THE MANUAL WORKER Andy, 33, has been in prison a few times.
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Paul Krugman The denarius, ancient Rome's silver coin, was supposedly the daily wage of a manual worker.
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Mr Miyamoto wanted his character to be a regular guy in a regular job, so he made him a chubby, middle-aged manual worker—originally, a carpenter.
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It was well encapsulated in a joke about the fictional Radio Yerevan (a staple of Soviet-era humor) in which a caller asks what is the average wage of an American manual worker.
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In the end I really enjoyed the new dimension added via manual worker management, since it required me to pay close attention to a part of the game I'd previously ignored almost entirely.
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Historically, the big problem with the tech sector has been that it replaces jobs with fewer jobs, farther up the credential ladder: Silicon Valley always needs great software engineers, but it doesn't know what to do with a talented manual worker.
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The study found that a person whose father was a senior white-collar worker was 4.5 times more likely to belong to the wealthiest fifth of the population than someone whose father was a manual worker - largely because social origin correlates closely with one's level of education.
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Parents: Hannes Jónsson, manual worker in Seyðisfjörður (1905–1982) and Sigríður Jóhannesdóttir (1907–2012). Sigrún Klara was married to Indriði Hallgrímsson (1944–1979), librarian. Their son is Hallgrímur Indriðason, journalist. He is married and has two daughters.
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Dennis Cooke, Persecuting Zeal: A Portrait of Ian Paisley, Brandon Books, 1996, p. 184 From an early age he identified strongly with loyalism and Unionism. Author Sarah Nelson described him as a "skilled manual worker".Nelson, Sarah (1984).
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Other castes such as ironworkers are often labeled as bearing the buda. In fact, the Amharic word for manual worker, tabib, is also used to denote "one with the evil eye."Beckwith, Carol, Angela Fisher, and Graham Hancock. African Ark.
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Janusz Kulas (aliases: "Eddie Polo"; "Włoski bandyta (Italian Bandit)") (6 December 1936, Poznań – 8 December 1972, Poznań) was a manual worker, participant of the Poznań June, steadfast participant of the "Trial of Ten", victim of persecution in Polish People's Republic.
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He was released in 1951. After that he worked as a manual worker from 1951 and a mechanic from 1954. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, he participated in the reorganization of the Hungarian Alliance of Peasants. He became managing chairman of the National Economic Reconstruction Council.
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In exchange, West Germany paid over 3.4 billion DM – nearly $2.3 billion at 1990 prices – in goods and hard currency.Hertle (2007), p. 117. Those ransomed were valued on a sliding scale, ranging from around 1,875 DM for a manual worker to around 11,250 DM for a doctor.
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Anne Antoinette's mother was born Marie de Malleville in 1676,Genealogie der Familie de Malleville the daughter of a soldier from Le Mans. In 1709 she married a manual worker called Ambroise Champion (ca.1665–1713), from the same region. The couple are known to have had six children.
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His father died in 1842. Two years after his death his remaining family immigrated to Dayton, Ohio. Louis received his primary education in a school in Germany, so he spoke very little English. Because of that he worked as a manual worker in Dayton at jobs that did not require English language fluency.
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Repressed by the Communist regime, he was employed as a manual worker for several years. He eventually graduated in philosophy at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridsky in 1968. On political grounds, for years he was denied the right to do academic work. In 1976 he started work as a research fellow at the Institute of Sociology of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
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He was no longer allowed to publish, and many friends shunned him. From 1984 he became an object of observation by the Stasi and experienced harassment by them. Since the middle of the 1980s he lived in seclusion in the Uckermark, between Templin and Prenzlau. Paul Gratzik's work reflects his own experiences as a manual worker under East German socialism.
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After the war, he briefly worked as a manual worker. In 1950, he was drafted into the Yugoslav People's Army, and he served in Požarevac, Serbia. Because of his non-comformist attitudes, he was accused of "hostile propaganda" against the Communist regime and was sentenced to three and a half years in prison. He was released in 1955 and returned to Slovenia.
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Representing the Labour interest, as an Independent Labour candidate, was the Lanarkshire born (James) Keir Hardie (15 August 1856 - 26 September 1915). Hardie had a background as a manual worker, which was unusual for a political candidate in 1888. Previously some working men, with a trade union background, had been elected to Parliament as Liberal-Labour candidates but none without Liberal support.
