FRANKFURT (Reuters) - Siemens is seeing the first signs of success from a turnaround of its underperforming medical ultrasound business, the chief executive of Siemens Healthineers said on Monday.
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" Scans should only be performed by licensed medical professionals who have been trained to recognize medically important conditions, the organization warned: "Any other use of 'limited medical ultrasound' may constitute practice of medicine without a license.
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In healthcare, the top-funded startups include data analytics startup Tempus, which was started by Groupon billionaire Eric Lefkofsky and has raised $520 million for its work in areas like cancer, heart disease and diabetes; genomic data platform WuXi NextCODE, which has raised $455 million; and Butterfly Network, which has raised $350 million for its hand-held medical ultrasound technology.
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DAA was implemented in a big lot of sonars and medical ultrasound sensors.
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Therefore, when amastia patients receive medical ultrasound examination, asymmetry or disproportioned mammary tissue may be found.
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A recent article on the topic of piezoelectricity has named piezoelectric surgery as one of the most important applications of this concept, in addition to medical ultrasound imaging.
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Fracture sonography is the use of medical ultrasound to detect bone fractures. While medical ultrasound is used to visualize soft tissues like skin, organs, and blood vessels, fracture sonography is used to visualize fractures on only bone surfaces. It is useful for children aged 12 or younger because all fractures cause alterations of the bone surface, and joint fractures are uncommon at such ages.Ingo Marzi: "Verletzungsformen" In: Kindertraumatologie Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2010.
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MSc Medical Ultrasound The AECC University College offer a part-time 4 year MSc in Medical Ultrasound in a clinical setting. MSc advanced professional practice (MSc APP) The AECC University College offer a part-time MSc Advanced Professional Practice, with four separate pathways: Clinical Sciences, Paediatric Musculoskeletal Health, Functional Musculoskeletal Health, Musculoskeletal Neuroscience. PgCert Professional Development Chiropractic The AECC University College offer a 1-year Pg Cert for those starting out in their chiropractic career.
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Bom was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993. He is an honorary member of the Dutch Society for Medical Ultrasound and EFSUMB.
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Jorgen Arendt Jensen from the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2012 for contributions to medical ultrasound imaging systems.
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American and Canadian astronauts aboard STS-127 delivered and installed the final two components of the Japanese Experiment Module: the Exposed Facility (JEM-EF), and the Exposed Section (JEM-ES). Wakata demonstrating medical ultrasound equipment during Expedition 38.
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McSherry began working at Digicon, Inc. as a research physicist in ultrasonics in 1969 and continued at this position until 1974. In 1974 she was promoted to the position of executive vice president of the medical ultrasound department. After Digicon, Inc.
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Urachal cysts are rare defects found mostly in young children and hence medical ultrasound of the abdomen, bladder and pelvis is the most used diagnostic tool combined with MRI scan and CT scan in older patients who can remain still during a scan.
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Fig. 7: Linear transducer array used to image a 2D plane.Linear transducer arrays (both curved and straight) are commonly used in conventional medical ultrasound. They are available in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. They are easily adapted for use in thermoacoustic imaging.
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This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.Adena Health System Uses LifeSize High Definition Video to Bring Remote Specialists to Infant Patients (media release), LifeSize.com website, December 8, 2008. Special peripherals such as microscopes fitted with digital cameras, videoendoscopes, medical ultrasound imaging devices, otoscopes, etc.
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Ultrasound computer tomography (USCT), sometimes also Ultrasound computed tomography, Ultrasound computerized tomography or just Ultrasound tomography, is a form of medical ultrasound tomography utilizing ultrasound waves as physical phenomenon for imaging. It is mostly in use for soft tissue medical imaging, especially breast imaging.
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M. Forouzanfar, H. Abrishami-Moghaddam, and M. Gity, "A new multiscale Bayesian algorithm for speckle reduction in medical ultrasound images," Signal, Image and Video Processing, Springer, vol. 4, pp. 359-75, Sep. 2010 The first multiscale speckle reduction methods were based on the thresholding of detail subband coefficients.
