Land surveyor Henrik Norgaard drags an electromagnetic measuring device behind his four wheeler.
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On Trackman (measuring device) he was probably giving up three or four yards.
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The voltmeter, like just about every electrical measuring device, needs to have a complete circuit.
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Most people think that once you hit age 17 you never touch [a Brannock measuring device] again.
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Catching some z's while in flight: a frigatebird with an EEG measuring device strapped to its head.
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In order to do that, LIGO scientists needed to construct the most precise measuring device the world had ever seen.
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Mjukuu the gorilla and her baby, Alika, check out a measuring device during London Zoo's annual weigh-in on Aug. 24.
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He cites as an example the skull-measuring device, a tool that contributed to the development of scientific racism invoked by Nazis.
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Such was the case for Cindy Hobbs' husband, who, thanks to their toddler, accidentally used her menstrual cup as a measuring device.
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The lab-grown mini-brains even exhibited spontaneous electrophysical activity, which was recorded with a measuring device similar to the way EEG works.
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The Presidential Fitness Test's measure of flexibility typically required a "sit-and-reach box," a metal box with a measuring device on top.
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So they provide their measurement for girth, upload a pic with a measuring device showing that&aposs their girth, repeat that with length, etc.
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"This doesn't mean that smartphones can't be modified to obtain blood pressure measurements, we just need to make sure that any blood pressure-measuring device is accurate."
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Typically, there are primary sensors like a laser or camera (which Roomba uses) and secondary sensors like ultrasonic, IR, or a downward pointing optical flow measuring device (which Roomba uses).
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To that measuring device, it looks as though the atom's superposition has vanished and been replaced by a menu of possible classical-like outcomes that no longer interfere with one another.
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Shortly after it was detonated, the object was identified as an "ozonesonde," a harmless ozone-measuring device launched on a balloon by San Jose State University students as part of their curriculum.
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She also went on to reveal that at the site were plenty of family and friends to help execute McCullough's vision, along with an official Denver land surveyor — with a 22018D measuring device.
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Brian O'Brien, a physicist who designed the regolith-measuring device that accompanied the Apollo 11 astronauts, told Wired that he suspects dust interfered with a seismometer and blocked solar cells on that mission.
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A particular location of a particle, for instance, or its speed, the value of its quantum spin, or its polarization direction can be registered as the position of a pointer on a measuring device.
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A scientist who designed the regolith-measuring device that accompanied the Apollo 11 astronauts told Wired that he suspects dust interfered with a seismometer and blocked solar cells on his device in 1969, too.
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For some years, his clock was the most accurate measuring device on Earth: had it been set ticking at the time of the Big Bang, 13.8bn years ago, it would still be accurate to within a second.
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"The remainder of the plant production continues to be steady," the spokesman said, adding that the turnaround would allow for modification works to improve the capacity and reliability of a key flow measuring device on the train.
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A liquor-measuring device would be ideal at medium-sized events like weddings where you could keep Uncle Bob from getting plastered before the toast and keep a handle on how much that open bar is costing you.
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All the while, Hayabusa2 has been recording data as it whizzes around the rock, using a spectrometer which measures the different wavelengths of near-infrared radiation the asteroid reflects, a navigation camera, an infrared camera, a telescope, and a laser altitude measuring device.
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A Europa clipper mission would orbit Jupiter and repeatedly fly close to Europa, measuring it with a suite of nine instruments, including cameras, a radar, a magnetic field-sensing instrument, a heat measuring device, and a mass spectrometer to measure what kinds of matter the moon ejects into space.
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All I had to do was sit through a simulated drive through a Barcelona nightscape with a GSR measuring device on my fingers, and remember a series of letters shown in front of me while also being tested by a growing crescendo of notifications and alerts thrown up on the seven (yes, seven) large displays surrounding me.
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The collection of more than 70 objects, which includes war medals, busts of Hitler, a skull-measuring device, and other tools engraved with swastikas and National Socialist slogans and inscriptions, was seized by Argentine Federal Police and Interpol agents in June 2017 from the residence and business of Carlos Olivares, an antiques dealer, in the affluent suburbs of Olivos and Beccar in Buenos Aires.
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This mass measuring device can also work without a counterweight.
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300px 300px In 1913 Tremearne developed a head-measuring device, which was modified with suggestions fromKarl Pearson.
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250px In electrical engineering class of accuracy is a figure which represents the error tolerance of a measuring device.
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For example, a recipe might call for "1 cup brown sugar, firmly packed", or "2 heaping cups flour". A few of the more common special measuring methods: :Firmly packed ::With a spatula, a spoon, or by hand, the ingredient is pressed as tightly as possible into the measuring device. :Lightly packed ::The ingredient is pressed lightly into the measuring device, only tightly enough to ensure no air pockets. :Even / level ::A precise measure of an ingredient, discarding all of the ingredient that rises above the rim of the measuring device.
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The internal measurement refers to the quantum measurement realized by the endo-observer. Quantum measurement represents the action of a measuring device on the measured system. When the measuring device is a part of measured system, the measurement proceeds internally in relation to the whole system. This theory was introduced by Koichiro Matsuno and developed by Yukio-Pegio Gunji.
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An Isoteniscope is a measuring device used to measure the vapor pressure of liquids. It consists of a submerged manometer and container holding the substance whose vapor pressure is being measured. The open end of the manometer is then connected to a pressure measuring device. A vacuum pump is used to adjust the pressure of the system and purify the sample.
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Uroflowmetry is performed by urinating into a special urinal, toilet, or disposable device that has a measuring device built in. The average rate changes with age.
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Rudolf Kühnhold (1903–1992) was an experimental physicist who is often given credit for initiating research that led to the Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device – radar) in Germany.
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There is a certain amount of holism in this process. For example, during the measurement process, we might discover that the table is much hotter than the measuring device, in which case the length of the latter will have been modified by the contact. Consequently, we need to modify the temperature of the measuring device. In some cases, we will even have to reconsider and revise some of our laws.
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Sweeping across the top of the measure with the back of a straight knife or the blade of a spatula is a common leveling method. :Rounded ::Allowing a measure of an ingredient to pile up above the rim of the measuring device naturally, into a soft, rounded shape. :Heaping / heaped ::The maximum amount of an ingredient which will stay on the measuring device. :Sifted ::This instruction may be seen in two different ways, with two different meanings: before the ingredient, as "1 cup sifted flour", indicates the ingredient should be sifted into the measuring device (and normally leveled), while after the ingredient, as "1 cup flour, sifted", denotes the sifting should occur after measurement.
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Laxometer A laxometer is a measuring device for scalp skin mobility, used in hair restoration surgery, where a strip of skin from a donor area on the back of the scalp is transplanted.
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The 2S meter includes one potential measuring device (a coil or a voltmeter) and two current measuring devices. The current measuring devices provide a measurement equal to one half of the actual current value.
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A plastometer is a tool used to determine the flow properties of plastic materials. Alternatively, a head-measuring device developed by German eugenist Robert Burger-Villingen and used by the Nazis to determine alleged racial characteristics.
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The first point of measurement was a cable across the river where a measuring device could be placed and the second point of measurement had completely washed away.Kern River Purchase. Bakersfield Department of Water Resources. December 2003.
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Example of an optic style measuring device Alcoholic spirits measures are instruments designed to measure exact amounts or shots of alcoholic spirits. The most common products used today to measure spirits are the thimble measure and the non-drip measure, often referred to as an optic. The terms Optic, Optic Pearl, OpticJade and OpticOpal are all trademarks of Gaskell & Chambers owned by the company IMI Cornelius (UK) Ltd, but the word “optic” has become synonymous with inverted or non-drip spirit measures. Other manufacturers, such as Beaumont TM, also supply this type of measuring device.
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Scholars have argued that ancient hunters conducted regular astronomical observations of the Moon back in the Upper Palaeolithic. Samuel L. Macey dates the earliest uses of the Moon as a time- measuring device back to 28,000-30,000 years ago.
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Officers in some jurisdictions may also use pacing, particularly where a more convenient radar speed measuring device is not available—a police vehicle's speed is matched to that of a target vehicle, and the calibrated speedometer of the patrol car used to infer the other vehicle's speed.
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He goes further to say that "the carrousel resembles a huge clock—that is, a time-measuring device rather than a time-diverting machine…"Roitmeister, Carl, Eckhard Schneider, and Carsten Höller. Carsten Höller, Carrousel [anlässlich Der Ausstellung Carsten Höller - Carrousel, 12. April Bis 1. Juni 2008, Kunsthaus Bregenz].
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In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used to lower the amplitude of the signal a known amount to enable measurements, or to protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it. Attenuators are also used to 'match' impedance by lowering apparent SWR (Standing Wave Ratio).
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The first is to increase the sample size of the study. In other words, add more subjects to your study. The second is to reduce the variability in measurement in the study. This might be accomplished by using a more precise measuring device or by increasing the number of measurements.
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His most notable measuring device, still in use today, is the Watt indicator incorporating a manometer to measure steam pressure within the cylinder according to the position of the piston, enabling a diagram to be produced representing the pressure of the steam as a function of its volume throughout the cycle.
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One of the questions used to establish proof of age was whether the applicant remembered the Night of the Big Wind. A popular story holds that the storm inspired the Director of Armagh Observatory, the Reverend Romney Robinson, to develop the cup- anemometer, which remains the commonly used wind measuring device today.
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In 1937, after further extensive tests, Schultes developed the Freya radio measuring device . It worked with a wavelength of 240 centimeters, was portable and intended for the detection of flight destinations. Freya had a range of around 100 kilometers. Another of Schulte's inventions was the Jagdschloß panoramic viewer, which was constructed in 1943 .
