This type of sript is called majuscule, and it basically means by today's conventions, they just yelled everything ALL THE TIME.
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While the majuscule case -- or uppercase -- was still deployed to convey what Paul Luna calls "grandeur" or "aesthetic seriousness," the dawn of the internet era has led a lot of institutions to reconsidered their all-caps uses.
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In Unicode, the majuscule Ɠ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+0193 and the minuscule ɠ is encoded at U+0260. Doulos SIL glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule Ɠɠ.
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The letters have no majuscule or minuscule (upper- and lowercase) differentiation.
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Unicode encodes p with tilde with a combining diacritical mark (U+0303 COMBINING TILDE), rather than a precomposed character. As such, the tilde may not align properly with some fonts and systems. In standard HTML code: majuscule P̃, minuscule p̃. The Unicode HTML hex code is: minuscule p̃, majuscule P̃. The Unicode HTML decimal code is: minuscule p̃, majuscule P̃.
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Eadfrith was a highly trained calligrapher and he used insular majuscule script in the manuscript.
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The majuscule and the minuscule are located at U+01B1 and U+028A in Unicode, respectively.
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The majuscule and the minuscule are located at U+2C6E and U+0271 in Unicode, respectively.
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The majuscule and the minuscule are located at U+01AE and U+0288 in Unicode, respectively.
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The Uppercase Latin alphabet subheading contains the standard 26-letter unaccented Latin alphabet in the majuscule.
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M with tilde in Doulos SIL M̃ (majuscule: M̃, minuscule: m̃) is a Latin M with a diacritical tilde.
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Firmin-Didot surmised that a new character could be added to French orthography. A letter of the same description T-cedilla (majuscule: Ţ, minuscule: ţ) is used in Gagauz. A similar letter, the T-comma (majuscule: Ț, minuscule: ț), does exist in Romanian, but it has a comma accent, not a cedilla.
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The minuscule form, was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, while the majuscule was added to version 5.0 in 2006.
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Accessed 18 November 2019. The Unicode code point for the majuscule is U+1EFE; that for the minuscule is U+1EFF.
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In Afrikaans, î is a punctuated form of i: ', the plural of ' ('wedge'). Doulos SIL glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule î.
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The minuscule form has been present in Unicode since version 1 (1991), but the majuscule form was not added until version 5 (2006).
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The component zones, like the sectors, are described as either phylozones or geozones, based on the nature of the relationship among their constituent languages: either historical or geographical. The second part of the linguascale consists of three capital letters (majuscules): from `-AAA-` to `-ZZZ-`. Each zone is divided into one or more sets, with each set being represented by the first majuscule of this three-letter (alpha-3) component. Each set is divided into one or more chains (represented by the second majuscule) and each chain is into one or more nets (represented by the third majuscule).
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Doulos SIL glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule ė. Ė ė is a letter of the Latin script, the letter E with a dot above.
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Lined letter E (majuscule: Ɇ; minuscule: ɇ) is letter derived from letter E/e by addition of bottom-to-top-inclined line over it.
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The majuscule, i.e., a system where text is written entirely in capital letters, was used until the 8th century, when the minuscule polytonic supplanted it.
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The majuscule must be formed with a combination of T and a combining diacritic (T̈), and because of this may not display correctly when using some fonts or systems.
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The Letters subheading contains 30 pairs of majuscule and minuscule accented or novel Latin characters for western European languages, and two extra minuscule characters not commonly used word- initially.
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Doulos SIL glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule ě. The grapheme Ě, ě (E with caron) is used in Czech and Sorbian alphabets, in Pinyin, and in Proto-Slavic notation.
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The Gospel Book's image of Christ in Majesty includes a Greek and majuscule transcription of the Psalm "your kingdom is eternal and your power extends from age to age".
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Manuscripts using all upper case letters are called majuscule, those using all lower case are called minuscule. Usually, the majuscule scripts such as uncial are written with much more care. The scribe lifted his pen between each stroke, producing an unmistakable effect of regularity and formality. On the other hand, while minuscule scripts can be written with pen-lift, they may also be cursive, that is, use little or no pen-lift.
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There are two kinds of script used in the Theodore Psalter. One is called majuscule, and is a kind of calligraphy consisting of large or upper case letters. In the Theodore Psalter the majuscule lettering appears in gold. The other kind of text or script used in the manuscript is a smaller text called minuscule. It is also a kind of calligraphy established in the 8th and 9th century by Charlemagne and revived during the Italian Renaissance.
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Middle Greek used the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet which, until the end of antiquity, were predominantly used as lapidary and majuscule letters and without a space between words and with diacritics.
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The European Latin subheading contains all but one character in the Latin Extended-A block. It is populated with accented and variant majuscule and minuscule Latin letters for writing mostly eastern European languages.
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Y with stroke, uppercase and lowercase Y with stroke (majuscule: Ɏ; minuscule: ɏ) is a letter of the Latin script, derived from Y with the addition of a stroke through the top of the letter.
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The Book of Kells, c. AD 800, is lettered in a script known as "insular majuscule", a variety of uncial script that originated in Ireland. Uncial is a majusculeGlaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) Encyclopedia of the Book.
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EA 364, from Ayyab. (One of the shorter Amarna letters). (very high-resolution expandable photo) The cuneiform sign MÁ, the Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)) is the sign for English language "ship", or "boat", Akkadian language eleppu.Parpola, 197l.
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Evidence suggests that when the scribes were writing the text they often depended on memory rather than on their exemplar. Folio 309r contains text from the Gospel of John written in Insular majuscule by the scribe known as Hand B. The manuscript is written primarily in insular majuscule with some occurrences of minuscule letters (usually e or s). The text is usually written in one long line across the page. Françoise Henry identified at least three scribes in this manuscript, whom she named Hand A, Hand B, and Hand C.Henry 1974, 154.
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U bar (majuscule: Ʉ, minuscule: ʉ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from U with the addition of a bar. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the lowercase is used to represent a close central rounded vowel.
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Cyrillic Iota (Majuscule: Ꙇ, Minuscule: ꙇ) is a Cyrillic letter based on the Greek letter Iota, and is used in Cyrillic Extended-B to transcribe Glagolitic Izhe, Ⰹ. The character was introduced into Unicode 5.1 in April 2008.
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Double monocular O (majuscule: , minuscule: ) is one of the exotic glyph variants of Cyrillic letter O. This glyph variant can be found in certain manuscripts in the plural or dual forms of the word eye, for example "[two] eyes".
