Perhaps his most famous exploit was his escape, after 15 months of miserable incarceration, from one of Venice's state prisons, known as I Piombi, to which he was confined in 1755 at the age of 30, ostensibly for irreligion.
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As the historian Paul Hanebrink recounts in an unnerving new study, according to the Judeobolshevik myth, the instigators of communism were the Jews as a whole, not some tiny band of thinkers, conniving as a people to bring communist irreligion and revolution worldwide.
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Irreligion in Guatemala is a relatively small minority, as Christianity is the predominant faith in the country. Irreligion as a belief system has grown in the country since the 1990s.
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In terms of religion, most are Roman Catholic, followed by Irreligion.
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The percentage of the Icelandic population registered as outside religious organizations. Irreligion is prevalent in Iceland, with approximately 10% of the population identifying as "convinced atheists" and a further 30% identifying as non-religious. Since the 20th century, irreligion has seen steady growth.
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Irreligion in the Maldives is a social taboo, and irreligious people are systematically socially and legally discriminated against.
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Irreligion describes an absence of any religion; antireligion describes an active opposition or aversion toward religions in general.
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Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. challenge (e.g. biblical criticism), or oppose (e.g. irreligion) a religious tradition or worldview.
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Lent itself is generally not practiced anymore by the Southern Dutch population as a result of irreligion dominating the area nowadays.
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Humanists UK is the most prominent organisation espousing irreligion in Britons. The organisation supports the United Kingdom becoming a secular state.
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The term irreligion is a combination of the noun religion and the ir- form of the prefix in-, signifying "not" (similar to irrelevant). It was first attested in French as irréligion in 1527, then in English as irreligion in 1598. It was borrowed into Dutch as irreligie in the 17th century, though it is not certain from which language.
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In tandem with the increase of irreligion around the world, the declared population of irreligionists in Africa has been noted to be on the rise.
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Forced conversion is the adoption of a different religion or the adoption of irreligion under duress. Someone who has been forced to convert to a different religion or irreligion may continue, covertly, to adhere to the beliefs and practices which were originally held, while outwardly behaving as a convert. Crypto-Jews, crypto-Christians, crypto-Muslims and crypto-Pagans are historical examples of the latter.
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Irreligion in Spain is a phenomenon that has existed since at least the 17th century.Andreu Navarra Ordoño. El ateísmo. La aventura de pensar libremente en España.
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Irreligion or Nonreligion, is the absence, indifference to or rejection of religion. According to the Pew Research Center's 2012 global study of 230 countries and territories, 16% of the world's population is not affiliated with a religion, while 84% are affiliated. There are many forms and subsets of irreligion, ranging from the casual and unaware to full-fledged philosophies such as secular humanism. Varieties include atheism, agnosticism, antitheism and more.
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Sources promoting irreligion in Africa have been dated to go back several millennia.M.B. Mat'e, The History of Freethinking in Ancient Egypt (1956), no. 3. Other sources have noted that many African philosophies such as Ubuntu are rooted in a secular humanistic framework. During the 1950s and 1960s, irreligion in Africa became increasingly widespread among the educated classes as communism, socialism and anti- colonial movements gained influence on the continent.
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Irreligion in Romania is rare. Romania is one of the most religious countries in Europe, with 92% of people saying that they believe in God. Levels of Irreligion are much lower than in most other European countries and are among the lowest in the world. At the 2011 census, only 0.11% of the population declared itself atheist, up from the 2002 census, while 0.10% do not belong to any religion.
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Organised activism for irreligion in the United Kingdom derived its roots from the legacy of British nonconformists. The South Place Religious Society, which would later become associated with the Ethical movement, was founded in 1793 as an organisation of Philadelphians or Universalists. In 1811 “The Necessity of Atheism” was published by a young oxford student, Percy Bysshe Shelley. It was one of the first printed, open avowals of irreligion in England.
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Wildside Press LLC. p. 15 GENOV, R., & KALKANDJIEVA, D. (2007). Religion and Irreligion in Bulgaria: How Religious Are the Bulgarians? Religion and power in Europe: conflict and convergence, 257.
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Irreligion in Spain is a phenomenon that exists at least since the 17th century.Andreu Navarra Ordoño: El ateísmo. La aventura de pensar libremente en España. Editorial Cátedra, Madrid, 2016.
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According to the 2011 census 21.8% of the Bulgarians did not respond to the question about religion, while a further 9.3% declared a strong stance of irreligion (atheism, agnosticism).
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Irreligion in the United Kingdom refers to the prevalence of the absence, indifference to, or rejection of religion in the country. It includes phenomenons such as agnosticism, atheism, nontheism, secular humanism, casual non-affiliation or apathy. Historically, the growth of irreligion in the UK has followed a European-wide pattern of secularisation. The first British census to gather data on religion, in 2001, showed that there were 7.7 million non-affiliated people in the country.
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Colin Campbell. 1971. Towards a Sociology of Irreligion. London: MacMillan Press. The original name, South Place Ethical Society, was retained until 2012, when it changed to Conway Hall Ethical Society.
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Mehdi Ansari was a guiding force in the field of Islamic publication. He became part of the movement "Combat Against Irreligion" in 1944. He founded the Muslim League in 1945.
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As of 2016, Buddhists (1.68), Hindus (1.81) and Irreligion (1.84) have the least fertility rate. Christians (2.11) and Jews (2.17) have a moderate TFR, with Muslims having the highest fertility rate at 3.03.
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Atheism, or irreligion in Indonesia, is uncommon among the country's inhabitants, as there is a great stigma attached to being an atheist in Indonesia and it is widely condemned by the Indonesian people.
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The Latvians have close historic ties of Northern Germany and Scandinavia, and many of them are therefore Lutherans. Irreligion is widespread. In recent times, the Baltic religion has been revived in Baltic neopaganism.
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Agrigoroaiei (1979), pp. 364–365; Mărghitan & Mancaș, p. 46; Necrasov, pp. 357–358 He also cooperated with biologist Nicolae Leon, sharing his commitment to irreligion, and criticizing the Moldavian Orthodox Bishopric for its consecration ceremonies at university.
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After the Spanish democratic transition (1975–1982), restrictions on irreligion were lifted.España aconfesional y católica. In the last decades religious practice has fallen dramatically and atheism and agnosticism have grown in popularity.España ha dejado de ser católica practicante.
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Shichihei Yamamoto argues that Japan has shown greater tolerance towards irreligion, saying, "Japan had nothing like the trial of Galileo or the 'monkey trial' about evolution. No Japanese Giordano Bruno was ever burned at the stake for atheism".
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Irreligion in Botswana is not uncommon among Botswana.International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Botswana. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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After the Spanish democratic transition (1975-1982), restrictions on irreligion were lifted. In the last decades religious practice has fallen dramatically and atheism and agnosticism have grown in popularity, with over 14 million people (30.3% of the population ) having no religion.
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Greengrass has said that he professes irreligion but has "great respect for the spiritual way". He is a supporter of Crystal Palace FC. He has had many banter-filled football chats on the Mayo & Kermode Film Programme when publicising his films.
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Linton, 170. Linton argues that together, these causes shifted public opinion towards religious toleration.Linton, 172. Religious toleration was not accepted by everyone; for instance, Abbé Houtteville condemned the rise of toleration in France because it weakened ecclesiastical authority and encouraged irreligion.
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The impetus for the creation of the Rationalist Press Association can be traced back to Charles Albert Watts, the publisher who printed the National Reformer and a majority of Charles Bradlaugh's books.Colin Campbell. 1971. Towards a Sociology of Irreligion. London: MacMillan Press.
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The 1943 Philosophical Dictionary defined gottgläubig as: "official designation for those who profess a specific kind of piety and morality, without being bound to a church denomination, whilst however also rejecting irreligion and godlessness.". Cited in Cornelia Schmitz-Berning, 2007, p. 281 ff.
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Atheists are subject to discrimination in Indonesia, seeing as irreligion violates the first principle of Pancasila (the Indonesian ideology). Religious tolerance in Indonesia is limited to muted acceptance of other religions apart from Islam. Indonesian atheist activists are pursuing their religious freedom.
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Irreligion in Bulgaria isn't very common as Christianity and Islam are the major religions. However, over 9% of Bulgarians decided to answer "nothing" the question on religion when asked during the census. During the communist era, State Atheism was enforced in the country.
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Irreligion in Iran has a long historical background, non-religious citizens are officially unrecognized by the Iranian government. In official 2011 census, 265,899 persons did not state any religion (0.3% of total population).SCI (2011). Selected Findings of National Population and Housing Census .
