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1000 Sentences With "leaf litter"

How to use leaf litter in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "leaf litter" and check conjugation/comparative form for "leaf litter". Mastering all the usages of "leaf litter" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The bases of decaying logs and leaf litter were also searched.
The ground was spongy with leaf litter and damp from the rain.
The fewer insects, the more that leaf litter is going to pile up.
Often, just after landing, the animal shuffles under the nearby leaf litter and freezes.
The earth was soft and rich from years of leaf litter decomposing into loam.
It's a massive amount of leaf litter and all the rest of it up there.
On a wooded path, we encountered a lively bird flinging leaf litter into the air.
And then there are species that are very cryptic and live down in the leaf litter.
This spongy layer of leaf litter contains most of the carbon stored in the boreal soil.
Ticks also escape cold temperatures by insulating themselves beneath a blanket of leaf litter and snow.
Others overwinter as eggs or caterpillars buried deep in the leaf litter beneath their host plants.
Intrigued, I stood with him by a barbed-wire fence running across leaf ­litter dappled with sunlight.
He jumped up, leaf litter stuck to his flank, and took a strategic position behind the fence.
They like to spend their days crawling about the damp leaf litter of Brazilian montane Atlantic coastal forests.
My feet crunched on salt-crusted mud and across leaf litter sparking with grasshoppers and sinuous silver lizards.
At such intervals, wildfires expunge disease, remove leaf litter and thin the understorey, creating space for new growth.
In fact, insects play a critical role in breaking down the leaf litter to make forests less flammable.
By extinguishing smaller blazes, leaf litter, shrubs, and small plants build up in forests, increasing the fuel load.
Dr. Rowden said mulching mowers can reduce the mess, if you find leaf litter too unsightly to live with.
"They can normally be contained by clearing narrow fire breaks in the leaf litter and fine fuel," Barlow says.
While their larger cousins prefer rapid streams, the new species were found under marsh vegetation and damp forest leaf litter.
The leaf litter, which can be more than a foot thick, was thin and churned up where earthworms were present.
The animal lies dormant under the leaf litter, not breathing and without a pulse, through the coldest months of the winter.
Brewin: There are all these tangly lianas, you know, vines and things like that — very deep leaf litter in the forest areas.
"On the one hand, they are able to escape predators into the leaf-litter matrix, and exploit smaller food sources," he said.
Then, hopping in the leaf litter, still another species of poison dart frog, this one with green stripes and blue-speckled legs.
In 2015, Dr. Cameron published the results of a computer model aimed at figuring out the effect on leaf-litter over time.
The smallest mantises flit around in the leaf litter of Australia and are "no bigger than your pinkie nail," Dr. Svenson said.
This "smart" behavior makes sure it doesn't waste energy closing its trap on something that isn't insect prey—falling leaf litter, for example.
A better strategy: Leave leaf litter on the ground, spread mulch, or plant shade-loving natives to decorate the base of your tree.
When the insects were menaced by spiders and other ants, "they curled their bodies and disappeared" into the leaf litter, Dr. Grasso said.
"Second, the absence of leaf litter on farmlands leaves ticks susceptible to dehydration and predation, which also reduces tick population sizes," he added.
Leaving at least some, whether as leaf litter, as piles in a garden section or as a compost heap, can do a lot.
And as amphibians decline worldwide, difficulty finding them among dense vegetation and leaf litter, especially at night, makes tracking them for conservation tough.
This could interfere with an environment's natural allotment of fungi and bacteria and how they cycle nutrients and decompose matter like leaf litter.
Below the tangle of vines and branches of the East Malaysian rainforest, a small contingent of ants scuttles frenetically along the shaded leaf litter.
The tiny trailing vine has actually been green all winter, but it doesn't climb and seems content to hide below the forest's leaf litter.
Dormant ground cover is greening up through moldering leaf litter, and tiny green shoots are opening at the tips of saplings and woody shrubs.
Ticks love wooded and brushy areas with high grass and leaf litter, so if you like to hike, stick to the center of the trails.
To stay safe this summer, the CDC suggests avoiding places where ticks are known to live, such as wooded and brushy areas with high grass and leaf litter.
In the forests here in Tennessee, instead of tracking foxes in winter snow, I spent February being startled by precocious bloodroot and other wildflowers piercing the leaf litter.
"In the plots with no salamanders there were more shredders, and they consumed about 13 percent more of the leaf litter," the New York Times reported on the study.
It spends most of its time either high up in the trees in this Central American rainforest or rooting around in the gooey "leaf litter" of the forest floor.
Previous studies suggested that the worms ravenously consume this leaf litter, removing nutrients and locking them up in their coffee ground aggregates where germinating plants can't easily access them.
The couple would also rely on tracing Paw Impression Pads: sweeping leaf litter away from a likely spot, they would create a sandy clearing, then return to record pugmarks.
"So they're not doing all those things like turning over leaf litter and burying it," says Foster, which means there is more dry material left on the surface to burn.
I have a tool called a litter-sifter that I shake, and I get concentrated leaf litter that I can spread out on a sheet and sort through by hand.
However, a forest is more than its trees — it's the animals that spread seeds, the bacteria that fix nitrogen in the soil, and the fungi that digest decaying leaf litter.
It is a strikingly handsome plant that waits out the cold by pressing its leaves as close to the ground as possible, hiding under autumn's leaf litter and winter's snow.
As it turns out, most of the invading earthworms in the North American boreal appear to be the type that love to devour leaf litter and stay above ground, releasing carbon.
Sikich dragged in a roadkill deer and buried it with leaf litter, scraping the earth as a lion would, so that P-19 might think she'd stumbled on another lion's cache.
The CDC advises anyone spending time outdoors to treat clothing and gear with products containing 0.5% permethrin, and to avoid wooded and brushy areas with high grass and leaf litter if possible.
Endemic species such as the pink and white lady's slipper — Minnesota's state flower — as well as ferns, orchids and the saplings of coniferous trees rely on the spongy layer of leaf litter.
Though Indian pipes are sometimes found individually as a single "pipe" emerging along a trailside, they are also observed pushing through the leaf litter in tight bunches, sometimes numbering 30 or 40 stems.
Remember that one day soon the wind will die down, the tree limbs will be bare, and the small creatures that live beneath the leaf litter will burrow deep into the cold ground.
When a wildfire occurs in the Maya Forest, it's less a dramatic walled inferno and more a covert, relentless crawl through the leaf litter that sparks the understory and catches the trees above.
N.Y.C. Nature Red-backed salamanders are slender and distinctly wormlike — which is why their discovery by gardeners raking leaf litter or by children flipping logs can be startling when they skitter off on their four tiny legs.
Instead of relying on sunlight for fuel, they use the energy released from decomposing leaf litter in sea grass beds to turn carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide — the rotten-egg-smelling ingredient in swamp gas — into organic carbon.
It meant, after a slow stroll with his dog through bare woods on a misty November morning, uncovering a mushroom from the leaf-litter, cutting it off, weighing and savouring it and placing it, with reverence, in his basket.
At one point, these vanish into the carpet of leaf litter, gone shaggier since the storm, and Ransom spends a few minutes poking around for them beneath the slashed fronds before remembering that he has a nearly identical backup pair.
When flames are kept small and close to the ground, they clear the leaf litter, pine needles, and scrub that fuel wildfire, and consume saplings and low-level branches that would otherwise act as a ladder conveying fire to the canopy.
This is less of a problem during the wet spring months, when these salamanders can be found crawling through the leaf litter and even climbing the roots of mossy tree trunks in search of tiny insects, worms and other prey.
These plots were confirmed at the beginning of the study to be similar in such matters as plant-species richness, the relative abundance of the commonest species, the density and composition of woody stems in the area, and the moisture content of the leaf litter.
The tiny dark-eyed juncos that spent all summer in the Far North are back now, hopping around in the leaf litter, picking up the safflower seeds the tufted titmice push out of the feeder in their search for the sunflower seeds they prefer.
They have altered not just the depth of the leaf litter but also the types of plants the forest supports, said Adrian Wackett, who studied earthworms in the North American and European boreal forest for his master's degree at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul.
The slime mold Physarum polycephalum sometimes barely qualifies as a microorganism at all: When it oozes across the leaf litter of a forest floor during the active, amoeboid stage of its life cycle, it can look like a puddle of yellowish goo between an inch and a meter across.
Erin K. Cameron, an environmental scientist at Saint Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, who studies the boreal incursion of earthworms, found that 99.8 percent of the earthworms in her study area in Alberta belonged Dendrobaena octaedra, an invasive species that eats leaf litter but doesn't burrow into the soil.
One of my chief wintertime pleasures is to leave whole peanuts out for the squirrels to hide in their secret caches under the leaf litter and in the forks of trees — and then to watch the wily blue jays digging them up and carrying them away to their own hidy-holes.
Leaf litter accumulation depends on factors like wind, decomposition rate and species composition of the forest. The quantity, depth and humidity of leaf litter varies in different habitats. The leaf litter found in primary forests is more abundant, deeper and holds more humidity than in secondary forests. This condition also allows for a more stable leaf litter quantity throughout the year .
A leaf litter sieve is a piece of equipment used by entomologists, in particular by coleopterists (beetle collectors) (Cooter 1991, page 7) as an aid to finding invertebrates in leaf litter. A typical leaf litter sieve consists of a gauze with holes of approximately 5 to 10 mm width. The entomologist places handfuls of leaf litter into the sieve, which is placed above a white sheet or tray. The sieve is shaken, and insects are separated from the leaf litter and fall out for inspection.
Ctenophryne minor is known from humid tropical forest at about above sea level. It is a leaf litter species. Males calls from beneath leaf litter and from leaf-litter covered holes in the ground. No major threats to this species have been identified because it occurs in an area of little human impact.
This and the fact that both workers and dealate queens have been extracted from the leaf litter (Winkler method) may indicate that this species nests and forages in the leaf litter.
Pupation takes place in a flimsy cocoon amongst leaf litter.
It is largely herbivorous, and consumes leaf litter and seedlings.
This species lives among leaf litter and among ornamental plants.
Soils with an abundant leaf-litter are also favoured for feeding.
B. heteropa lives in forests, where it dwells in leaf-litter.
Its natural habitat is humid lowland forest, living in leaf-litter.
Leaf litter accumulation plays an important role in the restoration process. Higher quantities of leaf litter hold higher humidity levels, a key factor for the establishment of plants. The process of accumulation depends on factors like wind and species composition of the forest. The leaf litter found in primary forests is more abundant, deeper, and holds more humidity than in secondary forests.
Xenorhina subcrocea occurs beneath leaf-litter in rainforests at elevations below . All the males in the type series were located by their calling and then excavated from beneath the leaf litter from holes or open spaces among plant roots. The female type was found incidentally when searching below the leaf litter. Reproduction is through direct development (no free-living larval stage).
Micractaeon koptawelilensis inhabits forests. These snails are found in leaf litter samples.
Zachaenus are leaf-litter inhabitants of the Atlantic rainforest of southeastern Brazil.
Pupation occurs in a spheroidal silk cocoon in leaf litter or soil.
The preferred natural habitat of A. vanzolinia is sparse shrubby vegetation, dense shrubby vegetation, sparse arboreal vegetation, dense arboreal vegetation, sparse shrubby-arboreal vegetation, and dense shrubby-arboreal vegetation. It dwells within leaf litter around shrubs, leaf litter among bromeliads, leaf litter around rocky outcrops, and isolated leaf litter.Oliveira BHS, Pessanha ALM (2013). "Microhabitat use and diet of Anotosaura vanzolinia (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) in a Caatinga area, Brazil".
These snails live in leaf litter or under logs in the mesothermal rainforest.
Found in piles of humus, leaf litter and rotten timber, within agricultural lands.
It refers to on the close association of this species with leaf litter.
The pupa hibernates in leaf litter. Henry's elfin has one brood per year.
The bird forages for fruit, in the trees and on the leaf litter.
They forage in leaf litter and are "much more furtive than the other babblers".
The preferred habitat of A. meloi is leaf litter in relatively open, dry forest.
R. sulcarostrum is found in leaf litter on the floor of high-canopy rainforest.
Ectopsocids have been found to inhabit dead leaves on tree branches and leaf litter.
The eastern whipbird is insectivorous, recovering insects from leaf litter on the forest floor.
Found in moist leaf litter, under stones and logs in forests. Diet comprises insects.
P. hedigeri is crepuscular or nocturnal. It burrows in leaf litter and rotten logs.
Fieldwork in the Dryandra Woodland found that it prefers locations with thicker canopy, a thicker layer of leaf litter and logs. The latter two directly provide habitat for insects upon which the western yellow robin feeds, while the canopy makes for cooler ground temperatures (as well as more leaf litter) that is also favourable to insects. The presence of wandoo trees (Eucalyptus wandoo) and shrubs of the genus Gastrolobium also indicates thicker leaf litter. The species also avoids parts of the woodland bordering on adjacent farmland, as these areas have a thinner layer of leaf litter.
The hindwings are dark brown with yellow tips. The inner margin of each wing has a hairy fringe wider than the wing itself. The larvae live in dead leaf litter. They feed on dead leaf litter from various plants, including Eucalyptus species.
P. oppidanus lives in damp shaded areas in undisturbed leaf litter, stones and woody detritus.
There are several colour morphs. Pupation takes place in a cocoon spun amongst leaf litter.
Mecodema manaia is found in the native broadleaf forest, especially areas with deep leaf litter.
Glanapterygine phylogeny indicates the evolution of the group followed a trend of decreasing dependence on leaf litter and increasing association with sand. Listrura species occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. Little is known about the habitats of the species of Glanapteryx, but information available indicates they have been collected in association with leaf litter underlain with sand. By contrast, Pygidianops and Typhlobelus are entirely disassociated from leaf litter, and occupy exclusively clear water, loose sand; some species have been found to live exclusively in the substratum of the sand (rather than on the sand surface or in the water column above the sand), which could be the first vertebrates identified to be part of the meiofauna of benthic organisms.
It is made on the ground among leaf litter. The species hibernates in the pupal stage.
The western potato orchid grows in woodland and forest in leaf litter between Bunbury and Albany.
Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 20 mm. Pupation takes place in leaf litter.
Succinea costaricana usually lives under leaf litter. In Costa Rica the species reproduces all year round.
It is often found in the leaf litter or burrowed in the soil in rain forests.
It is often found in the leaf litter or burrowing in the soil in rain forests.
P. isolata has been observed living in leaf litter and rotting logs on the forest floor.
Most millipedes are detritivores and feed on decomposing vegetation, feces, or organic matter mixed with soil. They often play important roles in the breakdown and decomposition of plant litter: estimates of consumption rates for individual species range from 1 to 11 percent of all leaf litter, depending on species and region, and collectively millipedes may consume nearly all the leaf litter in a region. The leaf litter is fragmented in the millipede gut and excreted as pellets of leaf fragments, algae, fungi, and bacteria, which facilitates decomposition by the microorganisms. Where earthworm populations are low in tropical forests, millipedes play an important role in facilitating microbial decomposition of the leaf litter.
The pale yellowish-brown pupa are spun in a silken cocoon, on the ground amongst leaf litter.
Little is known about their biology, but they appear to live in the leaf litter of rainforests.
From this time onward, they generally disappear into new leaf litter to await the coming spring months.
They forage in the trees and the leaf litter for insects such as orthopterans, roaches, and beetles.
The northern waterthrush is a terrestrial ground feeder, eating insects, mollusks, and crustaceans found amongst leaf litter.
Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon amongst leaf-litter. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
Pupation takes place on the ground between leaf- litter. Larvae can be found in May and June.
They can be found mainly at tree trunks, under leaf litter or stones and on walls. They prefer shady and rocky environments in deciduous forests, at an elevation of above sea level. They can be found mainly at tree trunks, under leaf litter or stones and on walls.
The tiger snake is oviparous. Females lay half a dozen to several dozen eggs in damp leaf litter.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Plumeria species. Pupation takes place in cocoons spun amongst leaf litter.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Avicennia germinans. Pupation takes place in cocoons spun amongst leaf litter.
The preferred habitat of A. angulatus is leaf litter in lowland, tropical forests, or wetlands at altitudes of .
2013 Haplotrema concavum is found living in leaf litter near the base of trees, or under rotting logs.
Adults are often seen on tree bark. Juveniles have been found on leaf litter and leaves on shrubs.
Eggs are laid in moss and leaf-litter. The eggs develop directly without a free-living tadpole stage.
Scolopendra cingulata is a burrowing animal, preferring dark, damp environments such as beneath logs and in leaf litter.
The preferred habitat of S. poindexteri is leaf litter of Coccoloba uvifera and hardwood trees at altitudes of .
Nepenthes ampullaria, unlike other members of its genus, has evolved away from carnivory and the plants are partly detritivores, collecting and digesting falling leaf litter in their pitchers.Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria.
Due to having a high surface to volume ratio, the Paedophryne amauensis are subject to water-loss and dependent on the high-moisture content of leaf litter. Similar to all species of Paedophryne known so far, members of Paedophryne amauensis live in the leaf litter on the floors of tropical forests.
Mature snails are hermaphroditic. A mating pair will cross-fertilize, and each individual may lay eggs. They bury the eggs in soil or leaf litter. A captive colony of Triodopsis platysayoides laid small cluster of 3 to 5 eggs in the soil under the leaf litter in the spring and summer.
The spider is known to inhabit only temperate Nothofagus rainforest habitats in the Victorian Central Highlands, in leaf litter.
It's often found under decaying logs and stumps and in the leaf litter of maple trees and Polystichum ferns.
T. l. texanum is a relatively common fossorial subspecies, and spends most of its time buried in leaf litter.
Adults have orange forewings with a broad brown hairy margin. The larvae are thought to feed in leaf litter.
Adults feed on small insects (e.g., Drosophila) and other arthropods. Tadpoles are herbivorous, feeding on algae and leaf litter.
Polydesmids are very common in leaf litter, where they burrow by levering with the anterior end of the body.
Leaf litter of all kinds is where the Asian cockroach is most commonly found. In the Southern states of America, typical mulch types include cypress, oak leaf litter, pine, rubber, and topsoil. As leaf litter is used as domestic mulching for general purpose landscaping, using this type of mulch can affect how dense indoor populations of the Asian cockroach can be. They are predominantly a nocturnal species of cockroach, although they live and breed outdoors, they are attracted to light sources will find their way into buildings.
The larvae can be found in pit traps or in litter on the forest floor. They feed on leaf litter.
Bisaya nossidiiformis is a beetle that is native to Iran. Its diet consists of mainly dead wood and leaf litter .
Although some other Volvariella species have an appearance similar to V. surrecta, they grow in grass or in leaf litter.
Thema macroscia is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is found in Australia. The larvae feed on leaf litter.
Arthroleptis species are terrestrial leaf-litter frogs that feed on a range of terrestrial arthropods, such as ants and termites.
In captivity, G. groenlandica have also been observed anchoring themselves to leaf litter of Salix arctica during the diapausal period.
These frogs camouflage very well with leaf litter and can be very difficult to find if they are not active.
The natural habitat of E. anthonyi is the leaf litter on the floor of tropical dry forests, especially near streams.
The green spur orchid grows in leaf litter, often on steep slopes near streams in rainforest between Mossman and Tully.
Hemipsocus is a genus of leaf litter barklice in the family Hemipsocidae. There are about 17 described species in Hemipsocus.
M. isolata is largely carnivorous, feeding on invertebrates in the leaf litter, but will also eat plant material in captivity.
The species can be found in soils with limestone substrate, under rocks and leaf litter and within crevices in rock.
L. gansi hides under logs, stones, leaf litter, becoming active and coming out for foraging in morning and at dusk.
Found in elevations up to 800m, in rock crevices, under leaf litter or under logs, and seen basking at midday.
These frogs are found in montane areas close to streams in the leaf-litter, or underneath stones in the streams.
The natural habitat of C. warreni is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests underneath leaf litter and underneath forest debris.
During the night, the snails have been found equally on both rock surfaces, and on the leaf litter near rock features. The species has been observed foraging and resting under wet leaves (next to rock structure), and moving across the leaf litter to a rock feature. There are no known diseases of Triodopsis platysayoides.
A few species feed in the leaf litter; for example, the wing-banded antbird forages in areas of dense leaf- litter. It does not use its feet to scratch the leaf litter, as do some other birds; instead it uses its long bill to turn over leaves rapidly (never picking them up). The antbirds that forage arboreally show a number of techniques and specialisations. Some species perch-glean, perching on a branch watching for prey and snatching it by reaching forward, where others sally from a perch and snatch prey on the wing.
Although they do occur in urban areas, their preferred habitat is humid forest areas with abundant leaf litter, especially oak forests.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Allamanda blanchetii and Allamanda cathartica. Pupation takes place in cocoons spun amongst leaf litter.
Due to its fast metabolism, it needs to eat constantly. It digs through moist soils and decaying leaf litter for food.
The exit-slit is located on the upper side. Pupation takes place in a dark fuscous cocoon, spun on leaf litter.
T. tenuis is usually found in low vegetation, moss, and leaf litter where it feeds on various insects including Listronotus bonariensis.
The lined snake is semifossorial, spending most of its time hiding under rocks, leaf litter, logs, or buried in the soil.
Garthius chaseni is found in submontane forests, living in leaf litter on the forest floor at elevations between above sea level.
Like other pupinids, elephant pupinid snails are important decomposers, feeding on decaying organic matter under leaf litter on the forest floor.
Pupation takes place by between July and August, with “hairy…mottled brown” pupas congregated in leaf litter underneath the host plant.
The habitat of Succinea approximans ranges from relatively dry places to wet areas. In Grenada, Succinea approximans lives among leaf litter.
Adults are on wing from June to August in a single generation in western Europe.UKmoths Indoors, they can be observed till October. The larvae feed on leaf litter, vegetable detritus, rotten leaves and can also be found in waste of straw in barns and stables. Pupation takes place in a loose cocoon, covered with excrements amongst leaf litter.
Species of the genus Allobates are mostly small frogs. Dorsal colouration is cryptic, with the exception of the Allobates femoralis group that has bright colours. They are mostly terrestrial frogs found in the leaf litter of tropical rain forests. Most species deposit eggs in the leaf litter; tadpoles are transported to the water on the backs of the parents.
The larvae have external gills, and live in seepage areas until they metamorphose. The adults live in moist soil and leaf litter.
Grymeus is a tiny genus of goblin spiders that is found in Australia. They live in leaf litter and under tree bark.
This species of orchid can be hard to spot, being camouflaged against the leaf litter. Across Europe, this species flowers May-June.
A terrestrial species, it is found on leaf litter in well-shaded forests, usually in pairs. Two soft-shelled eggs are laid.
Display in the Australian Museum Barking spiders live in the Australian desert and are ambush predators from burrows placed among leaf litter.
This species lives in wet moss and leaf litter in woodlands on calcareous soils. Because it is minute, it is easily overlooked.
The route has been criticised for being too close to trees for much of the route, potentially leading to increased leaf litter.
Other introductions include 18 species of ant, one of the most abundant taxa in leaf litter habitats.Reagan and Waide, pp. 159–160.
It is a terrestrial species living in leaf litter near water. It is a rare species that is threatened by habitat loss.
This species lives in open forests in the leaf litter."Species Meridolum middenense McLauchlan, 1954" . Australian Faunal Directory, accessed 24 March 2011.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Downloaded on 08 September 2014. This snail lives in deep, moist leaf litter.
The smooth earth snake is a small, fossorial species which spends most of its time buried in loose soil or leaf litter.
Lay 2 eggs at a time in rock crevices, tree holes, leaf litter between June–August. Hatchlings emerge during August and September.
Most known species nest in the soil, in decaying wood, or in leaf litter. Some live in trees or in termite nests.
The habitat is alluvial forest and high moorland forest. The larvae feed in a case among detritus and leaf-litter on the ground.
The chrysalis is usually formed in leaf litter. Many chrysalises can make faint noises. Scientists believe this noise might ward off predatory ants.
The Norfolk thrush foraged mainly on the ground, in leaf litter, for small invertebrates, seeds and fallen fruit.Higgins et al. (2006), p. 1872.
The fruit bodies of Lepiota babruka grow singly on the ground among decaying leaf litter. It is known only from the type locality.
In the absence of fire, a thick layer of leaf litter can encroach on the open mire which in turn stifles fen vegetation.
Adults are diurnal and live in leaf- litter. Eggs are laid on the forest floor, and the male carries the tadpoles to streams.
It lives in leaf litter in moist spots, sometimes next to waterfalls. Its habitat lies within Parque Natural da Madeira, a protected area.
Liparis petricola grows in rainforest, often in leaf litter on large granite boulders and is found between Kuranda and the Kirrama National Park.
Species are often recovered from soil or leaf litter placed on agar in Petri dishes. Acaulopage tetroceros is the most commonly reported species.
B. imbellis lives in sluggish bodies of water. This includes rice paddies, swamps, streams and ponds. The substrate is leaf litter and mud.
The banded fleshy jewel orchid grows in leaf litter and on rocks in rainforest and moist woodland between the Iron Range and Eungella.
Mycena galopus is a saprobic fungus, and plays an important role in forest ecosystems as a decomposer of leaf litter. It has been estimated in the UK to account for a large portion of the decomposition of the autumn leaf litter in British woodlands. It is able to break down the lignin and cellulose components of leaf litter. Grown in axenic culture in the laboratory, the fungus mycelium has been shown to degrade (in addition to lignin and cellulose) hemicelluloses, protein, soluble carbohydrates, and purified xylan and pectin using enzymes such as polyphenol oxidases, cellulases, and catalase.
The eggs are deposited in a hole, and hatch after 81–90 days. However, hatchlings have been founded in the wild also during colder months such as December and January. Hatchlings which emerge from eggs laid in humus or among leaf litter can be observed frequently occupying the ground where dead branch sticks and leaf litter well camouflaged them from the possible predators.
The leaf litter of the Lebanon oak is used as a biological pest control—herbivore insect repellent for protecting other plants. Its leaves placed as a mulch layer around vulnerable plants effectively repels snails, slugs, and grubs. Fresh leaves can inhibit plant growth, and so are not used directly from the tree. Being deciduous, much beneficial leaf litter is produced in the autumn.
The seasonal patterns in respiration are controlled by leaf litter fall and precipitation, the driving force moving the decomposable carbon from the litter to the soil. Respiration rates are highest early in the wet season because the recent dry season results in a large percentage of leaf litter and thus a higher percentage of organic matter being leached into the soil.
Mixophyes fleayi tadpole. This species is associated with flowing streams and creeks in rainforest and adjacent wet sclerophyll and Antarctic Beech forest. Males make a "ok-ok-ok-ok-ok" or "arrrrk" call from leaf litter beside streams after rain during spring and summer. Eggs are laid in a dug out nest in gravel and leaf litter in shallow flowing water.
This species lives in soil and among leaf litter in woodland. In the laboratory it can be maintained on twigs covered with green algae.
Trochosa aquatica is found among in leaf litter or in small depressions near paddy fields. The adult spiders are found from May to August.
The natural habitat of A. atriventris is lowland tropical forest at altitudes of , where it lives in the leaf litter of the forest floor.