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The combination of the DRU, TCC and powered laying controls provide autolaying. Every gun is fitted with a radar Muzzle Velocity Measuring Device. Reversionary mode laying uses deflection laying via the direct fire sight. The gun can be brought into action fully closed down; the barrel can be clamped and unclamped from within the vehicle.
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Reliability refers to how consistent a measuring device is. A measurement is said to be reliable or consistent if the measurement can produce similar results if used again in similar circumstances. For example, if a speedometer gave the same readings at the same speed it would be reliable. If it didn't it would be pretty useless and unreliable.
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A variation of this is to let the reaction take place inside a measuring device such as a TGA. In that case stoichiometric information can be obtained during the reaction, which helps identify the products. Chemical transport reactions are used to purify and to grow crystals of materials. The process is often carried out in a sealed ampoule.
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Gunter's chain (also known as Gunter’s measurement) is a distance measuring device used for surveying. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–1626). It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes. Gunter developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links.
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In 2012 Austin designed a measuring device, known as the Jump Machine. The Jump Machine measures the long jumps and triple jumps in less than ten seconds and eliminates the tape measure with a laser beam. Jump Machines are now manufactured and distributed by Austin owned, Pro Day USA. The Jump Machine received a US patent February 28, 2017.
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A ruler with two linear scales: the metric and imperial. It includes shorter minor graduations and longer major graduations. A graduation is a mark used to indicate points on a visual scale. Linear graduation of a scale occurs on a linear measuring device, such as a rule or measuring tape using units such as inches or millimetres.
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The earliest reference to a perpetual motion machine date back to 1150, when Bhāskara II described a wheel that he claimed would run forever. Bhāskara II used a measuring device known as Yaṣṭi-yantra. This device could vary from a simple stick to V-shaped staffs designed specifically for determining angles with the help of a calibrated scale.
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A pipe laser, or another vertical distance measuring device is most commonly used for this. Invert levels are important for the drainage of a non-pressured fluid pipe. The invert level of the pipe will be lower for each section of pipe before it reaches its final destination. Every section of pipe will have a male, and female end.
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The Schmidt net's horizontal axis can then be used as a scalar measuring device to convert the point's latitude (relative to the pole) into a radial distance from the centre of the circle. Alternatively, the Schmidt net could be replaced entirely with a correctly projected polar grid, and grid squares from a map re-drawn into this disc.
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The pyrometer, invented by Pieter van Musschenbroek, is a temperature measuring device. A simple type uses a thermocouple placed either in a furnace or on the item to be measured. The voltage output of the thermocouple is read from a meter. Many different types of thermocouple are available, for measuring temperatures from −200 °C to above 1500 °C.
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An optical sensor converts light rays into electronic signals. It measures the physical quantity of light and then translates it into a form that is readable by an instrument. An optical sensor is generally part of a larger system that integrates a source of light, a measuring device and the optical sensor. This is often connected to an electrical trigger.
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Due to friction and mechanical losses in various parts of the power train, the measured power at the wheels is about 15 to 20 percent lower than the power measured directly at the output of engine crankshaft (measuring device with this purpose is called engine testbed).John Dinkel, "Chassis Dynamometer", Road and Track Illustrated Automotive Dictionary, (Bentley Publishers, 2000) page 46.
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The hot-filament ionization gauge, sometimes called a hot-filament gauge or hot-cathode gauge, is the most widely used low-pressure (vacuum) measuring device for the region from 10−3 to 10−10 Torr. It is a triode, with the filament being the cathode. Note: Principles are mostly the same for hot- cathode ion sources in particle accelerators to create electrons.
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Hand-held ion chamber survey meter in use to detect gamma radiation Survey meters in radiation protection are hand-held ionising radiation measurement instruments used to check such as personnel, equipment and the environment for radioactive contamination and ambient radiation. The hand-held survey meter is probably the most familiar radiation measuring device owing to its wide and visible use.
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Molecular Conductance (G=I/V), or the conductance of a single molecule, is a physical quantity in molecular electronics. Molecular conductance is dependent on the surrounding conditions (e.g. pH, temperature, pressure), as well as the properties of measuring device. Many experimental techniques have been developed in an attempt to measure this quantity directly, but theorists and experimentalists still face many challenges.
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MAG is derived from the Rosetta lander's ROMAP instrument. One measuring device is placed on the body of the craft. The identical second of the pair is placed the necessary distance away from the body by unfolding a 1 m long boom (carbon composite tube). Two redundant pyrotechnical cutters cut one loop of thin rope to free the power of metal springs.
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Bris sextant. Assembly drawing of a Bris sextant. The Bris sextant is not a sextant proper, but is a small angle-measuring device that can be used for navigation. The Bris is, however, a true reflecting instrument which derives its high accuracy from the same principle of double reflection which is fundamental to the octant, the true sextant, and other reflecting instruments.
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It also includes younger state objects such as the Zürich standard weight, a dog measuring device from 1909, or the ballotage box of the cantonal council of 1831, which was used to vote on petitions for pardon. The Plansammlung collection of plans consists of around 25,000 documents back to the 17th century, and this valuable collection of plans can also be viewed online.
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In 1960, Spaulding explored his doctoral ponderings of the "dimensions of archaeology" in a critical— yet relatively forgotten— paper in which he defined a dimension as "an aspect or property of the subject matter which requires its own special measuring device."Spaulding, Albert C. (1960). "The dimensions of archaeology". "Essays in the Science and Culture in Honor of Leslie A. White". Eds.
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In microscope image processing and astronomy, knowing the PSF of the measuring device is very important for restoring the (original) object with deconvolution. For the case of laser beams, the PSF can be mathematically modeled using the concepts of Gaussian beams. For instance, deconvolution of the mathematically modeled PSF and the image, improves visibility of features and removes imaging noise.
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Tycho Brahe's mural quadrant John Bird in 1773 and is in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. A mural instrument is an angle measuring device mounted on or built into a wall. For astronomical purposes, these walls were oriented so they lie precisely on the meridian. A mural instrument that measured angles from 0 to 90 degrees was called a mural quadrant.
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Measuring water leakage in exterior wall with Trotec T660 Moisture Measuring Device, using dielectric measurement method (indicative). Moisture meters are used to measure the percentage of water in a given substance. This information can be used to determine if the material is ready for use, unexpectedly wet or dry, or otherwise in need of further inspection. Wood and paper products are very sensitive to their moisture content.
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If your measuring device has to connect to Earth, some of its electronic components will have to deal with a 100 V potential difference across their terminals. If the whole device floats, then its electronics will only see the 0.5 V difference, allowing more delicate components to be used which can make more precise measurements. Such devices are often battery powered. Other applications includes aircraft and spacecraft.
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Much of the infrastructure along the Kern River had fallen into a state of disrepair. Many of the weirs, used to divert water into canals were falling apart. The First Point of Measurement consisted of a cable and a small measuring device while the Second Point of Measurement washed away in the 1966 flood and never replaced. Starting in 1977, the city undertook a massive reconstruction effort.
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A hook gauge. A hook gauge or needle gauge is a measuring device used by crocheters and knitters to test the sizes of particular crochet hooks and knitting needles. Hook gauges are usually made of plastic or aluminum and have sizing holes from 2mm to 11mm diameter. A hook gauge also functions as a ruler to test the size of a test swatch of handmade fabric.
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There exist external observers which cannot be treated within quantum > mechanics, namely human (and perhaps animal) minds, which perform > measurements on the brain causing wave function collapse. Henry Stapp has argued for the concept as follows: > From the point of view of the mathematics of quantum theory it makes no > sense to treat a measuring device as intrinsically different from the > collection of atomic constituents that make it up. A device is just another > part of the physical universe... Moreover, the conscious thoughts of a human > observer ought to be causally connected most directly and immediately to > what is happening in his brain, not to what is happening out at some > measuring device... Our bodies and brains thus become ... parts of the > quantum mechanically described physical universe. Treating the entire > physical universe in this unified way provides a conceptually simple and > logically coherent theoretical foundation...
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The method is often referred to as semi-destructive thanks to the small material damage. The method is relatively simple, fast, the measuring device is usually portable. Disadvantages include the destructive character of the technique, limited resolution, and a lower accuracy of the evaluation in the case of nonuniform stresses or inhomogeneous material properties. The so-called calibration coefficients play an important role in the residual stress evaluation.
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After perhaps a few milliseconds the observation cell is filled by a piston linked to a sensing switch that triggers the measuring device and the flow is stopped suddenly. The system is often modeled by conventional kinetic equations. After two or more solutions containing the reagents are mixed, they are studied by whatever experimental methods are deemed suitable. Different forms of spectroscopy and scattering of radiation are common methods used.
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At Elephantine the official nilometer, a measuring device, was carefully monitored to predict the level of the flood, and his priests must have been intimately concerned with its monitoring. Hapi was not regarded as the god of the Nile itself but of the inundation event. He was also considered a "friend of Geb", the Egyptian god of the earth,Wilkinson, p.105 and the "lord of Neper", the god of grain.
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The base line was measured with greater accuracy than previously possible by using a new measuring device invented by Simeon Borden, which employed a bi-metallic measuring instrument to provide constant readings despite temperature variations. His apparatus was long, enclosed in a tube, and employed with four compound microscopes. Borden was a highly competent engineer whose ability was widely recognized. Indeed, the entire project became generally known as the Borden Survey.
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The modius was a measuring device used to measure grain/corn. Both a rudder and prow are references to the ships which brought the grain harvest across the Mediterranean from Egypt to Rome. In that connection, Tranquillitas also seemed to have been the goddess of calm weather (very important for the transporting of the grain harvest). There even seems to have been a "Tranquillitas Vacuna" the goddess of doing absolutely nothing.