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A tradesperson is a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft. Economically and socially, a tradesperson's status is considered between a laborer and a professional, with a high degree of both practical and theoretical knowledge of their trade. In cultures where professional careers are highly prized, there can be a shortage of skilled manual workers, leading to lucrative niche markets in the trades.
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She returned to work soon after she gave birth, however, leaving Jean in the care of one of her sisters. In 1943, she was given a pay rise, earning £6 6s. This was higher wage than the average for a male manual worker, which was £5 8s 6d. After the war had finished in 1945, she left her job when the male workforce returned from the front.
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Goullet retired at 34, recently married, after that December's race at Madison Square Garden. The organisers paid him an appearance fee of $10,000. He estimated he earned $100,000 from cycling at a time when a manual worker brought home $5 a day. At his peak he earned more than the $20,000 paid to baseball's Babe Ruth in the year he hit 54 home runs for the Yankees.
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He was always officially Carpenter's servant, and he undertook the cooking and cleaning in the home, decorating and placing flowers in every room. Carpenter noted that "George in fact was accepted and one may say beloved by both my manual worker friends and my more aristocratic friends." He had a fine baritone voice and liked to sing comical songs.Carpenter, Edward (1916) My Days And Dreams Being Autobiographical Notes.
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The famous actor Bekim Fehmiu. Kosovo, 1978. Bekim Fehmiu was born on 1 June 1936 in Sarajevo. He was an ethnic Albanian and his family moved to the Kosovo region, where, as a 20-year-old amateur boxer and manual worker. His big break was the 1967 film I Even Met Happy Gypsies, a subtle portrayal of Roma life which won two awards in Cannes and was nominated for an Oscar.
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He settled in Buenos Aires, where he spent most of his later life. Initially, he worked as a manual worker in a glass factory, studying for the habilitation exam in philosophy and pedagogy. In the late 1940s, he started teaching philosophy and classical languages in different high schools, and later philosophy and pedagogy at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1959, started teaching history of modern philosophy at the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina.
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He was born in Bystrá in a family of a manual worker. He studied in his birthplace, later in Podbrezová and Banská Bystrica. After finishing his studies, he worked as a teacher in different places (Mýto pod Ďumbierom, Podbrezová, Nová Baňa, Hronský Beňadik), until he became a principal of school in Hronov for a short time. He also worked for a local organization of Matica slovenská and became a member of Umelecká beseda slovenská.
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Born on 3 April 1940, Pandithan was the eighth son of a Kuala Lumpur City Hall manual worker and a washerwoman. Pandithan grew up in the cramped government quarters at San Peng flats, an area notorious for crime.Pandithan never gave up despite difficulties , The Star, 1 May 2008. He studied at SJK (T) San Peng and completed his Higher School Certificate at St Anthony's Institute before joining Tamil Nesan as a crime reporter.
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Patrick Allen McLoughlin, Baron McLoughlin (born 30 November 1957) is a British politician. A member of the Conservative Party, he first became the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Derbyshire following the 1986 by-election. The constituency became the Derbyshire Dales for the 2010 general election; McLoughlin remained the seat's MP until 2019. As a former miner, he is one of the few Conservative MPs to have been a manual worker before being elected to Parliament.
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Pillinger was born on 9 May 1943 in Kingswood, South Gloucestershire, just outside Bristol. His father, Alfred, a manual worker for the Gas Board, and his mother, Florence (née Honour), also had a daughter who was six years older than Colin. He attended Kingswood Grammar School, and later graduated with a BSc and a Ph.D. in Chemistry from University College of Swansea (now Swansea University). He said of himself, "I was a disaster as a science student".
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Thomas Frederick Worrall (1872–1957) was a Staffordshire-born manual worker and talented watercolourist. He lived for a time in Lancashire and in the upper Calder Valley area of Yorkshire but spent most of his adult life in Barry, in South Wales, where he was also deeply involved in politics and stood for parliament in the general election of 1923 representing the Labour Party. He was the elder brother of the pottery and fabric designer William Worrall.
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By 1880, the buffalo herds, a foundation for the hunting economy had disappeared. Violence petered out in the 1880s and practically ceased after 1890.Robert M. Utley, and Wilcomb E. Washburn, Indian Wars (1987) pp. 220–79. Native Americans individually had the choice of living on reservations, with food, supplies, education and medical care provided by the federal government, or living on their own in the larger society and earning wages, typically as a cowboy on a ranch, or manual worker in town.