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Example of 2-D Slices of 3-D Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound Imaging From Field- II Simulation M. Yang, R. Sampson, S. Wei, T. F. Wenisch, and C. Chakrabarti, "Separable Beamforming for 3D Medical Ultrasound Imaging," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 279-290, 2015.
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In 1988, together with four other people, he was presented with the "History of Medical Ultrasound Pioneer Award" by the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB). He is the maternal grandfather of South Korean-based singer and TV host Jackson Wang. Zhou died on 24 October 2017.
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Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is a medical ultrasound imaging technique of detecting or measuring changes in neural activities or metabolism, for example, the loci of brain activity, typically through measuring blood flow or hemodynamic changes. Functional ultrasound relies on Ultrasensitive Doppler and ultrafast ultrasound imaging which allows high sensitivity blood flow imaging.
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Kathryn Radabaugh Nightingale is an American biomedical engineer in the field of medical ultrasound. She is the James L. and Elizabeth M. Vincent Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Nightingale is also a Member of the Duke Cancer Institute and Bass Fellow in the Duke University Pratt School of Engineering.
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Main applications and features of functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging Functional ultrasound imaging (fUS) is a medical ultrasound imaging technique of detecting or measuring changes in neural activities or metabolism, for example, the loci of brain activity, typically through measuring blood flow or hemodynamic changes. The method can be seen as an extension of Doppler imaging.
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Symptoms were periodically added to the clinical picture. The disease as presently understood was first fully described by Gomez (1979). The invention of medical ultrasound, CT and MRI has allowed physicians to examine the internal organs of live patients and greatly improved diagnostic ability. In 2002, treatment with rapamycin was found to be effective at shrinking tumours in animals.
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Terason, a division of Teratech Corporation, is a global medical ultrasound imaging company headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts USA. Terason was the first to patent color portable ultrasoundColor Portable Ultrasound and is a market leader in ultrasound-guided venous intervention.Ultrasound Market Leaders Terason produces portable ultrasound products and technologies and has provided ultrasound systems to clinicians, hospitals, outpatient centers and OEM partners since 2000.
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Thomas Graham Brown (10 April 1933 in Glasgow - 13 December 2019) was a Scottish engineer who was most notable for collaborating in the design of the first medical ultrasound machine along with the obstetrician and designer Ian Donald, who would later be the Regius Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Glasgow and industrial designer and obstetrician John MacVicar.
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John Julian Cuttance Wild (August 11, 1914 - September 18, 2009) was an English-born American physician who was part of the first group to use ultrasound for body imaging, most notably for diagnosing cancer. Modern ultrasonic diagnostic medical scans are descendants of the equipment Wild and his colleagues developed in the 1950s. He has been described as the "father of medical ultrasound".
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Home ultrasound is the provision of therapeutic ultrasound via the use of a portable or home ultrasound machine. This method of medical ultrasound therapy can be used for various types of pain relief and physical therapy. In physics, the term "ultrasound" applies to all acoustic energy with a frequency above the audible range of human hearing. The audible range of sound is 20 hertz – 20 kilohertz.
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Anisotropy is also a well-known property in medical ultrasound imaging describing a different resulting echogenicity of soft tissues, such as tendons, when the angle of the transducer is changed. Tendon fibers appear hyperechoic (bright) when the transducer is perpendicular to the tendon, but can appear hypoechoic (darker) when the transducer is angled obliquely. This can be a source of interpretation error for inexperienced practitioners.
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Many imaging modalities are used to aid in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer. For HCC these include medical ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When imaging the liver with ultrasound, a mass greater than 2 cm has more than 95% chance of being HCC. The majority of cholangiocarcimas occur in the hilar region of the liver, and often present as bile duct obstruction.
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Ultrasound representation of Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate Medical ultrasound uses high frequency broadband sound waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the fetus in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however. Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins.