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This principle has been used to detect ionizing radiation, as seen in the quartz fibre electrometer and Kearny fallout meter. This type of electroscope usually acts as an indicator and not a measuring device, although it can be calibrated. The Braun electroscope replaced the gold-leaf electroscope for more accurate measurements. The instrument was developed in the 18th century by several researchers, among them Abraham Bennet (1787) and Alessandro Volta.
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Functions include a knife, a saw, a digging tool, or as a measuring device for planting bulbs. The hori-hori has uses in gardening such as weeding, cutting roots, transplanting, removing plants, sod cutting, and splitting perennials. The blade is made of carbon or stainless steel that is concave shaped to make it ideal for digging and prying. The blade has a large smooth wooden handle for comfortable use with one hand.
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Current robotic and prosthetic hands receive far less tactile information than the human hand. Recent research has developed a tactile sensor array that mimics the mechanical properties and touch receptors of human fingertips. The sensor array is constructed as a rigid core surrounded by conductive fluid contained by an elastomeric skin. Electrodes are mounted on the surface of the rigid core and are connected to an impedance-measuring device within the core.
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Maus Gatsonides (1964) Maurice "Maus" Gatsonides (February 14, 1911 in Gombong, Kebumen Regency - November 29, 1998 in Heemstede) was a Dutch rally driver and inventor. Gatsonides was born in Central Java in the former Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He founded the company "Gatsometer BV" in the Netherlands in 1958. Today, Gatsonides' fame largely results from inventing the Gatso speed camera, a speed measuring device used today by many police forces to catch speeding drivers.
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A schematic diagram of an average diagnostic dipstick A dipstick is one of several measurement devices. Some dipsticks are dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or to provide a measure of quantity of the liquid. Since the late 20th century, a flatness/levelness measuring device trademarked "Dipstick" has been used to produce concrete and pavement surface profiles and to help establish profile measurement standards in the concrete floor and paving industries.
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Signal isolation may be used to pass the signal from the source to the measuring device without a physical connection. It is often used to isolate possible sources of signal perturbations that could otherwise follow the electrical path from the sensor to the processing circuitry. In some situations, it may be important to isolate the potentially expensive equipment used to process the signal after conditioning from the sensor. Magnetic or optical isolation can be used.
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Lysimeter station in Kittendorf, Germany A lysimeter (from Greek λύσις (loosening) and the suffix -meter) is a measuring device which can be used to measure the amount of actual evapotranspiration which is released by plants (usually crops or trees). By recording the amount of precipitation that an area receives and the amount lost through the soil, the amount of water lost to evapotranspiration can be calculated. Lysimeters are of two types: weighing and non-weighing.
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Alain-Edgard Berton (1912-1979) was a French chemical engineer who specialized in toxicology and in the analysis of air components in industrial environments. In the late 1950s he invented the "Osmopile",Google books, Chimie & industrie, Volume 86, Camille Matignon, Société de chimie industrielle, 1961 a measuring device, dubbed "the first artificial nose," which initiated, through the use of highly sensitive galvanic cells, the electrochemical analysis of air to detect dangerous components.
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An SWR meter does not measure the actual impedance of a load (the resistance and reactance), but only the mismatch ratio. To measure the actual impedance requires an antenna analyzer or other similar RF measuring device. For accurate readings, the SWR meter itself must also match the line's impedance (typically 50 or 75 Ohms). To accommodate multiple impedances, some SWR meters have switches that select the impedance appropriate for the sense lines.
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In quantum Darwinism and similar theories, pointer states are quantum states, sometimes of a measuring apparatus, if present, that are less perturbed by decoherence than other states, and are the quantum equivalents of the classical states of the system after decoherence has occurred through interaction with the environment. 'Pointer' refers to the reading of a recording or measuring device, which in old analog versions would often have a gauge or pointer display.
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Mill Valley AFS height finder radar using Fan-beam antenna(1973) A height finder is a ground-based aircraft altitude measuring device. Early height finders were optical range finder devices combined with simple mechanical computers, while later systems migrated to radar devices. The unique vertical oscillating motion of height finder radars led to them also being known as nodding radar. Devices combining both optics and radar were deployed by the U.S. Military.
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The alternate version of "The Chimes of Big Ben" includes a sequence that was later cut where Number Six uses a triquetrum (an ancient Greek measuring device) to locate the general position of the Village. The end titles also finished with the smaller wheel of the penny farthing resolving into the Earth while a galaxy of stars fills the bigger wheel and then the canopy on the bicycle. The Earth then expanded to a single word 'POP'.
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Working with Wilson in 1960 and 1961, Ledley built the Automatic Device for Antibiotic Determination (ADAD), a computerized light-measuring device that tested for efficacy of antibiotic drugs by measuring transparency in petri dish cultures. Areas that were transparent were likely areas where the antibiotics had killed the bacterial populations; areas that were opaque likely areas where the bacteria were still alive. The NBRF sold several ADAD units to the Food and Drug Administration, and to large pharmaceutical companies.
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He was able to establish a theoretical correlation between the Volta Effect and the Peltier Effect. In 1928 he discovered that Enrico Fermi's theory on free electrons could be used to predict the constants of the photoelectric effect and thermionic effect in Volta's and Peltier's equations. In 1930 Perucca turned his attention to the photoelectric effect. He developed a new type of electric-current/voltage measuring device called the Elettrometro di Perucca which was highly sensitive.
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Most screening tools consist of an airflow measuring device (thermistor) and a blood oxygen monitoring device (pulse oximeter). The patient would sleep with the screening device for one to several days, then return the device to the health care provider. The provider would retrieve data from the device and could make assumptions based on the information given. For example, series of drastic blood oxygen desaturations during night periods may indicate some form of respiratory event (apnea).
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The hole drilling method is popular for its simplicity and it is suitable for a wide range of applications and materials. Key advantages of the hole drilling method include rapid preparation, versatility of the technique for different materials, and reliability. Conversely, the hole drilling method is limited in depth of analysis and specimen geometry, and is at least semi- destructive. Hole drilling method for measuring residual stresses – detail of the end mill in the measuring device.
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The first record of people using a measuring device was by the Romans using marked strips of leather, but this was more like a regular ruler than a tape measure. On December 6, 1864 patent #45,372 was issued to William H. Bangs of West Meriden, Connecticut. Bang's rule was the first attempt in the United States to make a spring return pocket tape measure. The tape could be stopped at any point and held by the mechanism.
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A pulse watch, also known as a pulsometer or pulsograph, is an individual monitoring and measuring device with the ability to measure heart or pulse rate. Detection can occur in real time or can be saved and stored for later review. The pulse watch measures electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) data while the user is performing tasks, whether it be simple daily tasks or intense physical activity. The pulse watch functions without the use of wires and multiple sensors.
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The original precipitation accumulation measuring device used for automated airport weather stations was the heated tipping bucket rain gauge. The upper portion of this device consists of a diameter collector with an open top. The collector, which is heated to melt any frozen precipitation such as snow or hail, funnels water into a two- chamber, pivoting container called a bucket. Precipitation flows through the funnel into one compartment of the bucket until of water (18.5 grams) is accumulated.
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A raw, redacted CIA report suggested that the Iraqis used Soviet chemical defense equipment. All units in the Iraqi army had some chemical defense capability, using principally Soviet equipment. The basic vehicle-mounted system was composed of: "BBAR" and "RCH 469" chemical attack detectors; "GSP12" chemical concentration measuring device; a small chemical laboratory; night flares and flags to signal the direction of attack. Iraqi army units of approximately 3,000 men had a 20-man chemical defense unit assigned.
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Suppose an experimenter wishes to measure the value of a quantity, say the acceleration due to gravity of Earth, whose true value happens to be \mu . A careful experimenter makes multiple measurements, which we denote with n random variables X_1, X_2 , ... , X_n . If they are all noisy but unbiased, i.e., the measuring device does not systematically overestimate or underestimate the true value and the errors are scattered symmetrically, then the expectation value E[X_i] = \mu \forall i .
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A modern pyranometer, shown here is model SR20 A solarimeter is a pyranometer, a type of measuring device used to measure combined direct and diffuse solar radiation. An integrating solarimeter measures energy developed from solar radiation based on the absorption of heat by a black body. The principle this instrument was designed on was first developed by the Italian priest, Father Angelo Bellani. He invented the actinometric method which is based on physical and chemical techniques.
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A little while later an earthquake measuring device picked up a second explosion which is thought to have occurred when Kursk hit the seabed and 5–7 torpedo warheads detonated. This secondary event was estimated to be equal to two tons of TNT. After the incident, claims emerged that Marjata had not observed any abnormalities, but the correctness of these claims has been doubted by several military sources. During the salvage of Kursk, there was also considerable disagreement about Marjatas position and actions.
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At the same time Dr. Peter Willshaw, a Favaloro Foundation investigator, developed (in collaboration with the University of Utah) a measuring device called COMDU (Cardiac Output Monitoring and Diagnostic Unit) which improved artificial heart flux measurement. This device was then used worldwide for investigation and development purposes. The artificial heart project was then abandoned due to excessive costs. Nevertheless, the acquired equipment made many basic investigation lines in chronically instrumented animals possible, thus an ideal methodology to study the circulatory system.
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Measuring device The Melt Flow Index (MFI) is a measure of the ease of flow of the melt of a thermoplastic polymer. It is defined as the mass of polymer, in grams, flowing in ten minutes through a capillary of a specific diameter and length by a pressure applied via prescribed alternative gravimetric weights for alternative prescribed temperatures.A. V. Shenoy, D. R. Saini: Melt Flow Index: More Than Just a Quality Control Parameter. Part I., Advances in Polymer Technology, Vol.