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Balsai was born in Miskolc on 5 April 1947, the son of public prosecutor József Balsai (1915–1969) and teacher Mária Szalontai (1917–1991). His father participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, as a result he was fired from his job and forced to work as a manual worker until his death. István Balsai finished his elementary and secondary studies in Budapest, where the family had lived since 1943. He earned a doctor of law at the Eötvös Loránd University in 1972.
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He was born in Lennoxtown, Stirlingshire, to Labour MP for East Dunbartonshire Hugh McCartney and his wife, Margaret, a trade unionist. McCartney had two sisters, Irene and Margaret. Educated at Lenzie Academy, he left the school at the age of 15 "under a bit of a cloud" without any qualifications. He led a paper-boys' strike at the age of fifteen, and had a number of jobs after leaving school, including a seaman, a local government manual worker, and a kitchen worker.
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Although started in 1904, it was only published posthumously in 1983.Keith Newlin, A Theodore Dreiser Encyclopedia, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2003, p. 8 The book is an autobiographical account of a three-year struggle with neurasthenia in the aftermath of Sister Carrie 's financial failure.E.L. Doctorow, 'The Novelist Who Was Born', The New York Times, December 4, 1983 After being constantly turned down for publications while living in Brooklyn, Dreiser finds a job as a manual worker on a railroad.
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Moravec’s paradox is very closed related to Polanyi's paradox, which claims that compared with sophisticated tasks demanding high-level reasoning, it is harder for computers to master low-level physical and cognitive skills that are natural and easy for humans to perform. Examples include natural language processing and dextrous physical movements (e.g. running over rough terrain). Robotics experts have, accordingly, found it difficult to automate the skills of even the least- trained manual worker, since these jobs require perception and mobility (tacit knowledge).
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If you were a manual worker, civilian uniform wearer, a diplomat or a performer, you would most likely receive more tickets. New mothers also received extra coupons. The civilian population was encouraged to repair and remake old clothes by pamphlets produced by the Ministry of Information, with the slogan 'Make Do and Mend'. From March to May 1942 clothing austerity measures were introduced which restricted the number of buttons, pockets and pleats (among other things) on clothes.. Clothes rationing ended on 15 March 1949.
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A devout Roman Catholic, he became active in the Slovenian Christian intellectual subculture around the alternative journal Revija 2000 ("Review 2000"). Among others, he became a close friend of the Slovenian Christian Socialist poet and dissident Edvard Kocbek, who strongly influenced Ošlak's spiritual and intellectual development. Due to his critical attitude towards the Titoist regime, Ošlak was unable to get a job as journalist, and worked as a manual worker. In 1983, after pettifoggery by the Yugoslav secret police, Ošlak decided to move to Austria.
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Fabrice Nicolino has worked various trades - including as a manual worker - before becoming Editorial secretary in the Femme Actuelle weekly in 1984. He then became an investigative reporter and has since worked with a number of printed outlets, including Géo, Le Canard enchaîné, Télérama, ' . He has been writing a column in the catholic daily La Croix since 2003. He has founded with Dominique Lang a publication titled Cahiers de Saint-Lambert, which is subtitled "Facing the environmental crisis together". Since 2007, he has been writing a blog: « Planète sans visa ».
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On his death, his eldest son, Charles, became the 2nd Baronet Markham of Arusha, East Africa.Markham family photographs, accessed 22 August 2008 After his death, his sister Violet arranged for an annual competition to be held in memory of her brother. The Arthur Markham Memorial Fund was used to give a prize for the best essay written by a manual worker on a subject chosen for that year. The competition had been chosen as both Markhams (Violet and Arthur) believed that there was untapped intelligence that needed to be rewarded.
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In 1949 he was also excluded from the Young Communist League of Norway. His marriage since 1943 to Lorna Dilys Peaty also ended in 1949; in 1951 he married Vesla Gunvor Hansen. After the Soviet invasion of Hungary he renounced Communism and joined the Norwegian Labour Party together with his wife. Vetlesen held various jobs, both as a manual worker and electoral campaigner for the Labour Party, before being hired as information director in the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. He remained here until 1982 except for three years from 1968 to 1971 in Uganda.