S. molesta is known to nest in rotten wood in pine–oak forests, and workers have been collected from leaf litter in said forests.
Osornophryne sumacoensis can be active both day and night. It is a terrestrial species. During the daytime specimens have been found under leaf- litter.
The preferred habitats of S. bicolor are lowland rainforest and Andean cloud forest; in both it is found in leaf litter and in bushes.
The nest is a scrape on the ground and the clutch consists of a single egg. The chicks are well camouflaged among leaf litter.
Henkel's leaf-tailed gecko lives an arboreal lifestyle, often venturing down to the ground only to lay eggs in soft soil and leaf litter.
Goodyera umbrosa usually grows in leaf litter and in rock crevices in rainforest between Mount Finnigan and Mount Fox in Cedar Bay National Park.
This species is a specialist ant-follower that relies upon swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
Caladenia variegata occurs on both the North and South Islands of New Zealand and on the Chatham Islands, growing in forest, usually in leaf litter.
Specimens may grow directly on soil or leaf litter, or on tree bark or stones. Shaded locations are preferred to those that receive direct sunlight.
Mycena austrofilopes is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It has been found growing in leaf litter under Eucalyptus trees in Victoria, Australia.
The pupa can be found from November to June, in a pale orcheous to light reddish brown cocoon, on the ground or in leaf litter.
Most species are coprophagous, but some feed on carrion, others on fungi, and the smaller species may utilize leaf litter (saprophagous). They are largely diurnal.
It was first discovered from submontane forest patches in Morningside, Matara. It is a diurnal skink commonly found under leaf litter on the forest floor.
Kraits are oviparous. The female lays a clutch of 12 to 14 eggs in piles of leaf litter, and stays with them until they hatch.
The São Tomé leaf-litter skink (Panaspis thomensis) is a species of lidless skinks in the family Scincidae. The species is found on São Tomé.
Cryptosporangium cibodasense is a bacterium species from the genus of Cryptosporangium which has been isolated from leaf litter from the Cibodas Botanical Garden in Indonesia.
Leaf litter A monodominant forest has generally very deep leaf litter because the leaves are not decomposing as quickly as in other forests. In some monodominant forests the decomposition rates can be two to three times slower than mixed forests. Low ammonium and nitrate could be the result of this slow decomposition which in turn, means less nutrients in the soil for other plant species to use.
Cycloramphus stejnegeri occurs in forests at relatively high altitudes; the holotype was collected from above sea level. It is usually found under leaf litter but sometimes also in burrows. The eggs are deposited under leaf litter in burrows or under logs; the tadpoles are terrestrial and live away from water. Cycloramphus stejnegeri is an uncommon species that has not been recorded from disturbed habitats.
B. leopardus pair in amplexus Saddleback toads live in the leaf litter on forest floors, but on occasion may move to higher perches up to off the ground. During dry conditions, both sexes tend to stay hidden in the leaf litter and there is little noticeable activity, but during the wet season and high humidity the males and in some species also females may move to the top of the leaf litter. In some species, they often take up quite conspicuous positions during this time. Overall the saddleback toads are mostly active during the day, but some activity also occurs during the night and some species possibly are mostly nocturnal.
Most of them are brick-red in colour. They are protected from predators by being toxic. The predaceous larvae grow under bark or in leaf litter.
When it descends to the ground it changes its green and brown colors into more shades of brown and becomes well camouflaged with the leaf-litter.
For example, Ward (2000) found that Nylanderia (recorded as Paratrechina) was the fifth-most frequently encountered ant genus in leaf-litter samples from around the world.
They typically return just prior to dawn to a designated and well- concealed resting place within vegetation or leaf litter, where they remain throughout the day.
The natural habitats of the Chrinda toad are lowland and montane evergreen forests where it lives in leaf- litter or hides in or under rotten logs.
The hidden spider orchid grows in dense shrubland and tall forest in partly decomposed leaf litter. It occurs on the North, South and Three Kings Islands.
Copiula is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to New Guinea. The common name Mehely frogs has been coined for them. They are leaf-litter inhabitants.
Hemipsocus chloroticus is a species of leaf litter barklouse in the family Hemipsocidae. It is found in Africa, Central America, North America, Oceania, and Southern Asia.
Newsteadia is a genus of ensign scale insects in the superfamily Coccoidea. Most species are inconspicuous, measuring under two millimeters long and found in leaf litter.
This probably aids in both camouflage against the leaf litter and in making the small animals harder to eat. Young tortoises are generally more colorful overall.
They greatly favor locations near water or near moss, and are often found in leaf litter and detritus or on the leaves of shrubs and trees.
Tantilla are nocturnal, secretive snakes. They spend most of their time buried in the moist leaf litter of semi-forested regions or under rocks and debris.
It forages on the ground, fossicking through leaf litter and other debris under bushes, and into cavities but will also feed up in the vegetation at times.
The males are mature in autumn and the females are probably mature throughout the year. It is generally found under stones and logs and in leaf litter.
The fungus is saprobic, and grows on the ground, in leaf litter, or on decomposing wood. It has been collected in Spain, South Carolina, Florida, and Bermuda.
Allobates talamancae lay the eggs in the leaf-litter, and both parents carry the tadpoles to streams where they complete their development in small, water-filled depressions.
It tolerates habitat modification as long as trees are present. It has been found in leaf litter and in bromeliads. It can be threatened by habitat loss.
It is usually found in the leaf-litter on the forest floor, or on leaves in low vegetation inside the forest. Female frogs reach snout–vent length.
In leaf litter at night, Amazon rainforest, near Nauta, Peru, 2011 Principally a denizen of tropical rainforest, this species also invades dry forest and lower montane forests.
Little is known about the biology of this subfamily. Species may be found in leaf litter, under bark, or in ant nests. They are detritivores and fungivores.
It lives in leaf litter on rocky slopes and in abandoned conifer plantations. The population is likely stable, but potential threats include recreational activities on the mountains.
Corybas cryptanthus is a terrestrial, perennial, saprophytic, herb with its leaves reduced to tiny triangular scales on horizontal rhizoids buried in leaf litter. There is a single more or transparent whitish to pinkish flower with red or purple streaks. Its dorsal sepal is long and lance-shaped. The lateral sepals and petals are thread-like, the lateral sepals longer than the petals and often appear above the leaf litter.
The fact that workers were extracted from leaf litter (Winkler method) or were collected in pitfall samples, while no gynes were found, suggests that this species nests in the soil, but workers forage in the leaf litter when abiotic conditions are favorable. Localities where the species was found have a mean annual rainfall and temperature ranging from 593 to 887 mm and from 23 to 25 °C, respectively.
This species inhabits leaf litter. Birds and captive monkeys have been observed crushing these millipedes and rubbing their secretions on their wings or fur, probably to repel insects.
P. hastatus has an extremely sensitive sense of smell. When foraging for food, it can locate hidden pieces of banana amongst the leaf litter on the forest floor.
Stropharia ambigua, sometimes known as the questionable Stropharia, is a saprotrophic agaric mushroom, commonly fruiting in leaf litter and wood chips in the western United States and Canada.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Downloaded on 03 September 2014. This species lives mainly in moist deciduous forest habitat under leaf litter and ivy.
Threatened Species of the Northern Territory. This snail has a tightly coiled shell approximately one centimeter wide. It lives in leaf litter and probably consumes dead plant matter.
They then cut the shield and descend into the leaf litter for pupation.Natural History of the Tupelo Leafminer Larvae can be found from late August to early September.
Folia Malacologica 11/2: 33-38. In the case of populations that live in milder, oceanic climates such as Great Britain, snails can also hibernate within leaf litter.
During the day when it is less active it is prefers to shelter under rocks and fallen logs and among leaf litter and also in calcareous coastal sands.
Pleurodonte nigrescens lives in damp leaf litter on the forest floor. This species appears to prefer relatively undisturbed habitats, especially in rain forest at higher altitudes in Dominica.
The natural habitats of P. gardineri are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, where it burrows in the leaf litter and soil.
Often, there is a water source nearby and rocks, woody debris or leaf litter that these snakes use for cover. Rubber Boas are found across the entire state.
Laufeia is a spider genus of the jumping spider family, Salticidae, with a mainly Asian distribution, where they are found on tree trunks and branches or among leaf litter.
Megophrys boettgeri is a reasonably common species associated with riparian vegetation, hill streams and leaf-litter in evergreen forest habitats. These frogs breed in streams. Tadpoles are in length.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Downloaded on 16 April 2015. The frog lays its eggs in forest leaf litter, then carries the young to water.
The eggs are buried in a cavity under the leaf litter and take about six weeks to hatch. The juvenile snails that emerge are about long and grow slowly.
This greenhood mostly grows in montane ecosystems, usually in Nothofagus forest, often in deep leaf litter or moss beds. It is found on the North, South and Stewart Islands.
Its natural habitats are lowland and mid-elevation primary rainforests. It occurs on the forest floor in leaf litter and along stream banks. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Taiwan thrush forages through trees, low vegetation, and on the ground in leaf litter. Its diet includes a variety of invertebrates as well as seeds, berries and fruit.
Karri forest is found on loamy soils, but may include wetlands, river edges, heathland and rocky outcrops. Leaf litter (i.e. twigs, leaves and branches which fall from trees to the ground) plays a substantial role in nutrient recycling and has been measured at 9.45 tonnes per hectare in mature forest. Leaf litter fall and nutrient cycling of calcium, potassium and magnesium in mature forest is the highest reported for any eucalypt forest.
They often habit under moist leaf litter, where they hunt small invertebrates. The males will also call from leaf litter close to a water source. It is suspected that the barred frog tadpoles eat carrion, if available, after both great barred frog (Mixophyes fasciolatus) and Fleay's barred frog (Mixophyes fleayi) tadpoles have both been observed eating carrion. The genus consists of large frogs; the giant barred frog is the second largest frog in Australia.
Oliver's greenhood grows in forest and scrub, often on the side of streams or in dense leaf litter on the South Island from near Nelson to Arthurs Pass National Park.
Melanostoma sp., oviposition Melanostoma is a large genus of hoverflies. Little is known of their biology, but they are suspected to be general predators of small insects in leaf litter.
The preferred habitats of S. vincenti are forest and shrubland. Population density is greatest in moist, shaded leaf-litter. These microhabitats provide shelter, access to prey, and protection against desiccation.
Adults are on wing from May to September. There seem to be two or more generations per year. The larvae feed on dead grass, leaf litter and living clover leaves.
Elachistocleis ovalis lives in leaf litter and in tree holes in tropical rainforests and on the forest edges, grasslands, and shrublands. It breeds in ponds where eggs and larvae develop.
It is found in moist forest areas, and during drier periods it shelters under rocks, rotting logs and in leaf litter. It is often seen after periods of heavy rain.
A nocturnal, terrestrial, and semiarboreal species, S. insulomontanus has been found foraging on the forest floor in leaf litter, and coiled in bromeliads above the ground.Torres-Carvajal et al. (2015).
L. bougainvillii is seldom seen as much of its life is spent beneath leaf-litter, loose sand, and thin stone slabs.Cogger HG (1979). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia. Sydney: Reed.
Cheesemans spider orchid grows in deep shade, often buried in deep rotting leaf litter in tall scrub or forest. It occurs on the North, South, Three Kings and Chatham Islands.
Periegops keani occurs in forests with deep leaf litter layers and well drained soil. P. keani is only known from the East Cape and the Alderman Islands of New Zealand.
Like other megapodes, it nests in large mounds of sand, leaf litter and other debris where the heat generated by the decomposition of organic material serves to incubate the eggs.
Prey is generally gleaned from the branches and leaves of trees, although in some circumstances prey may be taken on the wing or from the leaf litter on the ground.
They have enlarged eyes composed of coarse facets protruding on their heads, a feature seen in many weevil groups that spend their lives in dark canopies or in leaf litter.
Like most millipedes, Sphaerotheriida inhabit mainly the leaf litter of humid forests. Some species, however, show an arboreal (tree-living) lifestyle, and in these the rolling-up reflex has been suppressed.
Leaf litter depth at the site was ca. 2–5 cm. deep, and canopy height was about 15 m tall. Mosses were common on tree trunks and branches around the flowers.
Conturbatia crenata lives in woodland areas with Pterocarpus indicus, also known as the New Guinea Rosewood tree. It inhabits leaf litter and habitats with dead wood. Conturbatia crenata feeds on carrion.
Betta chloropharynx is a species of gourami endemic to Bangka Island, Indonesia. It inhabits the leaf litter in a pool in a secondary forest. This species grows to a length of .
Engystomops freibergi is a locally common species found in lowland Amazon rainforest. These frogs are nocturnal and usually found in the leaf litter in primary forest. They feed primarily on termites.
The Persian ratsnake is principally regarded as a terrestrial species, spending most of its time in the leaf litter; however, it is also an agile climber and will mount low brush.
Adults are on wing in several generations in the tropics. The larvae feed on Echites umbellata, Ficus carica and other Ficus species. Pupation takes place in cocoons spun among leaf litter.
The inbound ants on the trail deliver prey that was captured by the outbound swarming ants. A trail of foraging Eciton burchellii Eciton burchellii raids move as a loose swarm over the leaf litter. This allows for smaller prey to take shelter in the crevices of the leaf litter to hide from the oncoming ants. Since numerous insects and other small prey can escape the swarm, the frequent raids of the ants do not desecrate an area's prey reserves.
The type series was collected from lower montane rainforest at above sea level. Males call at night from under leaf litter, or from within shallow burrows in the soil or compacted leaf litter. The species was relatively common, but difficult to collect because of its cryptic habits; a few animals were active on the forest floor at night. As of mid-2018, this species has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
They occur between sea level and 1000m above sea level. They are generally found in moister, denser vegetation cover than the little buttonquail, but also inhabit semi-arid zones. The common factors in their desired habitat seems to be bare ground and abundant leaf litter, little or no understorey, patches of tussock grass or sedges. The birds normally forage in open area of deep leaf litter, and retreat to the undercover of tussocks or woody debris if threatened.
The foraging areas between each family of nests are strictly defined. O. bauri has been observed staying within the same area while foraging, because it would not dare step into its neighbor's foraging area. O. bauri usually spends its time below the leaf litter, classifying it as a leaf-litter ant. It is also widely known as a generalist predator. A few of O. bauri’s common prey include worms, spiders, termites, ants, butterflies, flies, and beetles.
These moths fly in the day. The flight period ranges from May to July. The caterpillar feeds on birch leaf litter. The adult moth feeds on Persicaria bistorta, Leucanthemum vulgare and nettles.
The species is known only from its type locality at Thistle Cove at Cape Le Grand National Park. They were found in leaf litter in a dense coastal thicket of Banksia speciosa.
In Australia, it can be found in temperate to subtropical rainforest and eucalypt forest as well as heathland. Fruiting bodies may appear in groups among the leaf litter from January to June.
Black robins forage in the leaf litter on the ground for grubs, cockroaches, wētā, and worms. Black robins will hunt for food during the day and night and have good night vision.
Species of Heterometrus live in vegetated, often forested, humid regions with subtropical to tropical climates. As most scorpions, they are predominantly nocturnal and hide in burrows, below logs, and in leaf litter.
The fruit bodies of Lepiota shveta grow singly or scattered on the ground and in decaying leaf litter. The species is known only from the type locality, where it is fairly common.
It is a leaf litter species. The eggs are deposited in slow-flowing streams during the dry season. It tolerates a slight degree of habitat degradation. Habitat loss is a localized threat.
The species also frequently forages on the ground among logs and leaf litter. White-browed Treecreepers forage alone, in small family groups or during winter within mixed-species assemblages comprising other insectivores.
Crepidium marsupichilum is widespread and common in tropical north Queensland including in the Iron Range and McIlwraith Range and on Torres Strait Islands where it grows in leaf litter in shady rainforest.
Mounds receive the highest amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and pits the lowest amount. Pits also have much higher amounts of leaf litter than mounds, who have high tendencies to erode.
This single specimen was collected from leaf litter in lowland dipterocarp forest in southern Sri Lanka, near a stream at the bottom of a slope in the drier period of the year.
Species has been collected from leaf litter in both the habitats. The collection site at Machedi has a patchy Cedrus forest along with agricultural land surrounding the site; moreover the area has lot of anthropogenic activities with a dry type of environment (mean temperature during collection period 32 °C, relative humidity 36.62%, annual rain fall 970 mm and thickness of leaf litter 2.1 cm). The collection site at Sarthal has dense Cedrus forest with abundant leaf litter, no agricultural land, it remains snow clad from November to beginning of March and has very limited anthropogenic activities with only nomads visiting the area (mean temperature during collection period 22 °C, relative humidity 66.38%, annual rain fall 1476 mm and thickness of leaf litter 3.9 cm) with comparatively wet environment. This zone where the species is distributed is a transitional zone between sub temperate and temperate Himalaya and geographically it penetrates in to the Palearctic realm (whose boundary in Southern Asia is largely altitudinal, where an altitude of 2000–2500 meters above mean sea level forms the boundary between Palearctic and Indomalayan realms).
The species can be found in soils with limestone substrate, under rocks and leaf litter and within crevices in rock. It can be found on vertical rock surfaces in areas of high humidity.
Phallus hadriani Phallus mushrooms are found amongst leaf litter in damp woodland with the rhizomorphs attached to buried wood. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but with richer species diversity in tropical regions.
The larva is sluggish, sitting outstretched on the undersides of young leaves of the host plant. Pupation takes place in the surface of the soil in a strong cocoon which incorporates leaf litter.
Pholiota communis is a species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Southeastern Australia. The small brown mushrooms appear in leaf litter of pines and eucalypts in autumn and winter.
The white-plumed antbird is an insectivore that eats insects, arthropods and at times lizards. Like all obligate antbirds, they rely on army ants to flush out these prey from the leaf litter.
Tetheamyrma is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Tetheamyrma subspongia. The genus is known only from two workers collected in a leaf litter sample in eastern Malaysia.
Once the ootheca is extruded it is deposited in suitably moist leaf litter. Nymphs lead a life hidden below the ground and may go as deep as 30 cm during the dry season.
Larvae can be found from April to May and from July to the beginning of August. Pupation takes place in a white cocoon outside of the mine, attached to vegetation or leaf litter.
De Witte’s leaf-litter skink or De Witte’s five-toed skink (Leptosiaphos dewittei) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. It is found in Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola.
Arthroleptis lameerei is a leaf-litter species that presumably occurs in savanna woodlands and forests. Development is direct (i.e., no free- living larval stage). It is very common in parts of its range.
The species' natural habitat is montane rainforest where they live in leaf litter and beneath logs. The threats to this poorly known species are unknown; this frog has not been seen since 1987.
The Mexican burrowing caecilian (Dermophis mexicanus) is a species of limbless amphibian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found in Mexico and Central America, where it burrows under leaf litter and plant debris.
This small snail lives in damp leaf litter and decaying fallen beech logs. It is often found around polypore and bolete fungi.Pilsbry H. A. (1948). Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico).
It lives in the leaf litter of tropical forest habitat, and it can utilize disturbed habitat and plantations.Nussbaum, R., Raxworthy, C.J. & Cadle, J. 2008. Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
They burrow in the sediment at the bottom of the water body, with the nymphs of the dragonhunter (Hagenius brevistylus) living among damp bark and leaf litter at the edge of the water.
It lives in leaf litter and rock cracks in grassland habitat. Its range is not protected, but there are few immediate threats to the habitat and the population is thought to be stable.
Before mating, the male catches prey to present as a gift to the female. Only then the mating takes place.Nature Spot The creamy-yellow larvae live underneath the ground and in leaf litter.
The common Puerto Rican ameiva or Puerto Rican ground lizard (Pholidoscelis exsul) is a species of lizard in the whiptail family."Ameiva exsul ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. Pholidoscelis exsul on leaf litter.
Nests are made using mineral soil and leaf litter in a shaded environment. Old tree remains and tree roots can also be utilised to make nests. V. rufa is a common wasp species.
Stream bed consists mostly of bedrock, boulder, rounded stones and gravel. In stream cover is mostly rock, woody debris and a small amount of macrophytes, leaf litter, undercut stream banks and overhanging vegetation.
S. lateralis lives in a variety of habitats, including deciduous or mixed deciduous/coniferous forests, hedgerows, and the edges of streams and ponds. It does require a deep substrate, such as leaf litter.
They spend much time during mornings and at dusk scratching in leaf litter or around termitaria, or may stand motionless for long periods. Following rains breeding birds call and display from the mid-canopy.
Hygrocybe fuhreri is a mushroom of the waxcap genus Hygrocybe. Described by mycologist Anthony M. Young in 2000, it is found in Australia, where it grows in moss and leaf litter in eucalypt woodland.
Stigmacros is an Australian genus of small ants in the subfamily Formicinae. The genus is endemic to Australia. They are generalist predators that forage in the leaf litter, on the ground or in trees.
Ambystoma bishopi is a burrowing species of salamander and lives among the leaf litter beneath longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and wiregrass (Aristida stricta) in the flatwoods coastal plain ecosystems of the Southeastern United States.
The habitat ranges from dry, arid land to moist deciduous forest. The microhabitat in which this frog is found includes leaf litter or under rocks, in crevices or in open spaces in arid areas.
The larvae feed on Plantago alpina. Full-grown larvae reach a length of 12–13 mm. They are black brown slightly tinged with greenish. They overwinter in a silken tube covered with leaf litter.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, in particular mature gallery forests. It occurs on the ground or in deep leaf-litter on the forest floor. It is locally threatened by habitat loss.
The cinnamon ground dove's diet consists mainly of insects but also feeds on fallen fruits and seeds. It scavenges through the leaf litter that lays on the ground to find most of its food.
Almost nothing is known of the behaviour of this species. It is very secretive and seems to spend most of the day hiding amongst leaf litter, under logs and possibly even below the ground.
Pterochroza ocellata was described by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. In tropical regions such as northern South America, monkeys are among its major predators, actively searching for katydids by sorting through leaf litter.
A montane representative of Lanka skinks, L. taylori is found in moist leaf litter, under stones and logs in forests from above sea level, at Sinharaja, Knuckles Mountain Range, Gampola, Hantana, and Udawatta Kele.
The majority of them (85%) have been found on herbaceous plants such as coffee plants of large plantations in Colombian municipalities. Preovulatory and pregnant females exclusively inhabit the leaf litter between January and March.
Bothrops insularis can usually be found either in the trees hunting for its prey, or seeking shelter among leaf litter or in rock crevices, especially during unfavorable weather or after having just ingested its prey.
International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(4): 635–639. Pavlovič, A., Ľ. Slováková & J. Šantrůček 2011. Nutritional benefit from leaf litter utilization in the pitcher plant Nepenthes ampullaria. Plant, Cell & Environment 34(11): 1865–1873.
The preferred habitat of O. wiegmanni is the wet zone forests and lower mountain forests (rainfall >2000 mm), up to , of Sri Lanka. It is commonly seen in the leaf litter of shady rain forests.
Like most other miniaturised frogs from Madagascar, Anodonthyla eximia is terrestrial. According to the original description, the only known specimen was collected after cyclonic rains. Males emit high-pitched whistling calls from the leaf litter.
The wandoo sun orchid often grows in thick layers of leaf litter in wandoo forest and woodland and is found between Wongan Hills and Dumbleyung in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.
It does not appear to have the capability to become an invasive pest species in North America, as it lives in leaf litter and forms colonies where the individuals do not tend to spread widely.
Microcaecilia iwokramae appears to be reasonably common in the vicinity of the type locality. Specimens could be found by digging soil, particularly under rotting wood or leaf litter or between the buttress roots of trees.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, and heavily degraded former forest, where it is found mostly in leaf-litter and rotting vegetation.
It is an uncommon species living in the leaf-litter of tropical lowland rainforest. Habitat loss is a localized threat to this widely distributed species. For example, its type locality is mostly coffee plantation today.
The wingspan is 18–21 mm. Adults are on wing from May to June and again in autumn. The larvae feed on a wide variety of food types, including leaf-litter, vegetation and stored products.
Leptodactylus marmoratus, commonly known as the marbled tropical bullfrog, is a common species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is commonly found under and on the surface of dead leaf litter and dead branches.
This poorly known groups of lizards are diurnal, insectivorous, terrestrial to semi fossorial in habits. They inhabit deep leaf-litter and grasslands in montane forests and rainforests. A Ristella from Dandeli in the Western Ghats.
Its natural habitats are tropical forests where it occurs along small streams; they might hide under the leaf litter but are good swimmers. It is locally abundant and there are no known threats facing it.
Its entire known range measures about 3 by 2 kilometers. It lives with other Leiostyla species in leaf litter and rock cracks. The population, though small, is likely stable and there are no immediate threats.
They are mostly found in moist environments, on substrates such as soil, humus, leaf litter, and wood. One species, Digitatispora marina, has been found to prefer salt water habitats by growing on marine-submerged woods.
182 pp.McIvor C. C. & Smith T. J. III. (1995). "Differences in the crab fauna of mangrove areas at a southwest Florida and a northeast Australia location: implications for leaf litter processing". Estuaries. 18: 291-597.
They initially feed inside the flower buds, and are considered to be a pest. Later, they feed on the outside of the buds and flowers. Pupation takes place in a silken cocoon amongst leaf litter.
The first two specimens were found in soil core samples, while another was found in leaf litter. They probably make use of pre-existing underground cavities, as their legs do not show adaptations for digging.
The food of the common hill-partridge comprises seeds and various invertebrates, which it collects by scratching in leaf litter. It has a hen-like contact call that is constantly uttered when it is feeding.
Lactarius tabidus can be found under pine in autumn. It is common in southern Britain, becoming rarer northwards. It can also be found in North America. It grows best in leaf litter or Sphagnum moss.
Heterojapyx evansi is a primitive insect that lives in leaf litter in mountain forests. Sixteen species of termite inhabit the ACT. Nasutitermes exitiosus builds mounds and inhabits eucalypt woodland. Coptotermes lacteus builds clay walled mounds.
A silverfish, one of the rockfowl's prey items This species forages in the early morning or late afternoon either alone or in small groups in leaf litter and on dead tree trunks. It is also known to leap upwards to grab prey on overhanging foliage. It looks for its prey either by standing still and scanning the surrounding area or by tossing the leaf litter away with its beak. It also frequently follows columns of Dorylus ants, feeding on the insects flushed by the ants.
Adelophryne baturitensis is a diurnal leaf-litter species that can be locally common; it can be found in dry or moist leaf-litter on the ground, in bromeliads, and stream margins in reasonably well-preserved closed forests, but also surviving in shaded coffee plantations, at elevations of above sea level. The Pernambuco locality is an Atlantic Rainforest remnant. The species is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging, agriculture, and human settlement; it occurs in areas of good soil and climate, favoring agricultural expansion.
In fact, when scientists removed the leaf litter and monitored the species establishment within the pit, it was found that the diversity and number began to resemble that that occurred on mounds. Multiple studies have found that on the forest floor a high or dense amount of leaf litter or dead organic matter corresponds to a low amount of species diversity as well.Peterson, C. J., & Campbell, J. E. (1993). Microsite differences and temporal change in plant communities of treefall pits and mounds in an old-growth forest.