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This is also suggested by the appearance of each as a 'stacked' digraph of 'Am' and 'om' respectively. The names of the letters do not imply capitalization, as both little and big yus exist in majuscule and minuscule variants.
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KÚR is used and is defined as a capital-letter Sumerogram (majuscule), and specifically in the Akkadian language has the meaning of "warfare", "hostility", Akkadian nukurtu.Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, nukurtu, p. 135.
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The upper case, or majuscule form has never been included in any international keyboards Therefore, it is decomposable by simply combining ʼ (U+02BC) and N. 〔ʼN〕 It is also a legacy compatibility character for the ISO/IEC 6937 text encoding.
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The cuneiform sign is almost exclusively used as a Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)), and in the Akkadian language, it is the Akkadian for "ālu", city, or town.Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, ālu, p. 120.
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By the mid-16th century, the "v" form was used to represent the consonant and "u" the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter "u". Capital and majuscule "U" was not accepted as a distinct letter until many years later.
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Though a majuscule form of this variant () is encoded in Unicode, historically it was only used as caseless or lowercase.Ponomar Project. The Complete Character Range for Slavonic Script in Unicode. In the Cyrillic numeral system, Zemlja had a value of 7.
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As a sumerogram, (capital letter (majuscule)), sign bi is used for KAŠ, Akkadian language for "šikāru",Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, šikāru, p. 142. beer. The following linguistic elements for bi are used in the Epic:Parpola, 197l.
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The name of the craft is inscribed on its own exterior as 'AQVILA', since 'u' and 'v' were different letter-forms of the same grapheme in Latin: 'u' in minuscule (lower case) (not used in the early centuries A.D for inscriptions) and 'V' in majuscule (capital).
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Cuneiform ib also can be found as sumerogram URTA, (a capital letter (majuscule)), and for example it is used in the Epic of Gilgamesh for the god's name: Ninurta, spelled DNIN.URTA.Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Index of Names, pp. 146-148, p. 147.
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Neutral Yer (Majuscule: , Minuscule: ) is used in transcribing documents when it is hard to tell the difference between a Ь and a Ъ. It was common in Late Medieval Russian archival materials and scripts. The appearance looks like a Yer with a hook on the top.
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Cuneiform ib also can be found as sumerogram URTA, (a capital letter (majuscule)), and for example it is used in the Epic of Gilgamesh for the god's name: Ninurta, spelled DNIN.URTA.Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Index of Names, pp. 146-148, p. 147.
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The ab/ap sign also has a corresponding capital letter (majuscule) usage as a sumerogram, as found in the Epic of Gilgamesh for AB, the Akkadian language for šību,Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, šību, p. 142. meaning "elder".
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Line 3: "ardu-ka"-(100x24px100x24px, "Servant-yours" at, (line 4)-feet-yours, Lord-mine). (very high-resolution expandable photo) ARAD, (also ÌR or NITÁ) is the capital letter-(majuscule) Sumerogram for the Akkadian language word "ardu",Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, p.
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Appearance of in upper and lowercase. The left is in the S-cedilla (majuscule: Ş, minuscule: ş) is a letter of some of the Turkic languages. It occurs the Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish, and Turkmen alphabets. It is also used in the Latin alphabets of Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Kurdish, and Tatar.
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Tutonish had a simple phonetic pronunciation, a simple grammar based on the English grammar ("Fifteen rules") and a simple orthography, without majuscule. The "Germanic" version's vocabulary was built on roots taken from English, Dutch, German and Scandinavian languages, while the "Romance" version's vocabulary was mostly built on Latin and Romance languages.
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The manuscript is of the Cathach (literally "Battle Book") style, indicating an apocryphal use as a rallying cry or protector in battle. There are 39 surviving leaves, with text written in the Irish majuscule script. The manuscript leaves are very worn down, and some have become detached from their casing.
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Djerv (Majuscule: Ꙉ, Minuscule: ꙉ ) is one of the Cyrillic alphabet letters that was used in Old Cyrillic. It was used in many early Serbo-Croatian monuments to represent the sounds and (modern đ/ђ and ć/ћ).Maretić, Tomislav. Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika, p. 14-15. 1899.
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British and North American cooperation resulted in the publication of a critical apparatus for the Gospel of Luke in the 1980s. Current research focuses on the Gospel of John, and the surviving majuscule manuscripts have been published in print and electronic form. The present committee comprises scholars from Europe and North America.
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An example, short, vassal state Amarna letter, using instead of "brother", the prostration formula towards the Pharaoh. (high resolution, expandible photo) The cuneiform ŠEŠ sign, as a capital letter (majuscule), is a Sumerogram for Akkadian language ahu,Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, ahu, p. 119.
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The terms upper case and lower case may be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case particularly if they pre- modify another noun), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that was located above the case that held the small letters. Majuscule ( or ), for palaeographers, is technically any script in which the letters have very few or very short ascenders and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, or the Book of Kells).
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Majuscule and minuscule Nj in sans-serif and serif fonts. Nj (nj in lower case) is a letter present in South Slavic languages such as the Latin-alphabet version of Serbo-Croatian and in romanised Macedonian. It is also used in the Albanian alphabet. In all of these languages, it represents the palatal nasal .
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Yech (majuscule: Ե; minuscule: ե; Armenian: եչ) is the fifth letter of the Armenian alphabet. It is created by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century AD. It has a numerical value of 5. Word-initially, it represents the open-mid front unrounded vowel ([ɛ]), but it occurs word-initially, it was pronounced as [jɛ].
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Appearance of comma (upper row) and cedilla (lower row) in the Times New Roman font. Note that the cedilla is placed higher than the comma. S-comma (majuscule: Ș, minuscule: ș) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the sound , the voiceless postalveolar fricative (like sh in shoe).
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Lucien Logette, "Jean George Auriol ou l'Oublié majuscule", in La Lettre du syndicat français de la critique de cinéma, no.39 (nov. 2011) pp. 24–25. [In French] In 1946 Auriol launched a second series of La Revue du cinéma, still with Gallimard, and it continued for a run of 19 issues until autumn 1949.
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Majuscule and minuscule ƈ in Doulos SIL Ƈ (minuscule: ƈ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from C with the addition of a hook. It is used in African languages such as Serer. The minuscule ƈ was formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a voiceless palatal implosive (current IPA: ). It was withdrawn in 1993.
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There is, however, some much earlier poetry where new lines begin with lowercase letters. Beginning a line with an uppercase letter when the beginning of the line does not coincide with the beginning of a new sentence is referred to by some as "majusculation". (this is an invented term derived from majuscule). The correct term is a coroneted verse.