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Bluestein is noted for his co-invention of TOTO, with Al Bedard and Carl Ramzy of NOAA, a tornado measuring device that inspired the fictional "Dorothy" in Twister. When asked about how accurate the movie was, he said that they didn't try to get as close to tornadoes as Bill and Jo did in the movie - he also stated in an interview with The Weather Channel that he was glad that Twister inspired many young hunters to go on to the meteorology field.
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An Austrian GDF-005 (FIAK85) gun system. Note the muzzle velocity measuring device on the muzzle of each gun Development of the KD series cannon began around 1952 soon after Oerlikon calculated that 35 mm was the optimum calibre for an anti-aircraft gun. The KD series cannons were a design adapted from the post-war 20 mm KAA 204 Gk cannon. Several designs were developed, including a water-cooled design, designated Mk 352, which was tested by the U.S. Navy.
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The resulting global television exposure made legends out of the FreeFly Clowns, the Flyboyz, and others. A once fledgling offshoot of the mainstream, freeflying now comprises fully one-half of the overall skydiving community. Olav Zipser's Space Games used the space ball as a research and measuring device to provide a constant speed and direction from which individual athletes could be trained, rated, raced against each other and judged. The Space Games took FreeFlying to the next level from 1998.
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An alternative interpretation, the Many-worlds Interpretation, was first described by Hugh Everett in 1957 (where it was called the relative state interpretation, the name Many-worlds was coined by Bryce Seligman DeWitt starting in the 1960s and finalized in the 70s). His formalism of quantum mechanics denied that a measurement requires a wave collapse, instead suggesting that all that is truly necessary of a measurement is that a quantum connection is formed between the particle, the measuring device, and the observer.
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In electrical engineering characteristics like current or voltage can be measured by an ammeter, a voltmeter, a multimeter, etc. The ammeter is used in series with the load, so the same current flows through the load and the ammeter. The voltmeter is used in parallel with the load, so the voltage between the two terminals of the load is equal to the voltage between the two terminals of the voltmeter. Ideally the measuring device should not affect the circuit parameters i.e.
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The measurement often reflects the combined material and measuring device as the system. Knowledge of a structure can be gained by imposing an external stimulus and measuring the response of the material with a suitable probe. The external stimulus can be a stress or strain, however in thermal analysis the influence is often temperature. Thermomechanometry is where a stress is applied to a material and the resulting strain is measured while the material is subjected to a controlled temperature program.
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Optical density is a result of the darkness of a developed picture and can be expressed absolutely as the number of dark spots (i.e., silver grains in developed films) in a given area, but usually it is a relative value, expressed in a scale. Since density is usually measured by the decrease in the amount of light which shines through a transparent film, it is also called absorptiometry, the measure of light absorption through the medium. The corresponding measuring device is called a densitometer (absorptiometer).
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Pipette recalibration is an important consideration in laboratories using these devices. It is the act of determining the accuracy of a measuring device by comparison with NIST traceable reference standards. Pipette calibration is essential to ensure that the instrument is working according to expectations and as per the defined regimes or work protocols. Pipette calibration is considered to be a complex affair because it includes many elements of calibration procedure and several calibration protocol options as well as makes and models of pipettes to consider.
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An interferometer is an optical measuring device using the principle of light waves canceling and reinforcing each other. Interferometers are typically used to accurately measure distances. Planar lightwave circuits are either optical integrated circuits (ICs) or optical circuit boards made using the same manufacturing techniques as their electronic counterparts, using optical waveguides to route photons the same way that metal traces are used to route electrons in electronic ICs and circuit boards. A planar lightwave circuit interferometer (PLCI) is a planar lightwave circuit configured as an interferometer.
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In areas where imperial units are used (primarily the United States), liquid precipitation (rain and drizzle) is measured in intervals of , while snow, ice pellets, and most other precipitation types are measured in intervals of . Freezing rain is sometimes measured in intervals of and other times intervals of , depending on the measuring device. In areas where metric units are used, rain is measured in intervals of , while other precipitation is typically measured in intervals of . Anything less than these amounts is generally referred to as a trace.
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HRD (Hoge Raad voor de Diamant) applies objective criteria and uses an automatic measuring device developed in-house to determine whether a diamond meets the stringent Hearts & Arrows standard. IGI (International Gemological Institute) is also one of the laboratories that certify Hearts and Arrows. The WTOCD (Wetenschappelijk technish Onderzoeks Centrum voor Diamant) is one of the most important scientific and technical research centers for diamonds. A proprietary software was developed by WTOCD to analyze the images according to the H&A; by HRD Antwerp guidelines.
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Diagram showing connection between absorption and fluorescenceWhen a certain molecule absorbs light, the energy of the molecule is briefly raised to a higher excited state. The subsequent return to ground state results in emission of fluorescent light that can be detected and measured. The emitted light, resulting from the absorbed photon of energy hv, has a specific wavelength. It is important to know this wavelength beforehand so that when an experiment is running, the measuring device knows what wavelength to be set at to detect light production.
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As indicated, the particle and wave aspects of physical objects are complementary phenomena. Both concepts are borrowed from classical mechanics, where it is impossible to be a particle and wave at the same time. Therefore, it is impossible to measure the full properties of the wave and particle at a particular moment. Moreover, Bohr implies that it is not possible to regard objects governed by quantum mechanics as having intrinsic properties independent of determination with a measuring device, a viewpoint supported by the Kochen–Specker theorem.
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An incident occurred in the physics laboratory at the University of Göttingen. An expensive measuring device, for no apparent reason, suddenly stopped working, although Pauli was in fact absent. James Franck, the director of the institute, reported the incident to his colleague Pauli in Zürich with the humorous remark that at least this time Pauli was innocent. However, it turned out that Pauli had been on a railway journey to Copenhagen and had switched trains in the Göttingen rail station at about the time of the failure.
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Pitot pressure is the pressure that is measured by a Pitot tube, an open-ended tube connected to a pressure-measuring device. For subsonic flow, pitot pressure is equal to the stagnation pressure (or total pressure) of the flow, and hence the term pitot pressure is often used interchangeably with these other terms. For supersonic flow, however, pitot pressure is the stagnation pressure of the flow behind the normal shock ahead of the pitot tube. Pitot pressure is named for Henri Pitot, French scientist.
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A probe positioning system is a tool for the positioning of a (hand-held) measuring device, such as an ultrasound transducer in a fixed, predetermined place to the object, such as a patient. The operation of these systems varies from completely manual, to completely automated. In (semi-) automated probe positioning systems, a control system corrects for the movement of the object or disturbances in the environment. These systems can use a tilt, pressure or other sensor carried by the probe to collect positional data.
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This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the ideal gas law pV=nRT, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it defines temperature. Although pressure is defined mechanically, a pressure-measuring device, called a barometer may also be constructed from a sample of an ideal gas held at a constant temperature.
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Even for a cat otherwise isolated from the rest of the Universe, and even with no observer present, there are so many unknowns in the quantum state of the whole cat, that the relevant mathematics determine that only the normally observed classical states of the cat are at all probable, except over the very shortest of timescales. This reasoning is developed formally within measurement theory, and applies to any macroscopic, non-super cooled measuring device, whether or not there is an observer to watch it.
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Because the dielectric relaxation time increases exponentially on cooling, the polarization caused by their alignment with the field gets "frozen-in". So when the field is removed and the material begins to warm the dipoles begin to "thaw" whereby losing their net alignment and thus the material become depolarized. This depolarization can be measured if the material is sandwiched between two ohmic electrodes and the current is measured on warming. As the material depolarizes, charges are pulled to (or pushed away from) the electrodes which causes a current through the measuring device.
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In SOLAS Section V Reg 19 is written: 2.9 All ships of 50,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of paragraph 2.8, have: 2.9.1 a rate of turn indicator, or other means, to determine and display the rate of turn; and 2.9.2 a speed and distance measuring device, or other means, to indicate speed and distance over the ground in the forward and athwartships direction. 3\. When "other means" are permitted under this regulation, such means must be approved by Administration in accordance with regulation 18.
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The International Speed Skydiving Association rules have altered over the years to accommodate the changes necessary. Some Speed Skydiving jargon involved is: The Measurement Zone: A vertical kilometer where speed measurements are taken. It starts at 2,700 m and ends at 1,700 m above the ground The Speed Measuring Device: Measurements are made by two free fall computers (Pro-Tracks) placed on the lateral webbing or in a line from it on the competitors rig. Speed Measurement: Speed is averaged over the measurement zone using two Pro-Tracks.
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Under C.I.P. proof test standards a drilled case is used and the piezo measuring device (transducer) will be positioned at a distance of 25 mm from the breech face when the length of the cartridge case permits that, including limits. When the length of the cartridge case is too short, pressure measurement will take place at a cartridge specific defined shorter distance from the breech face depending on the dimensions of the case. The difference in the location of the pressure measurement gives different results than the C.I.P. standard.
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In other words, the inlet arm (containing an outwards directed flow), is lagging behind the overall rotation, the part which in rest is parallel to the axis is now skewed, and the outlet arm (containing an inwards directed flow) leads the overall rotation. The animation on the right represents how curved tube mass flow meters are designed. The fluid is led through two parallel tubes. An actuator (not shown) induces equal counter vibrations on the sections parallel to the axis, to make the measuring device less sensitive to outside vibrations.
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The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive He also did work in calculus using infinitesimals. Duhamel's theorem for infinitesimals says that the sum of a series of infinitesimals is unchanged by replacing the infinitesimal with its principal part.H. J. Ettlinger (1922) "A Simple Form of Duhamel's Theorem and Some New Applications", American Mathematical Monthly 29(7): 239–50 In 1843 he published about an early recording device he called a vibroscope. Like other similar devices, the vibroscope was a type of measuring device similar to an oscilloscope, and could not play back the etchings it recorded.