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According to some experts, contemporary irreligion in South Korea can be partially attributed to South Koreans' distrust of hierarchical organizations like religious groups. Experts also point to South Korea's demanding education and work systems as reasons why few young South Koreans participate in organized religion.
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In the 21st century, Protestants (30%) and Catholics (22%) make up the majority of those reporting a religious preference, with 37% reporting no religion, the highest rate of irreligion of all states. Other religions individually contribute no more than two percent to the total.
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While in modern history, the Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion, Communist Revolution, and the Cultural Revolution contributed significantly to the rise of irreligion and distrust of organized religion among the general populace; irreligion in its various forms, especially rationalism, secularism, and antitheism, has had a long history in China dating back millennia. The Zhou Dynasty Classic of Poetry contains several catechistic poems in the Decade of Dang questioning the authority or existence of Shangdi. Later philosophers such as Xun Zi, Fan Zhen, Han Fei, Zhang Zai, Wang Fuzhi also criticized the religious practices prevalent during their times. Buddhism flourished in China during the Southern and Northern Dynasties Period.
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"Not irreligion, not unbelief in the dogmas of the religious communities into which people happen to be born, no! lack of love and ignorance are the two main sources of all earthly calamities."Feuerbach, F., Gedanken und Tatsachen. Ein Beitrag zur Verständigung über die wichtigsten Bedingungen des Menschenwohles.
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Judaism and overt irreligion were both rare.Clive D. Field, "Counting Religion in England and Wales: The Long Eighteenth Century, c. 1680–c. 1840." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 63#4 (2012): 693-720. In 1910, the nonconformist bodies numbered 550,000 members, as against 193,000 in the established Church of England.
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Kryvelev was born in Moscow and graduated from the Moscow Institute of History and Philosophy in 1934. From 1932 he taught philosophy. Kryvelev was affiliated with Soviet atheism propaganda, having worked in the Central Museum of Irreligion in 1936–39. During World War II he fought in the military.
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Before his arrest, he allegedly translated materials critical of Islam in English to Urdu for publishing, and was first exposed by Alyan Khan, a Pakistani political author. Nizami founded the website realisticapproach.org, a website in Urdu about irreligion, and allegedly served as the vice president of the Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan.
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Irreligion in Kenya is uncommon among Kenyans, with only 0.4% claiming no religion. Atheism is greatly stigmatized in Kenya. Harrison Mumia registered the first atheist Society in Kenya on February 17, 2016. The Kenyan Government suspended the registration of the Atheists In Kenya Society barely three months after it was registered.
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The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly irreligion (28.2%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslim (24.1%), and Christian (22.9%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslim. Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines professing the Islamic faith as one of the criteria of being a Malay.
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The increase of the proportion of the population recorded as having 'no religion' over the last six censuses. 2013 Census graph of people stating no religion by sex and age. Irreligion is highest among males and younger generations. Statistics New Zealand gathers information on religious affiliation in the five-yearly census.
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The Republic of Ireland is a predominantly Christian country. The majority are Roman Catholic. The number of people who declare themselves Catholic has been declining in recent years. Irreligion has almost doubled since 2011 with 9.8% declaring 'No Religion' in 2016, overtaking Protestantism as the second largest group in the state.
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The roughly 7.8 million Catholics who are converts (mainly from Protestantism, with a smaller number from irreligion or other religions) are also mostly non-Hispanic white, including many people of British, Dutch, and Scandinavian ancestry.Pew Report, March 17, 2012. 2.6% of all Americans (320 million) are former Protestants, currently Catholic. 7.8 million.
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Singh was appalled by what he saw as the materialism, emptiness and irreligion he found throughout the West, contrasting it with Asia's awareness of God, no matter how limited that might be. Once back in India he continued his Gospel-proclamation work, though it was clear that he was getting more physically frail.
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Richard Dawkins has been a significant figure in irreligion since the 1970s The 1960s were a significant time for irreligion, as the Ethical Union rebranded as the British Humanist Association, which went on to co-found the International Humanist and Ethical Union and create a symbol for humanism, the Happy Human. Broadcasters such as Margaret K. Knight sensationalised Britain with open advocacy of non-religious values and secular education. Senior figures in the British humanist movement went out to take on leading roles in institutions such as UNESCO, the World Health Organization, and the Food and Agriculture Organization. John William Gott, a working man of Bradford, West Yorkshire, attacked religion, especially Christianity, seeing it as reducing the opportunity for a socialist revolution.
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Approximately 40,000 people have identified as nonreligious in Romania in the 2011 census, out of which 21,000 declared atheists and 19,000 agnostics. Most of them are concentrated in major cities such as Bucharest or Cluj-Napoca. Irreligion is much lower in Romania than in most other European countries; one of the lowest in Europe.
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24.7% of people in England declared no religion in 2011, compared with 14.6% in 2001. These figures are slightly lower than the combined figures for England and Wales as Wales has a higher level of irreligion than England. Norwich had the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed closely by Brighton and Hove at 42.4%.
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2 Among his last academic assignments was touring Greater Romania on an examination commission, testing the Romanian-language aptitudes of the teaching staff inherited from Austria- Hungary. His irreligion interfered with this project: he decided to examine Jewish professors from Oradea on August 11, 1934, which was a Shabbat."Telefonul Unirii. D. București", in Unirea.
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At a time when Rome was rife with political intrigue fomented by the Roman barons and the neighbouring princes, Paul II (1464–71) arrested Pomponio and the leaders of the Academy on charges of irreligion, immorality, and an alleged conspiracy against the pope. The prisoners were tortured and eventually released. The Academy, however, dissolved.
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24.7% of people in England declared no religion in 2011, compared with 14.6% in 2001. These figures are slightly lower than the combined figures for England and Wales as Wales has a higher level of irreligion than England. Norwich had the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed closely by Brighton and Hove at 42.4%.
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Other denominations of Christianity and other religions such as Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, and Buddhism account for handfuls of people on the island. In recent years, irreligion has been an increasing force in Jersey, with two fifths of the population identifying as having no religion. This number rises to 52% for Jersey people under 35.
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Irreligion, according to the South African National Census of 2001, accounts for the religious beliefs of 15.1% of people in South Africa, the majority of those being White. A 2012 poll indicated that the number of South Africans who consider themselves religious decreased from 83% of the population in 2005 to 64% of the population in 2012.
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Irreligion in Guyana refers to the lack of belief in religion, secularity or atheism in the country. An estimated 4 percent of the population does not profess any religion,International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Guyana. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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Percent of Canadians not identifying with a religion by province or territory in 2011 Irreligion is common throughout all provinces and territories of Canada. Irreligious Canadians include atheists, agnostics, and secular humanists. The surveys may also include those who are deists, spiritual and pantheists. The 2011 Canadian census reported that 23.9% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation.
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Importance of Religion in Europe (results of a 2008/2009 Gallup poll) Religion in Europe has been a major influence on today's society, art, culture, philosophy and law. The largest religion in Europe is Christianity, but irreligion and practical secularisation are strong. Three countries in Southeastern Europe have Muslim majorities. Ancient European religions included veneration for deities such as Zeus.
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This is evident in the names of schools like Presbyterian Boys School, Holy Child School and many others. Atheists form a very small minority in Ghana. In the Ghana census taken in 2010, Christians make up 71.2% of the population, Islam 17.6%, Irreligion 5.3%, Traditional religion 5.2%. Other faiths include Hinduism, Buddhism and Nichiren Buddhism, Taoism, Sōka Gakkai, Shintoism and Judaism.
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Irreligion in Ghana is difficult to measure in the country, as regular demographic polling is not widespread and available statistics are often many years old. Most Ghanaian nationals claim the Christian or Muslim faiths. Many atheists in Ghana are not willing to openly express their beliefs due to the fear of persecution. Most secondary educational institutions also have some form of religious affiliation.
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Both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities have been in decline since the late 20th century, due to the rise of irreligion in New England. It is the most irreligious region of the country, along with the Western United States. A significant Jewish population immigrated to the Boston and Springfield areas between 1880 and 1920. Jews currently make up 3% of the population.
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In 2017 70.9% of the population of Finland belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, 1.1% to the Finnish Orthodox Church, 1.6% to other religious groups and 26.3% had no religious affiliation (see irreligion in Finland). Whereas, in Russian Ingria, there were both Lutheran and Orthodox Finns; the former were identified as Ingrian Finns while the latter were considered Izhorans or Karelians.
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In the 2011 census, the question about the religious affiliation became optional, and thus 21.8% of the total population didn't answer. Until the census of 1992, Bulgarians were obliged to declare the historic religious belonging of their parents and/or ancestors, while since 2001 people were allowed to declare personal belief in a religion or unbelief in any religion (irreligion and atheism).