Like its congeners, Fernandina's flicker often forages-- primarily for ants, but also for other insects, worms, grubs and seeds--on the ground. It uses its strong bill to probe the ground and flick aside leaf litter.
Entoloma haastii is a mushroom in the Entolomataceae family. Described as new to science in 1964, it is known only from New Zealand, where it grows on the ground in leaf litter, usually near Nothofagus species.
The larval case is dark brown, smooth, 7.8–8.5 mm in length and 1.8–2 mm wide. Case- making larvae were collected in December and January. Larvae were found in leaf litter and on rotting logs.
Once the winter months near, fully grown caterpillars pupate in cocoons on leaves or leaf litter. The cocoon has tough white silk with one simple layer of grass, twigs, or leaves for better concealment from predators.
Gymnopithys is a genus of passerine birds in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae. The species in this genus are specialist ant-followers that depend on swarms of army ants to flush arthropods out of the leaf litter.
First described in 2013, two specimens of Pheidole loki were collected in forest leaf litter in 470 and 630 m elevation on Mt. Combani and Mt. Benara, Mayotte, where it occurs in sympatry with P. jonas.
The midwestern worm snake is fossorial. It spends its life burrowing in moist soil or under the leaf litter searching for soft-bodied prey, with a preference for earthworms. This secretive snake prefers mesic deciduous forest.
Meritastis lythrodana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Australia, including Tasmania. Its larvae have been found among leaf litter of Eucalyptus spp., from which it is suspected to feed.
It is endemic to New Zealand and found on both the North (in the south) and South Islands at altitudes of from 600 to 1300 m, in beech and Kunzea forests growing in the leaf litter.
Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (2): 155-160. and sometimes occur together with Leptophilypnion. The bottom-dwelling Leptophilypnion are typically found in shallow, stagnant or slow-flowing water among soft debris, leaf-litter or water plants.
Worksites with woods, bushes, high grass, or leaf litter are likely to have more ticks. Outdoor workers should be extra careful to protect themselves in the late spring and summer when young ticks are most active.
The winter greenhood usually grows in sparse leaf litter under shrubs in forest but sometimes also in scrub or pasture. It occurs on both main islands of New Zealand and on some of the offshore islands.
Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is found in northern Brazil south to Manaus, French Guiana, and Suriname; it is expected to occur eastern Guyana. It inhabits forest leaf-litter.
Acta Herpetologica 1 1-14. This is not a very common frog, but it is not considered to be threatened. It occurs in several protected areas. It lives in the leaf litter of primary forest habitat.
These have been found at four sites on Gibraltar and the new site in Spain. The animal probably lives under the soil and leaf litter. The Spanish populations are critically endangered and one such might disappear.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Downloaded on 02 September 2014. This snail is found on the mountain summits of Madeira, where it lives in moist leaf litter on rocky cliffs near streams.
C. gervaisii is found from near sea level up to altitudes of . It lives in forests and plantations, burrowing in the leaf litter and hiding under stones and fallen logs, or between the buttresses of trees.
They find and use trees, such as bromeliad plants, and leaf litter to hide from predators during the day. Depending on their area, they are found as high as three feet from the ground in trees.
Ecology 59: 434-437. 12\. Herrera, R. T. Merida, N. Stark, and C.F. Jordan. 1978. Direct phosphorus transfer from leaf litter to roots through mycorhizzal connections in an Amazonian rain forest. Naturwessenschaften 65:208-209. 13\.
B. Smaragdina lives in still or sluggish bodies of water. This includes rice paddies, swamps, roadside ditches, streams and ponds. These are usually shaded by much vegetation. The substrate can be leaf litter, mud, or sand.
The species is found at an elevation of on the island of Sumbawa in the Indonesian province of West Nusa Tenggara. T. allotopus has been found in leaf litter, but is believed to live in foliage.
Worksites with woods, bushes, high grass or leaf litter are likely to have more ticks. Outdoor workers should be most careful to protect themselves in the late spring and summer when young ticks are most active.
Mostly on the base of trees, but also fallen wood, soil, leaf litter and on roots. It can be found in most types of woodland, but ancient woodland is a key habitat in the west and north.
Worm snakes are fossorial snakes, and spend the vast majority of their time buried in loose, rocky soil, or under forest leaf litter. They are abundant within their range, but rarely seen due to their secretive nature.
Proturans aid in decomposition by helping in the breakdown of leaf litter and recycling organic nutrients back into the soil. They thus play a role in soil formation and composition, which can be vital in soil restoration.
The genus is restricted to the Neotropical region, where the ants nest in soil or in the leaf litter. Tranopelta gilva is known from Costa Rica to Brazil, Tranopelta subterranea is found in Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil.
Achalinus niger occurs in forests, and sometimes, in caves. It is often found in dark and wet microhabitats such in leaf litter or rotten logs. No significant threats are known. It is a Class II protected species.
Physopyxis cristata is a species of thorny catfish endemic to Brazil where it is found in the Rio Negro basin. This species grows to a length of SL. This species prefers to live amongst submerged leaf litter.
Enoicyla pusilla also known as the land caddis and the terrestrial caddis is a species of caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. The genus Enoicyla is unique among caddisflies because the larvae are terrestrial, living in leaf litter.
The kauri greenhood only grows in kauri forest, often in leaf litter close to large trees. It is found on the North Island between Te Paki Recreation Reserve, the Te Kauri Scenic Reserve and the Kaimai Range.
Nocturnal species that inhabits leaf litter and burrows. Breeding is done in a nest below ground a few centimetres, with 8 born in August for Boulenger Island and October of other areas. Only 1 litter is born.
Prey is likely to consist of invertebrates caught by the toad amongst the leaf-litter or in the water. This toad is known to consume ants and in captivity has eaten snails, insects, other frogs and tadpoles.
The cocoon is brown and made in the soil or leaf litter. Larvae have been collected in January and February, but many mines were already vacated in that period, so that larvae probably start mining in autumn.
Kalophrynus baluensis is a stocky, short-legged frog. Females grow to in snout–vent length; males stay slightly smaller. Its brown colouration makes its perfectly camouflaged in its habitat, the leaf litter layer on the forest floor.
Leptodactylus rhodomystax in found in leaf-litter on forest floor and in swamps in tropical rainforest as well as on the edges of clearings and in more open areas in forest. It breeds in semi-permanent waterbodies.
Austrochaperina are rather generalized frogs in their morphology and appear mostly to inhabit leaf litter. They reach maximum sizes between snout–vent length. Finger and toe tips are flattened and disc-like. Most species lack toe webbing.
Pterostylis flavovirens is found in coastal areas of the Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island and South-Eastern botanical regions of South Australia. It often grows in accumulated leaf litter under small trees and shrubs.
Its natural habitats are lower montane and lowland forests where it lives in the forest floor stratum. It breeds and makes its nest in leaf-litter. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture and logging.
It forages mainly on the ground, in leaf litter in the forest and forest clearings, as well as on lawns, for small invertebrates, including insects, snails and earthworms, seeds and fallen fruit.Higgins et al. (2006), p.1872.
When disturbed, these crickets leap away with their powerful back limbs, or hide in the leaf litter or among low vegetation. Eggs are laid in the leaf litter in summer and autumn and the crickets overwinter as eggs or as nymphs, with the young maturing in June. Unusually for insects in the grasshopper family, wood crickets survive for two years. Being flightless, these crickets are limited in their dispersal abilities; males have been found to disperse over from the woodland edge but females and nymphs did not move nearly so far.
The diet of the superb lyrebird consists primarily of invertebrates such as earthworms and insects found on the forest floor. There is also evidence that the birds are mycophagists, meaning that they eat fungi. Superb lyrebirds forage by scratching vigorously in the upper soil layers, disturbing the topsoil and leaf litter. The birds are most likely to forage in damp rainforest vegetation relative to drier areas, and in areas where the bottom vegetation strata is open and low in complexity, allowing good access to food sources in the leaf litter.
The foraging behaviour of the superb lyrebird has a major effect on the structure of the forest floor. A lyrebird can move and bury up to 200 tonnes per hectare of leaf litter and soil every year, disturbing the soil to a greater extent than virtually any other animal. This soil disturbance hastens the decomposition of the leaf litter, and increases the rate of nutrient cycling in the ecosystem. The lyrebirds’ clearing of bare patches also reduces the amount of fuel available for forest fires, which in turn reduces the extent and intensity of wildfires.
This species is only found around temporary creeks and soaks in sandstone habitats in woodland, heathland and dry sclerophyll forest around the Sydney basin. Males make an ark call from nest sites under leaf litter and rocks, in areas likely to be inundated, generally only after heavy rain. Eggs are laid under leaf litter and tadpoles begin developing inside the egg, the males stays with the eggs in the nest. Once heavy rain floods the nest site the eggs hatch and the tadpoles (already fairly developed) finish their development in the temporary pools.
The red pumpkin toadlet is diurnal and live in leaf litter on the rainforest floor. During dry weather they mostly remain hidden and there is little activity, but during the wet season and high humidity they can be seen walking on top of the leaf litter. Calling by adults of both sexes and juveniles can be heard year-round, but follows the same wet/dry pattern as their general activity. Peculiarly, this species and its close relative B. ephippium are unable to hear the frequency of their own advertising calls, as their ears are underdeveloped.
Thus, marine overfishing may affect the productivity of Alaskan forests that depend on subsidies of marine- derived nitrogen. As discussed above, cross-boundary subsidies depend on the characteristics of the patch boundary. Human-induced changes in these characteristics can affect boundary permeability to certain organisms or materials. For example, a cross-boundary subsidy of leaf litter from forest to an adjacent open field may be attenuated at the boundary if a road is present, making the boundary less permeable to flows of leaf litter (Facelli and Pickett 1991).
Sceloporus olivaceous keeping a watchful eye A Texas spiny lizard using a red oak tree for camouflage The Texas spiny lizard is diurnal and arboreal. Their preferred habitat is mesquite trees, over areas with a significant amount of ground leaf litter, but they are often found in suburban areas basking on fences or climbing telephone poles. Typically shy and nervous, when approached they will usually retreat up a tree or flee noisily through leaf litter on the ground. They are insectivorous, and eat a variety of beetles and other insects.
Nepenthes ampullaria is well-adapted to capture leaf litter. A few plants that could be considered protocarnivorous or paracarnivorous are those that once had carnivorous adaptations but appear to be evolving or have evolved away from a direct prey relationship with arthropods and rely on other sources for obtaining nutrients. One example of such a phenomenon is the pitfall trap of Nepenthes ampullaria, a tropical pitcher plant. Although it retains its ability to attract, capture, kill, and digest insect prey, this species has acquired adaptations that appear to favor digestion of leaf litter.
The flight time ranges from May to mid September in one or two generations. The host plants are comfrey (genus Symphytum), forget-me-not (genus Myosotis) and lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis). Larvae overwinter in a cocoon amongst leaf litter.
The figs on the lower part of the leafless branches may develop in leaf litter and humus, and be buried in the surface of the soil, where the seeds germinate. Otherwise birds and other animals distribute the seeds.
The species feed on ash, cedar, gorse, ivy, larch, oak, pine, and yew. They also feed on plants such as rhododendrons. They can also be found on decayed fence-posts, foxglove seed-heads, under logs, and leaf litter.
The pupa stage overwinters in the bark and leaf litter at the base of the trees. It is dark brown and about 10 mm long. The thin brown cocoon is made of silk with bits of detritus interwoven.
F. Washington,Govt. Printing Off. Full text online here Leaf litter sieves are used by coleopterists and to collect larvae. Once collected, a killing jar is used to kill required insects before they damage themselves trying to escape.
The species is an omnivore, eating both insects and spiders, and seeds and fruits. The crissal thrasher is mainly a ground feeder, using its long bill to probe for its prey amongst the leaf litter, particularly under shrubs.
Their large eyes help them to see their prey in the dim lighting of the leaf litter, and the eyes are covered by an eyelid with a transparent window that protects the eye while burrowing in the litter.
Barycholos ternetzi is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the Cerrado of central Brazil. Its natural habitats are gallery forest and open areas in the Cerrado. It lives in the leaf-litter.
It is most commonly observed on leaf litter near rivers. Breeding is explosive and takes place in water. The tadpoles are suspension feeders. This species can occur locally in great numbers during the breeding and then effectively disappear.
Glyphoglossus minutus occurs among the leaf litter in lowland dipterocarp forests, mainly in swampy areas. It has also been found at road sides. It feeds on ants. Breeding is explosive, during which time this species can be abundant.
The holotype was found in leaf litter in mature cloud forest at above sea level. Specific threats to this species are unknown, but it is presumably impacted by habitat loss caused by smallholder farming and subsistence wood extraction.
Engystomops petersi is a common species that inhabits primary and secondary forests and forest edges. They are terrestrial frogs often found in leaf-litter. Their diet consist of termites only. Engystomops petersi is locally threatened by habitat loss.
Clench's middle-toothed land snail, and Mission Creek Oregonian. The snail occurs in leaf litter in rocky cliff and rockslide habitat. It is threatened by habitat disturbance. The species was named for the American malacologist William J. Clench.
This spider orchid grows at altitudes of between in leaf litter in southern beech forest and in scrub or grass tussocks. It is found on both the North and South Islands and may also occur on Chatham Island.
Elephant pupinid snails are endemic to tropical forests in Indochina. They are present in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. They are commonly found in abundant numbers under the leaf litter of forests near limestone outcroppings.
Its natural habitats are montane forests and it has been found under logs and in leaf litter. It has been collected at elevations between above sea level. There is no information about threats to this little known species.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014. Downloaded on 13 June 2016. This species lives in woodland habitat under leaf litter. Some of its habitat is degraded, but it is not considered to be of conservation concern.
Neobenthamia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. The sole species is Neobenthamia gracilis. It is lithophilic and grows among leaf litter and other detritus on rock faces. It is endemic to Tanzania.
Mosman: Pierson & Co. p. 105. Spiders, beetles, ants, cockroaches, and other bugs are also a part of the diet. All of these prey species are abundant within Australia and in the leaf litter habitat that M. boulengeri occupies.
Fruit bodies of Phaeocollybia christinae grow scattered or in groups, deeply rooted in moss or leaf litter. Suspected to be mycorrhizal, they usually appear under conifer trees, particularly spruce. The fungus is found in Europe and eastern North America.
Full-grown larvae are about 32 mm long and pale rusty brown with an obscure pale-brown dorsal line. Pupation takes place in a pupa enclosed in a curled fern leaf or hidden amongst leaf litter on the ground.
The mountain thrush behaves like other thrushes. It forages on large branches or on the ground, in flocks when not breeding, progressing in hops and dashes with frequent stops. It turns leaf litter seeking small fruits, insects and spiders.
Rove beetles belonging to this subfamily are distributed throughout the world in almost all terrestrial habitats. They are commonly predators in soil communities and leaf litter, frequently inquilines in ant and termite nests or associated with mushrooms and fungi.
Anodonthyla eximia measures just 11.3 in adult females and 9.7 mm in adult males. Anodonthyla eximia lives on the ground in the leaf litter.(March 28, 2019 Thursday). Meet the mini frogs of Madagascar - the new species we've discovered.
These fossils represent the oldest recorded record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants. They are found in leaf litter and forage on low vegetation, and will nest in various sites, including soil, bark and rotten logs.
Allacma fusca is a species of springtail. This species is endemic to western areas of Continental Europe and the British Isles, where it lives in the surface layers of the soil in moist habitats such as among leaf litter.
It is typically found in leaf litter. Breeding is through direct development and not dependent on water. The eggs are laid in hollows or burrows in damp earth. It is an abundant species that is not facing significant threats.
Dermophis glandulosus occurs in humid montane and lowland forests. In Colombia it occurs at elevations of above sea level. It is mainly subterranean, but it is sometimes also found under logs and in leaf litter. It is probably viviparous.
Dermophis occidentalis occurs in lowland and submontane rainforests at elevations of above sea level. It is a subterranean species that can be found under logs and in leaf litter. It is viviparous. Dermophis occidentalis is a poorly known species.
The mountain skink is found in a wide variety of habitat, ranging from sea level to nearly 2,000 m (about 6,560 ft). It prefers areas with abundant and well-rotted leaf litter, providing cover and places for laying eggs.
It is a univoltine species. Between September and March the caterpillars hibernate in leaf litter. These moths take flight from May to July. The males usually fly in the afternoon and night, while the females fly only at night.
Pimoa rupicola is a troglophile species, abundant in subterranean habitats and occasionally recorded from surface habitats such as leaf litter, humid rocks covered by mosses and mountain screes. The species occurs preferentially in areas characterized by a Mediterranean climate.
It is mostly seen close to the ground, hopping along branches or foraging in leaf-litter on the ground with a cocked tail. Males sing loudly from the top of trees or other high perches during the breeding season.
While most millipedes feed on leaf litter or other plant matter, Brachycybe are thought to feed primarily on fungus, and may be found under rotting logs or stumps. Adult Brachycybe lecontii with hatchlings. Hatchling Bracycybe lecontii feeding on fungi.
The species is commonly found in leaf litter in tropical dry forests and montane rainforests, typically around elevations of 700 to 1,100 meters. It was named after the Nazgûl from J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.
Adela albicinctella is a moth of the family Adelidae. It is found in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovakia and Poland. It is a montane species feeding first on the flowers of Salix glaucosericea then in the leaf litter.
Full-grown larvae feed on the leaves under a silken cover. Pupation takes place between dry leaves in leaf litter. The species overwinters in the pupal stage., 2005: A review of the genus Athrips (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Palaearctic region .
Very little is known of its natural history and behaviour of the Sulawesi white- handed shrew. Like other members of its family it lives among the leaf litter and is insectivorous and is likely to eat insects and small arthropods.
Although the title page gives the year as 1887, the volume was not published until 1888. This species is a specialist ant-follower that depends upon swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
105-06 It can be found hunting for insects in leaf litter, shrubbery and on the edges of bodies of water, mostly in the morning and late afternoon. Adults of both sexes as well as helper birds feed the young.
Bannana spiders are known from Menglun Nature Reserve, in Xishuangbanna's Mengla County, where they are found in leaf litter of tropical rainforest at elevations around above sea level. Specimens have been collected by pitfall trapping and by manually sorting through litter.
It lives among the leaf litter, in secondary forests with good canopy and presence of bromeliads, where it deposits its tadpoles, which it cares for and carries on the back to a water source. It feeds on insects, especially ants.
Vol 54: 285-311. Peltoperlidae are generally lotic erosional and depositional. These habitats are flowing streams marked by sediments, vascular plants, and detritus. Roach- like stoneflies are generally found in leaf litter and debris piles trapped in either riffles or pools.
Microdaceton is an African genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. The genus consists of four species restricted to the Afrotropics. They nest in the leaf litter and seems to be fairly common. However, little is known about their biology.
Ishakidris is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Ishakidris ascitaspis. The genus is known only from a single worker collected in 1978 from the leaf litter in the Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo.
Rhampholeon marshalli seems to inhabit the subcanopy and leaf litter of the relict cloud forests. Major canopy trees include Syzygium and Ficus. These forest are rich in fern and liana species. Forest margins have prickly species of Ilex and Rubus briars.
Most species from the subfamily Brookesiinae, which includes the genera Brookesia, Rieppeleon, and Rhampholeon, live low in vegetation or on the ground among leaf litter. Many species of chameleons are threatened by extinction. Declining chameleon numbers are due to habitat loss.
As juveniles, they spend most of their time under the leaf litter near the bottom of the pools where their eggs were laid. The larvae tend to occupy refuges in vegetation, and lower their activity in the presence of predators.
Little is known of its biology, but it is suspected to be general predator of small insects in leaf litter. Adults fly from April to November and inhabit gardens, meadows, and flowering bushes where they feed. The larvae are aphidiphagous.
The front claws of the mongoose are ideally adapted to search for subterranean beetle larvae. The species will dig through tufts of grass or leaf litter to find food.Mitchell, C. “Selous’ Mongoose.” The Ultimate Field Guide for Mammals of Southern Africa.
Acalles is a genus of beetles in the family Curculionidae. Beetles of this genus can be found in southeastern North America living among leaf litter or dead branches and vines. There are at least 570 species in the Acalles genus.
Its natural habitats are lowland and montane rainforests up to elevations of above sea level. It lives among leaf litter and can be locally abundant. It is probably threatened by habitat loss, but occurs in a number of protected areas.
Truebella tothastes occurs in leaf litter of riparian cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. Its breeding habits are unknown. Truebella tothastes is an uncommon species. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture and by increased fire frequency.
Eulechria triferella is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is known from the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland. The larvae feed on the dead leaves of Eucalyptus species. They can be found in dead leaf litter.
Habitats for native mammals include large trees with or without hollows, fallen logs, leaf litter and understorey vegetation. These provide food, shelter and places for breeding. Southport is a place for picnics, riverside walks and birdwatching in the Broadwater Parklands.
Brachycephalus alipioi is a species of frogs in the family Brachycephalidae. It is endemic to the Espírito Santo state of southeastern Brazil. This little- known species is known to inhabit the leaf litter and forest floor of Atlantic rain forest.
Brachycephalus pombali inhabit the leaf litter in the Atlantic Rainforest. They are active by day. Adult males are exposed on the litter when calling. There are no known threats to this species, but it is only known from a single location.
Adenomera lutzi occurs lowland and montane tropical primary forests at elevations of above sea level. It is a primarily nocturnal that lives in and on leaf litter. Reproduction does not depend on bodies of water. This species can be locally common.
Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae endemic to Jamaica. It is only known from its type locality in Cockpit Country. Its natural habitat is low-elevation wet forest on limestone. It lives in heavy leaf-litter.
It is usually found in leaf litter or in low vegetation. It is an extremely abundant species that could face threats from habitat loss caused by agriculture, livestock grazing, logging, and human settlement. It occurs in a number of protected areas.
Limbs are short and thick; the toes basally webbed, with fringes of skin seen along toes. Glyphoglossus brooksii is a burrowing frog inhabiting the leaf litter. Its life history is poorly known. Males call during the day, during heavy showers.
The holotype was found under a small, decayed log lying in leaf litter on a rainforested ridge at above sea level. The Mount Tafa specimen is from . Breeding is presumably by direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
There have been other recommendations by scientist and other groups made to protect this species. Some of these recommendations are exclude logging around breeding areas, prevent pollution of streams and wetlands, and maintain vegetation and deep-leaf litter around streams.
Hemiandrus maculifrons has a non-seasonal life history: adults, young, and eggs can be found at any time of the year. Their food (the small leaf-litter invertebrates) do not change much in abundance over the year in New Zealand forests.
The larger larvae may also consume the flowers and fruits. When fully fed, the larvae descend to the ground, pupating among the leaf litter or buried in fine soil. The total development time from egg to adult is about 24 days.
Although little is known about the behavior of M. browni, like most other coral snakes it may be nocturnal, terrestrial and probably dwells in burrows, leaf litter, or under logs. While usually not aggressive, it will bite when molested or restrained.
Its natural habitats are primary and secondary forests at elevations below . It is a nocturnal species living in leaf litter. They prey on a range of small invertebrates. The dominant prey items in Linhares were ants, followed by beetles and isopods.
Tassel flower is difficult to keep in cultivation. It strikes only very slowly and seed has not been successful. It may be necessary to use soils high in laterite or to provide appropriate leaf-litter to maintain a mycorrhizal fungus.
If you hear a commotion in the bushes, it may just be a rufous-sided towhee scratching through the leaf litter for insects and other invertebrates.Ludlam, Isabel P. "Birds of the Santa Rosa Plateau." 1991. Commentary by Rick Bramhall, 2016.
The larva probably descends with its cocoon into leaf litter before pupation. Larvae are found between mid-September and April."A new leafminer on grapevine and Rhoicissus (Vitaceae) in South Africa within an expanded generic concept of Holocacista (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Heliozelidae)".
The species is often found in grassland, normally near the ground in grass roots and leaf litter but also under stones or other objects. It can also be found in other habitats such as heathland, open woodland and raised bogs.
Very little information is available on the specific diet and feeding strategies of black-eared wood quail. However, black-eared wood quail, like other New World wood quail, are surmised to scratch in leaf-litter for insects and fallen fruit.
The red cross spider orchid is found in eucalypt forest or woodland with a heathy understorey, growing in sandy loam with accumulated leaf litter. It is only known from a small area near Stuart Mill and the Dalyenong Nature Conservation Reserve.
The habitat is deciduous woodland, on tree leaves, and bark (Linden, pine, alder, poplar), on hedge foliage. Larvae have been found in decomposed elm wood, garden compost heaps, decaying vegetation and leaf litter. The flight period is from June to August.
Gymnosiphon usambaricus is a species in the plant family Burmanniaceae. It is endangered due to habitat loss with an estimated 2500 mature individuals left. It is native to Kenya and Tanzania, and is found in the leaf litter in evergreen forests.
Rieppeleon is a genus of small, typically brown chameleons found in forests and savannas in central East Africa (extending slightly into adjacent DR Congo). They are found at low levels in bushes, or on the ground among grass or leaf litter.
Found in leaf litter at the beginning of small creeks, in at least canopy 75% shade over the water, the species belongs to the shredder feeding guild and occupies the area accordingly, feeding mostly on native detritus and allocthonous materials.
Leaf litter, mainly White Beech, Gmelina leichhardtii, from Black Bulga State Conservation Area, NSW, Australia Litterfall, plant litter, leaf litter, tree litter, soil litter, or duff, is dead plant material (such as leaves, bark, needles, twigs, and cladodes) that have fallen to the ground. This detritus or dead organic material and its constituent nutrients are added to the top layer of soil, commonly known as the litter layer or O horizon ("O" for "organic"). Litter is an important factor in ecosystem dynamics, as it is indicative of ecological productivity and may be useful in predicting regional nutrient cycling and soil fertility.
Holotype of a T. rex In 2003, Fernández described a new genus and species, Tyrannomyrmex rex, from peninsular Malaysia based on a single specimen collected from leaf litter at Negri Sembilan, Pasoh Forest Reserve in 1994. Fernández was unable to place the new genus in any existing myrmicine tribe although several potential candidates were considered including the Adelomyrmecini and Solenopsidini. Without additional specimens or molecular data this genus was temporarily placed as incertae sedis within the subfamily Myrmicinae. A second species, T. dux, was described by Borowiec (2007) based on a single specimen collected from leaf litter in southern India in 1999.
Ophiocordyceps robertsii, known in New Zealand as vegetable caterpillar (Māori: āwhato or āwheto) is an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota) in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It invades the caterpillars of leaf-litter dwelling moths and turns them into fungal mummies, sending up a fruiting spike above the forest floor to shed its spores. Caterpillars eat the spores whilst feeding on leaf litter to complete the fungal life cycle. Evidence of this fungus can be seen when small brown stems push through the forest floor: underneath will be the dried remains of the host caterpillar.
In another study, the utilization of litter mulch under cocoa plantation has been reported in Papua New Guinea, which has some negative effect on the population of P. palmivora, and therefore could reduce the pod infection especially at the beginning of raining season. Leaf litter showed rapid decline in pathogen recovery of colonized cocoa tissue after 18 weeks, relative to grass ground cover. An explanation for this is due to higher moisture content and microbial activity of other microbes under leaf litter that reduces the survival of Phytophthora cinnamomi as documented by Aryantha et al. (2000). More frequent ripe pod harvest (i.e.