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The SCPF is designed to make sure that, in spite of wobble of the bicycle used for measuring, or small curves to avoid potholes or other obstructions, the course will still be at least as long as the advertised distance. All certified 10k courses should be longer than 10,000 meters, but will normally be less than 10,010 meters, depending on the measurer, and obstructions/hazards present during measurement. The SCPF applies to courses measured by a bicycle and does not apply to measurements made with a steel tape or with an electronic measuring device.
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His life's work and accomplishments were recognized by a special Joint Resolution2002 Session - Virginia Senate Joint Resolution No. 28 of the Virginia General Assembly in 2002. For his contributions to the concrete industry, Sam Face was named a fellow of the American Concrete Institute by a unanimous vote of the selection committee.American Concrete Institute Face was listed as an inventor on 31 United States patents... ranging from a concrete mixer... to a precision measuring device... to a wireless switch. Face also is recognized by an award given in his honor.
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In the mid-1930s, radio- based military equipment for detecting and tracking ranging began to be researched in great secrecy by several nations. Such equipment would ultimately be universally called radar. In Germany, the name Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device) was used. (Target detection by radio had been studied since the early 1900s, but the ranging function had been elusive until pulsing the transmitted signal allowed the propagation time, and thus range, to be measured.) Research in Funkmessgerät was started by Gottfried Müller at Lorenz, and by mid-1936 a pulse-modulated set was demonstrated.
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They installed an electromagnetic energy measuring device, (Langmuir probe) on Pirs, removed the Russian Biorisk long-duration experiment, installed the Exposing Specimens of Organic and Biological Materials to Open Space (Expose-R) experiment package on Zvezda, but subsequently removed it after it failed to activate and transmit telemetry on ground command. The two spacewalkers also installed the Impulse experiment which measures disturbances in the ionosphere around the space station. The EVA was conducted from Pirs airlock in Russian Orlan space suits. The spacewalk lasted 5 hours and 38 minutes.
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In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the following domains: time domain (one-dimensional signals), spatial domain (multidimensional signals), frequency domain, and wavelet domains. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an informed assumption (or by trying different possibilities) as to which domain best represents the essential characteristics of the signal and the processing to be applied to it. A sequence of samples from a measuring device produces a temporal or spatial domain representation, whereas a discrete Fourier transform produces the frequency domain representation.
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Common in U.S. bars, these devices consist of a simple rubber or plastic stopper with a metal or plastic tube fitted into it, and often a second smaller tube extending down into the bottle, designed to replace the cap or cork on a bottle of liquor. The spout, in the U.S., is usually calibrated to allow a flow of 1 fluid ounce per second, so that a bartender can measure accurate and consistent shots of liquor or portions for cocktails based on timed pours, without needing to use a jigger or other measuring device.
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This information is transmitted back to surface observers. A weather balloon also known as sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high-altitude balloon) that carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde. To obtain wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite-based Global Positioning System, GPS). Balloons meant to stay at a constant altitude for long periods of time are known as transosondes.
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C.I.P. uses a drilled case to expose the pressure transducer directly to propellant gases. The piezo measuring device (transducer) is positioned at a distance of from the breech face when the length of the cartridge case permits that, including limits. When the length of the cartridge case is too short, pressure measurement will take place at a chambering specific defined shorter distance from the breech face depending on the dimensions of the case. The defined distance for a particular chambering is published in the TDCC data sheet of the chambering.
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Nash initially found his apprenticeship was of greater value in securing work than his degree, so he worked as a machinist in New Haven, Connecticut. In the meantime, he continued to work on a design he had conceived while in college for a new type of water measuring device. He built a model and took it to the National Meter Company of Brooklyn, New York. Though the device did not work satisfactorily in a test, its merits were appreciated, and he was employed with instructions to perfect the meter.
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Munirathna Anandakrishan won the Order of the Ski- Uh-Mah from the University of Minnesota in 1958 for his activities during his studies at the institution. In 1972, he received the Indian Invention Promotion Award for developing the design of a radial permeability measuring device. The Institution of Engineers (India) selected him for the Engineering Personality Award in 1992 for his contribution in liaising with UN agencies. The next year, he received two awards, the TNF Excellence Award from the Tamil Nadu Foundation and the M. K. Nambiar Memorial Award from the Madras Institute of Magnetobiology.
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Haeff joined the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1950 to lead the Electron Tube Laboratory, where he continued producing memory and travelling-wave tubes and invented the electron-stream amplifier tube and resistive-wall amplifier with Charles Birdsall. The Electron Tube Laboratory was merged with Hughes' other research teams in 1954, becoming the Hughes Research Laboratories, with Haeff as their director. He left in 1961, exhausted, and became an independent inventor and consultant, creating a plasma containment device, a volumetric measuring device, and predicting laser-based scanning. He formally retired in 1975, and died at home on 16 November 1990.
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Thermopiles are used to provide an output in response to temperature as part of a temperature measuring device, such as the infrared thermometers widely used by medical professionals to measure body temperature, or in thermal accelerometers to measure the temperature profile inside the sealed cavity of the sensor. They are also used widely in heat flux sensors and pyrheliometers and gas burner safety controls. The output of a thermopile is usually in the range of tens or hundreds of millivolts. As well as increasing the signal level, the device may be used to provide spatial temperature averaging.
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The clock may also be stopped for an officials' time-out, after which, if the clock was running, it is restarted. For example: if there is a question whether or not a team has moved the ball far enough for a first down, the officials may use a measuring device (the chains) to determine the distance. While this measurement is taking place, the officials will signal for a stoppage of the clock. Once the measurement is finished and the ball is placed at the proper location (spotted), the referee will then signal for the clock to restart.
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Watchmen #5; January 1987; p. 25, middle panel, Rorschach unscrews a pepper shaker. During the series he is shown to use cooking fat, a toilet bowl, a cigarette, a fork and his jacket all as weapons; he is also shown using a coat hanger as a makeshift measuring device. He owns a gas-powered grappling gun, which he uses to climb buildings (and once as a makeshift harpoon gun against a police officer), as seen in Chapter One, which was designed and built by Nite Owl II. Rorschach is well versed in street combat, gymnastics, and boxing.
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Australian and British gunners with L118 in Afghanistan, 2009 During the early 1990s all UK L118 were fitted with a muzzle velocity measuring device (MVMD), a radar, and its power supply. In 2002 the British Army's L118 guns completed replacement of their optical sights with the LINAPS artillery pointing system (APS) mounted above the barrel. This is a self-contained system that uses three ring laser gyros to determine azimuth, elevation angle and trunnion tilt angle. It also includes facilities for navigation and self-survey using a global positioning system, inertial direction measurement and distance measurement.
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At the institute, he developed the world's first measuring device for ultrashort pulse, used to ascertain the level of radiation in nuclear explosions. In 1964, he developed China's first anti-jamming radar for aircraft. In the early 1970s, Chen began researching and developing telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C;) systems that control satellites tens of thousands of kilometers away from earth. The TT&C; system he proposed was crucial in the successful launch of China's first geosynchronous communications satellite in April 1984, and he was conferred the Special Prize of the State Science and Technology Progress Award the next year.
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He also has a phoropter in order to test his eye vision and a Brannock foot measuring device to measure his feet and use the right sized shoes. As a furniture designer Woo-jin is able to work in the privacy of his own home and avoid others from finding out his secret. He is the owner of a furniture company named ALX that specializes on handcraft furniture to meet the needs of each individual person. His best friend Song-beck works with Woo-jin and is the one who takes care of the sales and goes to meet clients in person.
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The trundle wheel is a measuring device, a simplified form of a surveyor's wheel. It is commonly used by people who need an easy way to find the rough distance from one place to another. The trundle wheel is composed of a wheel, a handle which is attached to the axle allowing the trundle wheel to be held easily, and a clicking device which is triggered once per revolution of the wheel. Trundle wheels are not as accurate as other methods of measuring distance but are a good way to get a rough estimation of a fairly long distance over a good surface.
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The stair hall runs perpendicular to the south side of the main axis. The main hall is located on the second floor, with offices and storage occupying the remaining portions of the building. Extant interior features original to the building include the groin vaults of the ceiling in the first-floor office spaces, plastered wall surfaces, molded wood service counters, and a built-in measuring device from 1859. Late 19th century wainscoting composed of beaded vertical boards and wide baseboards survive in the first-floor corridor but the original pine flooring is covered with black-and-white marble tiles.
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But in a life-or-death case like getting into the box with Schrödinger's cat, you will only have one successor, since one of the outcomes will ensure your death. So it seems that the Many-minds Interpretation advises you to get in the box with the cat, since it is certain that your only successor will emerge unharmed. See also quantum suicide and immortality. Finally, it supposes that there is some physical distinction between a conscious observer and a non-conscious measuring device, so it seems to require eliminating the strong Church–Turing hypothesis or postulating a physical model for consciousness.
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A diode can be used as a temperature measuring device, since the forward voltage drop across the diode depends on temperature, as in a silicon bandgap temperature sensor. From the Shockley ideal diode equation given above, it might appear that the voltage has a positive temperature coefficient (at a constant current), but usually the variation of the reverse saturation current term is more significant than the variation in the thermal voltage term. Most diodes therefore have a negative temperature coefficient, typically −2 mV/°C for silicon diodes. The temperature coefficient is approximately constant for temperatures above about 20 kelvin.
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L'Annunziata & Kessler (2012), p. 424. For both the gas proportional counter and liquid scintillation counter, what is measured is the number of beta particles detected in a given time period. Since the mass of the sample is known, this can be converted to a standard measure of activity in units of either counts per minute per gram of carbon (cpm/g C), or becquerels per kg (Bq/kg C, in SI units). Each measuring device is also used to measure the activity of a blank sample – a sample prepared from carbon old enough to have no activity.