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Cuneiform-compound-KA x ERIM enclosing the cuneiform character for army, or troops. ERIM is the capital letter-(majuscule) Sumerogram for the Akkadian language word army, or "troops". The akkadian language word for army is ("ṣābu"-using s-dot, the special s); consequently the cuneiform character for ERIM is also equivalent to sab, zab, etc.-(also using s-dot).
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Menologion with the lesson (Mat. 10:1-8) for Cosmas and Damian (heads in the majuscule), 1 November (Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. slav. 3, f.125v) The Codex is named after its discoverer, Italian Maronite scholar and Vatican librarian of Lebanese origin Giuseppe Simone Assemani, who discovered it and bought it in Jerusalem in 1736.
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Cuneiform La sign. Cuneiform sign La, line 2: last cuneiform sign. The cuneiform sign for la (𒆷), and also in the Epic of Gilgamesh the sumerogram LA-(capital letter (majuscule), is a common-use sign for the Epic and for the 1350 BC Amarna letters. It is used for syllabic la, and also for alphabetic l, or a.
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It greatly influenced Irish orthography and modern Gaelic scripts in handwriting and typefaces. Insular script comprised a family of different scripts used for different functions. At the top of the hierarchy was the Insular half-uncial (or "Insular majuscule"), used for important documents and sacred text. The full uncial, in a version called "English uncial", was used in some English centres.
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The scripts developed in Ireland in the 7th century and were used as late as the 19th century, though its most flourishing period fell between 600 and 850. They were closely related to the uncial and half-uncial scripts, their immediate influences; the highest grade of Insular script is the majuscule Insular half-uncial, which is closely derived from Continental half-uncial script.
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In certain nonstandard variations of the IPA, the uppercase form is used. It is as a full-fledged majuscule and minuscule letter in the alphabets of some of languages of Africa such as Dagbani, Dinka, Kabye, and Ewe,Practical Orthography of African Languages and Berber languages using the Berber Latin alphabet. It is sometimes also used in the romanization of Pashto.
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Cyrillic letter yat, set in several fonts. Note that in cursive writing, the small yat has a considerably different shape. Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: Ѣ ѣ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet. There is also another version of Yat, the iotified Yat (majuscule: , minuscule: ), which is a Cyrillic character combining a decimal I and a yat.
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In the Epic it also has 5 sumerogram uses (capital letter (majuscule)). From Giorgio Buccellati (Buccellati 1979) 'comparative graphemic analysis' (about 360 cuneiform signs, nos. 1 through no. 598E), of 5 categories of letters, the usage numbers of the bad sign are as follows: Old Babylonian Royal letters (71), OB non-Royal letters (392), Mari letters (2108), Amarna letters (334), Ugarit letters (39).
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Cuneiform mu, and Sumerogram (capital letter majuscule, MU). (digitized form mu, and other meanings) Amarna letter EA 15-(titled: "Assyria joins the International Scene"). A common Amarna letter that uses cuneiform mu. (Last cuneiform sign, line 6.) The cuneiform sign mu, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts).
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Cuneiform am, and sumerogram (capital letter majuscule, AM). (digitized form am, and other meanings) Amarna letter EA 153-(titled: "Ships on Hold"). A common Amarna letter that uses cuneiform am. (Next-to-last cuneiform sign, line 3.) The cuneiform sign am, is a common-use sign of the Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts (for example Hittite texts).
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Rex in Gloria was a painting created around 1200. The painting, which dominated the church, was high and metres wide. It depicted Christ on a golden throne, his right hand in a gesture of blessing and his left hand holding a book. Above in Romanesque majuscule was written SI DILIGITIS ME MANDATA MEA SERVATE (If you love me, obey my commands).
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The earliest of the Glamorgan disc-headed crosses (along with one at Llantwit Major). The cross and stem have intricate lattice patterns with an inscription in insular majuscule script. First mention of this cross was in 1873, by which time it was in the Abbey Chapter house collection. It measures high, wide and thick, made from locally occurring Pennant sandstone.
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Older fonts and character encodings included only the minuscule form for its use as an abbreviation. Unicode includes both the majuscule and the minuscule. Because of its origin, the italic ƒ (f with a hook) looks exactly like the italic f (f) in some typefaces. Ƒ and ƒ occupy code points and in Unicode respectively, and may be entered by appropriate input methods.
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J with stroke (majuscule Ɉ, minuscule ɉ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from J with the addition of a bar through the letter. It is used in Arhuaco to represent a sound similar to the j in English just. Its lowercase dotless form ɟ is used to represent a voiced palatal plosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
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Carolingian minuscule began in the eighth century under Charlemagne, but became popular in the ninth century and was created from half-uncial script. Insular script developed in Ireland before spreading to the British Isles and other parts of Europe. Insular script, also known as Insular minuscule, was based on half-uncial. Majuscule in script is for when the letters are capitalized, not lower-cased.
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Manuscript of the Anthology of Planudes (c. 1300) In the third century, the Greek uncial developed under the influence of the Latin script because of the need to write on papyrus with a reed pen. In the Middle Ages, uncial became the main script for the Greek language. A common feature of the medieval majuscule script like the uncial is an abundance of abbreviations (e.g.
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According to E.A. Lowe: "The Missal proper is written by one hand, designated as M... the few pages in uncial - the Mass pro principe, written by another hand - are referred to as M2... the pages containing added matter, in two different styles of crude writing, one showing distinct majuscule and the other as distinct minuscule traits, are referred to as A and a".Hen and Meens 23.
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All orthographies that used the letter have been phased out and so it is not well- supported in fonts. It can still be seen in pre-1983 books published by the People’s Republic of China. Letters Q and q of Sütterlin script Historically, it is derived from a handwritten form of the small Latin letter q around 1900. The majuscule is then based on the minuscule.
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Although the Greek alphabet began with only majuscule forms, surviving papyrus manuscripts from Egypt show that uncial and cursive minuscule forms began early. These new letter forms sometimes replaced the former ones, especially in the case of the obscure numerals. The old Q-shaped koppa (Ϙ) began to be broken up (x16px and x16px) and simplified (x16px and x16px). The numeral for 6 changed several times.
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Sample "Ɩɩ" from various typefaces. Latin iota (majuscule: Ɩ, minuscule: ɩ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, based on the lowercase of the Greek letter iota (ι). It was formerly used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent (the vowel in English "bit"). It was replaced by a small capital I (ɪ) in 1989, but it can still be found in use in some later works.
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The letter Latin alpha with a lowercase Greek alpha shape, as in the African reference alphabet or the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages The letter Latin alpha with a script-a shape, as in the International phonetic alphabet Latin alpha (majuscule: Ɑ, minuscule: ɑ) or script a is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on one lowercase form of a, or on the Greek lowercase alpha (α).