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Nucleation can be intentionally induced, for example to create a bubblegram in a solid. In medical ultrasound imaging, small encapsulated bubbles called contrast agent are used to enhance the contrast. In thermal inkjet printing, vapor bubbles are used as actuators. They are occasionally used in other microfluidics applications as actuators.R. J. Dijkink, J. P. van der Dennen, C. D. Ohl, A. Prosperetti,The ‘acoustic scallop’: a bubble-powered actuator, J. Micromech. Microeng.
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Whitfield returned to Northern Ireland as senior lecturer in midwifery and gynaecology, Queen’s University Belfast, and honorary consultant, Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1964–1968. He was made MD in 1965. He later became consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1968–1974 and honorary reader, Queen’s University Belfast 1971–1974. In 1964 he was granted an honorary attachment to the department of Ian Donald, the medical ultrasound pioneer from Glasgow, whom he would later succeed.
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Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique, or therapeutic application of ultrasound. It is used to create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs. Its aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude pathology. The practice of examining pregnant women using ultrasound is called obstetric ultrasound, and was an early development and application of clinical ultrasonography.
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Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that noninvasively produce images of the internal aspect of the body. In this restricted sense, medical imaging can be seen as the solution of mathematical inverse problems. This means that cause (the properties of living tissue) is inferred from effect (the observed signal). In the case of medical ultrasound, the probe consists of ultrasonic pressure waves and echoes that go inside the tissue to show the internal structure.
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In 1982, Brown along with Donald were elected as the first honorary life members of the British Medical Ultrasound Society. In 1996 he was awarded the Ian Donald Gold medal Award for Technical Merit. In 2007, Brown was awarded an honorary fellowship ad eundem of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. In 2014 Brown was inducted into the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame and awarded an honorary fellowship of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
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Following his discharge, he pursued a master's degree in Biomedical Engineering at Dartmouth College and a PhD in Exercise Physiology at Ohio University. His career began in 1980 as a product manager at Marquette Electronics in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Mickelson worked his way up eventually becoming the President and Chief Operating Officer of the company. Upon leaving Marquette Electronics in 1998, he moved to Seattle, Washington where he was CEO of ATL/Philips Medical – Ultrasound division until his retirement in 2007.
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Medical ultrasound scanner A sound wave is typically produced by a piezoelectric transducer encased in a plastic housing. Strong, short electrical pulses from the ultrasound machine drive the transducer at the desired frequency. The frequencies can be anywhere between 1 and 18 MHz, though frequencies up to 50–100 megahertz have been used experimentally in a technique known as biomicroscopy in special regions, such as the anterior chamber of the eye. Older technology transducers focused their beam with physical lenses.
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Then a group of researchers presented the design and test results of an ultrasonic metamaterial lens for focusing 60 kHz. Acoustical engineering is typically concerned with noise control, medical ultrasound, sonar, sound reproduction, and how to measure some other physical properties using sound. With acoustic metamaterials the direction of sound through the medium can be controlled by manipulating the acoustic refractive index. Therefore, the capabilities of traditional acoustic technologies are extended, for example, eventually being able to cloak certain objects from acoustic detection.
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Ultrasound Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on medical ultrasound. It was established in 1988 and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Theodore J. Dubinsky. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.021, ranking it 108th out of 126 journals in the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Medical Imaging".
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Some areas where scattering and scattering theory are significant include radar sensing, medical ultrasound, semiconductor wafer inspection, polymerization process monitoring, acoustic tiling, free-space communications and computer-generated imagery. Particle-particle scattering theory is important in areas such as particle physics, atomic, molecular, and optical physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics. In Particle Physics the quantum interaction and scattering of fundamental particles is described by the Scattering Matrix or S-Matrix, introduced and developed by John Archibald Wheeler and Werner Heisenberg.