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The main purpose of MPL-50 is entrenching, which is carried out at a rate of 0.1–0.5 m3/hour depending on the soil type and physical condition of the soldier. The spade can also be used as an axe, and one side of its blade is sharpened for this purpose, or as a hammer, with the flat of the blade as the working surface. It can serve as an oar for paddling on improvised rafts, as a frying pan for cooking food,Советская саперная лопата. militarka.com.ua. 8 July 2014 and as a measuring device, as its length and width are standardized.
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The principle is quite counter-intuitive, so the early students of quantum theory had to be reassured that naive measurements to violate it were bound always to be unworkable. One way in which Heisenberg originally illustrated the intrinsic impossibility of violating the uncertainty principle is by utilizing the observer effect of an imaginary microscope as a measuring device. He imagines an experimenter trying to measure the position and momentum of an electron by shooting a photon at it. :Problem 1 – If the photon has a short wavelength, and therefore, a large momentum, the position can be measured accurately.
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When people converse with one another, according to the American philosopher John Searle, they're making moves, not in the real world which other species inhabit, but in a shared virtual realm peculiar to ourselves. Unlike the deployment of muscular effort to move a physical object, the deployment of illocutionary force requires no physical effort (except the movement of the tongue/mouth to produce speech) and produces no effect which any measuring device could detect. Instead, our action takes place on a quite different level — that of social reality. This kind of reality is in one sense hallucinatory, being a product of collective intentionality.
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Lloyd Viel Berkner (February 1, 1905 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin – June 4, 1967 in Washington, D.C.) was an American physicist and engineer. He was one of the inventors of the measuring device that since has become standard at ionospheric stationsL.V.Berkner and H.W.Wells:Trans.Ass. Terr.Magn.Electr.Bull,No10,340-357 (1937) because it measures the height and electron density of the ionosphere. The data obtained in the worldwide net of such instruments W.R.Piggott and Karl Rawer:"URSI Handbook of Ionogram Interpretation and Reduction", Elsevier,Amsterdam 1961, 192pp were important for the developing theory of short wave radio propagation to which Berkner himself gave important contributions.
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On the first live test the rockets were so powerful that they nearly pulled the tank along with the flying ramp, as a result of which the driver was "not in good shape", but Clarke persisted with the trial and the viability of the design was confirmed. The "Great Eastern", as the vehicle would become known, was powered by two groups of rockets. The idea was that on reaching a canal, wall or other obstacle the tank would stop. Then a distance-measuring device could be extended by the crew turning a windlass so that the correct position of the vehicle could be gauged.
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Obsolete words and very rarely used non-technical words are not included in the list, but some specialist technical words are included. For example, the technical word "alidade" comes from the Arabic name for an ancient measuring device used to determine line-of-sight direction. Despite few English-speaking people being acquainted with it, the device's name remains part of the vocabulary of English-speaking surveyors, and today's instrument uses modern technology, and is included in the list. There are no words on the list where the transfer from Arabic to a Western language occurred before the ninth century AD; the earliest records of transfer are in ninth century Latin.
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Applied, technical or industrial metrology is concerned with the application of measurement to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control. Producing good measurements is important in industry as it has an impact on the value and quality of the end product, and a 10–15% impact on production costs. Although the emphasis in this area of metrology is on the measurements themselves, traceability of the measuring-device calibration is necessary to ensure confidence in the measurement. Recognition of the metrological competence in industry can be achieved through mutual recognition agreements, accreditation, or peer review.
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PicoScope software requires a USB or LPT oscilloscope from the PicoScope range developed by Pico Technology. Such oscilloscopes are available with bandwidths up to 1 GHz, up to four input channels, hardware vertical resolutions up to 16 bits, sampling rates up to 5 GS/s, buffer sizes up to 2 GS, and built-in signal generators. Other features available on some models include flexible hardware resolution, switchable bandwidth limiters, switchable high-impedance and 50 ohm inputs, and differential inputs. PicoScope for Linux won the EDN Hot 100 Products of 2014 award, under the Test & Measurement category, for "converting a Linux PC into an oscilloscope, FFT spectrum analyser and measuring device".
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The left height gauge has the vernier scale, while the right one is an electronic height gauge with a digital readout. A height gauge is a measuring device used for determining the height of objects, and for marking of items to be worked on. These measuring tools are used in metalworking or metrology to either set or measure vertical distances; the pointer is sharpened to allow it to act as a scriber and assist in marking out work pieces. Devices similar in concept, with lower resolutions, are used in health care settings (health clinics, surgeries) to find the height of people, in which context they are called stadiometers.
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It was tuned to receive the 1.5 m signals used by many British radars of the early and mid-WWII era, notably the ASV Mk. II radar used by RAF Coastal Command to attack U-boats. It is not clear whether the design was German or French or both. It was installed on German U-boats starting in 1942 and used until the end of the war. The system given the official title of FuMB 1 (for , Radio measuring device). From July 1940, the British fitted the RAF Mk II AI (Airborne Interception) radar into Coastal Command aircraft for use as the Mk II "1½-metre ASV".
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A pointing 'machine' and its crosswood The pointing needle and stop Copying a plaster cast of a bust in red sandstone. Workshop of the Strasbourg cathedral router carving a sculpture from a block of marble 15th Century measuring device with plumb-bobs A pointing machine is a measuring tool used by stone sculptors and woodcarvers to accurately copy plaster, clay or wax sculpture models into wood or stone. In essence the device is a pointing needle that can be set to any position and then fixed. It further consists of brass or stainless steel rods and joints which can be placed into any position and then tightened.
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The first two were much less efficient than the Wrights expected, based on experiments and writings of their 19th-century predecessors. Their 1900 glider had only about half the lift they anticipated, and the 1901 glider performed even more poorly, until makeshift modifications made it serviceable. Seeking answers, the Wrights constructed their own wind tunnel and equipped it with a sophisticated measuring device to calculate lift and drag of 200 different model-size wing designs they created. As a result, the Wrights corrected earlier mistakes in calculations of lift and drag and used this knowledge to construct their 1902 glider, third in the series.
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The Gonstead technique is a chiropractic method that was developed by Clarence Gonstead in 1923. The technique focuses on hands-on adjustment and is claimed to expand "standard diversified technique" by removing rotation from the adjusting thrust and implementing additional instrumentation including X-rays, Gonstead Radiographic Parallel, a measuring device to undertake specific biomechanical analysis of the x-ray, and the development of Nervo-Scope, a device said to detect the level of neurophysiologic activity due to the existence of vertebral subluxation based on changes in skin temperature. Heat detector devices are unreliable and lack scientific evidence. The technique gained popularity in the 1960s.
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The Coronavirus pandemic is an excellent example to illustrate the point. Almost anyone can buy an inexpensive infrared measuring device intended for industrial use that has been re-marketed for fever screening, but said devices are not FDA approved for the same, may lack the specificity or sensitivity to be used for that indication, and the end users receive no training in its proper application. In an effort to address this problem the AAT has published both free and paid versions of IR Temperature Measurement Fever Screening training courses. The Level I course is intended for individuals who have financial restraint and have to use non-medical grade cameras.
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In contrast, the frame of the cart with > measuring device is suspended beneath the axle, which allows for the use of > large wheels […].”Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle, 1BA3981 He was granted a five-year patent on October 5, 1832. Some months later, Rieussec drew up a new application, again for an invention related to heating wood. This time, he claimed “a new and improved system of devices for sawing, weighing and measuring residential heating wood.” Rieussec's interest in heating wood is astonishing, for being so much a part of another time. Yet he did express real concern for some of his contemporaries’ daily concerns.
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Furthermore, the classical idealization of a property simply being "measured" ignores the fact that measurement of a property – temperature of a gas by thermometer, say – involves a pre-existing account of the behavior of the measuring device. When effort was devoted to working out the operational definitions involved in precisely determining position and momentum of micro-scale entities, physicists were required perforce to provide such an account for measuring devices to be used at that scale. The key thought experiment in this regard is known as Heisenberg's microscope. The problem for the individual is how to properly characterize a part of reality of which one has no direct sense experience.
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Atlantic City's Steel Pier was also used to mount a measuring device to monitor changes in the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean. However, changes in sea level at the pier turned out to have been caused by the weight of the crowds gathered to watch the diving horses. Measurements from 1929 to 1978 indicated sea level rise – when the crowds were regular and caused the pier to settle slightly in the soft, sandy bottom – except during the horse-jumping hiatus from 1945 to 1953 when the lack of regular crowds allowed the pier to rise slightly."Apparent Sea Level Rise Due To Loading Of The Atlantic City Steep Pier By Spectators Viewing (1929-1978) Diving Horses".
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At the start of World War II in September 1939, both the United Kingdom and Germany knew of each other's ongoing efforts in radio navigation and its countermeasures – the "Battle of the beams". Also, both nations were generally aware of, and intensely interested in, the other's developments in radio-based detection and tracking, and engaged in an active campaign of espionage and false leaks about their respective equipment. By the time of the Battle of Britain, both sides were deploying range and direction-finding units (radars) and control stations as part of integrated air defense capability. However, the German Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device) systems could not assist in an offensive role and was thus not supported by Adolf Hitler.
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Title page of “Pantometrum Kircherianum”, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Library Dedication page of “Pantometrum Kircherianum”, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Library Illustration from “Pantometrum Kircherianum”, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Library Illustration from “Pantometrum Kircherianum”, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Library Pantometrum Kircherianum is a 1660 work by the Jesuit scholars Gaspar Schott and Athanasius Kircher. It was dedicated to Christian Louis I, Duke of Mecklenburg and printed in Würzburg by Johann Gottfried Schönwetter. It was a description, with building instructions, of a measuring device called the pantometer, that Kircher had developed some years before. The first edition include 32 copperplate illustrations.