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Corneal Fibropapillomatosis in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in Australia. J.Comp.Path 142: 341-346 The increased prevalence of this virus has been linked to environmental factors such spikes in seasonal water temperatures and harmful algae bloom.Arthur,K.C.Limpus, G.Balazs, A.Capper, J.Udy, G.Shaw, U.Keuper-Bennett, P.Bennett.2008. The exposure of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) to tumour promoting compounds produced by the cyanobacterium lyngoya majuscule and their potential role in the aetiology of fibropapillomatosis.
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150px The origin of the symbol for Jupiter Jupiter (U+2643 ) is not entirely clear. Jupiter's attribute is a sceptre (as king of the gods), but Kamateros (12th century) represents Jupiter simply by the letter zeta ζ (for Zeus). The modern symbol as used from the 16th century is apparently based on a majuscule zeta with the addition of a vertical stroke to form the Christian cross.Maunder (1934), p. 244.
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The Vulgate (Latin) text of parts of Psalms 30 through 32 (31–33 in modern numbering) has been inscribed on the wax surface using a stylus. The text is laid out in two columns, except on the first wax page. The letters are written in "Irish majuscule" (also known as Insular half-uncial) script. The Latin text represents Jerome's Gallican version of the Psalms rather than the earlier Old Latin version.
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Carmina Burana (CB) is a manuscript written in 1230 by two different scribes in an early gothic minusculeThat is, small letters—what is today called lower-case—as opposed to majuscule, large, capital, upper-case. It was used in Roman manuscripts. on 119 sheets of parchment. A number of free pages, cut of a slightly different size, were attached at the end of the text in the 14th century.
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In the summer of 2018, CSNTM traveled to Tbilisi, Georgia to digitize five manuscripts housed at the National Centre of Manuscripts. Foremost among these manuscripts was Codex Koridethi (Θ), a 9th-century majuscule manuscript of the Gospels, but also early majuscules 0211 and 0240 of the Gospels and Paul's letters, respectively. 0240 is a palimpsest that required digitization utilizing multispectral imaging. Alongside these three manuscripts, two lectionaries were also digitized.
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Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatia alone, although from there a brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the West Slavic area in the 14th century. The centre of influence appears to have been in the Kvarner Gulf, though the nature and extent of this influence remain subjects of debate. The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but before the advent of printing, a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties; the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being applied to both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions, the use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the Croatian-Ottoman wars corresponded roughly to the area that spoke the Chakavian dialect at the time, in addition to, to varying extents, the adjacent Kajkavian regions within the Zagreb bishopric.
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Both derive from the majuscule (capital) form. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form.
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As especially polite alternatives, one may capitalize the pronoun to or use (lit. "She"); both sound quite archaic. If the pronoun is capitalized, the majuscule is applied to all its forms including the enclitics: ("I would like to talk to you about it"). Despite the original meaning of , modern Italian typically concords with the gender of the addressee when is the sentence subject; using feminine adjectives for a male addressee is not insulting.
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Statue of Leclerc at Pontoise A statue at Pontoise shows him in Napoleonic uniform, his scabbard touching the earth. It was put up by marshal Davout and his second wife Louise-Aimée-Julie (Leclerc's sister) at the top of a staircase built in 1869 by François Lemot. Around 3m high, the statue is on a square stone pedestal inscribed with information on him in gold majuscule letters. It adjoins the south side of city's cathedral.
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Of especial musical interest is the organ by Wilhelm Baer, dating from 1850/51, which on guided tours it is possible to walk through. Before the altar, there is an Ave Maria inscription embedded in the floor which consists of individual letter tiles. Each letter appears as a relief print on an unglazed, red-brown terracotta tile measuring 14 x 14 cm. The Latin inscription dates to the 13th or 14th century and was composed in Gothic majuscule.
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The letter Ⱳ (minuscule: ⱳ), called W with hook, is a letter of the Latin script based on the letter W. It is used in the orthographies of languages in Burkina Faso: the Puguli language and the Lobiri language.ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Proposal summary form to accompany submissions for additions to the repertoire of ISO/IEC 10646 The majuscule and the minuscule are located at U+2C72 and U+2C73 in Unicode, respectively.
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Use of DAGAL on obverse with "gold"-(KUG.GI), and "men-extensive"-(ṣābu- extensive): (lines 15-16), "...Now work temple to be much, since-(ul-tu), men extensive...." (Photo: not high resolution, and "out-of-focus".) The cuneiform DAGAL sign, which is a capital letter (majuscule) Sumerogram with the Akkadian language meaning of to be wide, or extensive; also "many", Akkadian "rapāšu",Parpola, 197l. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Glossary, pp. 119-145, rapāšu, p. 137.
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It is written in majuscule insular script (in effect the block capitals of the day), with some lacunae. The page size has been reduced by subsequent rebindings, and most leaves are now single when unbound, where many or most would originally have been in "bifolia" or folded pairs. It is clear that some pages have been inserted in the wrong places. The main significance of this is that it is unclear if there was originally a seventh carpet page.
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The Latin-1 Supplement (also called C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement) is the second Unicode block in the Unicode standard. It encodes the upper range of ISO 8859-1: 80 (U+0080) - FF (U+00FF). Controls C1 (0080-009F) are not graphic. This block ranges from U+0080 to U+00FF, contains 128 characters and includes the C1 controls, Latin-1 punctuation and symbols, 30 pairs of majuscule and minuscule accented Latin characters and 2 mathematical operators.
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The Cicero dedication is a Latin tabula ansata, containing the words "", below which is the text "" ; similarly, the Hadrian dedication is a bilingual tabula ansata, with an inscription of "" ( in the majuscule Coptic alphabet) and "".; The Barcelona Papyrus was probably also part of the Egyptian Bodmer Papyri find, so there is a possibility (though it is slim, as Dorotheus was a common name in this period) that this Dorotheus is the same the author of the Vision.
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The Roll covers the early part of the Old Testament Book of Joshua using a reduced version of the Septuagint text; it includes Joshua's main military successes, ending with conquered kings paying him homage. At roughly this time, the Byzantine empire was enjoying military success in its campaigns in the Holy Land. It was originally painted in grisaille, by several artists, with partial coloring added later in a separate stage. The lettering is in majuscule and minuscule forms.
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Cuneiform sign ur Use of the character in writing the name Jerusalem. The cuneiform sign ur () is a common-use sign in the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It has multiple sub-uses in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as well as use for the Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)), UR. In the Epic, UR is used to spell Akkadian language barbaru, "wolf", as UR.BAR.RA (in Tablet VI, and Tablet XI).Parpola, 197l.
