by Ethel Barrymore in the costume seen in Flemish paintings. The Italian scene followed and then the scene of the birth of English liberty, as represented by King John signing the Magna Carta. Medieval Russia was played by John Barrymore as a tyrant borne upon the shoulders of his serfs.

The Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible (Лицевой летописный свод) is the largest compilation of historical information ever assembled in medieval Russia. It covers the period from the creation of the world to the year 1567. It is also informally known as the Tsar Book (Царь-книга), in an analogy with Tsar Bell and Tsar CannonИсторический музей представил Царь-Книгу - Лицевой летописный свод (retrieved May 10, 2015) The set of manuscripts was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible specifically for his royal library. The literal meaning of the Russian title is "face chronicle," alluding to the numerous hand-painted miniatures.

The exact composition of the Veche, too, is uncertain, with some historians, such as Vasily Klyuchevsky, claiming it was democratic in nature, while later scholars, such as Marxists Valentin Ianin and Aleksandr Khoroshev, see it as a "sham democracy" controlled by the ruling elite. In the 13th century, Novgorod, while not a member of the Hanseatic League, was the easternmost kontor, or entrepôt, of the league, being the source of enormous quantities of luxury (sable, ermine, fox, marmot) and non-luxury furs (squirrel pelts).Janet Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness: the Fur Trade and its Significance for Medieval Russia.

The struggle against the adherents was led by hegumen Joseph Volotsky and his followers (иосифляне, iosiflyane or Josephinians) and Archbishop Gennady of Novgorod.John I. L. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (London: Macmillan, 1961), 329; David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia", The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32; Andrei Pliguzov, "Archbishop Gennadii and the Heresy of the 'Judaizers'" Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16(3/4) December 1992: 269-288. After uncovering adherents in Novgorod around 1487,Vernadsky, The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III, 439.

Chernevog is a fantasy novel by American science fiction and fantasy author C. J. Cherryh. It was first published in September 1990 in the United States in a hardcover edition by Ballantine Books under its Del Rey Books imprint. Chernevog is book two of Cherryh's three-book Russian Stories trilogy set in medieval Russia in forests along the Dnieper river near Kiev in modern-day Ukraine. The novel draws on Slavic folklore, the title of the novel being a variant name of the "black god" Chernobog, and concerns the fate of a girl who has drowned and become a rusalka.

In the confusion resulting from the death of Vladimir Sviatopolk was able to seize power in Kiev, as Yaroslav was in the north, Mstislav in the south, Sviatoslav in the Derevlian land, Gleb in Murom and Boris on the aforementioned expedition against the Pechenegs.Martin, Medieval Russia, 44—5. As Franklin and Shepard put it, Sviatopolk's "previous arrest turned to his advantage, for it ensured that he was already ... closest to the center of power". According to the Primary Chronicle, Sviatopolk successfully arranged the murder of three of his brothers, Boris of Rostov, Gleb of Murom and Sviatoslav of the Derevlian lands.

He also says that neither the Suzdalian chronicle (the Lavrent'evskiy), nor any of the Swedish sources mention the occasion, which according to him would mean that the 'great battle' was little more than one of many periodic clashes.John Fennell, The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200–1304, (London: Longman, 1983), 106. Russian historian Alexander Uzhankov suggested that Fennell distorted the picture by ignoring many historical facts and documents. To stress the importance of the battle, he cites two papal bulls of Gregory IX, promulgated in 1233 and 1237, which called for a crusade to protect Christianity in Finland against her neighbours.

Any prince whose father had not held the throne, such as for having predeceased the grandfather, who was then grand prince, was excluded from succession and was known as izgoi.A. D. Stokes, “the System of Succession to the Thrones of Russia, 1054-1113,” in R. Auty, L. R. Lewitter, and A. P. Vlasto, eds., Gorski Vijenats: A Garland of Essays Offered to Professor Elizabeth Mary Hill (Cambridge: Modern Humanities Research Association, 1970): 268-275; Nancy Shields Kollmann, "Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus," Harvard Ukrainian Studies 14 (1990): 277-287; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 26-29.

The Dormition Cathedral in Vladimir (sometimes translated Assumption Cathedral) (, Sobor Uspeniya Presvyatoy Bogoroditsy) was a mother church of Medieval Russia in the 13th and 14th centuries. It is part of a World Heritage Site, the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal. The cathedral was commissioned by Andrew the Pious in his capital, Vladimir, and dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos (Virgin Mary), whom he promoted as the patron saint of his lands. Originally erected in 1158 to 1160, the cathedral, with six pillars and five domes, was expanded in 1185 to 1189 to reflect the augmented prestige of Vladimir.

Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, p290 Their nickname arbitrarily presupposed their adherence to "Judaism", even though most of Skhariya's followers had been ordinary Russians of Russian Orthodox faith and low-ranking Orthodox clergy and had never confessed Judaism. Almost all we know about their religious beliefs is found in accounts left by their accusers. This makes it rather difficult to determine the exact beliefs of the adherents, since the aim of the accusers was to blacken the name of the "sect" and crush it. According to most accounts though, the Belief of Skhariya renounced the Holy Trinity and the divine status of Jesus, monasticism, ecclesiastic hierarchy, ceremonies, and immortality of soul.

Ancient Chamorro society, Lawrence J. Cunningham, (see statues of Chief Gadao or Chief Quipuha in Chief Quipuha Park, Paseo de Susana peninsula, Agana, Guam.) Later, particularly on the island of Guam, this śikhā-like top- knot hairstyle became somewhat of a political statement for young men:Shifting images of identity in the Pacific, Toon van Meijl, Jelle Miedema, Another śikhā-like hairstyle existed in eastern Europe. Sviatoslav I of Kiev reportedly wore a scalplock, similar to the śikhā, to signify his 'noble birth'.Ian Heath "The Vikings (Elite 3)", Osprey Publishing 1985; , p.60David Nicolle "Armies of Medieval Russia 750–1250 (Men-at-Arms 333)" Osprey Publishing 1999; , p.

Coat of Arms Pereyaslav The Prince of Pereyaslavl was the kniaz (the ruler or sub-ruler) of the Rus Principality of Pereyaslavl, a lordship based on the city of Pereyaslavl on the Trubezh riverMartin, Medieval Russia, p. 4. and straddling extensive territory to the east in what are now parts of Ukraine. It lay on Rus civilization's southern frontier with the steppe. The principality emerges was apportioned as the inheritance of Vsevolod Yaroslavich, son of Yaroslav the Wise; his brother Svyatoslav received Chernigov, while Smolensk went to Vyacheslav and Vladimir-in-Volhynia to Igor; this ladder of succession is related to the seniority order mentioned above.

Peter Jackson is a scholar and historian, specializing in the Crusades, particularly the contacts between the Europeans and the Mongols as well as medieval Muslim India. He is Emeritus Professor of Medieval History at Keele University and editor of The Cambridge History of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. His main research interests are on the relations between the Mongols and the Latin West between 1220 and 1410, and he has written extensively on the topic, exploring the concepts of medieval Europe, the Crusades, medieval Russia and the Mongols, especially the clash of cultures, and the interconnectedness of legends such as that of Prester John.

It was not unusual in medieval Russia, when a city was overrun for civilians to seek asylum in churches, so it is likely it was not defenders but civilians who died in that explosion. What caused the explosion will probably forever remain an open question: it could have been a Masada-style suicide but it might well have been an accident. The old cathedral survived the explosion, however. On September 9, 1627, the bishop Lew Rzewuski pleaded Lew Sapieha to preclude "the 500-year-old church" from being converted into a Roman Catholic church, which would violate the terms of Smolensk's surrender to the Poles in 1611.

Aleksandr was a second son of Prince Mikhail of Tver by his wife, Anna of Kashin. As a young man, his appanages included Kholm and Mikulin. In 1322, he continued the Tver princes' opposition to the rise of Moscow when he rather spectacularly waylaid Grand Prince Yury of Moscow (who had schemed against Aleksandr's father to gain the yarlyk or patent of office from the khan of the Golden Horde, the Mongol kingdom which ruled Russia and much of central Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries) as Yury journeyed with the tribute from Novgorod to Moscow.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 176.

Ecclesia militans, one of the largest icons in existence Blessed Be the Host of the Heavenly Tsar (Благословенно воинство Небесного Царя), also known as the Ecclesia militans ("The Church Militant"), is a grand Russian Orthodox icon commemorating the conquest of Kazan by Ivan IV of Russia (1552). Measuring almost four meters in width, Ecclesia militans is one of the largest icons ever produced in medieval Russia. It has been attributed to Ivan's confessor Andrew (later known as Athanasius, Metropolitan of Moscow). The icon shows Ivan the Terrible as he follows the Archangel Michael in leading the triumphant Russian troops away from the conquered city in flames (symbolising both Kazan' and Sodom).