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Nevertheless, Baader managed to get a relatively good education, as her father gave her evening lessons at home. At the age of 13, Baader moved with her family to Berlin and was employed at a factory working for 12 hours a day as a manual worker, later a seamstress. In 1879, Baader gave her first speech in a gathering of shift workers that made the breakthrough in public. Under the impression of Karl Marx's Das Kapital and Bebel's Woman Under Socialism, she came to social democracy and joined Lina Morgenstern's middle-class workers' association.
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Ezekias Papaioannou (; October 8, 1908 – April 10, 1988) was a Greek Cypriot communist politician and Secretary General of the left-wing political party of AKEL. He was born in the village of Kellaki, Limassol District and received his secondary education at the American Academy of Larnaca with financial help from his brother. In his last year of school because of health reasons he moved to Nicosia where he finished his studies in The English School, Nicosia. He then worked as a miner in Skouriotissa (Foukasa) and as a manual worker in Piraeus port.
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By 1880 the buffalo herds, a foundation for the hunting economy, had disappeared. American Indians had the choice of living on reservations, but some tribes refused to live there. Here food, supplies, education and medical care was provided by the federal government, or living on their own in society and earning wages, typically as a cowboy on a ranch, or manual worker in town. Reformers wanted to give as many American Indians as possible the opportunity to own and operate their own farms and ranches, and the issue was how to give individual Indians land owned by the tribe.
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Benkei was born in 1923 into a poor day labourer family. After finishing four elementary classes, he worked as a manual worker (engine fitter assistant, then tobacco fermenter) in Nyíregyháza. From August 1944, he served in the Royal Hungarian Army during the Second World War and was captured on the Eastern Front and deported to the Soviet Union as a prisoner of war in January 1945. He returned to Hungary in July 1948, and soon he involved in the tobacco fermenting trade union. He joined Hungarian Working People's Party (MDP), the ruling Communist party in 1950.
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Master was used in England for men of some rank, especially "free masters" of a trade guild and by any manual worker or servant employee addressing his employer (his master), but also generally by those lower in status to gentlemen, priests, or scholars. In the Elizabethan period, it was used between equals, especially to a group ("My masters"), mainly by urban artisans and tradespeople. It was later extended to all respectable men and was the forerunner of Mister. After its replacement in common speech by Mister, Master was retained as a form of address only for boys who had not yet entered society.
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From April 1964 to April 1970, family allowances for four children increased as a percentage of male manual workers aged 21 and above from 8% to 11.3%. In addition, the First Wilson Government kept the old age pension rising roughly as fast as average earnings during its time in office. From 1966 to 1968, various reforms were carried out by the government to improve social security benefits, and which improved the real standards of insurance and assistance provision for low earners. The purchasing power of family allowances were improved, which as a percentage of the gross earnings of an average manual worker with five children rising from 9.5% to 17.
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Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin was born in the Sudanese town of Kassala, but the roots of his family go back to Darfur in western Sudan. He graduated in business administration from the University of Assiut in Egypt, and has exercised many professional activities during his life: as manual worker, secondary school teacher, consultant for UNICEF in Darfur, or as employee of an NGO in Sudan. His literary work, which includes references to the Darfur genocide and the dictatorship in Sudan, is published in Arabic in Egypt and Syria. It is very popular with Sudanese readers, who have been smuggling his books into their country, since their interdiction by the Sudanese authorities.
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In a historical note by Baba Jwala Singh, what is mentioned is that when I went to Astoria, Oregon in December 1912 I found Kartar Singh working in a mill factory. Most people will say that he studied in the respective college but the college itself did not find any record of enrollment with his name. His association with Nalanda club of Indian students at Berkeley aroused his patriotic sentiments and he felt agitated about the treatment immigrants from India, especially manual, worker received in the United States. Sohan Singh Bhakna founder of Ghadar Party inspired Kartar Singh to revolt against British colonial India for the sake of an Independent country .
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James Fleming of Bath was also credited as the "father of the penny- reading movement", for his numerous public readings. Another view places the origin in 1854 in the Midlands. Dispatches for The Times from the Crimean War, by William Howard Russell, were read in public in Hanley by Samuel Taylor, a manual worker who was a Mechanics' Institute secretary and later involved in the Staffordshire Sentinel newspaper. From the market square, Taylor moved to the town hall, and in 1856 to a fuller programme of patriotic readings, with music and the national anthem; from free admittance to a penny charge to cut down great demand.