Overbrowsing can change near-ground forest structure, plant species composition, vegetation density, and leaf litter, with consequences for other forest-dwelling animals. Many species of ground-dwelling invertebrates rely on near-ground vegetation cover and leaf litter layers for habitat; these invertebrates may be lost from areas with intense browsing. Further, preferential selection of certain plant species by herbivores can impact invertebrates closely associated with those plants. Migratory forest-dwelling songbirds depend on dense understory vegetation for nesting and foraging habitat and reductions in understory plant biomass caused by deer can lead to declines in forest songbird populations.
Cultural practices and fungicide use are two methods that grape growers use to reduce P. tetraspora. Removing leaf litter, increasing air circulation over the soil surface and canopy space, and removal of susceptible hosts from the immediate environment are some cultural practices that can help control P. tetraspora development. Because P. tetraspora survives on leaf litter, the removal of the litter before bud break can remove residual P. tetraspora. Apothecia of P. tetraspora require moisture to germinate and ascospores require moisture for dispersal, so increasing air circulation to the soil surface will detour P. tetraspora from getting to the host.
One witness even reported birds soliciting humans for scraps. When looking for food, G. leucolophus forages on the ground, often in small parties, hopping from one place to the next and tossing the leaf litter aside with its beak to uncover invertebrates.
The mushroom is usually almost black, and it is hard to find because its dark colour easily blends in with the leaf litter on the forest floor. Hunters of this mushroom say it is like looking for black holes in the ground.
The adults feed on nectar of various flowers, including Eugenia axillaris, Draceana fragrans and Ernodea littoralis. The larvae feed on Rubiaceae species, including Casasia clusiifolia and Randia aculeata. Pupation takes place in loose cocoons in shallow underground chambers or in leaf litter.
The Sulawesi shrew is thought to be nocturnal but very little is known of its natural history and behaviour. Like other members of its family it lives among the leaf litter and is insectivorous and is likely to eat insects and small arthropods.
Bronze fingers grows in poor soils, usually in thick leaf litter under shrubs in mixed conifer/broadleaved- hardwood forest but also on bare ground and in exotic pine plantations. It is found on both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.
Scavenging on dead bird on Nightingale Island An opportunistic omnivore and scavenger, the thrush feeds on earthworms and other invertebrates of the soil and leaf litter, as well as on carrion, berries, the eggs and fledglings of other birds, and kitchen scraps.
It forages singly or in pairs. It is a terrestrial bird that feeds on the ground on spiders, cockroaches, earwigs, true bugs, grasshoppers and ants. It rarely flies but instead walks and runs and probing its bill into leaf-litter, mosses, and soil.
Mycena fuhreri is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Tasmania, Australia, where it grows in leaf litter under Allocasuarina trees. Described in 2003 by mycologist Cheryl Grgurinovic, the specific epithet fuhreri honours mycologist Bruce A. Fuhrer.
M. incisus occurs in moist to wet forest habitats, from sea level to 1000 m elevation. It is most often encountered as workers in Winkler samples of sifted leaf litter. Colonies have twice been collected from dead wood on the forest floor.
To reach a food source, L. luctuosum establish trails sometimes more than 100 m long. The galleries of these trails often run under leaf litter. This protection could explain why these ants can be found trailing at almost any hour of the day.
The preferred habitat of the bird is in wet forest and rainforest, where there is an open ground layer of moist leaf litter shaded by vegetation. In favourable seasons, the lyrebird range is often extended into drier areas further from water sources.
Apistogramma hongsloi likes more acidic softer water. They do well in planted tanks with leaf litter and/or driftwood which release tannins which lower the pH of the water. The Hongsloi also will sometimes lay eggs on the bottom of the leaves.
Eulophia pulchra grows in leaf litter in rainforests. It occurs in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, India, Taiwan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, the Mascarene Islands, tropical north Queensland and some islands in the western Pacific Ocean.
The kauri greenhood only grows in kauri (Agathis australis) forest or where there are kauri remnants. It usually grows in shady places with kauri leaf litter. It is found on the North Island between Cape Reinga, Kāwhia Harbour and the Kaimai Range.
The ocelot gecko (Paroedura picta) is a crepuscular ground-dwelling gecko found in leaf litter in Madagascar forests, and is also a popular pet. It is sometimes known as the Madagascar ground gecko, Malagasy fat-tailed gecko, fat-headed gecko, or panther gecko.
The eggs are laid in damp leaf-litter where the young hatch as miniature frogs. The call is a high-pitched squeak, usually emitted during wet weather, which is often mistaken for the calls of crickets. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Breeding occurs throughout the year. Males call from their territories on the forest floor in early morning and late afternoon. Eggs are laid in leaf litter in the male territories. Males carry the newly hatched tadpoles to streams where they continue development.
Andinobates virolinensis live on the floor of cloud forest. Females lay the eggs in leaf-litter, and the males bring the larvae to the bromeliads. Reproduction occurs throughout the year. The diet consists of various arthropods, including mites, springtails, ants, and insect larvae.
The species' natural habitats are primary lowland moist and wet forest, premontane wet forests, and rainforests. They occur in the leaf-litter and low vegetation, and also in bromeliads. They are nocturnal. Pristimantis caryophyllaceus is threatened by habitat loss and possibly chytridiomycosis.
P. bryophorus is found in Río Ñambí Natural Reserve, a transitional Andean-Pacific forest in South West Colombia, preferring tree trunks and leaves, about 1m above the ground; however, they can also be found between the leaf litter and the soil surface.
Pseudopaludicola ceratophyes is a locally abundant leaf-litter species inhabiting primary flooding forest with close canopy, possibly also more open/edge areas. The altitudinal range is above sea level. The eggs are deposited in shallow pools. It is locally affected by habitat loss.
Plectorrhiza erecta grows near the ground on the fibrous bark of trees and shrubs with its roots spreading over the bark, leaf litter and nearby rocks. It is found near the coast and at altitudes of up to on Lord Howe Island.
All species within the Hydnaceae are believed to be ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationships with the roots of living trees and other plants. Basidiocarps typically occur on the ground or in leaf litter in woodland. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution.
These beetles inhabit moist broadleaf forest litter.Ferro, M. L., M. L. Gimmel, K. E. Harms, and C. E. Carlton. 2012a. Comparison of the Coleoptera communities in leaf litter and rotten wood in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Insecta Mundi 259: 1–58.
Most species in this genus feed on herbivore dung, although some are known to eat carrion. Some of the larger species roll balls of dung, whereas smaller species have been found in leaf litter. The genus includes both flying and flightless species.
Trissexodon constrictus is found under stones in the soil of humid and shady deciduous forests, between moss, under leaf litter and occasionally near cave openings. It has been recorded from sea level to 800 m, and exceptionally to altitudes of 1500 m.
Oligodon booliati is a fossorial species that is found on leaf litter in lowland forest. Its range is restricted to the forested area of the Tioman Island, which is suffering from deforestation and could see the remaining forest disappearing in the near future.
Anepsiozomus sobrinus is a species of hubbardiid short-tailed whipscorpions that is endemic to the Seychelles, and is found on Aride and Cousine Islands. It can be found in leaf litter in coastal woodlands. It is threatened by the rising sea level.
The red-cheeked salamander is a terrestrial species and is found in both hardwood and coniferous forests, particularly in red spruce and Fraser fir woodland. It is plentiful in areas with a ground cover of moss and leaf litter among large boulders.
Like many reptiles, the leaf-tailed gecko is oviparous, or egg-laying. Reproduction starts at the beginning of the rainy season when it lays clutches of two spherical eggs onto the ground under leaf litter or in the dead leaves of plants.
Inadvisably, trees can be removed, or better, leaves cleared and burned before adult emergence by the end of March.Kehrli, P., & Bacher S. 2004. How to safely compost Cameraria ohridella - infested horse chestnut leaf litter on private compost heaps. Journal of Applied Entomology.
This species is nocturnal, where it begins its activity after dusk. It is insectivorous. This species reproduced by laying eggs. It is a terrestrial lizard, that lives on the ground among thick leaf-litter and pebbles and debris among the forest floor.
It is a skulking bird which is often very difficult to see. It typically feeds on the ground among leaf litter, foraging for insects and fruit. It usually occurs in pairs or in small groups. The breeding season lasts from May to July.
Adenochilus gracilis Hook.f. is widespread in New Zealand where it often grows in deep leaf litter under beech trees and sometimes near wetlands. It is found on both the North and South Islands and on Stewart and Chatham Islands. Adenochilus nortonii Fitzg.
Breeding occurs year-round, except at the coldest times of the winter, but generally peaks during the rainy season in April and May. Females can lay up to three clutches of eggs a year, in a moist substrate of leaf litter or soil.
Larval stage The larvae feed on Crinum asiaticum, Crinum pedonculatum, Clivea miniata, Hymenocallis littoralis, and Hippeastrum species. They bore into the leaves and down into the crown of the bulb. Eggs are laid on lily plants. The caterpillar pupates in leaf litter.
Perhaps more importantly the duff or leaf litter can form a major repository of water storage. When this litter is removed or compacted ( through grazing or human overuse), erosion and flooding are exacerbated as well as deprivation of dry season water for forest organisms.
Collection from Eggingen, Germany H. repandum is a mycorrhizal fungus. The fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground or in leaf litter in both coniferous and deciduous forests. They can also grow in fairy rings. Fruiting occurs from summer to autumn.
The larvae can be found on various herbaceous plants, but feed on leaf litter or lichen. The larvae are furry grey and reach a length of about 10 mm. Pupation takes place on a leaf or wall within a cocoon covered in grey hairs.
Coniophanes snakes are secretive burrowers. They spend most of their time digging into loose soils, forest leaf litter, or under rotting cactus. They are nocturnal, emerging from their underground retreats in the late evening to feed on frogs, lizards, small rodents, and smaller snakes.
The white-breasted thrasher's diet is adaptable and goes from animal proteins to fruits. Feeding habits depend on what's available to the bird according to environmental conditions. White- breasted thrashers are ground eaters. They forage mainly on leaf litter fauna, looking for insects or berries.
Blepharidatta is a rare Neotropical genus of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. The genus, formed by predatory species whose small colonies nest in soil or leaf-litter, has up to seven species, but most of them are waiting for a formal taxonomic treatment or confirmation.
Individuals are not particularly numerous in litter samples. Belshaw & Bolton (1994) recorded the two species that occur in Ghana (P. bequaerti, P. gabonensis) as comprising only 0.08% of individuals in the leaf litter ant fauna. Beyond these few facts, nothing is known of their biology.
Pheidole dodo is known from Mauritius only, where it was collected from the ground, inside rotten logs, under moss or from the leaf litter and in coastal scrub, closed vegetation, low closed forest, disturbed and undisturbed rainforest, in elevations between 1 and 760 m.
The tiny rustyhood usually grows in leaf litter in open forest or mallee scrub in stony soil. It is found in New South Wales south from Temora, across Victoria and in the south of South Australia in areas with an average annual rainfall of .
This toad is found in a wide range of habitats, but most frequently on moist ground or in leaf litter, and under rocks or fallen logs. They breed throughout the spring and summer in pools of water left by rainfall. Their primary diet is ants.
Adults generally overwinter in leaf litter of forests or hedgerows. In the spring, they emigrate to orchards and colonize apple trees.Toepfer, S., H. Gu, and S. Dorn. 1999. Spring colonisation of orchards by Anthonomus pomorum from adjacent forest borders. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 93: 131-139.
Bark lice are found on foliage, under bark, or in leaf litter. Most species are microbial surface feeders, some species feed on dead insects and a few species, known as book lice, eat paper products. Many species live gregariously. Mating behavior can be elaborate.
Little is known of their biology, but the larvae are suspected to be a general predator of small insects in leaf litter. Flight times in Britain and Ireland are from April to October with peaks in late May - early June and from July to August.
Myrmecia desertorum are highly aggressive ants. They are nocturnal and blend easily into a background of dry leaf-litter. They do not lay pheromone trails for foraging and are solitary foragers. They establish permanent nests which resemble huge crater-like depressions, with several nest openings.
The ornate narrow-mouthed frog lives semi-buried in leaf litter on the forest floor. It is mainly nocturnal but it is also active during the day during the rainy season. It breeds in ponds and temporary pools that form in the rainy season.
There is one generation per year in Tianjin, China. The larval stage is completed within one fruit. When completing larval development, the mature larvae quit the fruits and pupate on the leaves, and overwinter under leaf litter or stones. Adults appear from June to July.
Eggs are about 1mm and are laid inside faecal pellets. When the larvae hatch, they work a hole in one end and remain in the faecal case as they feed on leaf litter on the forest floor. When they pupate, they seal their case again.
Indirana leithii is a terrestrial species associated with leaf- litter of moist, tropical, semi-evergreen forest, including degraded forests. It occurs at elevations between above sea level. Breeding takes place on wet rocks. The tadpoles can be found on moist surfaces next to streams.
The adult Chirinda toads tend to hide within the leaf litter on the forest floor. The eggs are laid in small pools of water between the buttress roots of Chrysophyllum gorungosanum trees, or in the water filled grooves in the bark of fallen trees.
The species is only known from Mount Tomanivi on the Fijian island of Viti Levu, but is believed to also inhabit the islands of Taveuni and Vanua Levu. Individuals were collected from leaf litter and decaying wood from undisturbed rainforest half way up the mountain.
Barycholos pulcher is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to Pacific lowlands of Ecuador, to asl. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forest. It can also live in secondary forest, provided that habitats with leaf-litter are available.
Ctenophryne aterrima is a secretive and nocturnal leaf-litter species that is rarely seen. Its natural habitats are humid lowland and montane forests. Adults can be found under fallen logs and other debris. They breed in swamps and shallow pools on the forest floor.
Copiula obsti is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to the Wondiwoi Mountains in West Papua, Indonesian New Guinea. It is known mature forest at elevations of above sea level. It lives under leaf litter on the forest floor.
Syncope bassleri are relatively small frogs: males measure about and females about in snout–vent length. Male frogs can be heard calling from under wet leaf litter, near pond edges. The call consists of many sporadically emitted, short multi- pulsed notes (3–6 pulses).
This nocturnal species spends its days in burrows, under logs, or hidden in leaf litter. Defensive mechanisms include noxious skin secretions and posturing by inflating the lungs and elevating the body on all four limbs. When grasped, these frogs usually emit a high-pitched scream.
It is a fossorial species and can move through leaf litter and loose soil by "swimming". Adaptations in skinks for this type of lifestyle typically include a wedge-shaped snout, short head, elongated body, reduced limbs and a reduction in the number of digits.
The type locality is extremely wet, mossy lower-montane rainforest at about asl on karst limestone. Individuals were found on the ground on leaf litter, or calling on mossy rocks and logs after rain at night. No other Callulops species were found at the locality.
It inhabits closed-canopy montane forest and forest fragments within cardamom plantations at about asl. It is a ground-dwelling, leaf-litter species. It is a rare species threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural encroachment, fires, illegal gemstone mining and logging, and human settlement.
Agaricus subrufescens forms fruit bodies singly or in clusters in leaf litter in rich soil, often in domestic habitats. Originally described from the northeastern United States and Canada, it has been found growing in California, Hawaii, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Philippines, Australia, and Brazil.
This is a solitary species, foraging for seeds and fruits in leaf litter on the ground. It calls from the same place in the mornings and evenings, cooing monotonously for up to two minutes. It also gives a moaning call. Its breeding habits are unknown.
The Stereaceae are a family of corticioid fungi in the Russulales order. Species in the family have a widespread distribution, are lignicolous or terrestrial (in leaf litter), and typically saprobic. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the family contains 22 genera and 125 species.
This uncommon snake is considered semi-fossorial and is found in the leaf litter of primary and secondary forests. It preys on other snakes. When threatened it usually flees, but it may remain in place with its red tail erect as a defensive message.
Brushturkeys feed upon insects, seeds, and fallen fruits, which are exposed by raking the leaf litter or breaking open rotten logs with their large feet. The majority of food is obtained from the ground, with birds occasionally observed feeding on ripening fruits among tree branches.
The Bynoe's gecko is mainly active at night. It leaves its shelter and hunts various invertebrates including moths and grasshoppers throughout the night. It hunts among leaf litter or in bare open spaces and will occasionally climb trees or within rocks to source food.
Phrynobatrachus phyllophilus occur in swampy parts of primary rainforest at elevations up to above sea level, possibly higher. They live in leaf litter. The eggs are deposited terrestrially close to water, the only Phrynobatrachus known to do so. The tadpoles develop in extremely small puddles.
Natural habitats of Pseudoeurycea orchimelas are lowland wet forests. They live in leaf litter terrestrially and fossorially. The species is threatened by habitat loss (deforestation) caused by expanding subsistence farming and human settlements and by logging. It is quite an abundant species but secretive.
The female broods the eggs and when they hatch, the larvae may live among wet moss, under rocks and among leaf litter. Little is known of their development, but they are assumed to eat small invertebrates and undergo metamorphosis into juveniles around 10 months old.
There are two generations per year in Tianjin, China. Mature larvae quit the fruits of their food plant before they are ripe and pupate on leaves or leaf litter. The pupal stage lasts from nine to twelve days. Adults of the second generation hibernate.
The eggs are fertilized externally. P. terribilis frogs are dedicated parents. The golden poison frogs lay their eggs on the ground, hidden beneath leaf litter. Once the tadpoles emerge from their eggs, they stick themselves to the mucus on the backs of their parents.
Triaeris stenapis has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including the Americas from the southern United States south to Argentina, central Africa and Madagascar, Taiwan, Queensland in Australia, and isolated islands such as the Galápagos, Hawaii, the Marquesas and the Cook Islands. In Europe it has been introduced in heated greenhouses, including those in Finland, Britain, France, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In larger European cities that are warmer than the surrounding countryside, it has also been found in more natural habitats. The species is primarily an inhabitant of leaf litter; most collections of the genus Triaeris have been obtained by sifting leaf litter.
Pseudorabdion albonuchalis occurs in lowland forest at elevations of above sea level. It is semi-fossorial and lives in leaf litter. It is potentially threatened by deforestation. However, it has a wide range and occurs in many protected areas, and is therefore not considered threatened overall.
The beetle is pale yellow and gold, and measures 0.79 millimetres long. It has no eyes or wings, and is distinguishable by a small pit found between where the eyes should go. Usually found in the leaf litter and soil, they feed on fungal hyphae and spores.
These can include homes, office buildings, and restaurants. The Asian cockroach stays clear of topsoil and rubber mulch and has very little interaction with cypress mulch. During adverse weather conditions such as cold weather or dry conditions, the Asian cockroach burrows down into the leaf litter.
Leaf litter also helps protecting the soil against erosion. The role of plant canopies in consistently producing organic litter is believed to be more important in reducing erosion than its direct speed-reducing effects on raindrops. Nevertheless, gardens are less effective than natural forests in erosion reduction.
The pupae are characteristic in being enclosed in cocoons. They are predatory and forage mainly on the ground in leaf litter. Major workers are rare – at most two per colony. The social organization of the colony was found to be similar to that of the Dolichoderinae.
A robust skink, P. gilberti is seldom seen in the open. It forages through leaf litter and dense vegetation, occasionally digging through loose soil. It is a good burrower and often constructs its own shelter by burrowing under surface objects such as rocks or rotting logs.
Sapromyza neozelandica, commonly called the brown striped litter fly, is an endemic fly of New Zealand. A small red-eyed fly that lives in forest or areas of scrub usually in damp and shaded places. S. neozelandica maggots live amongst leaf litter and feed off moulds.
There is a yellowish, elongate spot on the costal portion of the band. The hindwings are dark-fuscous.Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 21 : 56 C. micradelpha lays flat eggs. The larvae that hatch from them are white, and hairy, feeding on eucalypt leaf litter.
Zonitoides excavatus lives in leaf litter and under dead wood in old natural forests, sometimes also in swamps (western Ireland and western Great Britain). It lives only on non- calcareous soils. It tolerates some degree of human disturbance and replanting, but usually not in forest plantations.
The genus is known principally from Melanesia and Australia, with the one exception to this otherwise circumscribed distribution being the single species L. azumai from Japan. Most species are denizens of the leaf litter in wet forest habitat, but some are known to nest and forage arboreally.
Rostromyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Rostromyrmex pasohensis. The genus is known from Peninsular Malaysia, where the ants live in the leaf litter with colonies located in rotten wood on the forest floor. Colonies are small and likely monogyne.
Stegomyrmex is a Neotropical genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae. Strictly Neotropical in its distribution, the genus is known from Costa Rica to northern Argentina. It was once considered rare, but more recent sampling has revealed that the genus is relatively common in the leaf litter.
Boloponera is a genus of small ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. The genus contains the single species Boloponera vicans, known from a single worker specimen collected in leaf litter in the Central African Republic. It is sometimes referred to as Bry's Ant after its discoverer, Brian Fisher.
The species can be found in tall grass prairies and wooded areas. It is very common in mesic hardwood forests, where there is plenty of leaf litter. Finding this species in buildings, on bark or outcrops is also likely.Habitat The species feed on insects and other arthropods.
Some scientists theorize this is a result of their secluded habitats - forest leaf litter, fungi, and moss at a stream's edge. This makes collecting the subfamily's species hard. Due to the seclusion of the Empelinae, like many rove beetles, (see Aleocharinae), the subfamily's biology is nearly unknown.
Evadne spinifera, one of very few marine cladoceran species Most cladoceran species live in fresh water and other inland water bodies, with only eight species being truly oceanic. The marine species are all in the family Podonidae, except for the genus Penilia. Some cladocerans inhabit leaf litter.
Mycena atkinsoniana is known from the United States and Canada, where it grows scattered or in groups on leaf litter in forests during the summer and autumn. It was originally described from collections associated with beech, but it is also frequently found under eastern North American oaks.
Male smoky shrews don't take care of their offspring, only the female does. Females make nests in leaf litter where they give birth. The offspring are blind, helpless, and have no fur. Females nurse and protect their offspring for a short time (less than 20 days).
Fruit bodies appear in the late fall and winter, where they grow scattered or in groups in deep leaf litter under Monterey cypresses or rarely under other trees. The mushroom is found in coastal California and is most common in the Monterey and San Francisco Bay Areas.
After pupation, the new adult beetle disperses from its birthplace and can fly several miles to locate an appropriate host tree in which to breed. Some species overwinter in aggregations inside the galleries, while others seek shelter in the outer bark layers or the leaf litter.
T. homalocephala is indigenous to Southern Africa, where it typically occurs in coastal thicket and leaf litter along the South African coast - from Cape Town, eastwards along the coast as far as Mozambique. A few tiny isolated populations also occur in moist mountainous areas further inland.
The family of Ranixalidae (Leaping Frogs) has one genus containing 10 different species. They can be found in central and southern India. They typically reside in leaf litter and in tropical deciduous forests, near streams and can be found between 200 m and 1100 m in altitude.
Fruit bodies of Cortinarius maculobulga grow singly or in groups in the ground under leaf litter. The fungus occurs in subalpine grassy woodlands on the Kaputar Plateau in New South Wales, and fruiting is in July. Associated plant species include Eucalyptus dalrympleana, E. pauciflora and E. viminalis.
Leistomorpha brontoscopa is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It is known from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria. The larvae feed on the dead leaves of Eucalyptus species, including Eucalyptus bicostata and Eucalyptus bridgesiana. They can be found in dead leaf litter.
The hindwing has a broad yellow margin. The ventral wing surfaces are disruptively patterned and look like dead leaves, allowing the butterflies to blend into leaf litter on the forest floor. Cryptic ventral patterns have arisen multiple times in various forest-floor dwelling groups of Nymphalidae.
The species occurs only in isolated locations in north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. It requires dense ground cover and deep leaf-litter in rainforest and wet eucalypt forest, at elevations above 600 m, where it forages on snails and insects on the ground.
They move actively from place to place. They turn pinkish before pupating, going down to the earth to make a fairly close-fitting dense cocoon of silk incorporating particles of earth and leaf litter near the surface. The pupa is attached lightly by the cremaster inside.
Nests have been recorded at above the ground but are most often at least high. The nesting material includes decaying debris and leaf litter. Eggs are oval and dull white. The clutch is most often two, but occasionally includes only one egg and rarely three are laid.
With a pantropical distributionT. minutissima occurs in Panama, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Guam. It is especially abundant in the tropical forest leaf litter on El Yunque, Puerto Rico. However, with more than a thousand specimens collected over many years, none has ever been a male.
Brachycephalus ferruginus inhabit the leaf litter in the Atlantic Rainforest. They are active by day; males are exposed on the litter when calling. The species can be locally abundant. There are no known threats to this species, but it is only known from a single location.
Frostius pernambucensis occurs in primary and secondary forests at elevations up to above sea level. It lives in terrestrial and arboreal bromeliads and in leaf- litter of the forest-floor. Reproduction requires bromeliads where the eggs are laid. Males call perched in vegetation some above ground.
Niceforonia mantipus, the mantipus robber frog, is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to Colombia and found on the Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Central, asl. Its natural habitats are cloud forests and secondary forests. It lives in leaf-litter and on ground.
Pristimantis vilarsi lives in the leaf litter of lowland rainforests at elevations of above sea level ( in Colombia). During the night they can be found on low plants, leaves, rocks, mossy walls, and on the ground. Males call at night. The egg deposition site is unknown.
Syncope jimi is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae.It is endemic to Brazil and known from Humaitá, Amazonas, its type locality in Amazonas and from the Pará state. It is a common species within its range, found in leaf- litter of old-growth forests.
Zachaenus carvalhoi is a species of frog in the family Cycloramphidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil and is known from the southern Espírito Santo and adjacent Minas Gerais. Zachaenus carvalhoi inhabits leaf litter in the Atlantic rainforest biome. Males can be heard calling during rainy weather.
It lives in moist leaf litter, often near human habitations, but is seldom seen because it is nocturnal. It sometimes emerges on warm, rainy days in summer, and in Florida, it has been found hibernating in March under the flaking bark of a wild tamarind (Lysiloma) tree.
The Marojejy leaf chameleon is diurnal, spending the day searching through leaf litter for insects and other small invertebrates. If disturbed, it remains motionless, relying on its cryptic colouration to provide camouflage. It perches on low trees and plants at night, when it is most easily spotted.
At the type locality, Choerophryne amomani inhabits primary and secondary rain forest at elevations of above sea level. It was found to be locally common. Males call from on or in leaf litter, rarely slightly higher (to 0.3 m above the ground) in hollow plant stems.
The snail lives in cracks and crevices in rocks, and in the surrounding leaf litter. In dry seasons the snails retreat in among the huge, scattered and split boulders just below the summit.July 3, 1978. Determination that Seven Eastern U.S. Land Snails are Endangered or Threatened Species.
The species can form dense thickets and produces large amounts of leaf litter, an environment occupied by a diverse range of orchid species that includes two rare hammer orchids. The stands also provide shelter to fauna, the New Holland honeyeater builds its nests amongst the branches.