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The largest self-declared populations of the irreligious in Africa are found in Southern African countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, and Botswana. Irreligion in Ghana has also been the subject of some study. The numbers of the irreligious are also growing in North Africa, where ex-Muslims are more and more vocal, especially in Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria.
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Such a move was seen as a problem by leading figures in the Roman Catholic Church, not least the anti-socialist Cardinal Michael Logue who warned his flock that "socialism as it is preached on the Continent, and as it has commenced to be preached in these countries, is simply irreligion and atheism".Harris, Mary (1993). The Catholic Church and the Foundation of the Northern Irish State.
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Irreligion was official state policy during the Soviet Union and was rigorously enforced. This led to the persecution of Christians in the country. Since the collapse of Communism, Russia has seen an upsurge of religion. Adding together those who are undecided, those who are spiritual but not religious, and those who are atheistic, as of a 2012 survey, 27,5% of Russians claim no particular religious affiliation.
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Irreligion in Rwanda is uncommon among Rwandans, as Christianity is the predominant faith. It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists or agnostics in Rwanda as they are not officially counted in the census of the country. There is a great stigma attached to being an atheist in Rwanda, even though many people have become atheists in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide.
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Irreligion is and has been historically present among Albanians. Nowadays, estimations of the size of the irreligious population vary widely. The self declared atheist population has been given figures ranging from 2.5% to 8% to 9% while other estimates of irreligiosity have reported figures of 39% declaring as "atheists"(9%) or "nonreligious"(30%), 61% not saying religion was "important" to their lives, and 72% "non-practicing".
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Secularity can occur in degrees and can be hard to define, but as a minimum, secular states do not have a state religion. Countries with a state religion are shown in grey on the map. Those without are coloured. A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.
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Irreligion in North Korea is difficult to measure in the country as the country is officially designated as an atheist state. The North Korean state persecutes those who stray from the official state-sponsored atheism and the personality cult promoted by the Juche idea. North Koreans, by Western definitions, would be considered non-religious but Buddhist and Confucian traditions still play a part in North Korean life.
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Max Weber, [1904] 1920. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.8%), Hindus (3.3%) and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth.
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The largest religion practiced in Pakistan is Islam. Other religious groups are Zoroastrianism, Hinduism, the Kalash faith, and Christianity. 95% of people in Pakistan are Muslims (majority Sunni), 2% are Hindus, 2% are Christians and less than 1% of the population are Zoroastrian, Kalash, Baháʼí, Sikh, Irreligious and 1% of people are Ahmadiyyah. Irreligion and atheism are present among a minority of mainly young people in Pakistan.
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Irreligion in New Zealand refers to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious scepticism and secular humanism in New Zealand society. Post-war New Zealand has become a highly secular country, meaning that religion does not play a major role in the lives of many of the population. Although New Zealand has no established religion, Christianity had been the majority religious affiliation since European settlement in the 19th century.
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Irreligion is very uncommon in Lebanon, as Islam and Christianity are the predominant faiths. It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists or agnostics in Lebanon as they are not officially counted in the census of the country. The Lebanese Constitution guarantees the freedom of belief. There is a great stigma attached to being an atheist in Lebanon, thus many Lebanese atheists communicate via the internet.
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Other common objections to evolution allege that evolution leads to objectionable results, including bad beliefs, behaviors, and events. It is argued that the teaching of evolution degrades values, undermines morals, and fosters irreligion or atheism. These may be considered appeals to consequences (a form of logical fallacy), as the potential ramifications of belief in evolutionary theory have nothing to do with its objective empirical reality.
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Irreligion is thought to be very rare in Iraq. There aren't any exact numbers as atheists fear persecution especially from miltias and many fear telling their families or friends about their beliefs. Some young Iraqis turned away from Islam due to religious fundamentalism and corruption of Islamic politicians and parties and the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) and the Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017).
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Canterbury Cathedral is the cathedral of the Archbishop of Canterbury The Church of England is the established state church in England, whose supreme governor is the monarch. Other Christian traditions in England include Roman Catholicism, Methodism and the Baptists. After Christianity, the religions with the most adherents are Hinduism, Sikhism, Neopaganism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and the Baháʼí Faith. There are also organisations promoting irreligion, including humanism and atheism.
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Irreligion in Azerbaijan is open to interpretation according to differing censuses and polls. Although Islam is the predominant faith in Azerbaijan, religious affiliation is nominal in Azerbaijan and percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower. It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists or agnostics in Azerbaijan as they are not officially counted in the census of the country. Azerbaijan is the most secular state in the Muslim world.
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Atheism and irreligion are not officially recognised in India. Apostasy is allowed under the right to freedom of religion in the Constitution, and the Special Marriage Act, 1954 allows the marriage of people with no religious beliefs, as well as non-religious and non-ritualistic marriages. However, there are no specific laws catering to atheists and they are considered as belonging to the religion of their birth for administrative purposes.
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Philadelphia has a number of centers of worship for a multitude of faiths. According to the Pew Research Center, the most practiced religion is Christianity with 68%, (41% Protestant and 26% Catholic) followed by Irreligion with 24%, Judaism with 3%, and other religions with 5%. The most predominant, Christianity, has been seen in the city since its foundation. However many new religions have arrived, including Islam and Hinduism.
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Irreligion, atheism and agnosticism are present among Albanians (see religion in Albania), along with the predominant faiths of Islam and Christianity. The majority of Albanians lead a secular life and reject religious considerations to shape or condition their way of life. Irreligion in Albania arose after a period of rising anti-clericalism and secularization in the context of the rising Albanian nationalism in the late Ottoman Empire. While authors in this period had at times used invective against religion, the first public advocate of abandoning religion itself was Ismet Toto in 1934 followed by works by Anastas Plasari in 1935. Beginning in 1946 under communist rule in Albania, religion was first curtailed, and then public religious practice was outlawed in 1967 with the adoption of state atheism by Enver Hoxha although some private practice survived, and remained so until restrictions were first eased in 1985 and then removed in 1990 under his successor Ramiz Alia.
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Apostasy means renouncing/abandoning/leaving one's religion for another religion (known as conversion) or irreligion (known as deconversion or disaffiliation, including to stances such as atheism, agnosticism and freethought). In the 21st century, this is considered a crime only for Muslims, in a limited number of countries and territories (25 as of 2014 according to Pew Research Center, all of which were located in Africa or Asia), about ten of whom have the death penalty on it, while the other jurisdictions may inflict less severe punishments such as imprisonment, a fine or loss of some civil rights (in Jordan all civil rights), notably one's marriage and child custody. Converting a Muslim to another religion or irreligion is sometimes also criminalised as being an 'accomplice to apostasy'. Apostasy is not known to be a crime (let alone a capital crime) for adherents of any other religion in any country in the 21st century.
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Hojatoleslam Seyyed Ali Akbar Aboutorabi Fard was born in 1939 in Qazvin. In childhood he saw all Reza khan’s violence against religion and seminaries and clerics of Islam. He also saw women of family stay at home in Kashfe hijab time and found his ancestors in fight path against Pahlavi’s irreligion plans. He was the champion in swimming event Amjadiyeh in Tehran and was the top player in football and volleyball in high school.
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Vice President of Polish Atheist Coalition Nina Sankari speaks on "In the Shadow of the Church in Poland" at the Secular Conference 2014. Atheism and irreligion is uncommon in Poland with Catholic Christianity as the largest faith. However, it is on the rise, which has caused tensions in the country. In a public performance during the 2014 Procession of Atheists in Poland commemorated Kazimierz Łyszczyński, who is considered the first Polish atheist.
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The Yukthivadi in 1929 was the first atheist/rationalist magazine published in Malayalam. Periyar E. V. Ramasamy (1879 - 1973) was an atheist and rationalist leader of Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam. His views on the irreligion are based on the eradication of the caste system, religion must be denied to achieve the obliteration of caste system. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883 –1966) was an eminent Hindu nationalist leader of the Indian independence movement.
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Churchmen and Dissenters of all sects > and classes may here learn what each other think; but they will not find the > LONDON ENCYCLOPÆDIA an arsenal, furnishing them with weapons to carry on > either an offensive or a defensive war. > ...Society is now so far advanced, that the people must be supplied with > mental resources: let them have science without scepticism, literature > without irreligion, and intellectual enjoyment without the sacrifice of > moral principle.
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Gallup Religiosity Index 2009 - Sri Lanka is one of the most religious countries in the world.The Religiosity Index is a measure of the importance of religion for respondents and their self-reported attendance of religious services. For religions in which attendance at services is limited, care must be used in interpreting the data. (Gallup WorldView) Irreligion in Sri Lanka may refer to atheism, agnosticism, deism, religious skepticism, secular humanism or general secularist attitudes in Sri Lanka.