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Strain rate imaging is a method in echocardiography (medical ultrasound) for measuring regional or global deformation of the myocardium (heart muscle). The term "deformation" refers to the myocardium changing shape and dimensions during the cardiac cycle. If there is myocardial ischemia, or there has been a myocardial infarction, in part of the heart muscle, this part is weakened and shows reduced and altered systolic function. Also in regional asynchrony, as in bundle branch block, there is regional heterogeneity of systolic function.
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Speckle is a granular interference that inherently exists in and degrades the quality of the active radar, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), medical ultrasound and optical coherence tomography images. The vast majority of surfaces, synthetic or natural, are extremely rough on the scale of the wavelength. Images obtained from these surfaces by coherent imaging systems such as laser, SAR, and ultrasound suffer from a common interference phenomenon called speckle. The origin of this phenomenon is seen if we model our reflectivity function as an array of scatterers.
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The explicit solver is designed to tackle both highly non-linear transient phenomena and quasi-static problems. The package is available for Windows and Linux platforms, both 32 and 64-bit systems. It was developed in the later 1980s to meet the demands of the medical ultrasound imaging device industry and has been adopted for use in the automotive, aerospace, sonar, MEMs and Non-destructive testing industries. It has also become popular with leading ultrasonic research groups in academia due to its flexibility and speed for solving large, complex problems.
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SIUI has been certified by ISO9001 Certification, European CE Marking and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition to its facilities in and around Shantou, SIUI maintains more 20 offices around China and around the world. The Ultrasound Imaging Systems division develops and manufactures a complex medical ultrasound imaging solution including B/W, color Doppler, volume 4D imaging & veterinary ultrasound products. The Non Destructive Testing Products division provides phased-array ultrasonic flaw detector, conventional flaw detector, thickness gauge, probes and accessories serving in machinery, metallurgy, railway, shipbuilding, aircraft and building.
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Existing IGS systems use different tracking techniques including mechanical, optical, ultrasonic, and electromagnetic. When fluorescence modality is adopted to such devices, the technique is also called fluorescence image-guided surgery. Image-guided surgery using medical ultrasound utilises sounds waves and as such does not require the protection and safety precautions necessary with ionising radiation modalities such as fluoroscopy, CT, X-Ray and tomography. Optical topographic imaging using structured light and machine vision stereoscopic cameras has been applied in neurosurgical navigation systems to reduce the use of intraoperative ionising radiation as well.
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In 1965, Brown was appointed to a post of chief engineer at Honeywell with a move to Hemel Hempstead. At Honeywell he worked on the design of open-heart surgery and coronary care machines, as well as prefabricated operating theatres. In 1967, Brown left Honeywell to work at Nuclear Enterprises in Edinburgh, the business that bought the medical ultrasound unit from Kelvin & Hughes in 1966. As Nuclear Enterprises didn't buy the patent rights for the ultrasound machine designs, they instead went to a firm in the United States.
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Medical ultrasound is an ultrasound-based diagnostic medical imaging technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs to capture their size, structure and any pathological lesions with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound has been used by radiologists and sonographers to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool. The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and emergency prenatal care.
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Moreover, the number of scanlines required in a 3-D volume is at least one order of magnitude higher than in a 2-D image in order to form the volumetric display. To reduce the computational complexities, researchers proposed several methods to support the implementation. To replace the traditional 2-D array, 2-D sparse arrays were put forward to reduce the spatial redundancy.M. Karaman, I. O. Wygant, O. Oralkan, and B. T. Khuri-Yakub, "Minimally Redundant 2D Array Designs for 3D Medical Ultrasound Imaging," IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.
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Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) is a medical ultrasound technology, specifically a form of echocardiography that measures the velocity of the heart muscle (myocardium) through the phases of one or more heartbeats by the Doppler effect (frequency shift) of the reflected ultrasound. The technique is the same as for flow Doppler echocardiography measuring flow velocities. Tissue signals, however, have higher amplitude and lower velocities, and the signals are extracted by using different filter and gain settings. The terms tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and tissue velocity imaging (TVI) are usually synonymous with TDE because echocardiography is the main use of tissue Doppler.