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Sunnyslope Mountain also known as "S" MountainThe Arizona Republic, November 2, 2001 is a large, rocky, nearly symmetric hill in the Sunnyslope section of Phoenix, Arizona. It is located near Central Avenue and Hatcher Road. The southern slope of the mountain is adorned with a 150-foot white majuscule "S". The mountain, in particular the large "S", can be seen from thirty miles away on a clear day, and is distinctly visible to nearby airplane passengers.
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The frequency and intensity of their use varied depending on period, style, and genre. The name of the cuneiform sign written in majuscule letters is a modern Assyriological convention. Most signs have a number of possible Sumerian sound values. The readers of Assyrian or Hittite texts using these Sumerograms would not necessarily have been aware of the Sumerian language, the Sumerograms functioning as ideograms or logogram to be substituted in pronunciation by the intended word in the text's language.
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It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Use of majuscule and minuscule letter case is significant, and use of other letter combinations is not permitted and would lead to ambiguity. For example, 'T', 'MT', 'mT', 'Mt', 'mt' are the SI symbols for the tesla, megatesla, millitesla, megatonne (one teragram), and millitonne (one kilogram) respectively. If describing TNT equivalent units of energy, one megatonne of TNT is equivalent to approximately 4.184 petajoules.
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At the same time, the ground was prepared for the emplacement of the granite blocks which would form the low memorial wall on the downslope side of the elliptical plaza. Jacqueline Kennedy, with assistance of Kennedy speechwriter Ted Sorensen, selected the inscriptions for the wall by November 1965, all of which came from Kennedy's inaugural 1961 address (although some were shortened for artistic reasons). John E. Benson inscribed the quotations onto the seven granite blocks. The lettering is in Roman majuscule.
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The inscription in detail The following is the Greek text found on the tombstone (in the later polytonic script; the original is in majuscule),The raw transcription of its text is as follows: along with a transliteration of the words which are sung to the melody, and a somewhat free English translation thereof; this excludes the musical notation: While you live, shine have no grief at all life exists only for a short while and Time demands his due.For the translation of , cf. .
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Classical Latin wrote the o and e separately (as has today again become the general practice), but the ligature was used by medieval and early modern writings, in part because the diphthongal sound had, by Late Latin, merged into the sound . The classical diphthong had the value , similar to (standard) English oy as in boy. It occurs most often in borrowings from Greek, rendering that language's οι (= in majuscule: ΟΙ), although it is also used in some native words such as coepi.
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These leeches are common turtle ectoparasites that exclusively feed on turtle blood, and some leeches have been found carrying more than 10 million copies of the herpesvirus DNA. The green sea turtle is an herbivore and feeds primarily on seagrass and macroalgae. Two toxins which are suspected to be associated with FP are found epiphytically on these plants. First, the toxic compound lyngbyatoxin from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscule, and second the toxin okadaic acid – a documented tumour-promoting toxin - from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum.
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Amarna letter EA 364-(Obverse), Ayyab to Pharaoh, "Justified War".Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. EA 365, Justified War, p. 362. Sign mi, 4th sign, line 10. (high resolution, expandible photo) The cuneiform mi, (also mé) sign is a distinctive sign in the wedge-stroke 100x24px group, and is used as a syllabic for mi, me, and an alphabetic for m, i, or e; it is also a Sumerogram (capital letter (majuscule)) for MI, used for Akkadian language, "mūšu",Parpola, 197l.
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Turned v (majuscule: Ʌ, minuscule: ʌ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, based on a turned form of V. It is used in the orthographies of Ch'ol, Nankina, Northern Tepehuán, Temne and Wounaan, and also some orthographies of Ibibio.Urua 2004 Its lowercase is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent an open-mid back unrounded vowel, the vowel in plus in many dialects of English. Despite the similarity in appearance, the letter has no connection to the Greek Λ, Chinese 人, or Korean ㅅ.
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Bactrian was predominantly written using the Greek script with the addition of the letter sho (here in majuscule and minuscule) to represent the sound. Among Indo-Iranian languages, the use of the Greek script is unique to Bactrian. Although ambiguities remain, some of the disadvantages were overcome by using heta (Ͱ, ͱ) for and by introducing sho (Ϸ, ϸ) to represent . Xi (Ξ, ξ) and psi (Ψ, ψ) were not used for writing Bactrian as the ks and ps sequences do not occur in Bactrian.
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The manuscript has almost 2000 variances from the Vulgate, almost a third of which it shares with the Hereford Gospels. There are fewer variations in the text which agree with the MacRegol Gospels and the Book of Armagh; 370 agree with the Book of Kells and 62 with the Lindisfarne Gospels. The script is predominantly Insular majuscule but has some uncial characteristics and is thus called semi-uncial. The regularity of script suggests a single scribe; however, some evidence suggests that possibly four scribes copied the manuscript.
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In Unicode, the majuscule Ƣ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at U+01A2 and the minuscule ƣ is encoded at U+01A3.Unicode chart The assigned names, "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER OI" respectively, are acknowledged by the Unicode Consortium to be mistakes, as gha is unrelated to the letters O and I.Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names The Unicode Consortium therefore has provided the character name aliases "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA" and "LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA".
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By virtue of their visual impact, this made the term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters. Minuscule refers to lower-case letters. The word is often spelled miniscule, by association with the unrelated word miniature and the prefix mini-. This has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since minuscule is derived from the word minus), but is now so common that some dictionaries tend to accept it as a nonstandard or variant spelling.
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A letter can have multiple variants, or allographs, related to variation in style of handwriting or printing. Some writing systems have two major types of allographs for each letter: an uppercase form (also called capital or majuscule) and a lowercase form (also called minuscule). Upper- and lowercase letters represent the same sound, but serve different functions in writing. Capital letters are most often used at the beginning of a sentence, as the first letter of a proper name or title, or in headers or inscriptions.
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Example of old Roman cursive Roman cursive is a form of handwriting (or a script) used in ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages. It is customarily divided into old (or ancient) cursive, and new cursive. Old Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even by emperors issuing commands. New Roman, also called minuscule cursive or later cursive, developed from old cursive.
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Majuscule and minuscule ɗ in Doulos SIL Ɗ (minuscule: ɗ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet. The lower case, represents a voiced dental implosive or a voiced alveolar implosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is used with the same value in the orthographies of various languages, notably some African languages, such as Fula and Hausa, also in Sindhi and used in Shona from 1931–1955. The upper case Ɗ is formed from D with the addition of a hook, or as in Shona is a larger form of the lower case letter.