Anapistula seychellensis is a species of araneomorph spider that is endemic to the islands of Silhouette, Praslin and Curieuse in the Seychelles. It can be found in woodland habitats in leaf litter. It is threatened by habitat degradation caused by invasive plant species, especially Cinnamomum verum.
The cryptic nature of foragers and of nest entrances makes it almost invisible to traditional hand collecting. The rarity of individuals in pitfall and leaf- litter samples remains puzzling, since the concentrations of nests encountered at FAL and Broa Preserve suggest that it is locally abundant.
N. layardi is a poorly known skink from the hills of the Central Province and the wet zone coastal areas. Known localities include Millawa, Wellawatte, Lunava, and Polgahawela. It inhabits moist soil and decaying leaf litter, especially at the base of trees, at elevations up to .
Ecology of this species is poorly known. The specimen from the Ramba Village (a gravid female) was collected from leaf litter in secondary forest at above sea level. Threats to Phrynobatrachus ogoensis are not known. It is quite possible that it occurs the Lopé National Park.
Its natural habitats are primary montane forests above . It is a terrestrial species that is usually found under rotten logs or under accumulations of leaf litter, formed, e.g., on the uphill side of logs. Eggs are laid terrestrially (in chamber in humus) and develop directly into froglets.
Thorius adelos is a very rare species only found in undisturbed cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. It is found in bromeliads and other epiphytic plants and in leaf-litter. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging, expanding agriculture, and human settlements.
Schistura sertata is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Schistura. It is only found in the Nam Xi, a small stream near Luang Prabang in Laos, where it was found between tree roots and among leaf litter within the stream.
The harlequin poison frog, also known as harlequin poison-dart frog (Oophaga histrionica), is a species of poison dart frog endemic to the Chocó region of western Colombia. The frog is normally found on the ground of tropical rain forests, among fallen limbs or leaf litter.
After five molts, they are fully developed and ready to overwinter in leaf litter. Both the adults and their larvae are very harmful to crops.Economic Plants and their Diseases They feed on various grasses and grain plants (wheat, rye, barley and sometimes oats, corn and millet).
It has also been found in Cobbler Creek Recreation Park in South Australia and Mambray Creek Reserve. It inhabits tall shrubland and open heath, primarily mallee and other vegetation that has not been burnt for at least 40 years, Shelters under rotting logs, leaf litter and mallee root.
Icones Orchidacearum (Mexico) 5–6: i–xxii, t. 501–t. 700. Spring Coralroot blooms as early as December in Florida through early spring in other parts of the country. The flowers generally only last a few hours. This plant prefers leaf litter in woodland areas and is saprophytic.
Most species inhabit leaf litter, with several species living in caves. This genus was first erected for nine species previously classified in Trichomycterus.Sarmento-Soares, L.M., Martins-Pinheiro, R.F., Aranda, A.T. & Chamon, C.C. (2006): Ituglanis cahyensis, a new catfish from Bahia, Brazil (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 4 (3): 309-318.
The diet of the Rondo dwarf galago consists primarily of insects. The species also feeds on fruits and flowers. By clinging to forest life and leaping, the species can feed in the leaf litter and the understory. As nocturnal animals, they build daytime sleeping nests in the canopy.
The relative lack of leaf litter and decayed ground cover in Grinnell's time was considered to make the occurrence of hot and lasting fires in the forest impossible. With a much thicker understory in 2013, the team of researchers were forced by the Mountain Fire to evacuate their camp.
While most aquatic amphibians have large, forward-facing eyes and three-dimensional vision for capturing prey underwater, Altenglanerpeton has small, laterally-directed eyes that would have been more suitable for burrowing, as in living caecilians. With its elongated body, Altenglanerpeton may have undulated through soil and leaf litter.
The giant golden mole is a subterranean small mammal, living in chambers and passages underneath a very specific habitat, forest with soft soils, deep leaf litter layers and well-developed undergrowth. The giant golden mole is endemic to South Africa, mostly in a restricted area in the Eastern Cape.
The genus is restricted to the Neotropical region, where the ants nest in soil or in the leaf litter. Ochetomyrmex neopolitus is known from northern South America, from Colombia and Guyana to the Brazilian Amazon. Ochetomyrmex semipolitus has a wider distribution, ranging from Guyana and Brazil to northern Argentina.
The fungus grows in woodland and in grassland on moist soil, and is presumed to be saprobic, rotting fallen leaf litter and dead grass stems. The fruit bodies tend to grow in groups, tufts or clusters. Although they can grow singly, they are typically inconspicuous unless in clusters.
It is found in leaf litter on the forest floor, and preys on springtails and mites. The species is oviparous. The following cladogram presented by Gamble et al. in 2011 represents phylogenetic relationships among the genera of sphaerodactyl geckos which were recognized as being valid at that time.
Gulella systemanaturae was found in leaf litter in Syzygium forest in the Dedza Mountain in altitudes approximately from 1700 m to 2100 m above sea level. According to Chapman & White (1970)Chapman J. D. & White F. (1970). The evergreen forests of Malawi. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford.
These include members of the Histeridae and Silphidae, preying on the larvae of coprophagous and necrophagous insects. Many beetles feed under bark, some feed on wood while others feed on fungi growing on wood or leaf-litter. Some beetles have special mycangia, structures for the transport of fungal spores.
When fully developed, the larvae exit the leaf and pupate in the leaf litter or soil. The pupae are protected by the chitinised remains of the last larval skin to be shed. Adults emerge from the pupae one to two weeks later. They live for two to four weeks.
Close-up of head The pink pigeon is herbivorous, feeding on both exotic and native plants - consuming buds, flowers, leaves, shoots, fruits and seeds. These birds exhibit ground- feeding behaviors, moving and turning over leaf litter in order to find food and grit (for use as gizzard stones).
Arthroleptis schubotzi occurs in closed tropical forest, forest edges, savanna, and agricultural areas outside forest at elevations of approximately above sea level, perhaps wider. It is an adaptable leaf-litter species. It breeds by direct development, (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage) thereby not depending on water.
Its natural habitats are lowland and montane tropical moist forests. It breeds in streams (where the tadpole develop), and adults are often found in boulder crevices and leaf-litter in streams. It is found at altitudes between 300 and 1,300 m. It is potentially threatened by habitat loss.
Dendrophryniscus proboscideus inhabits pristine and somewhat disturbed lowland forests, often in association with small streams. It is a leaf-litter species active during the day. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by expansion of agriculture, wood plantations, and human settlements, livestock grazing, clear-cutting, and collection of bromeliads.
Synapturanus are fossorial and mostly nocturnal tropical rainforest frogs found in the leaf litter and soft soils. Calling takes place usually during rain, which apparently triggers the calling. Eggs are deposited terrestrially in a small burrow below the soil surface. The tadpoles are endotrophic (developing without external food sources).
The species is native to hilly regions of tropical and subtropical central Asia. It is known from Pakistan, eastern India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and eastern China. It grows in the understorey of humid rainforests, growing in the leaf litter in shady sites.
Dendrophryniscus stawiarskyi is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Brazil and only known from its type locality, Bituruna in the Paraná state. Its natural habitat is humid rainforest where it occurs in the forest leaf-litter. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Its natural habitats are primary and mature cloud forests with a closed canopy at elevations of asl. It seems to thrive in deep leaf litter. The species is estimated to be stable and not facing major threats, although some habitat degradation might occur. It occurs on two protected areas.
Microhyla petrigena occurs in lowland primary rainforests at elevations below . It lives in leaf litter. Breeding takes place in small pot-holes on rocky banks of clear streams and rivers and appears to be restricted to certain nights. The egg masses float on the surface of these pools.
Cophixalus pipilans occurs in lowland rainforest at elevations up to above sea level. Specimens have been found in leaf litter in the daytime and on low shrubs (no more than above the ground) at night. Males typically call on humid nights after recent rain. Development is direct (i.e.
Chiasmocleis hudsoni is a common species living in tropical rainforests at elevations below . It is a nocturnal, fossorial frog, usually hiding in holes or in the leaf litter. It is an "explosive breeder" using temporary pools for breeding. It is locally threatened by habitat loss caused by clear-cutting.
Dominican ground lizard foraging in leaf litter. Near the Coulibistrie River, Dominica. The Dominican ground lizard is restricted to the island of Dominica, one of the few islands in the Lesser Antilles to have retained its original reptile and amphibian fauna over the last 200 years.Malhotra 2007, p. 177.
Its natural habitats are lowland tropical forests. It is a leaf-litter species that breeds in soil cavities. It is a reasonably common species and although it can suffer locally from habitat loss, it also occurs in remote areas with little human influence, and is therefore not considered threatened.
Proceratophrys bigibbosa occurs in Araucaria forests in mountainous regions at above sea level. Outside the breeding season, it is terrestrial and occurs in the leaf-litter. Breeding takes place in streams, and the eggs may be deposited under stones of stream beds. Proceratophrys bigibbosa is never an abundant species.
Proceratophrys melanopogon is endemic to the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in southeastern Brazil. Records from Minas Gerais probably refer to Proceratophrys mantiqueira. It is found in forests, living among the leaf litter and breeding in small streams. Its altitudinal range is above sea level.
Ctenophryne barbatula inhabits forested areas at around above sea level. Its diet consists of various arthropods; the composition suggests that it is a leaf litter frog. Despite occurring within a protected area, Ctenophryne barbatula is considered Endangered because of its small known range and habitat loss in the area.
Renea paillona is a species of land snail in the family Aciculidae. It is native to France and Italy. This snail lives in moist deciduous forest habitat under leaf litter and ivy. It is known from only four locations around Nice and just over the border in Italy.
The Indian scimitar babbler is a resident breeder (non-migratory) bird. Its habitat is forest and secondary growth mainly in the hilly regions. They feed on insects on the ground or on vegetation. Hopping on the ground, they may turn over leaves or probe in leaf litter for prey.
Their wings are large in comparison to their bodies and subsequently their flight is weak. Preferring high-altitude forest environments, adults only fly in the winter. The larvae live in decaying leaf litter in wet sclerophyll or cool rain forests. Some species are suspected to be associated with fungi.
Gryllus vernalis, the northern wood cricket, is a species of cricket native to deciduous woods of the midwestern United States, where its primary habitat is leaf litter. It can be identified by its totally black exoskeleton (with the occasional red patch on the femora) and its wide pronotum.
Psilocybe eximia is a species of psilocybin mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. It is found in Java, Indonesia, where it grows in muddy soil among ferns, grasses, moss, and leaf litter. The fungus was described as new to science in 2006 by mycologists Egon Horak and Dennis Desjardin.
Arthrochilus huntianus grows in woodland and forest, usually in leaf litter. In New South Wales it mainly grows on the Great Dividing Range south from the Blue Mountains and is widespread in eastern Victoria. It formerly occurred on Flinders Island in Tasmania but is now regarded as extinct there.
It is generally found in damp leaf litter and under rotten logs in Dominica. It is ovoviviparous species.Carvalho C. De M., Da Silva J. P., Mendonça C. L. F.; Bessa E. C. De A. & D'ávila S. (2009). "Life history strategy of Leptinaria unilamellata (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Mollusca, Pulmonata, Subulinidae)".
The preferred habitat of O. beddomii is moist leaf litter on the forest floor of both evergreen and deciduous forests, but it may also climb onto low tree trunks and shrubs.Das I (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books.
Sphenophryne cornuta inhabits tropical rainforests at elevations below . It hides in leaf litter and under logs during the day, and calls from bushes and saplings in understorey at night. It also lives in disturbed habitats including gardens and degraded forests. Sphenophryne cornuta is a common and very widespread species.
It occurs under rotten logs and among leaf- litter, and especially under fallen bromeliads. This species has not been seen since 1980s, despite attempts to find it; it might be extinct. It has suffered from habitat loss, but this might not suffice to explain the disappearance of this species.
The Nototriton barbouri is often referred to by its common name, the Yoro Moss Salamander. N. Barbouri's habitat includes packed leaf litter, rotten logs, abandoned hummingbird nests, and inside bromeliads during the daytime. At nighttime, they actively forage on the branches of small trees and shrubs (J. Townsend, 2016).
This low gene flow reflects their preference for higher elevation and possible competition with other Appalachian salamanders. In its known geographical locations the pygmy salamander can primarily be found in moist depressions such as under logs and rocks along streams, in damp leaf litter, and in mossy areas.
Pseudophilautus zorro, the Gannoruwa shrub frog is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to central Sri Lanka. Its natural habitat is closed-canopy rainforest, but it can also occur in residential gardens with plenty of leaf-litter. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Odorrana bolavensis is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to the Bolaven Plateau, Laos. Its natural habitats are wet evergreen forest. It can be found at night on rocks and vegetation along rocky streams, occasionally on leaf-litter or tree branches away from streams.
Inocybe maculata is an ectomycorrhizal species, with a wide ecological range. It is found in all biomes from low-lying deciduous woodland to arctic-alpine areas. It typically grows on the ground in deciduous (or mixed) woodland, favouring beech. It grows best on chalky soil, among leaf litter.
Three quarters of the country's land is made up of latosol, a reddish, mineral-rich but infertile soil found in tropical rainforest. While suitable for timber production, without leaf litter it quickly loses its fertility. This, in deforested area, combined with a lack of chemicals, causes Liberia's low yields.
The head is prominent, with relatively large eyes set far apart, and capitate antennae. Total length ranges from . The beetles occur in a variety of damp environments, including mud, under stones, among plant roots and leaf litter, and in mosses in bogs. They store some air underneath their elytra.
They live in tropical rainforest and montane forest habitats. These secretive skinks silently move through thick leaf- litter on forest floor. They are all endemic to the Western Ghats mountains Ganesh, S. R., & GOWRI SHANKAR, P. (2009). Range extension of Kaestlea beddomeii (Boulenger, 1887)(in part)(Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae).
The species is a Tobago endemic, known only from the wetter northeastern and central parts of the island. It utilizes leaf-litter and is perhaps also fossorial in rainforest, forest edge and cacao plantation habitats. It seems to be most active in the early morning and late afternoon.
All species have small eyes reduced to a few ommatidia, an 11-segmented antenna with an ill-defined 3-segmented club, papal formula 2-2, and a masticatory border largely edentate with two apical teeth. The small eyes, edentate mandibles, and close similarity among the workers of all three Tyrannomyrmex species strongly suggest that they may also be similar ecologically, and that they are probably subterranean and predaceous. While the three known worker specimens have been taken in leaf litter samples, the rarity of collections suggests that Tyrannomyrmex species may both nest and forage in the deeper soil horizons, and that foragers may only occasionally enter the leaf litter layers closer to the surface.
Listrura occur in shallow-water leaf-litter deposits underlain by mud or deeper layers of leaf litter. Listrura inhabits extremely small, shallow, and temporary water bodies, marginal to main water courses covered with vegetation; no species of Listrura is known to occur in creeks or rivers, except apparently as stray or colonizing specimens. L. picinguabae inhabits narrow and shallow (about 20 cm or 12 in deep) streams in dense tropical forest; it is encountered buried in the litter bottom. L. tetraradiata has been found in small, clear water forest streams; these habitats are shallow (about 40 cm or 16 in deep), with large rocks on the banks and gravel and sand on the bottom.
Moving the forefoot laterally to push aside leaf litter and other loose debris, E. rufescens constructs and maintains trails. The males usually spend most of their time cleaning the foraging trails. Except for foraging, all activities are performed in these trails. Trails act as an important means for escaping from predators.
They are a gracile, long-bodied lizard with a prominently pointed snout. There are two species known as roughnecked monitors, black roughnecks and brown roughnecks. The black roughnecks, when young, have various markings to better camouflage amongst leaf litter. As they age, the colors fade into primarily black or dark gray.
Although Icaleptidae have until now only been described from Ecuador (Cotopaxi) and northern Colombia (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), they are expected to occur in Venezuela. Both species were found in leaf litter. The type material of the two species was collected in 1968 (I. malkini) and 1993 (Z. platnicki).
The grizzled Mexican small-eared shrew (Cryptotis obscura) is a small mammal in the order Eulipotyphla. It is native in Mexican highlands. It can be found in dense, wet cloud forest, where it is found in the thick herbaceous undergrowth and leaf litter. It is known to be insectivorous and terrestrial.
Probolomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily Proceratiinae. The genus is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. The ants are very rare, and are rarely collected in the field, but they appear to be nesting in the leaf litter or in rotten wood. Little is known about their biology.
Most have seven complete sterna visible. The tarsal patterns are 2-2-2, 3-3-3, 4-4-4, or 5-5-5. They are generally found in moist places: moss along streams, leaf litter, beaches, etc. There are about 20 genera and at least 320 described species in Oxytelinae.
Vangas have a variety of different foraging strategies. Many species glean food as they move through the branches. The nuthatch vanga climbs up trunks and branches like a nuthatch but does not climb downwards as nuthatches do. Crossley's babbler forages by walking along the forest floor amongst the leaf litter.
Juvenile and adult Mabee's salamander are terrestrial and largely live in shallow runs under leaf litter and vegetation. Their diet is likely to consist of small insects and earthworms. The larvae are aquatic and feed on zooplankton and other aquatic invertebrates. Breeding takes place in the late winter and early spring.
The drainage layer may be constructed via coarse gravel, stones, expanded clay aggregate, or may be wholly synthetic; the drainage layer is typically separated from the overlying substrate with a fine plastic mesh. Additionally, some bioactive terraria include leaf-litter, which can serve as food and microhabitat for the cleanup crew.
Microhyla chakrapanii is a species of narrow-mouthed frog only known from the type locality, Mayabunder, in the Andaman Islands. Little is known about this rare species: it is presumed to be a fossorial or terrestrial species, possibly associated with leaf-litter substrate; it presumably breeds in water by larval development.
It can be found ranging from Chiapas in southern Mexico to north-western Colombia. The habitat they primarily occupy in this range are primary and secondary mesic rain-forest. These iguanas live predominantly in trees, but also hunt on the forest floor where they use leaf litter as a micro-habitat.
This greenhood grows in grass and montane forests of Nothofagus and subalpine Podocarpus scrub, often in deep leaf litter or on the edge of bogs. In the North Island it occurs from East Cape to Wellington and in the South Island on the western side as far south as Haast.
The scanty frog is a semi-arboreal species, usually found on the ground, beneath logs and leaf litter. It will call during mating season, from within the trees, as high as 1.5 metres. The mating call is a series of fast clicks. Its habitat is vine rainforests, which can include Acacia.
Nemophora topazias is a moth of the Adelidae family. It is found in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania. The larvae feed on the flowers of Acacia baileyana. It constructs an ovate, portable case of flower fragments in the leaf litter beneath the host plant.
According to a 2008 estimate, the Botryobasidiaceae contains around 80 species worldwide. Species are assumed to be wood- and litter-rotting saprotrophs and are typically found on the undersides of fallen, rotting branches in woodland leaf litter. Basidiocarps are thin and ephemeral. None is known to be of any economic importance.
Mycena kuurkacea is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It was first described in 2003 by Australian mycologist Cheryl A. Grgurinovic based on specimens found in New South Wales, Australia. Fruit bodies were found growing on leaf litter under Eucalyptus or on logs of Eucalyptus or Bedfordia salicina.
A forest crow by nature, its food requirements contain a significant proportion of fruit taken from trees, either in pairs or small groups. It also probes under bark and leaf litter for small invertebrates and lizards, and it is known to raid other birds nests of both eggs and nestlings.
The natural habitats of Arthroleptis tanneri are montane forests at elevations of above sea level. It is in a leaf-litter species that has not been recorded outside good-quality forest. It is presumed to have direct development (i.e., no free-living tadpole stage), like all the other Arthroleptis species.
Arthroleptis vercammeni occurs in leaf litter in forest. The type locality is at above sea level. There is no recent information on ecology or abundance of this species, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers it "data deficient". It is not known to occur in any protected area.
It is a nocturnal, leaf-litter species that during the breeding seasons is found along small streams and large rivers. It tolerates some habitat degradation but only occurs close to forest. Threats to it are habitat loss caused by agriculture, wood extraction, and cattle ranching, and locally oil pollution and dams.
Its natural habitats are humid montane forests. It is a diurnal species. Males have been observed during the night on dry leaves by a marsh, and during the day between rocks and sand by water. A female has been observed during the day in flooded leaf litter on a swamp.
Microhyla fissipes is a common and widespread species. It can be found in many habitat types including lowland scrub forests, grassland, agricultural land, pastureland and urban areas. Sub- fossorial in habit, it is also found in forest floor leaf-litter. It is mostly nocturnal, only active diurnally during the rainy season.
Atelopus eusebiodiazi lives in cloud forests at elevations of about above sea level. Specimens have been spotted in leaf litter and along small streams. Presumably, breeding takes place in fast- flowing streams. As of 2011, the species had last been observed in 1997—surveys in 2006 failed to find it.
Its natural habitats are tropical deciduous forests at elevations of above sea level. Adults live in soil or mud and under leaf-litter. Larvae have been found in very wet mud at the edge of a stream. No major threats are known, although habitat disturbance could still be an issue.
Craugastor persimilis is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in the lowlands and premontane Atlantic slopes of central to southeastern Costa Rica. Its natural habitats are lowland and premontane moist rainforest. It lives in leaf-litter and can persist in moderately disturbed areas, including plantations.
Pristimantis pseudoacuminatus inhabits primary and secondary forests and flooded forests at elevations of above sea level. It is primarily nocturnal and occurs both among leaf litter on the ground and in low vegetation, often in epiphytes. Reproduction is presumably direct, without free-living larval stage. This species uncommon but widespread.
Eleutherodactylus warreni is a species of frogs in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to the island of Tortuga off the northwestern coast of Haiti. Its natural habitat is xeric hardwood forest at an elevation of about asl. It is a terrestrial frog occurring on rocks and in leaf litter.
Natural habitats of Kalophrynus subterrestris are lowland, tropical moist forests below above sea level. They typically occur under leaf litter or in burrows (hence the specific name subterrestris). The species is relatively abundant locally, but it does not occur in modified habitats; habitat loss from clear-cutting is a threat.
Austrochaperina pluvialis occurs in rainforests at elevations up to at least , and at least historically, to above sea level. They are usually found beneath fallen timber and leaf litter. Males call from beneath leaves on the forest floor. Eggs are deposited terrestrially and have direct development, hatching as fully formed froglets.
This salamander is dark brown in color with light, glittery- looking speckles of coppery red and silver covering its 3-inch length. Like other plethodontids it lacks lungs and breathes through its skin, which it must keep moist. It lives in damp leaf litter and emerges during high humidity or rain.
Its natural habitats are gallery forests and forest edges along creeks at elevations of above sea level. It also survives in secondary forests. It lives in leaf-litter on the forest floor. It is threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by logging, disturbance due to tourism, and infrastructure development.
Noblella myrmecoides is a reasonably abundant species that inhabits lowland, premontane, and montane primary tropical moist forests at elevations between above sea level. It is a leaf-litter species. While lots of suitable habitat remains, it is locally threatened by habitat loss caused by, e.g., clear cutting and smallholder agriculture.
Eggs are laid in dry leaf-litter. The hatching tadpoles are transported by males to forest streams to complete the larval development. General habitat loss and pollution are potential threats to this species. Chytrid fungos Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been detected in museum specimens but its impact on natural populations is unknown.
Schizopterids are typically collected from rainforest leaf litter;Emsley, M.G., 1969. The Schizopteridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with the descriptions of new species from Trinidad. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 25, 1–154 1 some species have been associated with very specialized microhabitats, such as decaying palms and bark.Wygodzinsky, P. 1951.
The female has chestnut underparts and a plain brown back and wings. She is more prominently crested than the male. Sri Lanka spurfowl is a seasonally terrestrial species, like most of its near relatives. It scratches vigorously amongst the leaf litter of the forest floor for invertebrates, especially mollusks and insects.
The best form of management is planting resistant strains (purple-bordered leaf spot most heavily infects Amur, Japanese, red, silver and sugar maples). Additionally, it is important to remove, burn or bury leaf litter from infected trees in the fall or early spring, as this is where the spores overwinter.
450 species are found in Australia. Only about four widespread species are commonly regarded as pests. Cockroaches occupy a wide range of habitats. Many live in leaf litter, among the stems of matted vegetation, in rotting wood, in holes in stumps, in cavities under bark, under log piles and among debris.
Individuals are typically found near streams on banks, leaf litter, and low in vegetation. Reproduction takes place in streams, ponds, and ditches. It is a locally common frog. Although International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) does not considered it threatened as a species, habitat loss and degradation are threats.
N. burtonii hides during the day, under rubble, decaying logs, and in leaf litter within submontane forests, up to . When exposed, it immediately wriggles into loose soil or under rubble. When caught, it regurgitates its food, presumably as a predator-deflection response. It forages at night on insects and possibly earthworms.
Paphiopedilum malipoense is found in northern Vietnam and southern China at the elevation of 570 to 1600 meters. It is found growing on limestone cliffs with leaf litter. The area where this plant is found is subjected to heavy fog in the winter and rain in the early spring and summer.
The species habitat is primarily lowland tropical rainforests as well as inland wetlands of Peru. Little is known about the species' adaptability to modified habitats. The sky-blue poison frog lays its eggs under leaf litter found in its habitat. The larvae are then transported to small streams to hatch.
Myrmecina graminicola is a species of ant found throughout Northern Africa, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere in the Palearctic realm. Its colonies build nests in soil, under rocks, and in leaf litter. It was described in 1802 by Pierre André Latreille, initially in the genus Formica. They are not an aggressive species.
Tarumania is a genus of freshwater fish first described in 2017. It contains a single species, Tarumania walkerae, and constitutes the only genus in the family Tarumaniidae. T. walkerae is a predatory species that hunts among the leaf litter of the flooded forest floor in the Rio Negro drainage basin.
The trees form canopy and shade the area. Shade-loving scrubs continue to grow as secondary vegetation. Leaf litter and decaying roots weather the soil further and add humus to it making the habitat more favorable for growth to trees. Mosses and ferns make their appearance and fungi population grows abundantly.
Agaricus amicosus is a mushroom in the family Agaricaceae, found in high- elevation forests in the Rocky Mountains, and is particularly common in the Colorado Rockies. It occurs in deep leaf litter under spruce and fir and fruits from late summer to early fall. It is considered a choice edible species.
This crayfish species lives in fresh water, short phreatic burrows under rocks, or amongst leaf litter in shallow, open water (1 m). It lives on rocks/sand or clay substrates on the edge of notophyll vine forests. It has a close association with rainforest. It lives at 720–750 m altitude.
Campsicnemus mirabilis (formerly Emperoptera mirabilis) is an extinct species of fly in family Dolichopodidae. It was endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is one of a number of unusual flightless flies native to the islands. It is not known to be arboreal, most specimens have been found in leaf litter.
Four-toed elephant shrews are heavily dependent on rich leaf litter composition for their food and nests. Their main prey are small invertebrates. Ants and termites are most common, as well as crickets, grasshoppers, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, and earthworms. Seeds, fruits, buds, and other plant material also form part of their diets.