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But there were > other things – books and songs, skiing trips, childhood happiness, first > tears of epiphany... It was there that for the first time I've heard the > radio, the gramophone, the brass orchestra... And it was in Igarka that I > wrote my first ever short story which my teacher Rozhdestvensky published in > our school's self-edited journal. And the newspaper Bolshevik Zapolyarya > published my 4-line verse. On 1 May 1941, Astafyev graduated from the school and joined a brickyard as a transport worker. As the Great Patriotic War broke out, he was working in the Kureika station, a manual worker at local village Soviet.
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His head must always be lower than that of his superior. Younger Muslim males and females will clasp their elder's or superior's outstretched hand to the forehead as a sign of respect and obeisance. If a manual worker or a person with obviously dirty hands salute or greets an elder or superior, he will show deference to his superior and avoid contact by bowing, touching the right forehead in a very quick salute or a distant "slamet" gesture. The traditional Javanese Sungkem involves clasping the palms of both hands together, aligning the thumbs with the nose, turning the head downwards and bowing deeply, bending from the knees.
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Zala graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava in 1979\. After graduation he proceeded with his study of philosophy and received his PhDr degree (1981) and CSc degree (1995) from the same university. In 1981 he worked as journalist at Slovak Radio but was forced to quit the job due to political persecution and seek employment in various manual worker professions before he eventually managed to get a research job at the Social Development and Labour Research Institute in Bratislava in 1984. In 1990 he became head of the Secretariat of the Speaker of Slovak parliament and Lecturer in Philosophy at Comenius University, Bratislava.
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A pair of typical rigger boots A rigger boot is a particular type of pull-on safety boot in the United Kingdom. The name "rigger" comes from the fact that they were standard issue for workers on the offshore oil rigs in the North Sea, but are nowadays worn by most types of manual worker as a general purpose workboot. Riggers, as they are commonly nicknamed, are usually tan in colour and go approximately third of the way up the leg and feature a steel toe cap for safety. Other distinguishing features of the boots include pull-on loops around the top of the boot's shaft and internal fur lining.
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Duncan Gallie has shown how important it is to approach the question of skill from a social class perspective. In his study, the majority of non-manual, intermediate and skilled manual workers believed that their work had come to demand a higher level of skill, but the majority of manual worker felt that the responsibility and skill needed in their work had either remained constant or declined. This means that Braverman's claims can't be applied to all social classes. The notion the particular type of technology workers were exposed to shapes their experience was most forcefully argued in a classic study by Robert Blauner.
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Her reevaluation of tapestry as a medium led to a reconsideration of the division between the artist and the artisan: when the former returns to a technique relegated to the "lower arts", they recover their status as a manual worker. For Tibol, the value of the artist's works woven with henequen, wool or synthetic yarns align them more with the world of sculpture. Many critics have agreed that in Palau Bosch's tapestries there is an exaltation of sensuality as an artistic value. Her works reflect the influence of Catalan Informalism, a movement that reached its apex at the end of the 1950s and believes in the footprint of the temperament and the wisdom of instinct on artistic language.
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This event was well documented by both western and eastern journalists and photographers, and constituted the primary evidence against Imre Nagy and other members of his cabinet in the White Books. Protesters kicking the body of a slain ÁVH soldier A Western eyewitness said: : > The secret police lie twisted in the gutter [...] the Hungarians will not > touch the corpse of an ÁVH man, not even to close the eyes or straighten the > neck. After Dudás' militia assaulted the building, the surrounding crowd lynched a number of ÁVH officers. Highly visible in photographs of this attack are the party's paybooks displayed on to the corpses, demonstrating that ÁVH soldiers received at least 10 times the wages of a manual worker.
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In the mid 1950s we worked at Stage '57, an alternative theatre set up by young Slovenian artists and authors, which introduced more modern approaches to Slovene theatre. Smole belonged to the so-called Critical generation, a group of talented young intellectuals, mostly from Ljubljana, who tried to challenge the rigid and repressive cultural policies of the Titoist regime in Slovenia. After the demise of the group, which came with the imprisonment of Jože Pučnik and the suppression of the Stage '57 and the group's two literary magazines, Revija 57 and Perspektive, Smole retreated into private life. For some years he worked as a manual worker, in protest against the regime repression of free speech, but later dedicated to writing.