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Example of decorated script from Gundohinus Gospels Throughout the Gundohinus Gospels, there are a number of decorated initials that appear either as capital letters or as majuscule script, and are largely composed of animals or beast-like creatures - making up the lines or curvature of the letter being illustrated. One example of this style (shown to the left) is through the use of a bird to indicate the side of the letter "C". It is thought that this style has its origination with Roman scriptoria and can be seen in other 8th-Century Merovingian manuscripts.
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Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms. 15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today.
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Sumerian) EA 365, Reverse. The cuneiform sign tu, and for TU-(the Sumerogram, capital letter (majuscule), in the Hittite language and other cuneiform texts, is a common-use syllabic sign for "tu", and also with a syllabic use for "t", or "u". It is not a multi-use sign, with other alphabetic sub-varieties. The Sumerian-language version is similar to the usage in the Amarna letters, with the 3 horizontal strokes connecting the 4 angled wedges on the left, and connected to the vertical horizontal single stroke, at right.
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If no ß is available, ss or sz is used instead (sz especially in Hungarian-influenced eastern Austria). This applies especially to all-caps or small-caps texts because ß had no generally accepted majuscule form until 2017. Excepted are all-caps names in legal documents; they may retain an ß to prevent ambiguity (for instance: STRAßER, since Straßer and Strasser are both possible names). This ss that replaces an ß has to be hyphenated as a single letter in the traditional orthography. For instance: STRA-SSE (‘street’); compare Stra-ße.
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This makes the meaning of the inscription difficult to discern. A general consensus among art historians is that the final character is a square C or sigma sign. "TYΜ.ωΘΕΟC" was interpreted in 1857 by Charles Eastlake as "Timotheos", a proper name.However, if this were the intended meaning, more correct lettering would have read "TIM.OΘEOC". See Paviot, 214Paviot, 214 Campbell points out that vanEyck "appears to have employed the Greek alphabet systematically", and always employed the square sigma C for the Latin "S", and a majuscule omega ω (in the uncial form) for the Latin "O".
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Today, in Western Abenaki, "ô" is preferred, and in Algonquin, "w" is preferred. An ou ligature much different in form (with the two letters side-by-side as in most ligatures, as opposed to one on top of the other) was used in the Initial Teaching Alphabet. The ligature, in both majuscule and minuscule forms, is occasionally used to represent minuscule of "У" in the Romanian Transitional Alphabet, as the glyph for monograph Uk (ꙋ) is rarely available in font sets. The same ligature was also used in the context of Cyrillic; see Uk (Cyrillic).
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Monocular O (majuscule: Ꙩ, minuscule: ꙩ) is one of the exotic glyph variants of Cyrillic letter O. This glyph variant was used in certain manuscripts in the root word (eye), and also in some other functions, for example, in the word- and syllable-initial position. It is used in some late birchbark letters of the 14th and 15th centuries, where it is usually differentiated from a regular о, used after consonants, also by width, being a broad On (ѻ) with a dot inside. It resembles the Latin letter for the bilabial click (ʘ) and the Gothic letter Hwair (𐍈).
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Typographic variants include a double-storey and single-storey g. The modern lowercase 'g' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'g' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'g'. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop, and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-storey form (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed bowl or loop.
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Lowercase Greek gamma is used in the Americanist phonetic notation and Uralic Phonetic Alphabet to indicate voiced consonants. The gamma was also added to the Latin alphabet, as Latin gamma, in the following forms: majuscule Ɣ, minuscule ɣ, and superscript modifier letter ˠ. In the International Phonetic Alphabet the minuscule letter is used to represent a voiced velar fricative and the superscript modifier letter is used to represent velarization. It is not to be confused with the character , which looks like a lowercase Latin gamma that lies above the baseline rather than crossing, and which represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel.
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The grapheme Ď (minuscule: ď) is a letter in the Czech and Slovak alphabets used to denote , the voiced palatal plosive, a sound similar to British English d in dew. It was also used in Polabian. The majuscule of the letter (Ď) is formed from Latin D with the addition of a háček; the minuscule of the letter (ď) has a háček modified to an apostrophe-like stroke instead of a wedge. In the alphabet, Ď is placed right after regular D. Ď is also used to represent uppercase ð in the Coat of Arms of Shetland; however, the typical form is Ð.
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The oldest translation of the Bible into a Slavic language, Old Church Slavonic, has close connections with the activity of the two apostles to the Slavs, Cyril and Methodius, in Great Moravia in 864–865. It was implemented at the Preslav Literary School, although it was transcribed to Cyril and Methodius. Древни преводи на Библията (in Bulgarian) The oldest manuscripts use either the so-called Cyrillic or the Glagolitic alphabets. Cyrillic reflects the Greek majuscule writing style of the 9th century with the addition of new characters for Slavic sounds not used in the Greek of that time.
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Hippolytus and Pergamon Museum, c. 300 CE Cf. English-Latin poem: Hic jacet porcus fulgure ictus - On a pig killed in thunder-storm While the inscription is noteworthy for its description of the Via Egnatia and information on Phallic processions, the main controversy concerns the interpretation of the word CHOIROS, inscribed like the rest of the poem in Greek majuscule. Is the inscription about a pig (choiros) or a man named Choiros? Choirilos is attested as a name, as are other personal names such as Choiron, Choirothyon ("pig-sacrificer"), Choiridion, Choirine (-a), Choiro, Choiris (female) and around twenty males were named Choiros.
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Different glyphs of the lowercase letter A. During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule.
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A Sumerogram is the use of a Sumerian cuneiform character or group of characters as an ideogram or logogram rather than a syllabogram in the graphic representation of a language other than Sumerian, such as Akkadian or Hittite. Sumerograms are normally transliterated in majuscule letters, with dots separating the signs. In the same way, a written Akkadian word that is used ideographically to represent a language other than Akkadian (such as Hittite) is known as an Akkadogram. This type of logogram characterized, to a greater or lesser extent, every adaptation of the original Mesopotamian cuneiform system to a language other than Sumerian.
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Example of decorated script from Gundohinus Gospels Throughout the Gundohinus Gospels, there are a number of decorated initials that appear either as capital letters or as majuscule script, and are largely composed of animals or beast-like creatures that are used to create the lines or curvature of the letter being illustrated. One example of this style (shown to the left) is through the use of a bird to indicate the side of the letter "C". It is thought that this style has its origination with Roman scriptoria and can be seen in other 8th- Century Merovingian manuscripts.