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Irreligion in Egypt is controversial due to the largely conservative nature of the country. It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists or agnostics in Egypt, as the stigma attached to being one makes it hard for irreligious Egyptians to publicly profess their views. Furthermore, public statements that can be deemed critical of Islam or Christianity can be tried under the country's notorious blasphemy law. Outspoken atheists, like Alber Saber, have been convicted under this law.
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Irreligion in the United States refers to the extent of the lack, indifference to or rejection of religious faith in the country. Based on surveys, between 8% and 15% of citizens polled demonstrate objectively nonreligious attitudes and basically naturalistic worldviews.Robert Fuller, Spiritual, but not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America, Oxford University Press (2001). pp. 1-4. The number of self-identified atheists and agnostics is around 4% each, while many persons formally affiliated with a religion are likewise non- believing.
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Irreligion in Uganda is uncommon among Ugandans, as Christianity is the predominant faith. Only 0.9% of Ugandans claim no religion. Most Ugandans are considered religious and there is a great stigma attached to being a non- believer. A small group of atheists such as James Onen have set up organizations opposing witchcraft and superstitions in Uganda. In February 2015 BiZoHa, the world's first ‘free-thinker’ orphanage, was launched in the town of Mukhoy, Kasese district in western Uganda.
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Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates is rare, with only up to 4% of people reporting irreligious beliefs according to a Gallup poll. It is illegal for Muslims, with apostates from Islam facing a maximum sentence of the death penalty under the country's anti-blasphemy law. As such, there have been questions regarding freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates. Atheism in the region is mainly present among foreign expatriates and a very small number of local youth.
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Atheism, Agnosticism, Deism and freethinking became relatively popular (although the majority of the society was still very religious) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During the Spanish civil war irreligious people were repressed by the Francoist side, while religion was largely abolished among the republicans. During the Francoist dictatorship period (1939-1975) irreligion was not tolerated, following the national-catholic ideology of the regime. Irreligious people could not be public workers or express their thoughts openly.
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Gott was the last Briton jailed for blasphemy, but the offence remained a technical crime through common law until being abolished in the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, who first came to prominence in 1976 following the release of The Selfish Gene, increasingly figured in British irreligion with the release of his 1986 work The Blind Watchmaker, in which he argued in favour of evolutionary natural selection as opposed to intelligent design and creationism.
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In Belgium, irreligion and atheism holds sway over a large portion of the population, numbering around 25-30%. Due to pillarization which is in place in Belgium, irreligious individuals and families who desire to receive counseling and celebration for life moments often go to institutions of organized secularism, including secular organizations or liberal philosophical organizations (, ) which are headed and led by clergy-like officials known as "counsellors". Religion has declined in Belgium, though Christianity still remains large among the Belgian population..
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Marilla Marks (Young) Ricker (1840-1920) was a suffragist, philanthropist, lawyer, and freethinker. She was the first female lawyer from New Hampshire, and she paved the way for women to be accepted into the bar in New Hampshire. She was also the first woman to run for governor in that state, and the first woman to apply for a federal foreign ambassadorship post. She made significant and lasting contributions to the issues of women's rights and irreligion through her actions and her writings.
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According to John Joseph Henry, who was in Lancaster recuperating from injuries suffered while serving with Benedict Arnold in Quebec, Paine's indolence and irreligion disgusted Ann Henry. After the death of her husband, Ann Wood Henry assumed his duties of Treasurer of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. She was appointed to serve out the remainder of his term, and served for several additional years. She died on January 8, 1799, and was buried two days later in the Moravian cemetery in Lancaster.
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Cathedral of Barcelona is a fine specimen of Gothic architecture. Garraf Buddhist Monastery (also called Sakya Tashi Ling), taking its name from the Garraf Massif, located in La Plana Novella, Olivella, is a former country manor built partly in Gaudí style turned into a monastery of Tibetan Buddhism. Religion in Catalonia is diversified. Historically, virtually all the population was Christian, specifically Catholic, but since the 1980 there has been a trend of decline of Christianity and parallel growth of irreligion and other religions.
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Additionally, when mentioning religion as a factor in his History of England, Hume uses it to show the deleterious effect it has on human progress. In his Treatise on Human Nature, Hume wrote: "Generally speaking, the errors in religions are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous." Paul Russell (2008) writes that Hume was plainly sceptical about religious belief, although perhaps not to the extent of complete atheism. He suggests that Hume's position is best characterised by the term "irreligion,"Russell, Paul. 2008.
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As redistributions alter an electorate's area and demographic profile, the 2006 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics was the main source of information relating to the electorate. At the time of the 2006 census, the median age was thirty-five, as opposed to the state average of thirty-six. 69.5% of residents were born in Australia, below the state average of 75.2%. The percentage of Catholicism and Irreligion followers is in line with state averages, yet Anglicanism is somewhat less.
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Apostasy from Islam, whether to irreligion or to another religion, is against the law; however, the conversion of others to Islam is actively pursued through state institutions. The government actively promotes the conversion to Islam in the country.Gill & Gopal, Understanding Indian Religious Practice in Malaysia, J Soc Sci, 25(1-2-3): 135-146 (2010) The law requires any non-Muslim who marries a Muslim to first convert to Islam, any such marriages contracted in violation of the law are ipso facto void.
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Irreligion in Uruguay refers to the extent of nonreligion in the country. According to different estimations, non-religious people ranges from 30% to 40%, and over 47% of the population according to Public Opinion Polls. Uruguay is traditionally the least religious country in South America, due to chronological political events influenced by positivism, Laicism, and other thoughts from intellectual Europeans at the Nineteenth Century. Also, the resistance of indigenous population to evangelization, simultaneous to the lack of solid establishment Church in the Colonial Era.
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The controversy expanded when the Remonstrant theologian Conrad Vorstius was appointed to replace Jacobus Arminius as the theology chair at Leiden. Vorstius was soon seen by Counter-Remonstrants as moving beyond the teachings of Arminius into Socinianism and he was accused of teaching irreligion. Leading the call for Vorstius' removal was theology professor Sibrandus Lubbertus. On the other side Johannes Wtenbogaert (a Remonstrant leader) and Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, had strongly promoted the appointment of Vortius and began to defend their actions.
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The chief objects of the congregation are to combat the spirit of irreligion in Europe and the spread of schism in the East. To this end the Assumptionists have devoted themselves to the work of Catholic higher and secondary education, to the spread of truth by means of the Press, to the conduct of pilgrimages, and to missionary work in the East. In addition to their college at Nîmes they established Apostolic schools where poor students were educated for the priesthood without expense to themselves.
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The community went into a decline after the death of Elijah Craig in 1808. When Elder Barton Warren Stone (1772-1844), a founder of the Christian Churches movement during the Great Revival, moved to Georgetown in 1816 to become principal of Rittenhouse Academy, he found the community "notorious for its wickedness and irreligion."History - Georgetown/Scott County In 1825, the Choctaw Nation established the Choctaw Academy at Blue Spring in Scott County. They operated the school for Choctaw boys until 1842, when it was closed.
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David Hume Views differ on whether David Hume was a deist, an atheist, or something else.Hume himself was uncomfortable with both terms, and Hume scholar Paul Russell has argued that the best and safest term for Hume's views is irreligion. Like the deists, he had no truck with revelation, and his famous essay "On Miracles" provided a powerful argument against belief in miracles. On the other hand, he had no truck with the idea that an appeal to Reason could provide any justification for religion.
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By contrast, some expressions of popular religiosity still thrive, often linked to local festivals, and about 68.5% of the population self-defined themselves as Catholics in 2018, but just 39.8% of them (27.3% of the total population) attend Mass monthly or more often. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a, creyente de otra religión, no creyente o ateo/a?" Despite the arrival of large numbers of Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim and Protestant immigrants, irreligion continues to be the fastest growing demographic .
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The growing population of irreligious Croats has been attributed to modernization. Even though the 2011 census showed that 4.57% of Croats considered themselves irreligious, Gallup polls conducted in 2007 and 2008 found that 30.5% of respondents did not consider religion important in their lives. The Japanese research center, Dentsu, conducted a survey in 2006 concluding that 13.2% of Croats declare themselves irreligious, compared to the 7% found by a 2010 Eurobarometer survey across Europe. Evidence suggests irreligion is the fastest growing religious status in Croatia.