David M Goldfrank, "Burn, Baby, Burn: Popular Culture and Heresy in Late Medieval Russia," The Journal of Popular Culture 31, no. 4 (1998): 17–32; Andrei Pliguzov, "Archbishop Gennadii and the Heresy of the 'Judaizers'" Harvard Ukrainian Studies 16(3/4) December 1992: 269-288; George Vernadsky, "The Heresy of the Judaizers and the Policies of Ivan III of Moscow," Speculum, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1933): 436-454. The Novgorodian Fourth Chronicle notes that Gennady also helped pay for one third of the reconstruction of the current Detinets or Kremlin walls between 1484 and 1490,Michael C. Paul, “The Military Revolution in Russia, 1550-1682,” The Journal of Military History 68, No. 1 (January 2004) 34, fn.

First page of the oldest surviving copy of Russkaya Pravda (Vast edition) from Synodic Kormchaia of 1282 (Novgorod) Old Russian Law or Russian Law was a legal system in Rus' (since the 9th century), in later Old Rus' states (knyazhestva, or princedoms in the period of feudal fragmentation), in Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in Moscow Rus' (see: Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia). Its main sources were Old Slavic customary law and Zakon Russkiy (Law of Rus'), which was partly written in Rus'–Byzantine Treaties. Other sources were Old Scandinavian customary law (see: Varangians) and Byzantine law (since the 10th century).Kaiser, Daniel H. The growth of the law in Medieval Russia.

Custine was later dubbed by some historians as "the de Tocqueville of Russia". Custine visited Russia in 1839, spending most of his time in St. Petersburg, but also visiting Moscow and Yaroslavl. A political reactionary in his own country, fearful that democracy would inevitably lead to mob rule, he went to Russia looking for arguments against representative government, but he was appalled by autocracy as practiced in Russia and equally by the Russian people's apparent collaboration in their own oppression. He attributed this state of affairs to what he saw as the backwardness of the Russian Orthodox Church, combined with the disastrous effects of the Mongol invasion of medieval Russia, and the policies of Peter the Great.

Most modern historians support Gall Anonim's version, and all agree that after a short battle the Polish Duke was victorious, scoring a major victory. Yaroslav retreated to Novogrod, not Kiev - likely suspecting that he has not enough strength left to defend Kiev, besieged by the Pechengs, and with a significant pro-Sviatopolk (Boleslaw's son-in-law) faction inside the city. While Yaroslav lost the battle, he was able to raise troops among the Novgorodians and eventually defeat his half- brother Sviatopolk and consolidate his position in Kiev, where he ruled over the golden age of Kievan Rus' until his death in 1054.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1054 (Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 22-23.

The fur trade played a vital role in the development of Siberia, the Russian Far East and the Russian colonization of the Americas. As recognition of the importance of the trade to the Siberian economy, the sable is a regional symbol of the Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Siberian Novosibirsk, Tyumen and Irkutsk Oblasts of Russia.Janet Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia (2004) p. 204 muff manufacturer's 1949 advertisement European contact with North America, with its vast forests and wildlife, particularly the beaver, led to the continent becoming a major supplier in the 17th century of fur pelts for the fur felt hat and fur trimming and garment trades of Europe.

Martin, Medieval Russia, 239-244. Even before the civil war though, Vasily I's father, Dmitry Donskoy, had, in fact, passed the throne on to Vasily by a will that called for linear succession rather than collateral succession, but the issue didn't come to a head until Vasily's death because he was the eldest of his generation and was thus the rightful successor by both linear and collateral succession. Thus it was only with Vasily II that the Muscovite princes were finally able to break the long- held tradition of collateral succession and establish a system of linear succession to the Muscovite throne. In doing so, they kept power in Moscow, rather than seeing it pass to other princes in other towns.

Mikhail's Last Words, by Pimen Orlov While he was on decent terms with Tokhta Khan, and initially with his successor, Uzbeg Khan (Mikhail paid homage on Uzbeg's accession to the throne in 1313 and remained in Sarai until 1315), he eventually lost influence to Yury of Moscow, who gained influence in Novgorod while the grand prince was away in Sarai. Mikhail did manage to finally take control of the city in 1316 with Mongol aid, but the following year Uzbeg Khan gave the yarlik or patent of office of the Grand Prince of Vladimir to Yury, who also married Uzbeg's sister.Martin, Medieval Russia, 175. After granting Yury the iarlyk or patent of office, the Khan sent his army under the Mongol general Kavgadii to help Yuri in his struggle with Mikhail Yaroslavich.