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The Corbie type as used in the 8th century, was based on uncial and the Luxeuil type, but was also similar to half-uncial and insular script, with elements of Roman cursive. It is sometimes called "eN-type", as the letter ⟨e⟩ has a high, open upper loop, and the uncial form of the letter ⟨n⟩ (resembling majuscule ⟨N⟩) is very frequently used. After the mid-8th century, the letter (a) also has an open loop and resembles the letter ⟨u⟩; this type is referred to as "eNa-type". A more distinctive type was developed at Corbie in the 9th century, the "a-b type".
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Doulos SIL glyphs for Majuscule and minuscule ĝ. Ĝ or ĝ (G circumflex) is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar affricate (either palato-alveolar or retroflex), and is equivalent to a voiced postalveolar affricate or a voiced retroflex affricate . While Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for its four postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets, the base letters are Romano-Germanic. Ĝ is based on the letter g, which has this sound in English and Italian before the vowels i and e (with some exceptions in English), to better preserve the shape of borrowings from those languages (such as ĝenerala from general) than Slavic đ would.
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Family 13, also known Ferrar Group (f13, von Soden calls the group Ii), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in the Gospel of John 7:53-8:11. Text of Luke 22:43-44 is placed after Matt 26:39. The text of Matthew 16:2b–3 is absent. They are all thought to derive from a lost majuscule Gospel manuscript, probably dating from the 7th century.
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Digitized form of cuneiform zu, sú, ṣú, or Sumerogram ZU. EA 364, Obverse. Line 18, city Hazor: (Ha-sǘ-ra) (high resolution expandible photo) Cuneiform zu, (also sú, ṣú, and Sumerogram ZU (capital letter majuscule)), is an uncommon-use sign in the 1350s BC Amarna letters, the Epic of Gilgamesh, and other cuneiform texts. Alphabetically, it could conceivably be used for letters z, s, ṣ, or u; however in the Amarna letters it is used mostly for personal names or geographical names. In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumerogram ZU is used to spell the name of god Ninazu, (a name of god Tammuz, two times, Chapter XII, 28, 47).
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Esh (majuscule: Ʃ Unicode U+01A9, minuscule: ʃ Unicode U+0283) is a character used in conjunction with the Latin script. Its lowercase form ʃ is similar to a long s ſ or an integral sign ∫; in 1928 the Africa Alphabet borrowed the Greek letter Sigma for the uppercase form Ʃ, but more recently the African reference alphabet discontinued it, using the lowercase esh only. The lowercase form was introduced by Isaac Pitman in his 1847 Phonotypic Alphabet to represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative (English sh). It is today used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in the alphabets of some African languages.
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The script depended on local customs and tastes. The sturdy Roman letters of the early Middle Ages gradually gave way to scripts such as Uncial and half-Uncial, especially in the British Isles, where distinctive scripts such as insular majuscule and insular minuscule developed. Stocky, richly textured blackletter was first seen around the 13th century and was particularly popular in the later Middle Ages. Prior to the days of such careful planning, "A typical black-letter page of these Gothic years would show a page in which the lettering was cramped and crowded into a format dominated by huge ornamented capitals that descended from uncial forms or by illustrations".
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The shape of kendema over izhitsa may vary: in books of Russian origin, it typically looks like a double grave accent or sometimes like a double acute accent. In older Serbian books, kendema most often looked like two dots (trema) or might even be replaced by a surrogate combination of aspiration and acute. These shape distinctions (with the exception of the aspiration-acute combination) have no orthographical meaning and must be considered as just font style variations, thus the Unicode name "IZHITSA WITH DOUBLE GRAVE" is slightly misleading. Izhitsa with kendema (majuscule: Ѷ, minuscule: ѷ) is not a separate letter of the alphabet, but it may have personal position in computer encodings (e.g.
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The C with bar (majuscule: Ꞓ, minuscule: ꞓ), also known as barred C, is a modified letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from C with the addition of a bar. It was used in the final version of the Unified Northern Alphabet, approved in 1932, for Saami, Selkup, Khanty, Evenki, Even, Nanai, Udege, Chukchi, Koryak and Nivkh languages to denote the sound , although in some of these languages in practice, several other alphabets were used. Also, this letter was used in the Latinized Shugnan alphabet (1931-1939) to denote the sound .SHUGHNI: Phonology—consonant/vowel inventories; syllable structure The United States Federal Geographic Data Committee uses the capital barred C to represent the Cambrian Period in geologic history.
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A grapheme is a specific base unit of a writing system. Graphemes are the minimally significant elements which taken together comprise the set of "building blocks" out of which texts made up of one or more writing systems may be constructed, along with rules of correspondence and use. The concept is similar to that of the phoneme used in the study of spoken languages. For example, in the Latin-based writing system of standard contemporary English, examples of graphemes include the majuscule and minuscule forms of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet (corresponding to various phonemes), marks of punctuation (mostly non-phonemic), and a few other symbols such as those for numerals (logograms for numbers).
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The lower-case "a" and upper-case "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the English alphabet. Letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case or capitals (or more formally majuscule) and smaller lower case (or more formally minuscule) in the written representation of certain languages. The writing systems that distinguish between the upper and lower case have two parallel sets of letters, with each letter in one set usually having an equivalent in the other set. The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and pronunciation and are treated identically when sorting in alphabetical order.
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T-comma (majuscule: Ț, minuscule: ț) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the Romanian language sound , the voiceless alveolar affricate (like ts in bolts). It is written as the letter T with a small comma below and it has both the lower-case (U+021B) and the upper-case variants (U+021A). The letter was proposed in the Buda Lexicon, a book published in 1825, which included two texts by Petru Maior, and , introducing ș for and ț for .Marinella Lörinczi Angioni, "Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia: il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino ", La Ricerca Folklorica, No. 5, La scrittura: funzioni e ideologie. (Apr.
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The corrected form of text often agrees with codices: D, N, X, Y, Γ, Θ, Π, Φ and majority of the minuscule manuscripts. A vacant space proportionate to the break in the sense follows the end of a paragraph (page with text of Mark 6:27-54) The majuscule letters have elegant shape, but a little less simple than those in the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus codices. These letters, at the end of a line, are often very small, and much of the writing is very pale and faint. Punctuation is more frequent, usually on a level with the top of the preceding letter, while a vacant space, proportionate to the break in the sense, follows the end of a paragraph.