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Average income correlates negatively with (self- defined) religiosity. One study has found there is a negative correlation between self-defined religiosity and the wealth of nations. In other words, the richer a nation is, the less likely its inhabitants to call themselves religious, whatever this word means to them (Many people identify themselves as part of a religion (not irreligion) but do not self-identify as religious). Sociologist and political economist Max Weber has argued that Protestant Christian countries are wealthier because of their Protestant work ethic.
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In 1795 Bowdler wrote a long letter to Lord Auckland about the high prices of the time, in which he attacked clergy and legislators for neglecting morality and religion. In 1796 he addressed letters on similar subjects to the Archbishop of Canterbury and bishops Beilby Porteus and Samuel Horsley. He published in 1797 a pamphlet entitled Reform or Ruin, in which he sought again to expose the immorality and irreligion of the nation. The pamphlet had a wide sale, and reached an eighth edition within a year.
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The church body then chose the new name Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region. With the end of the East German dictatorship in 1989, the things changed decisively. In 1992 the Evangelical Church of the Görlitz Ecclesiastical Region dropped its unwanted name and chose the new name of Evangelical Church of Silesian Upper Lusatia. Due to increasing irreligion, the low birth rates in Germany since the 1970s, and low numbers of Protestant immigrants, the Protestant church bodies in Germany are undergoing a severe shrinking of parishioners and thus of parishioners' contributions.
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Irreligion in the Philippines is particularly virtually non-existent among Filipinos (see Religion in the Philippines), with Catholic Christianity being the dominant faith. Less than 0.1% of Filipinos lack a religious affiliation. It is difficult to quantify the number of atheists or agnostics in the Philippines as they are not officially counted in the census of the country, although the National Statistics Office (NSO) in 2010 gathered that 73,248 Filipinos have no religious affiliation or have answered "none". Since 2011, the non-religious increasingly organized themselves, especially among the youth in the country.
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Historically, all the Catalan population was Christian, specifically Catholic, but since the 1980s there has been a trend of decline of Christianity and parallel growth of irreligion (including stances of atheism and agnosticism) and other religions. According to the most recent study sponsored by the government of Catalonia, as of 2016, 61.9% of the Catalans identify as Christians, up from 56.5% in 2014, p. 30. Quick data from the 2014 barometer of Catalonia . of whom 58.0% Catholics, 3.0% Protestants and Evangelicals, 0.9% Orthodox Christians and 0.6% Jehovah's Witnesses.
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The Age of Reason – A rare, original copy on display at the Center for Inquiry library in Amherst, NY. This list of books about skepticism is a skeptic's library of works centered on scientific skepticism, religious skepticism, critical thinking, scientific literacy, and refutation of claims of the paranormal. It also includes titles about atheism, irreligion, books for "young skeptics" and related subjects. It is intended as a starting point for research into these areas of study. Collections in the realm of skepticism, science literacy, and freethought exist both online and in brick-and-mortar libraries.
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Paul Bujor (born Pavel Bujor;Mărghitan & Mancaș, p. 43 August 2, 1862 – May 17, 1952) was a Romanian zoologist, physiologist and marine biologist, also noted as a socialist writer and politician. Hailing from rural Covurlui County, he studied biology in France and Switzerland, where he was attracted by left-wing ideas; his evolutionary biology, informed by the work of Carl Vogt, veered into Marxism and irreligion. Returning to the Kingdom of Romania, he was a junior member of the Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party, active on its moderate wing.
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Paul proceeded as well against the Roman Academy. Bartolomeo Platina was a member of both and found his papal employment abruptly curtailed. He wrote a pamphlet insolently demanding the pope recall his restrictions, and was imprisoned in the winter of 1464, but released four months later. In February 1468, when Rome was rife with political intrigue fomented by the Roman barons and the neighboring princes, Paul II arrested Platina and other members of the Academy on charges of irreligion, immorality, and an alleged conspiracy to assassinate the Pope.
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However, as English historian Norman Cohn asserted in 1975, "neither of [Jarcke or Mone's] theories are convincing", with neither being able to show any evidence of pre-Christian gods being worshipped in Early Modern Germany or being able to explain why there was no accounts of this witch-cult in between the Christianization and the trials themselves. Both Jarcke and Mone were politically conservative, and their depiction of the threatening witch-cult would have had parallels with the widespread conservative fear of secret societies as bringers of revolution and irreligion in early nineteenth-century Europe.
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When the revolution in Iran succeeded, given that the Islamic faction of revolutionaries succeeded in gaining total control over the political landscape of the country, irreligion became a political issue. Mehdi Bazargan noted "to view Islam as an opposition to Iranian nationalism is tantamount to destroying ourselves. To deny Iranian identity and consider nationalism irreligious is part and parcel of the anti-Iranian movement and is the work of the anti-revolutionaries". According to the Ali Reza Eshraghi, religious pressure and inadequate governing from the Iranian government have made Iranian people less religious.
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A second edition of Parenting Beyond Belief with new contributors was released in 2016, and Sharing Reality: How to Bring Secularism and Science to an Evolving Religious World (co-authored with Jeff T. Haley) was published in 2017. He is currently at work on a book about how music communicates emotion. In January 2018, McGowan presented a TEDx talk in Atlanta on the changing nature of religion and irreligion in America. In late 2018, McGowan launched three podcasts about music (How Music Does That), raising kids without religion (Raising Freethinkers) and death (The Lucky Ones).
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Irreligion in Montenegro refers in its narrowest sense to agnosticism, atheism, secular humanism, and general secularism. Increase of the number of irreligious people is usually interpreted by the modernization marked with tendency of secularization and the progress of science and technology that directly affect human society. The majority of Montenegro's population, 98.69%, declares to belong to a religion, though observance of their declared religion may vary widely. On the census from 2011, atheists, those who declared no religion, comprised about 1.24% of the whole population, and agnostics 0.07%.
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It's known that, historically, Irreligion has been present in Uruguayan identity as a stable culture, according to Nestor DaCosta (2003). Atheism and Agnosticism has become an oral tradition into several generations, perhaps non-believers are statistically minority but present since more than a Century. Some investigations present that in recent times, secularism and non-religious are growth in religious landscape of Uruguay due to the influence of postmodernism like in Western European. Some experts argues that actually the presence of non-religious are stagnyzed but non-Christian faiths are growing in recent decades (Conwell Investigation, 2013).
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However, there are no restrictions on atheists holding public office – the former Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nick Clegg, is an atheist. According to a 2012 poll, 25% of the Turks in Germany believe atheists are inferior human beings.Liljeberg Research International: Deutsch-Türkische Lebens und Wertewelten 2012 , July/August 2012, p. 68Die Welt: Türkische Migranten hoffen auf muslimische Mehrheit, 17 August 2012, retrieved 23 August 2012 Portugal has elected two presidents, Mário Soares, who was also elected Prime-Minister, and Jorge Sampaio, who have openly expressed their irreligion, as well as two agnostic Prime-Ministers, José Sócrates and António Costa.
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It also performed Samuel Beckett, August Strindberg, Alfred Jarry, Eugène Ionesco, Roland Dubillard, Roger Vitrac, Arthur Kopit, Tennessee Williams (Summer and Smoke - Été et fumée) and demanding works such as Magie rouge by Michel de Ghelderode. Along with its regular shows and a European tour, L’Égrégore had poetry and song nights. In 1962, while producing Le Jugement de Dieu, a piece based on a poem written by Antonin Artaud, the director of L'Égrégore had a falling out with her troupe. A debate began among the directors of the company concerning the irreligion and the content of some of the texts presented.
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David Nasmith founder of the first City Mission From the late eighteenth century the Industrial Revolution led to a rapid urbanisation of Scottish society. By 1859 almost a third of the population were resident in a town of more than 10,000 people. This created alarm amongst the Christians of the new Middle Class, who noted that there were insufficient churches to accommodate the growing number of urban workers and their families. Preaching in 1827 Thomas Chalmers warned of the "home heathens", "paganism" and "dense irreligion" of an urban poor who were alienated from the Church, morality and the social order.
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The Noah's Ark and the deluge Our Teachings (Kashti-Nooh in Urdu) is an Urdu book published in 1902 by the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, India. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, a Messiah and Mahdi claimant, attempted to revive the purported original and pristine teachings of Islam. He entitled the book "Noah's Ark", implying that those who wanted to be saved from the deluge of irreligion and materialism should join the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Published in many languages, this English edition has been published by ‘Islam International Publications Limited’; Tilford, Surrey GUI0 2AQ.