The rota system, from the Old Church Slavic word for "ladder" or "staircase", was a system of collateral succession practised (though imperfectly) in Kievan Rus' and later Appanage and early Muscovite Russia. In this system, the throne passed not linearly from father to son, but laterally from brother to brother and then to the eldest son of the eldest brother who had held the throne. The system was begun by Yaroslav the Wise, who assigned each of his sons a principality based on seniority. When the Grand Prince died, the next most senior prince moved to Kiev and all others moved to the principality next up the ladder.Nancy Shields Kollmann, “Collateral Succession in Kievan Rus’.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 14 (1990): 377–87; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980–1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 27–29.

Later starting dates are sometimes used in the outer parts of Europe.For example, Scandinavia in Helle, Kouri, and Olesen (ed.) Cambridge History of Scandinavia Part 1 where the start date is 1000 (on page 6) or Russia in Martin Medieval Russia 980–1584 For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages,See the titles of Watts Making of Polities Europe 1300–1500 or Epstein Economic History of Later Medieval Europe 1000–1500 or the end date used in Holmes (ed.) Oxford History of Medieval Europe but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492, or the Protestant Reformation in 1517 are sometimes used.

A. I. Pereswetoff-Morath, A Grin without a Cat, vol. 2: Jews and Christians in Medieval Russia – Assessing the Sources (Lund Slavonic Monographs, 5), Lund 2002 Other communities, or groups of individuals, are known from Chernigov and, probably, Volodymyr- Volynskyi. At that time, Jews were probably found also in northeastern Russia, in the domains of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169–1174), although it is uncertain to which degree they would have been living there permanently. Although northeastern Russia had a low Jewish population, countries just to its west had rapidly growing Jewish populations, as waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages, a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the Middle East.

But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia, 980–1584, (Cambridge, 1995), p. 6-7 Vladimir listening to the Orthodox priests, while the papal envoy stands aside in discontent. Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River.

The Battle of Alta River was a 1068Alta article in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary clash on the Alta River between Cuman army on the one hand and Kievan Rus' forces of Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev, Prince Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Prince Vsevolod of Periaslavl on the other in which the Rus' forces were routed and fled back to Kiev and Chernigov in some disarray.Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 49. The battle led to an uprising in Kiev that briefly deposed Grand Prince Iziaslav. That incident supposedly shows the power of the Kiev veche and how common people gathering influenced princely politics in Kievan Rus' (particularly in Kiev as well as Novgorod the Great.) The Cumans/Polovtsy/Kipchaks were first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle as Polovtsy sometime around 1055, when Prince Vsevolod drew up a peace treaty with them.

Franklin & Shepard, Emergence, p. 185. Murom was part of the territory of the Principality of Chernigov in the late eleventh-century, controlled by the Sviatoslavichi clan, the descendants of Iaroslav the Wise; probably it was retained by Vsevolod Iaroslavich even after this Prince of Chernigov became Grand Prince in 1076.Martin, Medieval Russia, p. 31. Oleg Sviatoslavich, grandson of Iaroslav and Prince of Chernigov, ruled Murom through a posadnik in the early 1090s, and it was recognised as Oleg's sphere of influence at the Liubech Conference of 1097.Franklin & Shepard, Emergence, p. 185. Here Oleg's brother Davyd was made co-ruler of Chernigov, and Oleg's lands were parcelled out between Oleg, Davyd and their brother Iaroslav; the latter obtained Murom with Ryazan.Dimnik, Dynasty of Chernigov, p. 12. Murom appears to have been destroyed or at least devastated by the Mongol Invasion of Rus' in 1237-8.

Martin, Medieval Russia, 49. Thus, while the Battle of Alta River was a disgrace for Kievan Rus' and led briefly to the ouster of the grand prince, Sviatoslav's victory the following year relieved the Polovtsy threat to Kiev and Chernigov for a considerable period and allowed Iziaslav the breathing space necessary to reclaim the throne. The uprising has been seen by a number of Russian and Soviet historians as proof of the power of the veche, which was rather more important in the northwestern Rus' cities of Novgorod the Great and Pskov (and at a later period) and less important in the south, but showed itself to be important here in displacing a Kievan grand prince and bringing in another one. The veche, usually seen as a public assembly and often quite institutionalized in the literature, would, however, appear in this instance to be little more than an angry mob which sacked the voevoda's house and drove out the prince.