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Xu is described as a loyal subject of Li Yu. Following the death of Yuanzong in 961, Li Congshan attempted to seize the crown from the heir and his elder brother Li Yu. Viewing this as an opportune moment, the younger Li tried to coerce Xu into passing him Li Jing's final will, citing their shared genealogy and Xu's father's respect for Yuanzong. Xu was not convinced with the unlawful suggestion, however, and promptly reported the matter to the crown prince. Consequently, Li Congshan was demoted from Prince of Han to Duke of Southern Chu. He was a "clever" inventor and reportedly built a working qiqi (), a time-measuring device, from scratch.
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However, as the Cents Per Mile Now website points out: > As a practical matter, resetting odometers requires equipment plus expertise > that makes stealing insurance risky and uneconomical. For example, to steal > of continuous protection while paying for only the 2000 in the 35000 to > 37000 range on the odometer, the resetting would have to be done at least > nine times, to keep the odometer reading within the narrow covered range. > There are also powerful legal deterrents to this way of stealing insurance > protection. Odometers have always served as the measuring device for resale > value, rental and leasing charges, warranty limits, mechanical breakdown > insurance, and cents-per-mile tax deductions or reimbursements for business > or government travel.
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The term "trace" is used in two different but related contexts. The first is in weather forecasting and record-keeping of rain, snow, and other precipitation, where a trace denotes an amount of precipitation that is greater than zero, but is too small to be measured by standard units or methods of measurement. This can be as little as just a few raindrops or snowflakes, or be enough to wet or coat the ground, but will not be enough to register via standard measurements with a rain gauge or other measuring device. The second is in the context of snowpack depth, or the amount of snow on the ground at a given time.
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However, unbeknownst to him, they plan to simply destroy whatever is down there. When Lindengood demands an increased pay for his information, Wallace kills him and flees to Storm King, working undercover as a crew member and regularly shipping supplies to a fellow insider on Deep Storm. A few days later, Asher reaches a breakthrough with the binomial code, and realizes that it is a mathematical expression: 1 divided by 0. A while later, after Crane mistakenly handles a sentinel with his bare hand, Asher excitedly describes how the sentinel’s broadcasts are now more clear, and they can now analyze messages on the infra-red spectrum, radioactive spectrum, and any other kind of measuring device know to man.
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Branson received his B.S. from Virginia State College in 1936, and his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Cincinnati, under the direction of Boris Podolsky, in 1939. His thesis was in three parts, the first involved the interaction of x-rays with Tubifex tubifex (or sludge worm), the second involving the design and construction of an X-ray intensity measuring device, and the third section on the quantization of mass using the Dirac Equation. After a stint at Dillard University, he joined Howard University in 1941 as an assistant professor of physics and chemistry. As a scientist, Branson made significant contributions to how proteins work, and how they contribute to diseases such as sickle cell anemia.
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Animation demonstrating the alternative use of a Schmidt net to produce a Lambert equal-area projection using a polar azimuth. The Schmidt net is not an appropriate grid for representing the Earth's northern or southern hemisphere (because the lines would not correspond to meridians or parallels in such a projection). However, it can be used as a scalar measuring device for projecting latitude-longitude points onto a blank circle of the same size, to produce a Lambert equal-area projection with the azimuth at the north or south pole. The intersection of the parallels with the outer circle can be used as a de facto protractor for plotting a point's longitude as the angle in the polar projection.
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An example of the uncertainty principle related to the relational interpretation. The more that is known about the position of a particle, the less is known about the velocity, and vice versa According to the relational interpretation of quantum mechanics, first proposed by Carlo Rovelli, observations such as those in the double-slit experiment result specifically from the interaction between the observer (measuring device) and the object being observed (physically interacted with), not any absolute property possessed by the object. In the case of an electron, if it is initially "observed" at a particular slit, then the observer–particle (photon–electron) interaction includes information about the electron's position. This partially constrains the particle's eventual location at the screen.
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The Space Games came about as a result of the Atmosphere Dolphin FreeFly License Program ran through Olav ZIpser's First School of Modern SkyFlying. Zipser used a constant speed and direction measuring device (space balls) around which high speed precision freefly athletes could train and be tested to fly to the same standard. This provided the testing ground for the research and development of freeflying, and opened up the possibility for a number of human flight air games and competitions.DropZone.com article, retrieved 10 Sep 2012 Space Games 1999 Article, retrieved 10 Sep 2012 Olav Zipser Space Games, retrieved 10 Sep 2012 The 1st Space Games was held at Skydive America Palm Beach, Pahokee, Florida in 1997.
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Mausfeld argues that, contrary to naïve realism, color perception and other aspects of visual perception do not simply reflect an objective, mind-independent external physical world. Color is a subjective product of an organism's visual system, not an objective property of the physical world. The "measuring instrument" conception of perception—according to which the perceptual system is a kind of measuring device that informs the organism about the physical input—is misguided. Mausfeld also criticizes the "atomistic" conception of perception, the idea that the perceptual system builds up perceptions—as things referring to the external world—from elementary perceptual variables (like sensations of brightness and color) that are tied to elementary physical variables (like intensity and wavelength of light).
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Unidirectional couplers of this type are available for many frequency ranges and power levels and with appropriate coupling values for the analog meter used.A directional wattmeter using a rotatable directional coupler element The forward and reflected power measured by directional couplers can be used to calculate SWR. The computations can be done mathematically in analog or digital form or by using graphical methods built into the meter as an additional scale or by reading from the crossing point between two needles on the same meter. The above measuring instruments can be used "in line" that is, the full power of the transmitter can pass through the measuring device so as to allow continuous monitoring of SWR.
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Balers like Hesston models use an in-line system where the hay goes straight through from the pickup to the flake chamber to the plunger and bale-forming chamber. A combination plunger and knife move back and forth in the front of this chamber, with the knife closing the door into the bale chamber as it moves backwards. The plunger and knife are attached to a heavy asymmetrical flywheel to provide extra force as they pack the bales. A measuring device—normally a spiked wheel that is turned by the emerging bales—measures the amount of material that is being compressed and, at the appropriate length it triggers the knotters that wrap the twine around the bale and tie it off.
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In physics, interaction-free measurement is a type of measurement in quantum mechanics that detects the position, presence, or state of an object without an interaction occurring between it and the measuring device. Examples include the Renninger negative-result experiment, the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb-testing problem, and certain double-cavity optical systems, such as Hardy's paradox. In Quantum Computation such measurements are referred to as Counterfactual Quantum Computation, an idea introduced by physicists Graeme Mitchinson and Richard Jozsa. Examples include Keith Bowden's Counterfactual Mirror ArrayBowden, Keith G, "Classical Computation can be Counterfactual", in Aspects I, Proc ANPA19, Cambridge 1997 (published May 1999), describing a digital computer that could be counterfactually interrogated to calculate whether a light beam would fail to pass through a maze.
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Scottish Weights and Measures at scan.org.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2012 Gunter's chain – one of Britain's earliest decimal-based measuring devices, each link being 0.001 furlongs, greatly simplified the measurement of land area This period marked the Age of Enlightenment, when people started using the power of reason to reform society and advance knowledge. Britons played their role in the realm of measurement, laying down practical and philosophical foundations for a decimal system of measurement which were ultimately to provide the building blocks of the metric system. One of the earliest decimal measuring devices, developed in 1620 by the English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter, introduced two new units of measure – the chain and the link – and a new measuring device: Gunter's chain.
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For example, under current North American Flyball Association (NAFA) rules, this should be 5 inches (12.7 cm) below the withers height of the smallest dog, to a height of no less than 7 inches (17.8 cm) and no greater than 14 inches (35.6 cm). United Kingdom Flyball League (UKFL) uses a patented ulna measuring device, measuring the distance between the 'elbow' and bone of the stopper pad with a minimum height of 6 inches (15 cm) and a maximum of 12 inches (25 cm). Current EFC (European Flyball Championship) rules limit the height to no less than 17.5 cm and no greater than 35 cm. Each dog must return its ball all the way across the start line before the next dog crosses.
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In order to measure the highest contrast possible, the dark state of the display under test must not be corrupted by light from the surroundings, since even small increments ΔL in the denominator of the ratio (LH \+ ΔL) / (LL \+ ΔL) effect a considerable reduction of that quotient. This is the reason why most contrast ratios used for advertising purposes are measured under dark-room conditions (illuminance EDR ≤ 1 lx). All emissive electronic displays (e.g. CRTs, PDPs) theoretically do not emit light in the black state (R=G=B=0%) and thus, under darkroom conditions with no ambient light reflected from the display surface into the light measuring device, the luminance of the black state is zero and thus the contrast becomes infinity.
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In 1910 Zuntz participated in a scientific expedition to Pico de Teide in the Canary Islands with Schrötter and physiologists Arnold Durig (1872-1961) and Joseph Barcroft (1872-1947). He published a number of articles on high-altitude medicine, and one of his better known works was Höhenklima und Bergwanderungen in ihrer Wirkung auf den Menschen (High-Altitude Climate and Mountaineering and their Effect on Humans). In 1885 with August Julius Geppert (1856-1937), he created the Zuntz- Geppert respiratory apparatus, and for field studies Zuntz invented a portable Gasuhr (dry gas measuring device). In 1889 he constructed an early treadmill (Laufband), and in 1914 added an X-ray apparatus to the machine in order to observe cardiac changes during exercise.