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Majuscule and minuscule ċ glyphs in Doulos SIL Ċ (minuscule: ċ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from C with the addition of a dot. It is used in Maltese to represent a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, equivalent to English ch (), for which many other languages use Č. It is used in modern transcripts of Old English for the same reason, to distinguish it from c pronounced as , which otherwise is spelled the same. Its voiced equivalent is Ġ. Ċ was formerly used in Irish to represent the lenited form of C. The digraph ch, which is older than ċ in this function in Irish, is now used. Ċ is also used in the Latin version of Chechen language and Karmeli language as of 1992.
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The leaves are high-quality calf vellum; the unprecedentedly elaborate ornamentation that covers them includes ten full-page illustrations and text pages that are vibrant with decorated initials and interlinear miniatures, marking the furthest extension of the anti-classical and energetic qualities of Insular art. The Insular majuscule script of the text appears to be the work of at least three different scribes. The lettering is in iron gall ink, and the colours used were derived from a wide range of substances, some of which were imported from distant lands. Today, it is housed at Trinity College Library, Dublin which usually has on display at any given time two of the current four volumes, one showing a major illustration and the other showing typical text pages.
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The underwriting is 7th-century majuscule of Luke 3:7-8 with commentary; the upper writing is 13th-century minuscule of Matthew 26:39-51, part lection for Holy Thursday The codex is a palimpsest, meaning that the original text was scraped off and overwritten and the parchment leaves folded in half. The upper text was written by a minuscule hand and contains lectionary 299 (ℓ 299) from the 12th or 13th century,Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 83. though the lectionary text is not complete; it is written on 176 leaves (), in one column per page, 33-36 lines per page. Three folios are only the lower halves of leaves, one folio was supplied with paper (folio LXVIII).
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The inscription "Hie est sepultus frater Heinricus de Ruchenstein" is long, and the letters are alternating and in height. Particularly noteworthy are the stem tubers with majuscule T and I of the early Gothic font type. The font differs sharply from the type of the 11th and 12th century AD, being an early stage of this new phase of development of writing that uses the second third of the 13th century, and was previously represented in the southern part of the Diocese of Constance only by two known examples. Slightly younger is the inscription on the grave stone of Ulrich Regensberg, also used as part of a wall construction in the Oetenbach monastery and dated to 1290/1300, and the endowment inscription of about 1302 in the Zwölfbotenkapelle of Grossmünster, as well as the murals in the Grimmenturm, which arose before 1307.
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The flag of the Guadeloupe Communist Party uses a sickle, turned to look like a majuscule G, to represent Guadeloupe. The flag of the Black Front, a Strasserist group founded by early Nazi Party members and expelled around the time of the Night of the Long Knives purge, along with his supporters and the Sturmabteilung and originator of the ideology and the Black Front himself Otto Strasser, featured a crossed hammer and sword, symbolizing the unity of the workers and military. The flag of Burma (from 1974–2010) featured a bushel of rice superimposed on a cogwheel. The flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM, Party of the Revolution in Swahili), currently the ruling political party of Tanzania, has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a hoe (jembe) instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa.
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The first major threat to Croatian Glagolitic since it attained stability was from the Ottoman excursions, though the extent of cultural damage varied locally depending on the course of war. In the 17th century, though, the first successful direct attack on the script since the 12th century was headed by the Bishop of Zagreb, and after the Magnate conspiracy left the script without secular protectors, its use was limited to the littoral region. In the meantime, printing gradually overtook handwriting for liturgical manuscripts, resulting in a decline of the majuscule script, which was absorbed for titular and sometimes initial use within for minuscule documents. It was not until the late 18th century and the onset of modernity that Glagolitic received significant further threats, and through western influence, especially secular, Glagolitic culture collapsed, so that by the mid 19th century, the script was purely liturgical, relying mostly on printed materials.
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Golden Jubilee in June 2002 Concorde was normally perceived as a privilege of the rich, but special circular or one-way (with return by other flight or ship) charter flights were arranged to bring a trip within the means of moderately well-off enthusiasts. The aircraft was usually referred to by the British as simply "Concorde". In France it was known as "le Concorde" due to "le", the definite article,Oxford Language Dictionaries Online – French Resources : Glossary of Grammatical Terms used in French grammar to introduce the name of a ship or aircraft,Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales – Définition de LE, LA: article défini, II.3 and the capital being used to distinguish a proper name from a common noun of the same spelling.Reverso Dictionnaire: La majuscule dans les noms propres ("Capital letters within proper names") In French, the common noun concorde means "agreement, harmony, or peace".
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Within the bell, suspended on a leather belt of up to 12 layers, attached to an iron supporting structure, is a Gothic clapper, weighing – together with the belt – 365 kg. The body of the bell is decorated with inscriptions and images. Around the upper part of the waist runs a majuscule Renaissance Latin inscription indicating the bell's donor and dedicating it to God: Deo Opt Max ac Virgini Deiparae sanctisque patronis suis divus Sigismundus Poloniae Rex campanam hanc dignam animi operumque ac gestorum suorum magnitudine fieri fecit anno salutis MDXX The inscription translates as follows: "To the greatest and best God, and to the Virgin Mother of God, the illustrious King Sigismund of Poland had this bell cast to be worthy of the greatness of his mind and deeds in the year of salvation 1520." Below the inscription there are two portal-shaped plaques with images of saints.
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Most languages are written with a mixture of two distinct but phonetically identical variants or "cases" of the alphabet: majuscule ("uppercase" or "capital letters"), derived from Roman stone-carved letter shapes, and minuscule ("lowercase"), derived from Carolingian writing and Medieval quill pen handwriting which were later adapted by printers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In particular, all Romance languages capitalize (use uppercase for the first letter of) the following words: the first word of each complete sentence, most words in names of people, places, and organizations, and most words in titles of books. The Romance languages do not follow the German practice of capitalizing all nouns including common ones. Unlike English, the names of months, days of the weeks, and derivatives of proper nouns are usually not capitalized: thus, in Italian one capitalizes Francia ("France") and Francesco ("Francis"), but not francese ("French") or francescano ("Franciscan").
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Old Roman cursive, also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even by emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on Roman square capitals, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. Most inscriptions at Pompeii, conserved due to being buried in a volcanic eruption in 79 CE, are written in this script. Old Roman Cursive handwriting from the reign of Claudius (41 to 54 AD), with every i longum transcribed as "j": vobis · vjdétur · p · c · décernám[us · ut · etiam] prólátis · rebus ijs · júdicibus · n[ecessitas · iudicandi] jmponátur quj · jntrá rerum [· agendarum · dies] jncohata · judicia · non · per[egerint · nec] defuturas · jgnoro · fraudes · m[onstrósa · agentibus] multas · adversus · quas · exc[ogitauimus]... It is most commonly attested from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE, but it likely existed earlier than that.
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