One of the Georgian monarchs, mepe Bagrat III of Georgia. Mepe ( ) is a title used to designate the Georgian monarch,Georgia, Tim Burford, p15Law in Medieval Russia, Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, p331Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages, Georgij A. Klimov, p120Syntactic Analysis and Description: A Constructional Approach, David Lockwood, p214Stability, Variation, and Change of Word-order Patterns Over Time, Rosanna Sornicola, Erich Poppe, Ariel Shisha-Halevy, p158Women's Movements: Networks and Debates in Post-communist Countries in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Edith Saurer, Margareth Lanzinger, Elisabeth Frysak, Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar, 2006, p65Studies in Relational Grammar, Volume 2, David M. Perlmutter, Carol G. Rosen, p276 whether it is a King or a Queen regnant. The word is derived from Georgian word "me-u-pe" which literally means sovereign and lord. Even though mepe has a female equivalent, დედოფალი (dedopali, literally meaning queen) it is only applied to the king's consort and does not have a meaning of a ruling monarch.

Writing in early Medieval Russia had been almost exclusively the preserve of the monasteries, and nearly all of the written literature produced before the late seventeenth century could be categorized as historical (chronicles, military tales) or religious (saints' lives, sermons, didactic writing). Lacking a didactic message and a religious theme, Frol Skobeev seemed to mark a change in both the content and tone of Russian literature. The language used in Frol Skobeev is quite different from that used in earlier written works as well: it uses many colloquialisms and tends to avoid the high register forms that Russian acquired from Old Church Slavonic which were prevalent in medieval Russian religious and historical writing. However, while Frol Skobeev seems innovative compared to earlier medieval written literature, it should be pointed out that Russia may have had a vibrant oral literature which dealt with secular themes such as those found in the tale and used similar colloquial language.

Other documents also form part of the Adversus Iudaeos literature. These include Tertullian or Pseudo-Tertullian's own Adversus Iudaeos,Barbarian philosophy: the religious revolution of early Christianity p. 139 Gedaliahu A. G. Stroumsa, Guy G. Stroumsa - 1999 "From the former, Tertullian's Adversus Judaeos and Adversus Marcionem (two closely related works) are the only Latin evidence.26 ... 25 The first volume is of direct interest to us here: Die christlichen Adversus-Iudaeos-Texte und ihr ...". Eusebius’ Evangelical Demonstration, Aphrahat’s Homilies, Augustin’s Adversus Iudaeos are also part of this genre. Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa's Testimonies Against The Jews,Pseudo-Gregory of Nyssa: testimonies against the Jews p xix Martin C. Albi - 2005 "I have not reproduced the notes from Nobilius's work, although I have incorporated some of his references into my notes and commentary when appropriate place within the adversus judaeos literature Ps.-Gregory's work forms part of the ..." the Adversus Iudaeos texts in the literature of medieval Russia.

During this long period of resistance many Pontic Greeks nobles and aristocrats married foreign emperors and dynasties, most notably of Medieval Russia, Medieval Georgia, or the Safavid Persian dynasty, and to a lesser extent the Kara Koyunlu rulers, in order to gain their protection and aid against the Ottoman threat. Many of the landowning and lower-class families of Pontus "turned-Turk", adopting the Turkish language and Turkish Islam but often remaining crypto-Christian before reverting to their Greek Orthodoxy in the early 19th century. Between 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, other Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia migrated as refugees or economic migrants (especially miners and livestock breeders) into nearby Armenia or Georgia, where they came to form a nucleus of Pontic Greeks which increased in size with the addition of each wave of refugees and migrants until these eastern Pontic Greek communities of the South Caucasus region came to define themselves as Caucasian Greeks. During the Ottoman period a number of Pontian Greeks converted to Islam and adopted the Turkish language.

The title was much desired because the Grand Prince of Vladimir was the khan's tax-collector in Rus', and as such could gain authority and real power over the other princes of Rus'. Following Yury's machinations which led the khan to grant the yarlik to Moscow and their father's execution at the Horde in 1318, Dmitry and his brother, Alexander, fought a series of battles with Yury and intrigued against him at the Horde, culminating in Dmitry's acquisition of the yarlik of office for the grand princely throne in 1322 and his murder of Yury at the Horde (in Sarai) three years later. Dmitry was himself arrested for the murder and executed in Sarai on the orders of Uzbeg Khan in 1326. His remains were taken back to Tver and interred in the cathedral there.John Fennell, "Princely Executions in the Horde 1308-1339," Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte 38 (1988), 9-19; Jeremiah Curtin, The Mongols in Russia (Boston: Adamant Media Corporation,2002), 310-311; Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 176-177.