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It is as they get closer east that they encounter a whale, and the captain and crew decide to hunt it, in an attempt to make some profit off the season. Captain Hull reluctantly leaves Dick responsible for the ship in his absence while the rest of the crew approaches the whale on a smaller boat. However, the whale, while defending itself, destroys the boat and kills the crew, leaving Dick in charge of a ship with no experienced sailors to help him: only the shipwreck survivors are well enough to help him. However, the ship's cook, Negoro, has sinister plans for the ship: after breaking one of the ship's compasses and leaving them without a measuring device, he places a magnet on the other compass to trick the inexperienced crew into changing their route.
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The UN becomes involved and gives the United Kingdom an ultimatum - destroy all the Exon Strain or the UN will carpet-bomb the entire country with defoliants, on a scale far greater than was attempted in Vietnam, completely stripping the country of any greenery at all. The government instigates emergency measures offering a reward for every plant handed to the police, and a minimum fine of £10,000 for deliberate cultivation. The reward prompts literally millions of plants to be handed in, but Flinders is convinced it will not be enough, none of them having realised how proliferate the plant was. Howard develops a spectroscopic measuring device that can detect the plant from the air and helicopters are fitted with the device, overflying the country eliminating it where found.
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Under C.I.P. proof test standards a drilled case is used and the piezo measuring device (transducer) is positioned at a predefined distance from the breech face when the length of the cartridge case permits that, including limits. When the length of the cartridge case is too short or too long, pressure measurement will take place at a cartridge specific location defined at a shorter or longer distance from the breech face and depending on the dimensions of the case. Under SAAMI proof test procedures, for bottlenecked cases the centre of the transducer is located behind the shoulder of the case for large diameter () transducers and for small diameter () transducers. For straight cases the centre of the transducer is located one-half of the transducer diameter plus behind the base of the seated bullet.
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The term micron and the symbol μ were officially accepted for use in isolation to denote the micrometre in 1879, but officially revoked by the International System of Units (SI) in 1967.BIPM - Resolution 7 of the 13th CGPM 1967/68), "Abrogation of earlier decisions (micron, new candle.)" This became necessary because the older usage was incompatible with the official adoption of the unit prefix micro-, denoted μ, during the creation of the SI in 1960. In the SI, the systematic name micrometre became the official name of the unit, and μm became the official unit symbol. Additionally, in American English, the use of "micron" helps differentiate the unit from the micrometer, a measuring device, because the unit's name in mainstream American spelling is a homograph of the device's name.
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In 1945, during the occupation of Austria by the Allied powers, Stetter was dismissed from his positions at the University of Vienna, because of his membership in the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist Workers Party). From 1946 to 1948, he did not have a steady income; during this time, he worked in Zell am See for the Salzburg provincial government (Salzburger Landesregierung) and the American military government (amerikanische Militärregierung) on dust protection devices (Staubschutzgeräten). In 1949, he did pioneering work on an optical dust measuring device (optisches Staubmessgerät) for the German Coal Mining Association (deutschen Steinkohlenbergbauverein).40 Jahre KRL, ÖAK 2005) pp. 92-93. Stetter's dismissal from his university positions was waived by the Liquidator (Liquidator) in 1948 and by the Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Administrative Court) in 1950.40 Jahre KRL, ÖAK 2005) pp. 92-93.
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Gas expansion pycnometer is also known as constant volume gas pycnometer. The simplest type of gas pycnometer (due to its relative lack of moving parts) consists of two chambers, one (with a removable gas-tight lid) to hold the sample and a second chamber of fixed, known (via calibration) internal volume – referred to as the reference volume or added volume. The device additionally comprises a valve to admit a gas under pressure to one of the chambers, a pressure measuring device – usually a transducer – connected to the first chamber, a valved pathway connecting the two chambers, and a valved vent from the second of the chambers. In practice the sample may occupy either chamber, that is gas pycnometers can be constructed such that the sample chamber is pressurized first, or such that it is the reference chamber that starts at the higher pressure.
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For example, the spin of an atom in a Stern–Gerlach experiment might be treated as a quantum degree of freedom, while the atom is regarded as moving through a magnetic field described by the classical theory of Maxwell's equations. But the devices used to build the experimental apparatus are themselves physical systems, and so quantum mechanics should be applicable to them as well. Beginning in the 1950s, Rosenfeld, von Weizsäcker and others tried to develop consistency conditions that expressed when a quantum-mechanical system could be treated as a measuring apparatus. One proposal for a criterion regarding when a system used as part of a measuring device can be modeled semiclassically relies on the Wigner function, a quasiprobability distribution that can be treated as a probability distribution on phase space in those cases where it is everywhere non-negative.
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We were able to save the best for last.” Harvick's car had to go through tech inspection three times before he could take his car onto the track for qualifying. “It just seemed like the machine was a little bit off there for qualifying,’’ Rodney Childers said of NASCAR’s measuring device. “A lot of people had left-rear toe issues. We rolled through the first time and saw what it was and did what we always do to fix that amount, and we rolled back through again and it read the same thing again, which it shouldn’t have. It’s part of the process. It’s up to the teams to get it right. Different teams have different tools in order to know whether they’re going to be good or not. We haven’t got the right tools developed yet to know that. It’s something we’ve got to work on at (Stewart-Haas Racing).
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A ROMER Arm is a term for a portable coordinate measuring machine ROMER, a company Acquired by the Hexagon AB group, and part of the Manufacturing Intelligence division, designed the ROMER arm in the 1980s to solve the problem of how to measure large objects such as airplanes and car bodies without moving them to a dedicated measuring laboratory. A coordinate measuring machine precisely measures an object in a 3D coordinate system, often in comparison to a computer aided design (CAD) model. A portable coordinate measuring machine is usually a manual measuring device, which indicates that it requires a person to operate it. The arm operates in 3D space with 6 or 7 joints, comprising 6 degrees of freedom (6DoF), which means that the arm can move in three-dimensional space forward/backward, up/down, left/right combined with rotation about three perpendicular axes (roll, yaw, pitch).
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Ascertaining compliance to bow limits It is now illegal for any hockey stick to have a bow that exceeds 25 mm. The bow height is measured by placing the stick face-side to a flat surface and presenting the official measuring device, a 25 mm-high metal triangular or cylindrical measure, to the gap between the surface and the under-flat of the stick. Since this article was first written in 2008, there have been attempts to get around the rule by the production of a stick which 'in a natural resting position' has a face side that is not parallel to the flat surface measured from but rests with the face at a sharp angle. The result of the sloping of the face side is to put one edge of it closer than 25 mm to the flat surface and permit a much deeper bow than would otherwise be possible.
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At several bridges, such as the Gerald Desmond Bridge in Long Beach, California, NOAA has installed an "Air Gap" measuring device that accurately measures the distance from its sensor on the bridge to the water surface and can be accessed by marine pilots and ship's masters to aid them in making real time determination of clearance. Bridge of the Americas The Bridge of the Americas in Panama limits which ships can traverse the Panama Canal due to its height at above the water. The world's largest cruise ships, , and the will fit within the canal's new widened locks, but they are too tall to pass under the bridge, even at low tide (the two first ships are , but do have lowerable funnels, enabling them to pass the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark). New vessels are rarely built not clearing , a height which accommodates all but the largest cruise and container ships.
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It being typical to orientate the instrument such that the operator faces looking slightly down upon the scale, the Sun at the users left, with right hand placed in such a way that the rays of sunlight pass through the two, perforated sighting plates, forming a bright illuminated spot on the observer's finger (see photo), the finger functioning as a projection screen. At the moment an optical alignment with the Sun is established, the angular value of the device is read by the operator at the point where the graduated scale is bisected by the hanging plumb line. These instruments, with poor angular resolution, not principally intended to function with stars at night, as an astronomical measuring device, since it is impractical to sight a star through the front pin hole (aperture) less on a fixed, stabilized mount relative to the half degree width of the very intense Sun. The maritime (navigation) version of these devices being skeletal in design rather than solid sheet form, so as to limit buffeting or displacement of the instrument while in the operators hand from wind exposure.
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Depending on the programming language, debugging output statements could be quickly activated and "commented out" by using cards with such statements punched with the comment character (e.g., 'C' in Fortran) in column 80 of the card; turning the card end-for-end would put the 'C' in the leading column, which transformed the now backwards card's contents into a comment while leaving the physical card in place in deck. (An alternative, imperfect but commonly employed technique to maintain proper card order was to draw one or more diagonal stripes across the top edge of all the cards in a deck.) In later years, as punch card data was converted to magnetic tape files the sequence numbers were often used as a column in an array as an index value that can be correlated to time sequences, such as in the natural sciences where the data on the cards were related to the periodic output of a measuring device such as water stage level recorders for rivers and streams in hydrology, or temperatures in meteorology. Entire vaults full of card decks could be reduced to much smaller racks of nine-track tapes.
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On the eve of 1830, Nicolas Mathieu's brother Nicolas Joseph Rieussec was interested in selling heating wood. It was in this context of a new business being developed by his brother that our watchmaker filed two new patents, both completely unrelated to watchmaking. On September 5, 1832, he drew up an application for “a cart for transporting heating wood to a residence [and called a] cart with measuring device [voiture porte mesure] or improved dray.” An excerpt from one of the documents submitted with the file helps to imagine Rieussec's project: Improvements to Chronographs invented by Nicolas Rieussec - 1845 > “This cart differs from those known as measuring carts [voitures mesures] > mainly in that in these last, the frame that contains the wood to be > transported, which is longer and more cumbersome, is placed above the axle > and is part of the body of the cart, which necessitates the use of wheels > with a small diameter to avoid having it be too high, but then one can see > how difficult it is for the horse that has to pull the full cart, especially > if it meets with an obstacle.
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