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English-born physicist John Wild (1914–2009) first used ultrasound to assess the thickness of bowel tissue as early as 1949; he has been described as the "father of medical ultrasound". Subsequent advances in the field took place concurrently in several countries. It was not until 1961 when David Robinson and George Kossoff's work at the Australian Department of Health resulted in the first commercially practical water path ultrasonic scanner.Australian Ultrasound Innovation Then in 1963 Meyerdirk & Wright launched production of the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner, which made ultrasound generally available for medical use.
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Shetty has led the establishment of NH's Hospitals in several states of India and Cayman Islands, North America. The hospital houses a catheterisation laboratory, several critical care units across multiple departments, obstetric care that focuses on treating difficult pregnancies and premature babies, and accident and emergency care services. The hospital supports six neonatal intensive care units and a radiology and medical imaging department that includes CT scans, MRI, X-rays, Doppler tests, and medical ultrasound. Its specialities include anaesthesia and critical care, adult cardiac surgery, ear nose and throat surgery, internal medicine, general surgery, neurology, renal sciences and nephrology.
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A 3D ultrasound of a human fetus aged 20 weeks 3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique, often used in fetal, cardiac, trans-rectal and intra- vascular applications. 3D ultrasound refers specifically to the volume rendering of ultrasound data and is also referred to as 4D (3-spatial dimensions plus 1-time dimension) when it involves a series of 3D volumes collected over time. When generating a 3D volume the ultrasound data can be collected in four common ways. Freehand, which involves tilting the probe and capturing a series of ultrasound images and recording the transducer orientation for each slice.
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A diverticulum of the bladder Urinary bladder (black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic prostate (BPH) visualized by medical ultrasound A number of investigations are used to examine the bladder. The investigations that are ordered will depend on the taking of a medical history and an examination. The examination may involve a medical practitioner feeling in the suprapubic area for tenderness or fullness that might indicate an inflammed or full bladder. Blood tests may be ordered that may indicate inflammation; for example a full blood count may demonstrate elevated white blood cells, or a C-reactive protein may be elevated in an infection.
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Wild Haggis at Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk, accessed 9 February 2009 The two varieties coexist peacefully but are unable to interbreed in the wild because in order for the male of one variety to mate with a female of the other, he must turn to face in the same direction as his intended mate, causing him to lose his balance before he can mount her. As a result of this difficulty, differences in leg length among the haggis population are accentuated.A. M. King, L. Cromarty, C. Paterson, J. S. Boyd, "Applications of ultrasonography in the reproductive management of Dux magnus gentis venteris saginati", BMUS Bulletin (British Medical Ultrasound Society), Vol.
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Phased arrays were invented for use in military radar systems, to steer a beam of radio waves quickly across the sky to detect planes and missiles. These systems are now widely used and have spread to civilian applications. The phased array principle is also used in acoustics, and phased arrays of acoustic transducers are used in medical ultrasound imaging scanners (phased array ultrasonics), oil and gas prospecting (reflection seismology), and military sonar systems. The term "phased array" is also used to a lesser extent for unsteered array antennas in which the phase of the feed power and thus the radiation pattern of the antenna array is fixed.
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Malhotra was born on 11 September 1960 in Meerut, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. She studied medicine (MBBS) at AMU Institute Of Ophthalmology, Aligarh in 1983 and later, she completed her post doctoral studies in Obstetrics and Gynecology from the same college. She is the fellow of the Indian College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists, Fellow Indian College of Maternal & Child Health, Fellow Indian Academy of Juvenile & Adolescent Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Fellow Indian College of Medical Ultrasound. She is a member of Medical Council of India, Indian Medical Association, Vice President Indian Menopause Society & South Asia Menopause Society, Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India and Asia Pacific Initiative for Reproductive Endocrinology.