Mostly terrestrial, they live in montane forest. The greater melampitta has more specific habitat needs, roosting and nesting in limestone sinkholes. Insects and small vertebrates are taken from the forest leaf litter. Little is known about their breeding behaviour, with only the nests of the lesser melampitta having been seen by scientists.
This is the only species in the monotypic genus Arcanator. This species has a disjunct distribution, occurring in a few mountain ranges, including Mount Mabu and the Usambara and Udzungwa Mountains. It lives in dense, wet mountain forest habitat. It can be found in the leaf litter near streams, where it seeks insects.
Ramaria gracilis is found in European coniferous woodland, where it grows on leaf litter. It has an uneven distribution, and is very rare. Basidiocarps are most often encountered between August and December. R. gracilis has been reported in Australia, but a 2014 study suggests that such reports were likely misidentifications of R. filicicola.
It appears from summer to late autumn, and is usually found in small groups; in leaf litter; on wood debris, or wooded roadsides. It may occur in both deciduous, and coniferous woods. The fruit bodies of the fungus can serve as a food source for thief ants and developing blow flies (Phormia regina).
Some species of birds, such as the ovenbird of eastern North America for example, require leaf litter for both foraging and material for nests. Sometimes litterfall even provides energy to much larger mammals, such as in boreal forests where lichen litterfall is one of the main constituents of wintering deer and elk diets.
The natural shoreline of the island is generally rocky. A slippery, gray, limestone-based clay called "marl" is the shoreline and near-shore soil. There are no natural sand beaches on the island. Inland, decomposed vegetation forms a rich, acidic humus soil up to about six inches thick, topped by "leaf litter".
All are ground- dwelling predatory species that nest in the ground or in the leaf-litter, with small monogynous or polygynous colonies. Queens are ergatoid (i.e. permanently wingless and worker-like) and, at least in B. conops, it is believed that the foundation of new colonies is by fission of established colonies.
Arthur Loveridge, the scientist who described the species, named it after France so that "his name may be linked with the forests he sought to preserve on the mountain he loved so well." Despite its connection with river though its history and naming, this frog is a terrestrial species living in leaf litter.
M. carcinus is omnivorous, with a diet consisting of molluscs, small fish, algae, leaf litter and insects. M. carcinus has a tan or yellow body with dark brown stripes. Its chelae are unusually long and thin, to facilitate foraging for food in small crevices, and may be blue or green in colour.
Endemic to Madagascar, species of Tanipone are predominantly terrestrial to subarboreal, being found as ground foragers in leaf litter, under stones, in rotten stumps and in rotten logs. Just as commonly workers have been captured on low vegetation, in living and dead stems above the ground and in rot pockets in tree trunks.
Sphinctomyrmex schoerederi is a Neotropical species of ants in the subfamily Dorylinae. S. schoerederi is known only from the holotype, collected in a leaf litter sample from a forest remnant in the campus of Universidade Federal de Viçosa in Brazil, where it occurs in sympatry with S. stali. Gynes and males are unknown.
Cubanops is a genus of Caribbean araneomorph spiders in the family Caponiidae first described by A. Sánchez-Ruiz, Norman I. Platnick & N. Dupérré in 2010. These spiders are wandering hunters, generally found at ground level, under stones, in leaf litter or in the soil, and have only been found in the West Indies.
Adults are on wing from April to June in one generation per year. The larvae feed on Pseudotsuga, Pinus, Populus and Salix species. They are dark with an intricate pattern of black and brown, resembling tree bark or a twig. The species overwinters in the pupal stage within a cocoon in leaf litter.
The Madagascar clawless gecko (Ebenavia inunguis) is a small nocturnal species. It is found on the Indian Ocean islands of Madagascar, Mauritius, the Comores and Pemba island. By day they hide under the bark of big rainforest trees or in leaf litter. Despite their name, females of the species do have claws.
This species is known to live in tree habitats, but adults are found among leaf litter, climbing into trees at night. They are found in the forest of the Western Ghats at elevations of 250 m to over 1000 m, often beside streams.Daniels, R.J. 2005. Amphibians of Peninsular India. City:Hyderabad. 116-117p. Image:PedostibesTuberculosus3.
Wood crickets live among the decaying leaf litter on which they feed. They may also consume the fungus growing among the litter. When the weather is hot enough, males stridulate (sing) during both day and night. The loud two tone call is difficult to pinpoint, especially when several are calling in close proximity.
Although larvae of this species have not been conclusively identified, a likely specimen was collected in leaf litter consisting of detritus of Grimmia laevigata. It has therefore been hypothesised that the larvae of H. polita is a detritivore. The species has been found on the wing in October, November, and January to March.
Drassodes cupreus has a Palearctic distribution. It is considered to be generally more common than the related D. lapidosus. It occurs at ground level, under stones, in leaf-litter and around the bases of grass tussocks, often in particularly dry sites. In the south of Great Britain, it is found in heathland.
The larvae are nocturnal, hiding during the day in the leaf litter and emerging to feed in the water at night. Metamorphosis usually takes place in the spring and mature individuals move to higher areas away from water where they live until the fall, when they return to flooded areas to breed.
2007: 289 The mainly parthenogeneticStol 2005 M. diadema lays three batches of eggs per year, with about 30 eggs per batch that are deposited among leaf litter or on the soil.Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 431 The larvae, like many in the suborder Eupnoi, have an egg tooth.Pinto-da-Rocha et al.
48-9 This harvestman is widespread in Europe (excluding Scandinavia) and has been introduced into North America. It is rare in Britain, usually found only in the south. It is generally found in calcareous areas, and is often found in leaf litter. It moves slowly and is usually covered in particles of dirt.
Cornufer wuenscheorum is known from primary rainforest at elevations of above sea level. Specimens have been found on leaf litter or directly on the soil, but not hidden nor climbing. Calling starts at twilight and continues at least to early night. The species was abundant in the area of the type locality.
The organic matter in soil derives from plants, animals and microorganisms. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody material falls to the forest floor. This is sometimes referred to as organic material. When it decays to the point in which it is no longer recognizable, it is called soil organic matter.
Paedophryne swiftorum is a species of frog from Papua New Guinea discovered in 2008 and formally described in January 2012. It lives among leaf litter on the tropical rainforest floor and was named after the Swift family who had provided funds for establishing the Kamiali Biological Station where the new species was found.
Soils in buckthorn-dominated areas are higher in nitrogen and carbon than normal soils, which speeds up decomposition rates of leaf litter. This can result in bare patches of soil being formed and R. cathartica performs well in such disturbed habitats, so this may be adaptive for the setting of its seed.
The final instar larva is either off white all over or off white below the spiracles and darker greyish or olive green dorsally. There is a row of black spots and finely black-edged white dots. The insect overwinters as a pupa in a cocoon, amongst leaf litter. The larvae feed on birch.
Males arrive at the breeding grounds in the first two weeks of May. Females build the nests on or very close to the ground in dense cover. The nests are made up of root masses, hummocks, stumps, stream banks, mossy logs, and sometimes leaf litter and grass clumps. Moss covering is frequent.
N. unifasciatus commonly inhabits slow-moving tributaries, small rivers, and swampy areas throughout its substantial range. Dense aquatic vegetation and/or submerged branches and leaf litter are most often present. They also congregate beneath floating islands. Water parameters invariably range from slightly acidic (pH 6.5) to strongly acidic (pH 4.0) with negligible hardness.
In the wild, D. discoideum can be found in soil and moist leaf litter. Its primary diet consists of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, found in the soil and decaying organic matter. Uninucleate amoebae of D. discoideum consume bacteria found in its natural habitat, which includes deciduous forest soil and decaying leaves.
These frogs have mostly been found in small ephemeral ponds or beside temporary watercourses after heavy rains. Calling males, however, can climb on stones and to trees as high as above ground. Amplexus occurs in leaf litter. One specimen has been seen climbing bamboo at the transition of deciduous and lowland evergreen forest.
Like other procyonids,Patent, D.H. (1979). Raccoons, coatimundis and their family. Holiday House, New York coatis are omnivores. Their diet consists largely of insects (including their larvae), spiders and other invertebrates as well as the occasional small vertebrate discovered while energetically foraging, with their sensitive noses to the ground, in forest leaf litter.
Ranging from Bulli Pass almost as far south as Wollongong. Meridolum gulosum is found under fallen palm fronds, wood, against rocks, bark and other debris and in leaf litter on the forest floor.Clark S. A. (2009). "A review of the land snail genus Meridolum (Gastropoda: Camaenidae) from central New South Wales, Australia".
Tornier's forest toad is endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains in southern and eastern Tanzania. It is found in the forests and in agricultural areas adjoining forests at altitudes between above sea level. It is a terrestrial species and clambers about in low vegetation, forages on the ground and hides under leaf litter.
A very irregular black sub-marginal band, broad at apical area and between veins 1b and 3. Larva dark grey with a dorsal white band and sub-dorsal series of red spots. Head yellow. It pupates in a loose cocoon that spun in the leaf litter on the ground below the food plant.
Hyloxalus sauli occurs in primary and secondary forests at elevations of above sea level. It lives under leaf-litter near streams and on overhanging banks of permanent streams. Hyloxalus sauli is relatively widespread but uncommon species. It is assessed as being of "least concern", but habitat loss and degradation can be localized threats.
Gamasolaelaps bellingeri is a species of mite belonging to the family Veigaiidae. The female is only 0.5 mm in length, the male even smaller. Both can be recognized by the dorsal sclerotized shield being deeply incised laterally. This species is found in damp habitats such as moss and leaf litter in Jamaica.
At Kandalama, note the flattening body when threatened Hypnale hypnale is active during early morning and night. It spends the day in leaf litter and thick bushes. This species can be found on the stream side basking during the sunrise. Although it is a slow mover, it is capable of fast strikes.
Call of male Hyloxalus bocagei is a long trill consisting of paired notes. Calling males have been observed in late morning. Eggs are deposited amidst leaf litter on the forest floor, and the male attends the eggs. Upon hatching, the tadpoles climb onto the back of the male, who transports them to water.
During the day individuals are found on the forest floor concealed in leaf litter. At night they may climb to vegetation to heights of 2.5 m above ground or more. Males and juveniles climb more than the larger females. The call of males has been described as a "ha ha ha ha".
It is named after Robert F. Inger, an American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History. The species' natural habitat is leaf-litter in cloud forest; it can occur in disturbed areas provided that small patches of forest remain nearby. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and agricultural development.
Diasporus tinker is a common species found in leaf-litter and on epiphytes and bushes in a variety of habitats—primary and secondary forests and even banana plantations. It occurs to at least above sea level. No major threats to this species have been identified, and it occurs in several protected areas.
Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests. In Columbia its altitudinal range is above sea level; in Panama it might reach higher. It is a locally common, terrestrial frog. The eggs are deposited in leaf-litter; both parents carry the tadpoles to leaf axils, usually bromeliads, where they complete their development.
Corybas expansus, commonly known as the flared helmet orchid, is a species of terrestrial orchid endemic to South Australia. It has a heart-shaped to more or less round leaf and a single purplish flower with greenish or transparent areas. It is a vulnerable species, found in near-coastal sand and leaf litter.
A sub-fossorial, nocturnal snake, it rests under stones, decaying logs, amongst rocks and in leaf litter by day, emerging at night to feed on other snakes such as Dumeril's kukri snake, Boie's rough- sided snake, Trevelyan's earth snake, Gunther's rough-sided snake. Earthworms and insects have also been recorded in the diet.
Cylichnidia ovuliformis is a species of land snail in the family Ferussaciidae. It is endemic to Madeira, where it is known only from Porto Santo Island. The snail has been recorded at five sites on mountain slopes on the island. It lives on the ground, often under rocks, logs, and leaf litter.
Townsonia viridis is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs which grows in small groups with the tubers connected by a fleshy root. It spreads through mossy patches and leaf litter. Each tuber produces one or two leaves. Both flowering and non- flowering plants have an erect, very thin leaf emerging at ground level.
The southeastern shrew is active during the day and night, usually hunting for insects to eat. They make a chipping noise that can be heard occasionally. Southeastern shrews are active, spending most of their time in the burrows of other animals and rooting beneath the leaf litter feeding on the forest floor.
Lowland heath occurs on a range of acidic pH < 5, impoverished soils that are often sandy and free draining, characteristically podsols.Webb N R, 1986 Heathlands. Collins, London There are no deep-burrowing earthworms so soil profile boundaries are sharp. There is often a thick litter layer on top of slow-decaying leaf litter .
Mantophryne axanthogaster occurs at elevations of above sea level, ranging from primary lowland rainforest cloud forest. It seems to be more common near streams. Males call from exposed sites on the ground, often near small piles of leaf litter. Calling takes usually place at night, but may occasionally occur on rainy days too.
Hypotermes makhamensis is native to Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. It is a forest-dwelling species and the colony builds and lives inside a complex epigeal (mound) nest. Termites are important in the ecology of the tropical and subtropical forests in the region as degraders of leaf litter and decomposers of dead wood.
The eyecatching older larvae are black and white spotted with bright yellow stripes. The mature larva is about 4 centimeters long. After this stage it pupates through the winter in a cocoon of chewed plant matter and leaf litter. Damage to the plants is done by the voracious feeding of the caterpillars.
Paphiopedilum ooii is found on the island of Borneo in the state of Sabah, Malaysia at elevations of 1050 meters. Plants are found on sharp cliffs growing in moss and leaf litter. The area is subjected to heavy rain from fall to early spring. The area is rarely dry and usually very foggy.
The congolli is found in fresh, brackish and marine waters around south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania, and is endemic to Australia. It lives mostly in slow-moving waters of estuaries, rivers and streams. Water temperatures in its habitat range from . This fish will inhabit areas with log snags, overhanging banks, and leaf litter.
Thorius magnipes is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from near its type locality near Acultzingo, Veracruz. Its natural habitat is pine-oak forest. It can be found in bromeliads, leaf axils, under rocks and leaf-litter, and inside piles of wood chips.
Occidozyga baluensis inhabit shallow ponds or water-filled depressions where clear water seeps out at the base of a slope. Tadpoles live in the shallow water film that covers the leaf litter in seepage areas. They are predatory and ingest small invertebrates. The species is threatened by habitat loss caused by clear-cutting.
This varies in size due to conditions and quality of habitat in the larval stage and hereditary genetics. The horn, like the legs. Is a ruddy red in coloration. Females lay eggs into a substrate of rotting leaf litter and wood, eggs that require about ten days to hatch in optimum habitat conditions.
This springtail has been called a "tramp" species as it has spread around the world in soil and in plant pots and its original distribution is unclear. It occurs in mines and caves, and in soils with a high organic content, on farms, in leaf litter in forests and on stream verges.
In the summer, they migrate as far north as Missouri and Kentucky. In 2015, it was documented for the first time in northwestern North Carolina. The bats prefer to live in forested areas. In winter months they are found to use leaf litter and Spanish moss as insulation in their roost sites.
Without fires, leaf litter accumulates, creating an environment that favors the establishment of oak seedlings instead of pine seedlings. In time, the pines grow old, die, and are replaced by oaks (Quercus spp.). The most common are black, scarlet, chestnut, white, and post oaks. Pitch and shortleaf pines are scattered among the oaks.
Lactarius pallidus is typically found growing mycorrhizally under beech, but can also be found under birch. It is typically half-buried among leaf litter. It can sometimes be found in large groups, and occurs throughout summer and autumn. It can be found commonly in Europe but is much rarer in North America.
Inocybe hystrix is an agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It forms mycorrhiza with surrounding deciduous trees. Fruit bodies are usually found growing alone or in small groups on leaf litter during autumn months. Unlike many Inocybe species, Inocybe hystrix is densely covered in brown scales, a characteristic that aids in identification.
According to these studies, certain features of a given microclimate – such as sandy soil, hardwood trees, rivers, and the presence of deer – were determined to be good predictors of dense tick populations. A habitat preferred by ticks is the interface where a lawn meets the woods, or more generally, the ecotone, which is unmaintained transitional edge habitat between woodlands and open areas. Therefore, one tick management strategy is to remove leaf litter, brush, and weeds at the edge of the woods. Ticks like shady, moist leaf litter with an overstory of trees or at least shrubs, and they deposit their eggs into such places in the spring, so that the larvae can emerge in the fall and crawl into low-lying vegetation.
G. marginata just beginning to unroll from its defensive posture Glomeris marginata lives in leaf litter as well as in grass and under stones, with a preference for calcareous soils. In domestic gardens, they are most frequent along hedgerows and at the bases of old walls, where the mortar has started to crumble, leaching lime into the soil. It is less prone to desiccation than other millipedes and can be found in the open, even in sunny weather, although they are more active at night and prefer more humid areas. G. marginata feeds on old, rotting leaves, despite the higher nutrient content of freshly–fallen leaves, and G. marginata can be responsible for recycling a significant proportion of the nutrients in the leaf litter.
Although the orange-banded arion will eat fresh vegetable matter, a study on the eating habits of Arion fasciatus found that it does not find fresh leaves as palatable as old dead leaves, likely because these slugs generally feed under the leaf litter layer. This study also found that the diet of the orange- banded arion is variable throughout the year. For example, there is an increase in animal material eaten during May and June. The hypothesis is that during the colder months, slugs don't move around much under the leaf litter, and take in a lot of leaves where the chlorophyll has already broken down, but during the warmer months, they take advantage of dead earthworms and small arthropods, both of which have high mortality rates.
Clavaria fumosa is a saprobic fungus which grows on the soil among unimproved grassland and in leaf litter along the edges of woodland, it is less common in dense woodland. This species is normally found in clusters and solitary specimens are rare. In Britain and Ireland the fruiting bodies appear from June to November.
In the Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Javan ferret-badgers seem fairly common and have been observed scavenging for food scraps after nightfall at picnic areas and turning over the leaf litter. They seemed undisturbed by the presence of humans and one young individual even fed on biscuits held out on an observer's hand.
The harlequin antbird (Rhegmatorhina berlepschi) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This species is a specialist ant-follower that depends on swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
The white-breasted antbird (Rhegmatorhina hoffmannsi) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This species is a specialist ant-follower that relies on swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
This frog hides under logs, rocks, and leaf litter in rainforests and adjacent wet sclerophyll forests. It may call through the day but calling is most intense during dawn and dusk. Its call is a very quiet eh-eh-eh-eh-eh-eh, usually six to ten notes. This frog crawls rather than hops.
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 9 Part 2 i. pdf download manual Out of date but online at no cost It is found in a wide range of habitats and micro habitats: in earth rich in humus, in swamps and marshes, along streams, in leaf litter and in wet spots in woods.
Chorizopes is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by O. Pickard- Cambridge in 1871. Though it belongs to the orb weaver family, these spiders move through leaf litter preying on other spiders rather than spinning webs. The original name was "Chorizoopes", but the emendation Chorizopes by Tamerlan Thorell is now protected by usage.
Nectophrynoides laticeps lives in leaf litter on the floor on montane forest at elevations of above sea level. It is active during the day and at night. It appears to be common within its small range. However, the forests in the Ukaguru Mountains are poorly protected, and this species is probably suffering from habitat loss.
This species prefers moist soil inhabited by earthworms, which are its main prey, so the soil needs to be sufficiently moist. The snake's skin naturally evaporates water; so the soil needs to be moist enough to offset this. C. amoenus is mostly found under rocks and in sufficient leaf litter during the extreme daytime heat.
All coral snakes are shy, secretive animals, typically nocturnal. They spend most of their time hiding in leaf litter, under logs. They can be seen crawling on the surface, after heavy rains, when the nighttime temperatures rise above . When grabbed suddenly, or sometimes just when touched, they may thrash about, swing around, and bite.
The larvae eat tree buds and young leaves, then tie leaves together with silk (hence the name). They nest and eat inside the tied leaves, then pupate in the leaf litter on the floor in May or June. After a week or two the adult moths emerge, mate, and lay the next generation of eggs.
Hydrilla use stolons that produce tubers to spread themselves and to survive dry periods in aquatic habitats. Erythronium, commonly called Trout Lily, have white stolons growing from the bulb. Most run horizontally, either underground or along the surface of the ground under leaf litter. A number of bulbous species produce stolons, such as Erythronium propullans.
Mycorrhaphium citrinum is a species of tooth fungus in the family Steccherinaceae that is found in Africa. It was described as a new species in 1989 by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden. The type collection was made in Chati, a region in the Copperbelt Province in Zambia, where it was found growing in leaf litter.
All Geodorcus species are mainly nocturnal and hide underneath fallen log stones or leaf litter on the forest floor. At night D. helmsi have been seen active on tree trunks, chewing at the bark to get access to the exudate. This species occupies a highly variable habitat, including forest and tussock- dominated high country.
The female moves on and the male tends the nest. The nest, which may contain moist leaf litter or sphagnum moss, floods during rain. The eggs hatch and the tadpoles develop in the water. If no sufficient rain happens soon after laying the eggs can remain unhatched for many weeks, with the tadpoles developing inside.
Crassula spathulata (Spathula-leaf Crassula) is a creeping, succulent ground- cover, indigenous to the Eastern Cape Province and southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where it is found in leaf-litter on rocky ridges, often around the edges of forests. It is common as a ground-cover in cultivation, and several different cultivars are in circulation.
"Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics". In: Ecology 63:621-626.Hättenschwiler S. and P.M. Vitousek (2000). "The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling". In: Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 238-243 More complex C compounds are decomposed more slowly and may take many years to completely breakdown.
Natural habitats of Pelophryne misera are montane elfin forests above asl. Adult toads are largely terrestrial and live in leaf-litter, rock crevices, and holes in the ground. Pelophryne misera is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging, although this mainly takes place at lower altitudes. Infrastructure development for tourism is also a potential threat.
Rhinella lindae is a terrestrial frog occurring in wet primary forest by creeks at elevations of above sea level. Individuals have been found in leaf litter and perching on rocks and in low vegetation. Reproduction is unknown. It is a rare species that is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, livestock, and illegal mining.
Werneria mertensiana is typically found associated with rocks in streams and waterfalls in forest and degraded secondary habitats at the lower limit of the submontane zone, above sea level. It can also be found in leaf-litter away from water. It can be locally relatively abundant. The main threat to it is probably habitat loss.
Adult males measure in snout–vent length and adult females . The female lays her eggs in clutches among leaf litter. When they hatch, she carries them around on her back for up to nine days when she immerses herself in a fast flowing stream and they become detached and continue their development in the water.
Hyloxalus ramosi is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Colombia where it is known from its type locality near San Rafael in the Antioquia Department, and from the Caldas Department, both on the Cordillera Central. Its natural habitats are sub-Andean forests. It lives in the leaf-litter.
Duration of the photophase or light period appears to be the mechanism which dictates the path of development of the pupa. The results suggest that the green pupa develop on food plants to avoid predation by small mammals and visual avian predators while the brown pupa develop on leaf litter to avoid avian predators.
The stem will ooze a whitish latex if it is injured or broken. The variety nigra has a dark gray cap, while the variety candida is white. All varieties of the mushroom occur during summer and autumn on leaf litter in coniferous and deciduous woodland. Mycena galopus is found in North America and Europe.
Leucostethus brachistriatus is a terrestrial frog found near streams in sub-Andean forests. It is common where forested habitat remains, but it is a very adaptable species that is also found in cropland and cow pastures. The eggs are deposited in leaf litter. The tadpoles are then carried to streams where they continue their development.
Its natural habitat humid rainforests at elevations of above sea level. It occurs in leaf litter. It reproduces in bromeliads where the tadpoles develop. Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae is an uncommon species but continues to be collected on regular basis (notice though some specimens first reported as D. berthalutzae actually belong to Dendrophryniscus krausae described in 2008).
Adults are on wing from early April to early June and again from early July to mid August in Hong Kong. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Machilus species, including Machilus breviflora and Machilus gamblei. They feed from a slight webbing. Pupation takes place in leaf litter and frass in a rather tough cocoon.HKWildlife.
The species' natural habitats are wet forest areas at elevations of above sea level. They occur on the forest floor under leaf-litter among limestone boulders and limestone caves. They hide by day and are active on the forest floor and in low vegetation by night. This rare species is threatened by habitat loss.
Craugastor laticeps (common name: broad-headed rainfrog, and many variations) is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and southern Mexico. Craugastor laticeps occurs in leaf- litter in lowland and premontane tropical forest. It tolerates moderate habitat alteration and can be found in cacao and coffee plantations.
Gastrophryne pictiventris (common name: Nicaragua narrowmouth toad or southern narrowmouth toad) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in northeastern Costa Rica and southeastern Nicaragua. This species is found in leaf-litter of lowland moist and wet forests. However, it is not easily seen outside the explosive breeding events.
Chiasmocleis alagoana occurs in remnants of the Atlantic rainforest near sea level (the Pernambuco record is from above sea level). It is found in both primary and secondary forest. It lives in leaf litter and under fallen palm leaves, preferably in humid sites. It is assumed to be an explosive breeder utilizing temporary bonds.
Males are territorial. The territorial call is a long series of short "peep" notes, whereas the courtship call is similar but consists of only three notes. Females lay 6–33 pigmented eggs on the leaf-litter. Eggs hatch after 4–16 days and are carried on the back of their father to a creek.
Here, rainfall can be very high, generating dense forests, full of nutrients from high leaf litter. These forests host 370 vascular plant genera, which are vital to the survival of the surrounding fauna. "Plant Evolution and Endemism in Andean South America: An Introduction" Kenneth Young, Carmen Ulloa, James Luteyn, Sandra Knapp. The Botanical Review.
Its closest relatives are Asian dragonflies of genus Sieboldius, which are also sometimes called "dragonhunters". Together, the two genera form the subfamily Hageniinae. The nymph is unusual, with a very flat, wide body. It is slow- moving and lives among bark and leaf litter at the edges of streams, where its dark color provides camouflage.
Ischnocnema bolbodactyla is a species of frog in the family Brachycephalidae. It is endemic to the southern Rio de Janeiro state in Brazil; records from São Paulo apply to Ischnocnema nigriventris and Ischnocnema gehrti. Ischnocnema bolbodactyla is a leaf-litter species inhabiting primary and secondary forest and forest edge. Reproduction is probably through direct development.
Phyzelaphryne miriamae, commonly known as Miriam's frog, is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Brazil where it is found in the drainage of Madeira and Tapajos rivers, in the southern Amazon Basin. It might also occur in Bolivia. Phyzelaphryne miriamae is found in leaf-litter in lowland rainforests.
As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below in length, although some species are as large as . They can be arboreal or terrestrial, and some even live close to water. The ground-dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests, occasionally venturing out at night to hunt.
Large plants of this species can produce a rather stunning woodland display with up to a dozen flower stalks at once bearing 3–4 flowers each growing out of coniferous leaf litter. Chromosome number is often stated as 2n = 68, though one research article questions whether this value could be for a different Epipogium species.
At the type locality, Choerophryne arndtorum inhabits primary and secondary rain forest at elevations of above sea level. It was found to be locally common, with 150 calling males found in a half hectare area. Males call from on or in leaf litter, sometimes higher from the ground (to 1.2 m) on plant stems.