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Irreligion in Morocco has experienced a remarkable surge in recent years. While a 2015 poll of about 1000 Moroccans by Gallup International found that 4% of respondents said they were "not religious", and 1% reported being a "convinced atheist", while 93% said they were religious; Another survey of about 2,400 Moroccans in 2019 by Arab Barometer found that 13% answered that they are "not religious", 44% said they are "somewhat religious", and 38% "religious". Younger people were less likely to consider themselves "religious", with only 24% of those aged 18–29 years identifying themselves as such.
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During the Czechoslovak unification under a communist regime, most of the properties of the Church were confiscated by the government, although some were later returned. After the communist regime fell, 39.0% of Czechs were found to be Catholic in 1991, but the faith has continued to rapidly decline since. As of 2011 only 10.5% of the Czechs considered themselves Roman Catholic, which is about the same as in Protestant-majority England. The rapid trend away from Catholic identification and toward irreligion in the Czech Republic stands in stark contrast to the situation in neighboring Poland or Slovakia.
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Universidad Complutense de Madrid, During the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936) Spain became a secular state, placing limitations on the activity of the Catholic Church and expelling the church from education. During the Spanish civil war irreligious people were repressed by the Francoist side, while religion was largely persecuted among the republicans. During the Francoist Spain period (1939–1975) irreligion was not tolerated, following the national-catholic ideology of the regime; Spanish citizens had to be Catholic by law, though this changed after the Second Vatican Council. Irreligious people could not be public workers or express their thoughts openly.
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Being objectively irreligious, as delineated in social sciences, is basically adhering to a purely naturalist worldview, without influence from supernatural faith. The broadest definition is lacking religious identification, though many of the non-identifying express various metaphysical beliefs and the narrowest and strictest is positive atheism. The global demographics of irreligion are estimated based on the former as maximum and the latter as minimum, therefore ranging between 450 million to 1.6 billion people. Measuring objective irreligiosity requires cultural sensitivity, especially outside the West, where the concepts of "religious" and "secular" are not rooted in local civilization.
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The two post-war periods saw major reforms within the Church, strengthening the parishioners' democratic participation. The Church counted many renowned theologians as its members, including Friedrich Schleiermacher, Julius Wellhausen (temporarily), Adolf von Harnack, Karl Barth (temporarily), Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Martin Niemöller (temporarily), to name only a few. In the early 1950s, the church body was transformed into an umbrella, after its prior ecclesiastical provinces had assumed independence in the late 1940s. Following the decline in number of parishioners due to the German demographic crisis and growing irreligion, the Church was subsumed into the Union of Evangelical Churches in 2003.
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Irreligion in Peru refers to atheism, deism, religious skepticism, secularism, and humanism in Peruvian society. According to article 2 of the Peruvian Constitution: "No person shall be persecuted on the basis of his ideas or beliefs". According to the 2017 Peruvian Census data, 1 180 361 Peruvians or 5.1% of the population older than 12 years old describes themselves as being irreligious, but some sources put this number higher at 8.2%. The irreligious population is predominantly urban (85,5% live in cities) and males (61,4% are male), and most are young people within the ages between 18 and 29 (40,4%).
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Harrison Mumia, George Ongere and another during an atheist in Kenya Society meeting in Nairobi, Kenya. Irreligion in Africa, encompassing also atheism in Africa, as well as agnosticism, secular humanism, and general secularism, has been estimated at over tens of millions in various polls. While the predominant religions in Africa are Islam and Christianity, many groups and individuals still practice their traditional beliefs. Despite this, the irreligious population is notable, especially in Kenya and South Africa where between 10% and 15.1% of the population describe themselves as irreligious and in Botswana, where 20% of the population describes themselves as non- religious.
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Positivist temple in Brazil. Positivism, a secular movement, influenced the thinking and actions of the founders of the Brazilian republic Irreligion in Brazil has increased in the last few decades. In the 2010 census, 8% of the population identified as "irreligious". Since 1970, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics has included sem religião (Portuguese for no religion) as a self-description option in their decennial census, for people who do not consider themselves members of any specific religion, including non-affiliated theists and deists. In the 2010 census, 8.0% of the population declared themselves "irreligious".
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They eventually staked a claim at Dawson City in the Yukon. The two men encountered adventurers, cold, mud, irreligion, and human vagaries, but no gold. After a year and a half, Harstad and Larson returned. Harstad continued as a member of the Board of Trustees until 1900, when his term was completed.Descendants of Yukon “Gold Rusher” to Retrace His Steps Over Alaska’s Chilkoot Pass into Yukon Territory (Bethany Lutheran, Port Orchard, WA) In 1917, the Norwegian Synod, which had founded Pacific Lutheran University, merged with the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America and the Hauge Synod to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the Reformation.
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He was attacked for his suspected irreligion in print.J. G. A. Pocock, Barbarism and Religion, vol. 5, Religion: The First Triumph (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ix-xi, 34; Patricia B. Craddock, Edward Gibbon: Luminous Historian, 1772-1794 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 60-61, 122. The contemporary classical scholar Richard Porson mocked Gibbon, writing that his humanity never slept, "unless when women are ravished, or the Christians persecuted".Porson, Letters to Mr. Archdeacon Travis (1790), xxviii, qtd. in Womersley, Gibbon and the 'Watchmen of the Holy City': The Historian and his Reputation 1776-1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 184-85 n.39.
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According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.8%), Hindus (3.3%), and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth. A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians,The religion of millionaires while 6.5% were Muslims, 3.9% were Hindu, and 1.7% were Jewish; 31.7% were identified as adherents of "other" religions or "not religious".
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He made his entrance into New Orleans on 17 July 1795, took formal possession of his see, and in the following December published an "Instrucción para el govierno de los párrocos de la diócesis de la Luisiana". He soon began the visitation of his diocese, which then extended over the country known later as the Louisiana Purchase Territory. On 21 April 1796, he was at Iberville, on 8 November of the same year at Natchitoches, and at Pensacola on 7 May 1798. Upon his return in 1799, he drew up a report in which he complained of the ignorance, irreligion, and the want of discipline which then prevailed in Louisiana.
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Overall, 25% of Millennials were "Nones" and 74% were religiously affiliated. Though Millennials are less religious than previous generations at the same age frame, they are also much less engaged in many social institutions in general than previous generations. Several groups promoting irreligion – including the Freedom From Religion Foundation, American Atheists, Camp Quest, and the Rational Response Squad – have witnessed large increases in membership numbers in recent years, and the number of nonreligious student organizations at American colleges and universities increased during the 2000s (decade). However, the growth of atheist groups is very limited and will possibly shrink due to atheists normally being non- joiners.
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Irreligion in Turkey is uncommon among Turks as Islam is the predominant faith. Some religious and secular officials have also claimed that atheism and deism are growing among Turkish people.Atheism grows in Turkey as Recep Tayyip Erdogan urges IslamThe number of atheists increasing in TurkeyThe young Turks rejecting Islam According to Ipsos, which interviewed 17,180 adults across 22 countries poll's showed that 82% of Turkey was Muslim and 7% of those who were interviewed from Turkey followed no religion whereas 6% identified as "Spiritual but not religious". According to a poll made by MAK in 2017, 86% of the Turkish population declared they believe in God.
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Herbert Fingarette, Confucius: The Secular as Sacred (New York: Harper, 1972). This produced a cultural tendency that facilitated acceptance of modern forms of irreligion such as humanism, secularism, and atheism. Zhu Xi, one of the most important Confucian philosophers, encouraged an agnostic tendency within Confucianism, because he believed that the Supreme Ultimate was a rational principle, and he discussed it as an intelligent and ordering will behind the universe (while stating that "Heaven and Earth have no mind of their own" and promoting their only function was to produce things. Whether this can be considered a conscious or intelligent will is clearly up to debate).
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The Government continues to monitor the activities of the Shi'a minority. In April 2000, the state of Perlis passed a sharia law subjecting Islamic "deviants" and apostates to 1 year of "rehabilitation" (under the Constitution, religion, including sharia law, is a state matter). Leaders of the opposition Islamic party, PAS, have stated the penalty for apostasy – after the apostates are given a period of time to repent and they do not repent – is death. Many Muslims who have converted to Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, other religions or irreligion (such as atheism or agnosticism) lead "double lives", hiding their new faith from friends and family.
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In May or June 1830 Richard Carlile took over the Rotunda, and it became a centre for radical lectures and meetings. Carlile borrowed £1275 to renovate and lease the place, backed by William Devonshire Saull and Julian Hibbert.Parolin, p. 200; Google Books. Lectures then continued in the room where Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Hazlitt had spoken when the Surrey Institution was housed in the Rotunda, with a capacity of about 500. Richard W. Davis, Richard J. Helmstadter (editors), Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: essays in honor of R. K. Webb (1992), pp. 51–2; Google Books. Carlile lectured and Robert Taylor preached there, with invited speakers.