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CT performance Imaging phantom as seen on a medical ultrasound machine. Imaging phantom, or simply phantom, is a specially designed object that is scanned or imaged in the field of medical imaging to evaluate, analyze, and tune the performance of various imaging devices. A phantom is more readily available and provides more consistent results than the use of a living subject or cadaver, and likewise avoids subjecting a living subject to direct risk. Phantoms were originally employed for use in 2D x-ray based imaging techniques such as radiography or fluoroscopy, though more recently phantoms with desired imaging characteristics have been developed for 3D techniques such as MRI, CT, Ultrasound, PET, and other imaging methods or modalities.
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The major concern for the medical ultrasound imaging is the frame rate, which is determined by the number of lines that are formed by the focal points required to reconstruct the image, and the pulse repletion frequency. By considering these two parameters, and assuming the depth of the expected image is 150mm and the propagation speed of sound at 1500 m/s, each line will require 200 \mu s to receive the back-scatter information from the farthest focal point. It can be seen that to satisfy the frame with 200 lines each, the frame rate of SAU can achieve a peak at 25 Hz, reflecting the appreciable potential in imaging speed and economy in implementation.
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He was also held an advisory role for the KT Venture Fund and was a member of the corporate Patent Review Committee. He was the winner of numerous innovation and patent awards while at KT. Prior to KT he was at Philips research labs in Briarcliff Manor, New York where he served as Senior Member Technical Staff and led research on acoustic imaging, and medical ultrasound. Dr. Nikoonahad has been principal investigator on a number R&D; projects for the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). He has authored or coauthored over 50 scientific papers, including a book chapter and is a named inventor on over 100 US patents and patent applications.
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Ronald E. Cohen (born 5 March 1957)Presentation of the Mineralogical Society of America Dana Medal for 2009 to Ronald E. Cohen, American Mineralogist, Volume 95, page 668, 2010Acceptance of the Dana Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2009, American Mineralogist, Volume 95, pages 669–670, 2010 is an American scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science's Geophysical Laboratory. He is a theorist who works on understanding materials, ranging from minerals to technological materials like ferroelectrics. Much of his work has centered on materials at extreme conditions, like the high pressures at the center of the Earth, and on transducer materials, used for sonar and medical ultrasound. He is one of the pioneers for applying of first- principles methods to minerals.
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Primary gallbladder EMZL (i.e. extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the gallbladder, primary MALT lymphoma of the gall bladder) is an extremely rare disease with only 17 cases being reported in the literature as of 2017. Presenting features in individuals (aged 31–84 years, median age 74, >60% females) with the disease are similar to those seen in other lymphomas and non-lymphomatous cancers of the gallbladder; these include pain in the upper right-side of the abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and in about two-thirds of cases, gallstoness. Given these similarities as well as similarities in the laboratory, medical ultrasound, and X-ray findings of primary gallbladder EMZL compared to other gallbladder cancers which account for >99% of bladder cancers, the diagnosis of primary gallbladder EMZL has not yet been made pre-operatively.
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The overall constellation of abnormalities found in TMD often suggest its diagnosis. In all individuals suspected of having the symptomatic or silent disease, the diagnosis of TMD requires demonstrating the presence, in the platelet precursor cells of blood, bone marrow, or liver, of GATA1 mutations that are projected to cause the gene to make GATA1-S but not GATAA1 transcription factors. Since these mutations are limited to a clone(s) of platelet precursor cells which may represent only a small fraction of all platelet precursor cells, high-throughput DNA sequencing methods are required to detect many cases of the disease, particularly in silent TAM cases which may have only a small number of platelet precursors with the mutation. The in utero diagnosis of fetal TMD depends on medical ultrasound scanning to detect fluid accumulations in body cavities, cardiac abnormalities (particularly atrial septal defects), organ enlargements (particularly of the liver, spleen, or heart), fetal size, and fetal movements.
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