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An implicit goal of the CCC was to restore morale in an era of 25% unemployment for all men and much higher rates for poorly educated teenagers. Jeffrey Suzik argues in "'Building Better Men': The CCC Boy and the Changing Social Ideal of Manliness" that the CCC provided work, pay, and an ideology of robust outdoor manhood to counter the Depression's effeminacy, as well as cash to help the family budget. Through a regime of heavy manual labor, civic and political education, and an all-male living and working environment, the CCC tried to build "better men" who would be economically independent and not effete. By 1939 there was a shift from the athletic manual worker to the highly trained citizen soldier ready for the war.
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In addition, by raising taxes to pay their reforms, the government paid careful attention to the principle of redistribution, with disposable incomes rising for the lowest paid while falling amongst the wealthiest during its time in office.The Labour Party Since 1945 by Kevin Jeffreys. Between 1964 and 1968, benefits in kind were significantly progressive, in that over the period those in the lower half of the income scale benefited more than those in the upper half. On average those receiving state benefits benefited more in terms of increases in real disposable income than the average manual worker or salaried employee between 1964 and 1969. From 1964 to 1969, low-wage earners did substantially better than other sections of the population.
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The time of 26h 36m 25s was truly remarkable when one considers the appalling road conditions, poor weather, and the delays, and all the other hardships encountered . The British victory was complete as Montague Holbein (27h 52m 15s) came in second, with Edge, nearly three hours away, third, and Bates fourth. The Bicycle Union – later renamed the National Cyclists Union – had strict views about amateurism and had demanded its French equivalent ensure that all taking part met its own amateur ideals.The NCU insisted that amateurs won no prizes in money; the Union Vélocipèdique de France was happy for amateurs to win up to 200 francs, or what a manual worker earned in 16 months Only then would the NCU allow Mills and other British amateurs to take part.
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Despite over 100 applications for grades just above a manual worker, in her submission, the employers were fixated on her past history as a sweeper. The House of Lords held it could be appropriate, before such an ordeal, for a worker to fill an existing vacancy without a standard interview procedure. By contrast, in O’Hanlon v Revenue and Customs Commissioners[2007] EWCA Civ 283 the Court of Appeal rejected that it would be a reasonable adjustment, as Ms O'Hanlon was requesting after falling into clinical depression, for an employer to increase sick pay to full pay, after the expiry of a six-month period that applied to everyone else. The aim is always to ensure that disabilities are not a barrier to full participation in working life, as much as possible.
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Set over a period of four days, the novel explores mental illness through its central character, Professor Martin Sturrock, described as 'widely viewed as one of the best psychiatrists in the business', and several of his patients. Among these are an alcoholic politician, a traumatised burns victim, a depressed manual worker, an adulterous barrister turned fitness fanatic and a Kosovan refugee who has been raped. Each patient tells his or her story in a consultation with Sturrock before they are later revisited in their individual subplots. Over the course of a weekend it becomes apparent that the brilliant but overworked Sturrock is as desperate for help as the people he is treating, and following an encounter in a seedy brothel the story ends for the Professor on a busy London street.
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Canaparo was born in the city port of Campana, Argentina, to a mother of Hebrew origins and an Italian rooted father; he was a traveller, manual worker and scientific researcher before entering academia. He studied at the Faculty of Political Science at the University of Rosario, at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) in Buenos Aires, at the DAMS (delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo) at the Università degli Studi di Bologna, and received his Ph.D. under the supervision of William Rowe at King's College London in 2000. Prevented from working in Europe as a philosopher or social scientist, he developed most of his projects in academia as a ‘Latin American specialist’. He joined the Faculty of Arts at Exeter University in 1995 where in 2004 he created the Centre for Latin American Studies.
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Shirley Williams described it as employing "a great many Asian women on fairly long hours and pretty low wages" – the average pay at Grunwick was £28 per week while the average national wage was £72 per week and the average full-time wage for a female manual worker in London was £44 per week. Overtime was compulsory and often no prior notice would be given. Of the company's 440 employees, 80% were of Asian origin and 10% of Afro- Caribbean origin, and application forms for employment at Grunwick asked for passport numbers and "date of arrival in the UK." The MP for Brent South, Laurence Pavitt, said that in his dealings with the company over "many years" prior to the dispute, the management had been rude and intransigent, failing to respond to his letters, and treated the workers in a "deplorable fashion." MP Joe Ashton accused the firm of "exploiting coloured workers", and writer and political activist Amrit Wilson asserted that Grunwick's management "made use of the poverty of Asians" and would turn away non-Asian applicants.
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