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Shankara's Advaita school and Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita school are premised on the assumption that all souls can hope for and achieve the state of blissful liberation; in contrast, Madhvacharya posited that some souls enjoy spreading chaos and irreligion and even enjoyed being eternally doomed and damned as such.Śrī Vadirāja: Bhugola Varnanam Madhvacharya's style of criticism of other schools of Indian philosophy was part of the ancient and medieval Indian tradition. He was part of the Vedanta school, which emerged in post-Vedic period as the most influential of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, and his targeting of Advaita tradition, states Bryant, reflects it being the most influential of Vedanta schools.
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A general scarcity of scientific research on irreligion in Croatia means that there is no way to know what proportions of subgroups such as voters, workers in specific industries, etc. are irreligious. International longitudinal research Aufbruch conducted in 1997 in ten countries of Central and Eastern Europe revealed that in Croatia, 31.5% of respondents considered themselves very religious, 42.6% somewhat religious, while the remaining 26% said either that they are not religious, or that they are somewhat or completely irreligious. On the question which examined the image of God, 25.6% of respondents said they sometimes do not believe in God or do not believe in him at all.
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Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of groups, beliefs and customs. The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the monarch carries the title of "Defender of the Faith". However, Canada has no official religion, and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political culture. With the role of Christianity in decline, it having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life, commentators have suggested that Canada has come to enter a post-Christian period in a secular state, with irreligion on the rise.
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Parallelling India's religious constituency, most Indians in the New York City metropolitan region practice Hinduism, followed by Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zorastrianism, Atheism, and irreligion. The Hindu Temple Society of North America in Flushing, Queens, is the oldest Hindu temple in the United States, and its canteen feeds 4,000 people a week, with as many as 10,000 during the Diwali (Deepavali) holiday. Further east on Long Island, in Melville, one of the world's largest BAPS temples opened in October 2016. Central New Jersey has large temples of Venkateswara and Guruvayurappan in Bridgewater and Morganville, respectively, and Sai Baba mandirs abound throughout the metropolitan area.
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The civilian administration at the time was unwilling to make a decision due to the controversial nature of the debate; the Latin script was seen to have been brought to the territory by colonial powers, proponents of other scripts used the phrase "Latin waa laa diin" (Latin is irreligion). Galal continued to lead Somali researchers throughout the 1960s in investigating alternative native systems of inscription suitable for use as official orthography. In 1966, a UNESCO commission of linguists led by linguist B. W. Andrzejewski added weight to the choice of the 1962 commission and picked the Latin script. The issue was still divisive and the Somali government remained hesitant.
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In 1698, Vanbrugh's argumentative and sexually frank plays were singled out for special attention by Jeremy Collier in his Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, particularly for their failure to impose exemplary morality by appropriate rewards and punishments in the fifth act. Vanbrugh laughed at these charges and published a joking reply, where he accused the clergyman Collier of being more sensitive to unflattering portrayals of the clergy than to real irreligion. However, rising public opinion was already on Collier's side. The intellectual and sexually explicit Restoration comedy style was becoming less and less acceptable to audiences and was soon to be replaced by a drama of sententious morality.
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Medieval high cross at Monasterboice The Gaels underwent Christianisation during the 5th century and that religion, de facto, remains the predominant one to this day, although irreligion is fast rising. At first the Christian Church had difficulty infiltrating Gaelic life: Ireland had never been part of the Roman Empire and was a decentralised tribal society, making patron-based mass conversion problematic. It gradually penetrated through the remnants of Roman Britain and is especially associated with the activities of Patrick, a Briton who had been a slave in Ireland. He tried to explain its doctrines by using elements of native folk tradition, so Gaelic culture itself was not completely cast aside and to some extent local Christianity was Gaelicised.
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Sociologist Phil Zuckerman analyzed previous social science research on secularity and non-belief, and concluded that societal well-being is positively correlated with irreligion. He found that there are much lower concentrations of atheism and secularity in poorer, less developed nations (particularly in Africa and South America) than in the richer industrialized democracies. His findings relating specifically to atheism in the US were that compared to religious people in the US, "atheists and secular people" are less nationalistic, prejudiced, antisemitic, racist, dogmatic, ethnocentric, closed-minded, and authoritarian, and in US states with the highest percentages of atheists, the murder rate is lower than average. In the most religious states, the murder rate is higher than average.
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Aside from some grudging respect for the military brilliance of Hannibal, or for its economic and naval prowess, Carthage was often portrayed as the political, cultural, and military foil to Rome, a place where "cruelty, treachery, and irreligion" reigned.Dexter Hoyos, The Carthaginians, Routledge, p. 221 (in reference to the claims of Polybius and other Roman historians) The dominant influence of Greco-Roman perspectives in Western history left in place this slanted depiction of Carthage for centuries. At least since the 20th century, a more critical and comprehensive account of historical records, backed by archaeological findings across the Mediterranean, reveal Carthaginian civilization to be far more complex, nuanced, and progressive than previously believed.
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This scheme of settling permanently in France probably originated in a wish to openly join the Roman Catholic church, for in his manuscripts he takes little or no pains to conceal his Catholic inclinations and his contempt for the English and German reformers. However, he was dissuaded from this plan of self-banishment largely by Walpole, who pointed out that under the droit d'aubaine the king of France would become the possessor of his cherished manuscripts, which even at this date comprised some 40 folio volumes. Cole wrote to Walpole on 17 March 1765: Moreover, in the course of his travels he was shocked at the tendency towards irreligion in France.Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd ser.
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The Albanians in Italy (; ) refers to the Albanian migrants in Italy and their descendants. They mostly trace their origins to Albania, Greece and since recently to a lesser extent to Kosovo, North Macedonia and other Albanian- speaking territories in the Balkan Peninsula. They are adherents of different religions and are Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants, Sunnis and Bektashis as well as various forms of Irreligion. The Albanians in Italy may include among others a long established Arbëreshë population in Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Sicily and across Southern Italy as well as Albanians to have migrated to Italy from any territory with an Albanian population in the Balkans and any person originally from the Republic of Albania.
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Many of the world's major religions have their origins in Asia, including the five most practiced in the world (excluding irreligion), which are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Chinese folk religion (classified as Confucianism and Taoism), and Buddhism respectively. Asian mythology is complex and diverse. The story of the Great Flood for example, as presented to Jews in the Hebrew Bible in the narrative of Noah—and later to Christians in the Old Testament, and to Muslims in the Quran—is earliest found in Mesopotamian mythology, in the Enûma Eliš and Epic of Gilgamesh. Hindu mythology similarly tells about an avatar of Vishnu in the form of a fish who warned Manu of a terrible flood.
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It was restructured as a classical university comprising four departments: moral and political sciences, physical and mathematical sciences, medical sciences and philology. Before Tomsk University was founded, the University of Kazan used to be the easternmost university in the Russian Empire, it was thus serving for Volga, Kama, and Ural regions, Siberia and the Caucasus. In 1819, M. L. Magnitsky conducted a review of the university, in which he reported on 'the spirit of dissent and irreligion' that he had observed at the university. In his report to the Emperor, he spoke of the "public destruction" of the university and demanded it be closed, but Alexander I put the resolved 'why destroy what can be corrected'.
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Lubbertus is best known for his opposition to the position of Hugo Grotius, who defended the right of the civil authority to place whomever they wished into university faculty. Lubbertus held that professor Conrad Vorstius' views were so far outside the norm of Calvinism that they may be considered irreligion. Lubbertus was the lead voice calling for Vorstius' removal. In order to gather international backing for their position, Lubbertus and Matthew Slade (a rector of the academy at Amsterdam, a member of the eldership in the English church at Amsterdam, and the son-in-law of Amsterdam minister Petrus Plancius) began a correspondence with English divines including George Abott, the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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According to the same data, most of the Jews who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. According to a 2012 study, 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians.Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012. While according to Pew Research Center survey it is expected that from 2010 to 2050 significant number of Christians will leave their faith. Most of the switching are expected into the unaffiliated and Irreligion. Large increases in the developing world (around 23,000 per day) have been accompanied by substantial declines in the developed world, mainly in Europe and North America.
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The tension between the mainstream traditional religious veneration of Helios, which had become enriched with ethical values and poetical symbolism in Pindar, Aeschylus and Sophocles,Notopoulos 1942 instances Aeschylus' Agamemnon 508, Choephoroe 993, Suppliants 213, and Sophocles' Oedipus Rex 660, 1425f. and the Ionian proto-scientific examination of the sun, a phenomenon of the study Greeks termed meteora, clashed in the trial of Anaxagoras c. 450 BC, in which Anaxagoras asserted that the Sun was in fact a gigantic red-hot ball of metal.Anaxagoras biography His trial was a forerunner of the culturally traumatic trial of Socrates for irreligion, in 399 BC. In Plato's Republic (516 B), Helios, the Sun, is the symbolic offspring of the idea of the Good.