Eisenia andrei is a close relative of the 'brandling' or 'tiger' worm Eisenia fetida. Like its sibling species, it is epigeic, i.e. it prefers to live in compost or leaf litter rather than mineral soils. It can be distinguished from E. fetida as it is darker in colour, and the characteristic stripes are less pronounced.
Workers participating in these raids were observed occasionally tunneling back down into the earth at random spots. None of these above-ground raids extended upwards into vegetation. During these raids, workers prefer to travel under leaf litter and debris as much as possible and immediately relocate kills underground, which makes observing them quite difficult.
It requires little maintenance and can collect insects in great abundance. Other effective methods include yellow pan trapping, sweep nets, and suction trapping. Direct collection from leaf litter with Berlese funnels can also result in specimens that can not be collected by other means. Rearing is also another method that can bring the most rewards.
Some of the common plants there are the rattan, figs, and macaranga. Two meninjau trees (Gnetum gnemon) stand near the visitor center. 18 different species of dipterocarps live in the reserve, including the seraya (Shorea curtisii) and Dipterocarpus caudatus. Fan palms (Licuala ferruginea), leaf litter plants (Agrostistachys longifolia) thorny rattan and ferns are also common.
When dawn is approaching it finds its path and follows it to one of its burrows. Here it gathers some leaf litter to add to its resting chamber and retires underground. It moves around, compressing its bed for a while before settling down. It sometimes emerges from its burrow by day during heavy rain.
On seeing movement below, it swoops to the forest floor to pounce, returning with its prey to the branch. The victim may be dismembered, or subdued by bashing it against the branch. Some insects are plucked off foliage, while earthworms are sought by foraging through the leaf litter and probing the leafmould with its beak.
The Banj oak is among the most useful trees of the Himalaya. It is extensively lopped (or branch pruned) for fuelwood and its wood has a high calorific value and good burning properties. The leaves are extensively used as a cattle fodder. Leaf litter is rich in Nitrogen and makes an excellent compost fertilizer.
This relatively common frog is a diurnal species living at the borders of slow-flowing streams in high montane tepui habitats, from 1000–1500 metres elevation. Males call near streams, hiding in leaf- litter, between trunks, or in crevices between rocks. The tadpoles live in the bottom substrate of small ponds adjacent to streams.
Thorius pennatulus has been found at several locations near Veracruz in Mexico at altitudes between . It is a terrestrial species and during the day hides under rocks, in or under rotten logs or among leaf litter in banana plantations. It inhabits cloud forest and lower altitude forest and is also found in damp coffee plantations.
Foraging birds emerge in the late afternoon or directly after sunset for crepuscular feeding and are once again active before sunrise. Their diet includes a variety of insects although scarab beetles are favoured. They drink while flying slowly over a water surface. The roost and nest are on bare ground, sometimes among leaf litter.
Nyctibatrachus beddomii are semi-terrestrial frogs found in the leaf-litter but also under rocks and logs in evergreen and semi-evergreen moist and deciduous forests. The small sized frog is commonly seen in swampy areas and shallow waterlogged areas along forest streams. Call is a faint 'tink-tink' repeated several times, largely at night.
The pygmy salamander is the most terrestrial species of its genus. It lives in depressions in moss and leaf litter on the forest floors and is most often found in spruce-fir forests of high elevation. The salamander goes to seepages and stream banks for egg-laying in summer and early autumn.Bruce, R. C. 1977.
Raorchestes luteolus are often found on leaves or stems of shrubs about one metre above the ground. Male frogs start calling at dusk, first under the leaf litter and then ascending to the vegetation. Call characteristics may differ between populations; in particular, between the Sharavathi frogs described as Philautus neelanethrus and the nominal Raorchestes luteolus.
Their preferred habitat is shallow riffles with loose, uncompacted gravel bottoms. They are occasionally found in areas with sandy bottoms covered with leaf litter. Young Neosho madtoms may be found in deeper pools, downstream from riffles. Historically, the Neosho madtom was found in the Neosho, Cottonwood, Spring, and Illinois Rivers in Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma.
When a GTR is flooded, these acorns float to the surface; herbaceous vegetation is also available. Invertebrates common in the leaf litter “bloom” and provide protein for breeding waterfowl. According to the Waterfowl Management Handbook (Fredrickson and Reid 1988), there are three criteria for foods to be available to waterfowl. : : “Foods are accessible if: :1.
This species lives in permanently damp and cool lowland and submontane rainforests among leaf litter. The call is a loud, resonating, metallic "honk" or "henk". Breeding takes place in streams, female frogs attach the eggs to the underside of partially or full submerged rocks or logs. The capsules are large and few in number.
Smith's vole lives in forests, plantations and farmland in montane areas above about 400 metres. It is absent from alluvial plains. It makes burrows in leaf litter and prefers damp conditions. It is a common species in chosen habitat but some of its populations are fragmented by road development, land reclamation, dam building and deforestation.
Typically there are few species that grow under flexuosa trees, as the leaf litter can suppress understorey species. Flexuosa and var. Nana respond well to pruning and is often pruned back to its main trunk to promote new growth and to keep a tidy and dense canopy. Without pruning, the canopy can become thin.
This speed can also be used to escape danger. The female uses silk to draw leaves together to form shelters to protect the sacs containing the eggs. Philodromus aureolus probably over-winters among the leaf litter that accumulates in various woodland situations. The adults of both sexes occur mainly in early to mid-summer.
P. alba in particular is so often infested with this caterpillar that it has been nicknamed "the wormy tree". The female lays eggs in clusters of about 50 to 100. The caterpillars feed on the plant, detoxifying the poisonous latex present in most Apocynaceae. It pupates in the leaf litter or under the soil.
Schistura suber is a species of ray-finned fish, a stone loach, in the genus Schistura. This species is known only from three specimens collected among leaf litter in very shallow water in a small forest creek in the Nam Leuk drainage basin in Laos in 1997, it has not been looked for since.
Their only food is the fungus grown in the fungal garden at the center of the nest. The fungus is cultivated on a substrate of wood, bark, leaf litter, dry dung, and dead grass. These are plastered with cement where they are obtained, which facilitates diurnal foraging. Odontotermes species are major contributors to litter decomposition.
G. anguilla originates from the Negro and Orinoco River basins of Brazil and Venezuela, growing to a length of about 6.1 centimetres (2.4 in) TL. G. niobium reaches about 5.5 cm (2.2 in). These species lack an anal fin. Glanapteryx anguilla has been found in small forest streams with sandy substrate covered by leaf litter.
The chrysalis stage is formed among the leaf litter, and lasts just 10–14 days. The adult butterfly flies between late April and June, and is one of the earliest fritillaries to emerge. Adults feed on the nectar from early spring flowers such as bugle, dandelion, and lesser celandine. There is a second brood during August.
It does not create much leaf litter, and it is storm-firm due to its deep roots and tough branches. The tree's edible (but bitter) berries also attract birds to the garden. The bark of this tree is widely used as a traditional medicine for curing stomach ailments and diarrhoea. It is also reputed to be an aphrodisiac.
Ocypus olens mates in autumn. Females lay their eggs from 2–3 weeks after first mating. They are large () and white with a darker band and laid singly in damp conditions under moss, stones, cow pats, or leaf litter. After around 30 days, the eggs split and the larvae emerge, white with a straw-coloured head.
No nest is built, the single white egg is laid directly on to the ground or leaf litter. The female incubates the egg during the day, relying mainly on the excellent camouflage of the plumage to avoid predators. The male takes over incubation during the night, but roosts some distance away when the female is brooding.Cleere (1998) pp.
Within their ranges, brown snakes are very commonly found species of snake. They are most frequently found under leaf litter or debris piles, and are sometimes turned up during gardening. They consume a variety of invertebrate prey, including, earthworms, snails and slugs. Their only means of defense are flattening of the body and excretion from the anal scent glands.
The fruit bodies of E. haastii grow on the ground in leaf litter. They are typically found under Nothofagus species, but have also been recorded under species of Leptospermum, Dacrydium or Podocarpus. The fungus is only known from New Zealand where is common. It is usually found at altitudes ranging from the coast to the timber line.
The species was originally described by Greta Stevenson in 1964 as Fayodia cystidiosa. She found the type specimen growing in leaf litter at the Wellington Botanic Garden in June, 1949. It was transferred to the genus Mycena by Egon Horak in a 1971 publication. The fungus is classified in the section Metuloidiferae of the genus Mycena.
The caterpillar pupates in a cell, sometimes on fresh leaves, at other times on dead leaves or even in the leaf litter. The pale reddish-golden pupa is cylindrical, widest at the thorax, tapering quickly towards the head and gently towards the rear. The head has a small rounded protuberance. The pupa is firmly fixed to the silk pad.
The chestnut-crested antbird (Rhegmatorhina cristata) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in Brazil and Colombia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This species is a specialist ant-follower that relies on swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
Diplurans are common in moist soil, leaf litter or humus, but are rarely seen because of their size and subterranean lifestyles. They have biting mouthparts and feed on a variety of live prey and dead organic matter. Those species with long cerci are herbivorous. Diplurans are found on nearly all land masses, except Antarctica and several oceanic islands.
These trees will remain bare for three to five months. The leaf litter provides nutrients and habitat on the forest floor which leads to a higher diversity of species. In recent decades, there have been efforts to restore dry forest habitats in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, which is where the conservation area is located.
The lunulated antbird (Oneillornis lunulatus) is a species of insectivorous bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This species is a specialist ant-followers that relies on swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
The white-throated antbird (Oneillornis salvini) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. This species is a specialist ant-followers that relies on swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
The African pitta moves about by quick hops. It forages singly on leaf litter, where it scratches to uncover insects and mollusks. It may flit the tail as it walks, and run or jump to a low branch when alarmed, or fly to a high branch where it hides by crouching. It has a fast and direct flight.
Stumpffia is a genus of microhylid frogs that are endemic to Madagascar. They are mostly brown frogs that typically live among leaf litter. S. contumelia has a snout–vent length length of about , making it one of the world's smallest frogs, and several others in the genus are only slightly larger. The largest species is no more than .
Basidiocarps of the Tulasnellaceae are typically found in woodland, on the underside of fallen wood or in leaf litter. They are believed to be soil fungi and many species have also been isolated from the roots of terrestrial and epiphytic orchids. They may also form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants. Their distribution is cosmopolitan.
In order to locate food, it forages on the ground by rapidly sweeping its bill from side to side tossing leaf- litter upwards and behind itself, then goes to scratching the ground for food. Their diet consists of invertebrates such as grasshoppers, beetles, and other insects, crustaceans, gastropods, and an adequate amount of vegetable matter, especially berries.
There has also been a study done on the addition of a straw mulch bedding to the ground after all the leaves have been picked up. The addition of this mulch further reduced the spring infection rate.Holb, I. J. 2013. Effect of sanitation treatments on leaf litter density and leaf spot incidence in integrated and organic sour cherry orchards.
These beetles appear to have seven abdominal segments, and 3-3-3 is their tarsal formula. They are found in leaf litter or deep soil, possibly as predators of mites, collembola, and other soil arthropods. Nine genera and 13 species are known from North America, in western states and Florida, but they may be more widespread.
Pheidole vulcan is known only from the slopes of the two volcanoes Mt. Karthala and La Grille, at elevations between 995 and 1125 m on Grande Comore and thus is possibly an endemic species of the island. The species has been found in rotten logs, sifted leaf litter, under tree bark and on the lower vegetation in montane rainforest.
Darcythompsoniidae is a family of copepods, containing four genera. Members of the family have a very wide distribution throughout the tropics, where they live in rotting mangrove leaves. They lack egg sacs and are thought to lay their eggs directly into the leaf litter. Darcythompsonia and Kristensenia are both large-bodied, while Leptocaris species are much smaller.
How far up the canopy these creatures ascend is not known, but they tend to be found in the leaf litter or low shrubs. The winters in these (evergreen) forests are sharp and very cool; a period of brumation seems likely to occur for these tiny lizards. They eat insects, though these forests seem to be fairly depleted now.
Anoplotrupes stercorosus Geotrupidae (from Greek geos, earth, and trypetes, borer) is a family of beetles in the order Coleoptera. They are commonly called earth-boring dung beetles. Most excavate burrows in which to lay their eggs. They are typically detritivores, provisioning their nests with leaf litter (often moldy), but are occasionally coprophagous, similar to dung beetles.
Presence of njangsa helps to improve soil quality because the roots are colonized by mycorrhizae and because of its natural leaf litter. Burned kernel shells deliver potassium rich ash and the cake remaining after oil extraction from seeds has high nitrogen content. Both products can be used as fertilizer. Njangsa provides shade for humans, livestock and crops.
Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses. Other environments are dunes, seasides, soil, leaf litter, and marine or freshwater sediments, where they may occur quite frequently (up to 25,000 animals per litre). Tardigrades, in the case of Echiniscoides wyethi, may be found on barnacles. Tardigrades can be often found by soaking a piece of moss in water.
Ichthyophis garoensis, the Garo Hills caecilian, is a species of caecilian found in Assam and Meghalaya in north-eastern India. The Husain's caecilian Ichthyophis husaini was until 2016 considered a separate species. It is a subterranean caecilian that lives in the moist leaf-litter of tropical forests. It is typically found close to streams and other waterbodies.
The wood cricket is native to Europe and North Africa. Its range includes Western, Central and Southern Europe, Corsica, Algeria and Morocco. The natural habitat of this species is forest edges and woodland clearings, where it is associated with oak, beech, hazel and holly trees and with bracken. It thrives among the leaf litter in warm, sunny spots.
There is marked delayed maturity in both species. They appear to be fully adult only in their fifth or sixth year. The male performs various displays that include serpentine erratic deportment behaviors which include perceptible quill vibration. The lower extremities of the male's wings and tail are pushed vertically into the ground leaving trails in sand and leaf litter.
Rosette, typically unbranched herbs with somewhat succulent, strap-shaped leaves. In the wild, plants grow on the floor of primary rainforests, shallowly rooted in the humus-rich and leaf- litter layers. Plowmanianthus resembles its close relative, the epiphytic genus Cochliostema, but is smaller (its leaves reach only to ca. 30 cm in length) and is not epiphytic.
Phrynoponera gabonensis is an Afrotropical species of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae. P. gabonensis is the most common, widely distributed and frequently encountered member of the genus Phrynoponera. Specimens are usually retrieved from leaf litter samples but also occur in pitfall traps. The species is known to nest in and under rotten wood, in compacted soil and in termitaries.
Powelliphanta are carnivorous, eating mostly earthworms or slugs. They are nocturnal, and during the day live buried under leaf litter and logs. Powelliphanta uses a rudimentary radula to devour their prey: a tongue-like belt of teeth, which scrapes chunks of flesh into the oesophagus. Far from being swallowed whole, prey are subjected to prolonged radulation.
The dense foliage of the beech canopy results in a rather minimal ground flora but species like bird's nest orchid are found amongst the leaf litter. The high humidity of the more sheltered parts of the gorge encourage the growth of ferns, mosses and other lower plants including the lichen, Stricta sylvatica and the hay-scented buckler fern.
P. pearcekellyi is known from six specimens collected in the Toahiva Valley, four of which were live-collected juveniles found upon low shrubs and ferns, in leaf litter, and on the stumps of dead trees. During the same collection, 1 juvenile and 26 adult P. hebe specimens were taken alive, suggesting that pearcekellyi was a "rare canopy species".
All plethodontid salamanders are territorial, and fight aggressively for territory. Their preferred habitat is in moist soil or leaf litter beneath stones, rotting logs, or other debris near a permanent water source. They sometimes make use of other animals' burrows. Their diet consists primarily of ants, beetles, sow bugs, and earthworms, but they will consume most kinds of insect.
They live in silk tubes on the leaf surface. They feed on dead or decaying leaf litter, but will occasionally feed in the buds or fruits of living plants. Full-grown larvae reach a length of 13–14 mm. They have a light green abdomen, but the body colour can vary depending on the host plant.
Possums have been known to eat the berries and also the flowers of the plant. Both deer and possums remove small amounts of foliage from the plants. Both deer and possums have been known to eat the leaf litter. There is a disease that effects R. cissoides but is not extremely rampant (not a large concern in the wild).
C. sarasinorum is nocturnal, and less arboreal than the other Rhacodactylus (sensu lato) geckos. It is often found hiding under the leaf litter or under loose bark. This species has an animal instinct of sleeping on top of plants or in small trees face up preventing the common FTS (Floppy Tail Syndrome) caused by the gecko sleeping upside down.
Low, leafy vegetation provides higher humidity levels by reducing the desiccating effects of wind and direct sunlight. This environment also suits the tick's major host, the bandicoot, as it seeks out grubs and worms in the leaf litter. Certain vegetation may be conducive to paralysis ticks. There are mixed reports about whether paralysis ticks climb trees.
There are probably two generations per year with adults on wing from March to August. They feed on the nectar of various flowers, including Pontederia cordata, Rubus species, Taraxacum officinale, Hieracium aurantiacum, and Phlox species. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Vaccinium vacillans and Kalmia species. Pupation takes place in a thin walled cocoon under leaf litter.
Megophrys lekaguli occurs near cascade streams in hilly evergreen and evergreen-bamboo mixed forests at elevations of above sea level. They can be typically found on boulders, leaf litter or bare soil within from the stream banks. This species can occur in slightly disturbed habitats. It is threatened by habitat loss and modification caused by (selective) logging and agriculture.
It can be found in leaf litter of montane forests (including bamboo forests) at elevations of above sea level. It has also been recorded at the edge of human-modified forests following land clearance for agriculture. It appears to be an uncommon species. It is threatened by forest loss due to agriculture, timber cutting, and human settlements.
Arthroleptis xenodactylus (common names: Amani screeching frog, eastern squeaker) is a species of frog in the family Arthroleptidae. It is endemic to eastern Tanzania. Its natural habitats are lowland and montane forests where it occurs in leaf-litter, under logs, and in the axils of banana leaves. It is a locally common species that is threatened by habitat loss.
Its natural habitats are Andean forests and páramos at elevations of asl. It is a ground- dwelling species found among leaf-litter and rocks, or in terrestrial and arboreal bromeliads. Development is direct. It is an uncommon species threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, mainly from agriculture, and by pollution from the fumigation of illegal crops.
Allobates insperatus is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. It is endemic to Amazonian slopes of eastern Ecuador; its range, however, extends to near the Colombian border and it may occur in that country too. It inhabits leaf-litter in forest. It breeds in bracts of palms on the ground and other small, ephemeral pools.
The species is social and lives in small groups. These forage in the lower storey of trees and in the undergrowth, often descending to the ground to search through the leaf litter. The diet consists of invertebrates, seeds, nuts and fruits. The nest is built in dense undergrowth out of twigs and lined with plant fibres.
Giri's geckoella (Cyrtodactylus varadgirii) is a recently described species of gecko that is endemic to parts of Western and central India. It is nocturnal, insectivorous and terrestrial, living in dense leaf-litter on forest floor. It is one of the most widely distributed member of this genus in India, occurring throughout most of Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh.
D. dicarpum lives in wet forest between sea level and 1550 metres. It grows on a variety of substrates including logs, rocks, tree bases and stumps, leaf litter or soil. It is found in Australia, New Zealand, Peru, China, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Taiwan, and Vanuatu. There is considerable variation in the plant's morphology across its geographical range.
Betta tomi is a species of gourami native to the Malaysian Peninsula where it is currently only found in Johor. It previously also occurred in Singapore but has since been extirpated there. It is an inhabitant of shallow streams that are shaded and have plenty of leaf litter and other debris. This species grows to a length of SL.
Amazophrynella bokermanni is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Brazil and only known from the region of its type locality, the Amazonas state. Its natural habitats are old-growth forests where it occurs in leaf-litter. The eggs are laid on aerial roots over temporary pools where the tadpoles then develop.
Incilius guanacaste is a species of toads in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Cordillera de Guanacaste in northern Costa Rica. The species is only known from the slopes of Miravalles Volcano and Rincón de la Vieja Volcano. Its natural habitats are cloud forests and wind-swept elfin forests, presumably in association with deep leaf litter.
Adenomera bokermanni is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae, the southern frogs. It is endemic to Brazil, where it is a very common frog. It is thought to be a species complex made up of several species grouped under one scientific name. This frog lives in the leaf litter on the floors of primary and secondary forests.
Eleutherodactylus rhodesi have been found in leaf-litter and under rocks in forest at around above sea level. Most types were found under trash in a mesic Musa grove. The species is moderately common in suitable habitat, but its known range is very restricted. Habitat loss caused by logging and agriculture is the main threat to this species.
Kalophrynus intermedius lives in leaf-litter on the floor of closed-canopy forests at elevations of above sea level. Breeding probably takes place in small rain pools. It is widespread but rarely encountered species. It does not tolerate habitat habitat disturbance and is therefore threatened by clear-cutting of lowland tropical rainforests for logging and palm oil plantations.
2002Kroniger & Bosch 2001Kroniger 2004Dunger 1967 They are active hunters of small insects and other arthropods like ants, grasshoppers and spiders, often investigating crevices in which they also frequently hide. Not much is known about the reproduction in nature. More than one clutch/year is produced. Females lay two eggs under loose bark or in leaf litter.
Cophixalus parkeri inhabits montane rainforest and forest edges at elevations of above sea level. It occurs in vegetation up to one metre above ground at night and in leaf litter during the daytime. Reproduction is through direct development (no free-living larval stage). This species is distributed in a remote area where it is unlikely to be threatened.
The type locality is tropical primary forest at an elevation of above sea level. Males were found perched on herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, and leaf litter. The species can attain locally high densities. As it is not known whether the species can adapt to secondary habitats, it is potentially threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and establishment of plantations.
Colostethus yaguara is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to Colombia where it is only known from its type locality, Ituango, on the Cordillera Occidental in the northern Antioquia Department. It might be conspecific with Colostethus fraterdanieli. Its natural habitats are cloud forests where it can be found in leaf-litter near streams.
Dermophis parviceps occurs in humid montane and lowland forest at elevations of above sea level. It is a subterranean species that can be found as deep as below the soil surface, but also under logs or in leaf litter. It is probably viviparous and not dependent on water for its reproduction. D. parviceps can be locally common.
Noblella carrascoicola is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the northeastern Andean slopes of Bolivia, at least between the Cochabamba and La Paz Departments. Its natural habitats are very humid cloud forest and Yungas forest. At day, they can be found in leaf-litter on the forest floor, or occasionally, epiphytic bromeliads.
Proceratophrys brauni occurs in subtropical rainforests at above sea level. Outside the breeding season, it is terrestrial and occurs in the leaf-litter. Breeding takes place in small streams in conjunction with heavy rains, and the eggs may be deposited under stones of stream beds. It is a common species that occurs in several protected areas.
Proceratophrys schirchi occurs in primary and secondary forest at elevations below ; is not found outside forest. It is a leaf-litter species living on the forest floor. Breeding takes place in small forest streams. It is a common species, but habitat loss caused by agriculture, wood plantations, livestock grazing, human settlement, fire, and logging is a threat.
Thick-tailed geckos shelter under leaf litter, around the bases of trees in loose bark, and in crevices. They emerge in the evenings to hunt in open areas for crickets, cockroaches and huntsman spiders. They eat once every 3–4 days. When they see prey they will stare at it and wag their tails, then pounce.
Agrostistachys indica is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, known in Singapore as the leaf litter plant. The species is widespread across much of Southeast Asia as well as New Guinea, India, and Sri Lanka.Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622.
Corybas cryptanthus, commonly known as the hidden spider orchid or icky, is a species of terrestrial orchid endemic to New Zealand. It has no obvious leaves and the mostly white flower is usually buried in leaf litter. The plant is usually only detected by its fruiting capsule which is borne on a stem which elongates up to high.
One reason this occurs is that lupine seed coats are so tough that only pressure changes due to rapid heating or abrasion are strong enough to allow water to penetrate and start germination. Moreover, fires, feeding by large ungulates, and mowing can improve habitat quality for established lupines by changing soil quality, vegetative structure, and leaf litter depth.
Hemipsocidae is an insect family of Psocoptera belonging to the infraorder Psocetae. Members of the family have the areola postica joined to the M vein by a crossvein, and their M vein is two-branched. This family comprises twenty-four species in three genera: Anopistoscena, Hemipsocus, and Metahemipsocus. They are commonly known as leaf litter barklice.
The small larvae hatch in late September and into October. Immediately after hatching, the tiny larvae seek protective covering in the leaf litter and overwinter there. At this stage the larvae delay development over the winter months and this is known as larval diapuase (Kopper et al. 2001). Once spring arrives, the larvae emerge and begin feeding on violets.
Townsonia deflexa is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs which grow in small groups with their tubers connected by a fleshy root. It spreads through mossy patches and leaf litter. Each tuber produces one or two leaves. The leaves of both flowering and non-flowering plants are very thin with wavy margins and a relatively long petiole.
Polysphondylium pallidum starts life as a single-celled amoeboid protist. Like other slime moulds, it lives in soil, dung, leaf litter and other decaying organic materials. It is known as a myxamoeba and feeds on bacteria and fungal spores. In favourable, damp conditions it may reproduce sexually while in drier conditions, asexual reproduction is more likely.
Unlike most snakes, death adders do not actively hunt, but rather lie in ambush and draw their prey to them. When hungry, death adders bury themselves among the substrate. This may be leaf litter, soil or sand, depending on their environment. The only part of themselves they expose are their head and their tail, both generally very well camouflaged.
Occasionally ground-based insects, such as beetles and ants are taken, as well as flying insects, such as flies, which may be hawked on the wing. Alternately, they forage amongst the leaf litter. In circumstances where the insect prey is low, Louisiana waterthrushes can target prey as large as salamanders and small fish.Dr. Terry Master . Esu.edu.
Amphinotus nymphula is an insect species endemic to the Seychelles group of islands. It is a restricted range species with an area of occupancy ranging , bounded by a protected area. The primary habitat of this species is leaf litter and moss on trees in cloud forests. The species is threatened by habitat deterioration and its sensitivity to climate change.
Apistogramma are omnivores, but tending towards micropredatory. Their main food items consist of aquatic insect larvae and other small invertebrates, fish fry, algae and plant debris. Brood care is highly developed, as in most cichlids. Nearly all Apistogramma species spawn in crevices (small caves), typically in holes in sunken logs or branches, or in leaf litter aggregations.
Brachycephalus brunneus is a species of frog in the family Brachycephalidae. It is endemic to Brazil and known only from Pico Caratuva, Campina Grande do Sul, Paraná. It is found in thick leaf-litter in Atlantic forest and is diurnal, active especially from December to February. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Little is known about its behavior, but like other saddleback toads it lives among leaf litter. Its conservation status was last reviewed by the IUCN in 2004 where regarded as data deficient (insufficient information for rating it), but an independent review in 2019 that used IUCN's criteria recommended that B. nodoterga should be recognised as vulnerable.
Though it occasionally forages in weedy areas, it is almost never observed foraging in the open. It has occasionally been observed feeding in branches and low shrubs. During the breeding season, it gleans its food from grasses and low shrubs. However, normally the species obtains its food by either pecking or less frequently scratching at leaf litter.
Agabetes acuductus is a species of predaceous diving beetle found in the United States and Canada. Its habitat includes wooded wetlands, in the leaf litter of shaded pools, and cattail ponds.D.J. Larson, Y. Alarie, and R.E. Roughley. (2001). Predaceous Diving Beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) of the Nearctic Region, with emphasis on the fauna of Canada and Alaska.
Paphiopedilum micranthum is found from northern Vietnam to western and northern Guangxi, southeastern Yunnan and western Guizhou (China), at elevations of 360 to 1600 meters. The plant is found on cliffs and in crevices which contain leaf litter, limestone, and clay. The area is subjected to fog in the winter and heavy rain from late spring to summer.
Furthermore, releasing a large number of seeds at once, rather than gradually, increases the possibility that some of those seeds will escape predation. Similar pressures apply in Northern Hemisphere conifer forests, but in this case there is the further issue of allelopathic leaf litter, which suppresses seed germination. Fire clears out this litter, eliminating this obstacle to germination.
Probreviceps rungwensis lives in montane and submontane forests at elevations of about above sea level. It is a semi- fossorial forest-floor species. The eggs are deposited in burrows in the leaf litter and hatch directly into small froglets. Probreviceps rungwensis is an uncommon species that is only known from few locations; the overall population appears fragmented.
The Kroombit tinker frog (Taudactylus pleione) is a species of frog in the family Myobatrachidae. It is endemic to Central Queensland in Australia. It lives among rocks and leaf litter near small flowing streams. As most other members of the genus Taudactylus, this species has declined drastically and is consequently considered critically endangered by the IUCN.
Oreophryne wapoga is known from lower-montane tropical rainforests at elevations of above sea level. The live in or under leaf litter, but males can climb to vegetation to call at night. Oreophryne wapoga occurs at low densities, but it is not believed to face significant threats. The Yapen population probably occurs within the Yapen Nature Reserve.
Stereocyclops parkeri inhabit coastal restinga scrub forests, forest edges, and primary and secondary forests near sea level. They live in leaf litter. The locality in Ilhabela was a vacant lot in an urban area where males were having a chorus in flooded grass. Habitat loss caused by fire, tourism, and human settlement could be a threat to this species.
This species is found amongst leaf litter, under stones and logs in Karri and Jarrah forests. Breeding occurs in late summer with most activity after rain. The males make a short "ark" similar to that of species in the genus Pseudophryne. 25–30 eggs are laid in damp ground cover where they develop directly without a larval stage.
Its natural habitats are pine-oak, cloud, and tropical rain forests at elevations of above sea level. It is typically found in low vegetation with abundant leaf litter along small mountain streams. Plectrohyla matudai is locally common, and in Guatemala it is one of the most common stream-breeding frogs. It is threatened by habitat loss and disturbance.
Natural habitats of Pseudoeurycea orchileucos are cloud forests. They live in leaf litter terrestrially and fossorially; most specimens have been recovered by turning rocks and stones or in and under rotting logs. The species is threatened by habitat loss (deforestation) caused by expanding subsistence farming and human settlements and by logging. It is a rare, poorly known species.
Its natural habitats are humid lowland forests at elevations of above sea level, but it can also occur in old banana plantations. It lives in the leaf litter. This uncommon species is threatened by habitat loss as it does not tolerate opening up of its forest habitat. It occurs in the Palo Seco Forest Reserve (Panama).
The species' natural habitats are moist montane forests at elevations of above sea level. Salamanders from a population in Supatá were observed foraging on shrubs and perched on leaves at night. During the day, they were found hiding in the leaf litter and in the axils of bromeliads. Adults we perched on taller plants than juveniles.
V. arthuri now includes many snails that were formerly considered to be rare local endemics of the American Midwest. It now has one of the largest ranges of any land snail in the Western Hemisphere. In many areas, this snail lives in various types of forest habitat. It consumes leaf litter and organic layers on rock surfaces.
The type locality was a slow-flowing perennial stream in a wet subtropical/temperate hill forest. Males could be heard calling after sunset and were found under leaf litter by the stream. The call was a loud croaking "kek-kek-kek-kek". The frogs were docile, found sitting in a crouched position and easily picked up.
Entoloma hochstetteri has a small delicate epigeous (above-ground) fruiting body (basidiocarp) which may be found among moss or leaf litter. The cap may be up to 4 cm (1.4 in) in diameter and conical in shape. The cap color is indigo-blue with a green tint, and is fibrillose. The cap margin is striate and rolled inwards.
Saddleback feeding on nectar from a plant. The diet of North Island saddlebacks mostly consists of insects, berries, invertebrates, and nectar. Their bill allows them to force open dead wood to expose insects such as grubs. In forests, saddlebacks forage at all heights, but tend to spend most of the time on the forest floor browsing in leaf litter.
Both disturbed and undisturbed habitats are used by the northern short-tailed shrew, including grasslands, old fields, fencerows, marshy areas, deciduous and coniferous forests, and household gardens, though the preferred habitats are those which are moist with leaf litter or thick plant cover. Burned-over forests are not quickly recolonized by B. brevicauda, and shrews quickly depart clear-cuts.
Encroaching herbs and shrubs Herbaceous weeds, mostly annuals such as asters, evening primroses, and milk weeds, invade the rock. Their roots penetrate deep down, secrete acids and enhance the process of weathering. Leaf litter and death of herbs add humus to the soil. Shading of soil results in decrease in evaporation and there is a slight increase in temperature.
B. minima is native to the rain forests of its native island. It has a relatively active habit for a chameleon and likes moving around in the low branches and leaf litter of its native rain forests. Though they are moderately aggressive toward one another, population and densities in the wild may approach one animal per square meter.
Its prey is usually caught by gleaning, pecked up from between the leaf litter or, after a jump up or a short flutter, from vegetation. It rarely rummages through the leaf litter to search for prey; rather, it will observe its surroundings tensely, beating down its tail forcefully and slowly raising it up again, and then strike directly at something that has attracted its interest. Small prey is devoured immediately; larger animals are beaten vigorously on branches to make them easier to swallow. The species will occasionally follow army ants but it is not an obligate ant-follower like some other true antbirds or ground antbirds (Formicariidae); while it may join mixed-species feeding flocks on occasion, it usually prefers to forage on its own or with its family.
It was also found that bees exposed to imidacloprid performed the "waggle dance," the movements that bees use to inform hive mates of the location of foraging plants, at a lower rate. Researchers from the Canadian Forest Service showed that imidacloprid used on trees at realistic field concentrations decreases leaf litter breakdown owing to adverse sublethal effects on non-target terrestrial invertebrates. The study did not find significant indication that the invertebrates, which normally decompose leaf litter, preferred uncontaminated leaves, and concluded that the invertebrates could not detect the imidacloprid. A 2012 in situ study provided strong evidence that exposure to sublethal levels of imidacloprid in high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) used to feed honey bees when forage is not available causes bees to exhibit symptoms consistent to CCD 23 weeks post imidacloprid dosing.
The Latin species name, querceus, means "relating to oak", and refers to its being found commonly on oak leaf litter. This species was originally defined as Marasmius querceus by the German mycologist Max Britzelmayr in 1896 and it had that name until it was put into the new genus Mycetinis in 2005 (see the Mycetinis page for more details). The name Marasmius prasiosmus (following Fries) has wrongly been used for this mushroom by some authors, but this is an illegitimate synonym because there is a conflict between Fries's description of 1838 (which does represent M. querceus) and his original description of 1818 and 1821 (which represents some other mushroom). The pruinose or pubescent reddish brown stipe, together with its habitat on deciduous leaf litter are enough to distinguish it from other European species of Mycetinis.
The elfin woods warbler breeds from March to June. Both parents are involved in the construction of the nest and in feeding the chicks. Nests are built close to the tree trunk within dry aerial leaf litter, usually Cecropia leaves (a material used by no other Parulidae species), in Bulbophyllum wadsworthii trees. Nests are well-concealed and located above ground level.
The stipe is stocky, with a narrow red reticulation (net pattern) on an orange ground at the apex. This orange ground colour fades gradually towards the midsection, making the red reticulation more pronounced. At the base the reticulation is absent, and the stipe turns dark vinaceous. Sometimes the stipe detail can be faint, or even absent when covered with earth or leaf litter.
Foraging in the trees The Panamanian white-faced capuchin is an omnivore. Its primary foods are fruit and insects. It forages at all levels of the forest, including the ground. Methods for finding food include stripping bark off of trees, searching through leaf litter, breaking dead tree branches, rolling over rocks, and using stones as anvils to crack hard fruits.
Pleioplectron is a genus of cave wētā in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to New Zealand. These wētā are fairly common at night among the leaf litter in native forest in the South Island of New Zealand. The species look very similar to species of Miotopus, another New Zealand endemic genus, recently resurrected. There are currently ten recognised species of Pleioplectron.
H. haydeniana is an important part of the forest ecosystem, breaking down leaf litter and freeing its nutrients for other organisms. It is commonly associated with redwood forests where many individuals may be found within a small area. Immature millipedes feed on humus. H. haydeniana has few predators, due to its aposematic coloration and its ability to secrete hydrogen cyanide when threatened.
Similar to their desert dwelling counterparts, individuals residing in more temperate climatic conditions, preferred environments are those likely to increase rates of incubation. This may include protection from predation, cold and wet conditions, under the cover of fallen debris, loose soil, fallen logs, leaf litter and rocks. Rates of mortality amongst juveniles is high as a direct result of stochastic environmental factors.
Underlies of maple-oak woodlands or dense growth of small trees like evergreen oak on rocky, often shallow, well-drained, tuff or other igneous rock, at elevations of . The understory is primarily native bunchgrasses with a mix of other cacti and herbaceous species. In shaded dense areas, the ground is sparsely inhabited with vegetation but covered with dense leaf litter.
Betta pallifina is only known from clear forest streams in the upper Barito River basin in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. These streams have soft sandy or leaf-litter bottoms with dense marginal plants and patches of aquatic vegetation. The water temperature in which these fish are found is typically 77-79 °F (25-26 °C), with the pH ranging from 6.6-7.4.
Female Iberina montana are mature throughout the year, but the mature males are found only from late summer through autumn and winter, but mainly during the autumn. Its small sheet web is placed close to the ground among the mosses or under stones, or in leaf litter, including fallen pine needles, and among moss and other detritus, normally in woodlands.
The hairy-crested antbird (Rhegmatorhina melanosticta) is a species of bird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. The hairy-crested antbird is a specialist ant-follower that relies on swarms of army ants to flush insects and other arthropods out of the leaf litter.
The bird is in the monotypic genus Mystacornis. The species is an example of convergent evolution: its bill and body shape adapted to its habit of looking for insect prey in the leaf litter, eventually becoming so similar to that of ground- babblers that early naturalists initially classified the Crossley's vanga into what was then known as the babbler family, Timaliidae.
Endemic to Sri Lanka, it is fairly common to the central hilly areas of the island. It is frequently recorded from Kandy, Uva Province hilly areas, Peradeniya, Gelioya, Gampola, Nawalapitiya, Ritigala and Balangoda, but rarely recorded in low land areas. It prefers leaf litter in forests but often ventures into human dwellings, making itself at home in old masonry and crevices.
Parasesarma pictum is a mudflat crab, belonging to the Sesarmidae family (subfamily Sesarminae), which is endemic to East Asia. This crab typically inhabits mangrove swamps, preferring the upper intertidal region of estuaries, and living in small crevices and abandoned holes made by other species. It eats leaf litter and other vegetation. The breeding season of P. pictum is between May and September.
Betta enisae is a species of gourami endemic to the Kapuas River basin of Indonesia. It is an inhabitant of forest streams with slightly acidic waters, and can mostly be found in the shallows amongst the leaf litter. This species grows to a length of . It is commonly used as bait by local fishermen and has been found in the aquarium trade.
Stewart Island robin Invertebrates, including earthworms, beetles, and other arthropods foraged from the leaf litter comprise most of the South Island robins' diet. Invertebrate prey may be cached whole or in portions. Single items are cached at separate sites. Prey is typically stored within 10 metres of where it was procured, even if the bird is outside its own territory.
They live in loose, sandy soils or leaf litter, typically in sand dunes along the coast. They are found from Contra Costa County in northern California, all the way south to Baja California, although occurrences are often scattered. They require moisture to aid in shedding their skin. Without it, their vision and feeding can be affected, potentially starving the animal.
The center of abundance and diversity is the Central American highlands south to western Panama. Elsewhere in the range the genus is always very rare with low local diversity. In Central America, Adelomyrmex occur primarily in mature wet forest habitats, in rotten wood and leaf litter on the forest floor. They are far more abundant in montane cloud forest than in lowland rainforest.
Sometimes males engage in combat with each other for optimal perching sites. The female descends to the male's perch and they engage in axillary amplexus. Then they descend to the forest floor and entered the leaf litter to access the soil substrate below. The female (still in amplexus) used her pointed snout to make a shallow burrow in the soil.
The pittas are generally birds of tropical forests, semi-forests and scrub. Most species need forests with much cover, a rich understory, and leaf litter for feeding, and they are often found near waterways as well. Some species inhabit swamps and bamboo forests, and the mangrove pitta, as its name suggests, is a mangrove specialist. Several species are lowland forest specialists.
Despite this rarity, the genus is widespread in wet forest zones in leaf litter, topsoil, pieces of rotten wood and rotting vegetation on the forest floor. One worker has been found foraging in a fallen, abandoned termitary. Beyond this nothing is known of its biology. Its specialized morphology implies that it may be prey-specific, but its victims remain unknown.
Ichthyophis beddomei is a subterranean species associated with leaf-litter, humus, and soil substrates. It lives in wet evergreen tropical forest but can also occur in low-intensity agricultural areas and in plantations. It occurs at elevations up to above sea level. It is an adaptable species that can be locally abundant, but severe habitat destruction remains a potential threat.
From limited anecdotal observations of local indigenous peoples, both species select nest sites in elevated reaches, often amongst escarpments on steep slopes amongst leaf litter. They produce very small clutches of from one-two large eggs which are incubated for 25 days. Like other peafowls, crested argus chicks hatch with developed wing feathers. They are bill fed for the first few weeks.
Pupae are hairy and attached with silk to either the host plant or to ground debris or leaf litter. No cocoon is seen. Several genera of Riodinidae have evolved intimate associations with ants, and their larvae are tended and defended by ant associates. This also is the case with several linages of Lycaenidae and contributed to arguments for the uniting the two families.
The area was formerly a center of pulp wood production. Fire suppression is practiced in plantations and in remaining strips of natural habitat. Flatwoods and other local landscapes have historically been maintained by frequent periodic wildfire, which clears large, dense, tall, and woody vegetation and leaf litter. This allows the spurge and many other smaller plant species of the understory to receive sunlight.
Rhizanthella, commonly known as underground orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia. All are leafless, living underground in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. The inflorescence is a head of flowers held at, or just above the ground but mostly covered by soil or leaf litter and little is known about the mechanism of pollination.
Sugarberry occurs primarily along streams and in moist soils on floodplains. Its sweetish fruit is eaten by birds and rodents, helping to disperse the seeds. The leaves are eaten by a number of insects, for example caterpillars of the Io moth (Automeris io). Sugarberry's leaf litter contains allelopathic chemicals that inhibit seed germination and growth in many other plant species.
Females are the sole providers of parental care. They build large domed nests out of sticks on raised earth platforms. Nests are most likely to be located in wetter areas with deep leaf litter and high understory vegetation complexity, reflecting the requirements of food availability and protection from predators. The female breeds once per year in winter, usually laying a single egg.
Indian pittas roost in trees. They feed on insects and other small invertebrates that they usually pick up from the ground or leaf litter. They have also been noted to take kitchen food scraps from the ground. They breed during the south-west monsoon from June to August, with peaks in June in central India, and in July in northern India.
This imposes a selective pressure on the colonies, as the arthropods collected from these raids represent nearly half of the food consumed by the ants. To counter-act the antbird's kleptoparasitism, large prey items have been observed to be dragged under the leaf litter before being processed. Also, food caches arise along the foraging trail, protected by the colony's soldiers.
Smaller species, such as A. stuartii, are scansorial and mainly hunt in trees. They have been observed jumping between branches to catch flying insects. The larger species of Antechinus, such as A. swainsonii, are completely ground dwelling and forage in the leaf litter. The efficiency of Antechinus hunting increases with their age as they learn which prey are the best to eat.
In Africa and Polynesia the bast fibre is harvested and is used in preparing strong, coarse bark cloth for clothing. The clothes often are decorated with the dye produced from the bark tannins. Antiaris toxicaria is an excellent, fast-growing shade tree and often is grown around human dwellings for shade. The leaf litter is an excellent compost material and high in nutrients.
The fishkill was attributed to the first large rainstorm washing a large amount of leaf litter into the basin, leading to eutrophication and low dissolved oxygen. This is supported by the fact that the dead fish were all large (requiring more oxygen) at 2 to 4 feet long and the mouths and gills of the bass were fully extended open.
The bottom-dwelling Microphilypnus are typically found in shallow water among leaf-litter or partially buried in sand,Carvalho, L.N.; J. Zuanon; and I. Sazima (2006). The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 4(2). and they can be very abundant in their habitat.Amazonian Fish: Gobiformes.
Lechriodus fletcheri tadpole This species inhabits rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest. It is very active after heavy rains in summer and is rarely seen in drier conditions. Males make a short gar-r-r-up call from leaf litter around temporary pools and small streams. Up to 650 eggs are laid in a foamy mass and tadpoles are notoriously cannibalistic.
Canopy roots form in highly organic soils classified as arboreal Histosols. Canopy soils form when lateral branches intercept leaf litter and epiphytes, accumulating plant matter that eventually decomposes. In some cases, these soils can get up to a meter thick on a single branch. Canopy soils provide habitat for wildlife and epiphytes, hold water and nutrients, and contain diverse microbial communities.
Tolypocladium inflatum occurs most commonly in soil or leaf litter, particularly at high latitudes in cold soils. The species is characterized by spherically swollen phialides that are terminated with narrow necks bearing subglobose conidia. T. inflatum is highly tolerant of lead and has been found to dominate the mycota of lead- contaminated soils. A study conducted by Baath et al.
The maggot-like larvae feed in a variety of ways. Probably all Exoporia have concealed larvae, making silken tunnels in all manner of substrates. Some species feed on leaf litter, fungi, mosses, decaying vegetation, ferns, gymnosperms and a wide span of monocot and dicot plants.Grehan, J.R. 1989. Larval feeding habits of the Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) Journal of Natural History, 23(4): 803–824.
File snakes are, by nature, burrowers. They will occupy old, abandoned burrows of rodents where they shelter from the heat in the relative coolness underground. They are also adept at burrowing for themselves, their flattened head aiding them to push their way through the earth and leaf litter. This genus is nocturnal, becoming active at night to hunt prey – other reptiles.
The Emoia skinks, of which the Christmas Island forest skink was the most ancestral member, are a large group with marked radiation on islands in the Pacific. The forest skink is about 20 cm long, thickset, ground-dwelling, and active during the day. Its body is a chocolate-brown colour and unpatterned. The species was found in forest clearings, usually in leaf litter.
The fruit bodies of Russula aeruginea grow on the ground in woods, in troops in leaf litter or in grass. It is ectomycorrhizal with birch, but also with found under conifers, particularly pine and spruce. It is widely distributed in northern temperate zones. Fruiting occurs from July to November in Europe, and in later summer to autumn in North America.
The desert rainbow-skink is on average long, excluding the tail. It is characterised by three keels or spines on the dorsal scales. It is typically a mid-brown to grey-brown colour with less pigmentation on the ventral surface, but males display extra colouration, particularly during breeding season. Desert rainbow-skinks shelter in woodland leaf litter, feeding mainly on invertebrates.
Chartoscirta elegantula is a Palearctic shore bug widespread in marshes or at the margins of rivers and lakes. Adult length is 3.5-4.0 mm. It is an agile ambush predator of small invertebrates on the ground or in peat moss. The adult animals hibernate often far from their summer habitats in dry material on the ground in moss or dry leaf litter.
From limited anecdotal observations of local indigenous peoples, both species select nest sites in elevated reaches, often amongst escarpments on steep slopes amongst leaf litter. They produce very small clutches of from one-two large eggs which are incubated for 25 days. Like other peafowls, crested argus chicks hatch with developed wing feathers. They are bill fed for the first few weeks.
From limited anecdotal observations of local indigenous peoples, both species select nest sites in elevated reaches, often amongst escarpments on steep slopes amongst leaf litter. They produce very small clutches of from one-two large eggs which are incubated for 25 days. Like other peafowls, crested argus chicks hatch with developed wing feathers. They are bill fed for the first few weeks.
Arthroleptis nikeae can be found in leaf litter in previously degraded montane forest at elevations of above sea level. While it occurs in a forest reserve, the area is not well protected and forest loss is occurring there. The species has not been found in other nearby forests, and it appears that its maximum extent of occurrence is no more than .
Other fire regime classifications may incorporate fire type (such as ground fires, surface fires, and crown fires), fire size, fire intensity, seasonality, and degree of variability within fire regimes. Ground fires use glowing combustion to burn organic matter in the soil. Surface fires burn leaf litter, fallen branches, and ground plants. Crown fires burn through to the top layer of tree foliage.
Fertilization is internal and takes place after the successful couple engage in face-to-face amplexus. The female produces about twenty large eggs enclosed in a mucus layer while still in amplexus. These are deposited in the vegetation or occasionally under logs or in leaf litter. The female then departs the scene but the males remain and attract more females by their calling.
This lures the females to the water and they mate. The females lay their eggs in clumps of 10-90, and usually put them on and under vegetation and leaf litter in the pond. Females usually lay their eggs in shallow, calm water that has little action around it. If they survive, embryos will hatch into tadpoles within one to three weeks.
This species has normal tadpoles of brown color which are carried all together on the dorsum of the male and are released in small rainwater puddles on the side of the streams. Eggs are deposited in the leaf litter. The call is a single "tick" whistle repeated at intervals and males answer each other. The frogs are locally abundant in wet sites.
They prefer mesic habitats, and are most commonly seen in the springtime, presumably as they are searching for mates as the weather warms. Generally, C. Captiosus can be found in both oak and pine trees, leaf litter, and caves. Ctenus captiosus has also appeared in large numbers in summer in pond pine and sand pine scrub, and in the fall in flatwoods.
Yet another example is the community of micro-organisms in soil that live off leaf litter. Leaves typically last one year and are then replaced by new ones. These micro-organisms mineralize the discarded leaves and release nutrients that are taken up by the plant. Such relationships are called reciprocal syntrophy because the plant lives off the products of micro- organisms.
The habitats of Ovachlamys fulgens include pastures and crop fields with enough moisture and with deep leaf litter cover. For example, habitats with Yucca guatemalensis provide good conditions for this species. The snails are mostly found in soil litter and on plants up to 8 feet in height in areas of secondary growth and tree plantations. Ideal collecting time is after rainfall.
Breeding in T. lepidus occurs in late spring or early summer. Males are territorial in spring and fight in the breeding season. The female lays up to 22 eggs in June and July about three months after mating, hiding them under stones and logs or in leaf litter or in loose damp soil. It tends to lay fewer, larger eggs in dry areas.
In streams, koura take cover on the bottom beneath fallen leaf litter, fallen logs, and tree roots and undercut banks. Tree fern roots that project into the stream are thought to provide excellent cover for juveniles. Fossil evidence of Paranephrops in Pleistocene sediment demonstrate occurrence in or near marginal-marine habitat, unfortunately there is little published literature about occurrences of fossilized Paranephrops.
Unlike the other Phyllobates species, these frogs will not breed in coconut shells; they prefer to lay their eggs inside a narrow tube (small film canisters or nut pods) on the ground. Female P. aurotaenia lay their clutch of eggs, averaging 15-20, in leaf-litter and the male takes the tadpoles to slow-flowing water after the eggs hatch.
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf litter and soil. In the spring, oospores germinate to produce macrosporangia, which under wet condition release zoospores. Zoospores are splashed by rain into the canopy, where they swim to and infect through stomata. After 7–10 days, yellow lesions appear on foliage.
Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 8. New York and Oxford. This rare and unusual plant is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California, where it grows in dense, dark forests such as the redwood forests of the region. This is small, fleshy, stemless perennial plant forming lumps in the leaf litter.
This frog can be found in humid and hot tropical lowland rainforests, moist premontane forest, secondary forest, plantations and heavily altered former forest habitats. It is usually found amongst the leaf litter of the forest. It has been seen hopping on the forest floor during the day. According to Savage (2002) it is found at altitudes from to above sea level.
All except three species occur in fresh water. They usually are found in swamps, caves, and sluggish fresh and brackish waters. When found in pools, they typically are associated with leaf litter and mats of fine tree roots along the banks. Swamp eels are capable of overland excursions, and some can live out of water for extended periods of time.
Pristimantis savagei occur in forests close to fast-flowing streams at elevations of or above sea level, depending on the source. They can be found on low vegetation (up to half a meter above the ground) and also occur in secondary forest. The eggs are laid in leaf litter and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
Its natural habitat is Atlantic forests. Calling males are usually found perching on trees or shrubs, sometimes as high as above the ground. A couple in amplexus was spotted on the leaf litter. At the time of the latest assessment by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), there was not enough information on this species to assess its conservation status.
Sphenophryne similis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to New Guinea and is only known from its type locality in the Owen Stanley Range, Northern Province, Papua New Guinea. Sphenophryne similis is known from leaf litter on the forest floor in lower montane forest at an elevation of above sea level. It was relatively common.
Gastrophyrne elegans is native to lowland Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras on the Atlantic side of the continent. Its range extends from north-central coastal areas of Honduras to central Veracruz. An isolated population is found in the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve on the Yucatán Peninsula. This species is found in tropical forests, where it lives on the ground among the leaf litter.
Gastrophrynoides borneensis is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is endemic to Borneo and is known from Sarawak and Sabah in Malaysia, but it is likely to be also found in adjacent Kalimantan (Indonesia). Common name Borneo narrowmouth toad has been coined for it. Gastrophrynoides borneensis is a lowland forest species that occurs in leaf-litter of the forest floor.
These frogs are found in the leaf litter of primary and secondary tropical rainforests at elevations up to above sea level. They are nocturnal and feed on ants on the ground or on tree trunks and branches. Breeding takes place in ponds and flooded areas within forest after heavy rains. This species is widespread but uncommon in much of its range.
The type series was collected from the transition zone between Nothofagus-dominated vegetation with a rather open understorey and a denser, higher-altitude moss forest at above sea level. The specimens were found calling from within leaf litter on the forest floor. Development is presumably direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage), as in other species in the genus.
The granular poison frog is native to Costa Rica and Panama. Its range extends from southwestern Costa Rica through the adjacent area of south- western Panama at heights of up to above sea level. It also occurs in Piedras Blancas National Park in south-eastern Costa Rica. It inhabits the leaf litter of the floor of humid low altitude forests.
Anthony's poison arrow frog is diurnal and terrestrial. Males are territorial. A clutch of 15 to 40 eggs is laid on the ground among leaf litter, and the male guards them till they hatch in about two weeks. He then carries the tadpoles on his back to a suitable water body where they develop (through metamorphosis) into frogs in about sixty days.

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