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In contemporary Australia, sectarianism between Catholic and Protestant is extant, but minimal and occasionally raises comment,PM cut Campbell to attack Rudd: Smith though the issue intermittently reappears – for example, in discussion of sexual abuse being associated with certain denominations, or when politicians are said to follow their faith more than the public interest in deciding matters of public policy.AM – Abbott discusses religion in politicsLateline – 23/8/2002: Friday Forum . Australian Broadcasting Corp Furthermore, public sectarianism in Australia today is more likely to be manifested in terms of a Christian-Muslim divide than a Catholic- Protestant one. With rising irreligion in Australia, Andrew West has declared that sectarianism in contemporary Australia is best described in terms of secularists versus religious.
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Penitent Magdalene (1893) by Adolfo Tommasi Because of the legends claiming that Mary Magdalene had been a prostitute, she became the patroness of "wayward women", and, in the eighteenth century, moral reformers established Magdalene asylums to help save women from prostitution.John Trigilio, Jr., Kenneth Brighenti, Saints For Dummies, pages 52–53 (Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010). Edgar Saltus's historical fiction novel Mary Magdalene: A Chronicle (1891) depicts her as a heroine living in a castle at Magdala, who moves to Rome becoming the "toast of the tetrarchy", telling John the Baptist she will "drink pearls... sup on peacock's tongues".Robert Kiefer Webb, Richard J. Helmstadter (editors), Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: Essays in Honor of R.K. Webb, page 119 (London: Routledge, 1991).
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According to the 2011 Iranian census, 99.98% of Iranians believe in Islam, while 0.2% of the population believe in officially recognized minority religions, Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. However the true representation of the religious split in Iran is disputed, as irreligion and other religions are not recognized by the Iranian government and may be subject to punishment. One 2020 Online Survey with greater anonymity for respondents, based outside Iran (by Gamaan) found a much smaller percentage of Iranians identifying as Muslim (40%), and a large fraction (22%) identifying as not following an organized religion. Zoroastrianism was the main religion in Iran during the Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD) and the Sasanian Empire (224 to 651 AD).
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According to Pew Research's article The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050: "Atheists, agnostics and other people who do not affiliate with any religion – though increasing in countries such as the United States and France – will make up a declining share of the world's total population."The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050, Pew research Professor Eric Kaufmann, whose academic specialization is how demography affects irreligion/religion/politics, wrote in 2012: Phil Zuckerman Sociologist Phil Zuckerman's global studies on atheism have indicated that global atheism may be in decline due to irreligious countries having the lowest birth rates in the world and religious countries having higher birth rates in general.Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "3 - Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns".
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Countries with the greatest proportion of people without religion (including agnostics and atheists) from Irreligion by country (): Nonreligious population by country, 2010. # 71–82% (77%) # 70-81% (76%) # 64–88% (76%) # 72% # 46–82% (64%) (details) # 44–81% (63%) # 62% # 57% # 43–64% (54%) (details) # 31–72% (52%) (details) # 47% (details) # 39–55% (47%) # 28–60% (44%) (details) # 42% # 31–52% (42%) (details) #: and 25% # 30–52% (41%) (details) # 25–55% (40%) (details) # 32–46% (39%) # 42–43% (39%) (details) # 34–40% (37%) (details) # 35–38% (37%) # 13–48% (31%) (details) Remarks: Ranked by mean estimate which is in brackets. Irreligious includes agnostic, atheist, secular believer, and people having no formal religious adherence. It does not necessarily mean that members of this group don't belong to any religion.
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His research and teaching interests included the history of early modern ideas, blasphemy and irreligion in early modern Europe, Thomas Hobbes, Biblical criticism, urban disease, the history of reading and scholarship, and the use of information technology in the study of history. Champion was a strong proponent of public history. He presented or appeared in several TV and radio shows about British history, including the Channel 4 drama documentary The Great Plague in 2001, the ITV documentary series Kings and Queens in 2003 and the BBC Four programme Harlots, Housewives and Heroines: A 17th Century History for Girls - Act One: At Court in 2012. He made history features for BBC Radio 3 and 4 on the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the execution of Charles I, the history of duelling and the history of friendship.
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His academic work is mainly in mathematical logic and probability theory. His book Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and its Consequences (1988) was a bestseller and A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper (1995) extended the critique. In his books Paulos discusses innumeracy with quirky anecdotes, scenarios and facts, encouraging readers in the end to look at their world in a more quantitative way. He has also written on other subjects often "combining disparate disciplines", such as the mathematical and philosophical basis of humor in Mathematics and Humor and I Think, Therefore I Laugh, the stock market in A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market, quantitative aspects of narrative in Once Upon a Number, the arguments for God in Irreligion, and most recently "bringing mathematics to bear on...biography" in A Numerate Life.
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Secularism has been a controversial concept in Islamic political thought, owing in part to historical factors and in part to the ambiguity of the concept itself. In the Muslim world, the notion has acquired strong negative connotations due to its association with removal of Islamic influences from the legal and political spheres under foreign colonial domination, as well as attempts to restrict public religious expression by some secularist nation states. Thus, secularism has often been perceived as a foreign ideology imposed by invaders and perpetuated by post-colonial ruling elites, and understood as equivalent to irreligion or anti-religion. Some Islamic reformists like Ali Abdel Raziq and Mahmoud Mohammed Taha have advocated a secular state in the sense of political order that does not impose any single interpretation of sharia on the nation.
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In South Asia, Islamic revivalist intellectuals and statesmen like Syed Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah promoted the Two-Nation Theory and the Muslim League established the world's first modern Islamic republic, Pakistan. Abul Ala Maududi was the later leader of this movement who established Jamaat-e-Islami in South Asia. Today it is one of the most influential Islamic parties in the Indian sub-continent, spanning three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), although the different national parties have no organisational link between them.Jamaat-e-Islami Whether or not the contemporary revival is part of an historical cycle, the uniqueness of the close association of the Muslim community with its religion has been noted by scholar Michael Cook who observed that "of all the major cultural domains" the Muslim world "seems to have been the least penetrated by irreligion".
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In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.. Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population. A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination, though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.
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According to a study from 2015, Christians hold the largest amount of wealth (55% of the total world wealth), followed by Muslims (5.8%), Hindus (3.3%) and Jews (1.1%). According to the same study it was found that adherents under the classification Irreligion or other religions hold about 34.8% of the total global wealth. A study done by the nonpartisan wealth research firm New World Wealth found that 56.2% of the 13.1 million millionaires in the world were Christians.The religion of millionaires A Pew Center study about religion and education around the world in 2016, found that Christians ranked as the second most educated religious group around in the world after Jews with an average of 9.3 years of schooling, and the highest numbers of years of schooling among Christians were found in Germany (13.6), New Zealand (13.5) and Estonia (13.1).
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Armin Navabi (; born 25 December 1983) is an Iranian Canadian ex-Muslim atheist activist, author and podcaster, currently living in Vancouver, Canada. In 2012, he founded the online freethought community Atheist Republic, a Canada-based non-profit organisation which now has hundreds of branches called "consulates" in several countries around the world such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, enabling nonbelievers to interact in societies where irreligion, apostasy and blasphemy are often criminalised and repressed. As an author, he debuted with the book Why There Is No God (2014), and in 2017 he became a co-host of the Secular Jihadists from the Middle East podcast with Ali A. Rizvi, Yasmine Mohammad and Faisal Saeed Al Mutar. In January 2018, the show was renamed Secular Jihadists for a Muslim Enlightenment, with Rizvi and Navabi as co-hosts.
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Nonreligious population by country, 2010. Irreligion, which may include deism, agnosticism, ignosticism, anti-religion, atheism, skepticism, ietsism, spiritual but not religious, freethought, anti-theism, apatheism, non-belief, pandeism, secular humanism, non-religious theism, pantheism and panentheism, varies in the countries around the world. According to reports from the Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association's (WIN/GIA) four global polls: in 2005, 77% were a religious person and 4% were "convinced atheists" while in 2012, 23% were not a religious person and an additional 13% were "convinced atheists"; in 2015, 22% were not a religious person and an additional 11% were "convinced atheists"; and in 2017, 25% were not a religious person and an additional 9% were "convinced atheists". According to sociologist Phil Zuckerman, broad estimates of those who have an absence of belief in a god range from 500 to 750 million people worldwide.
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In reaction against the Christian opposition to cremation some have deliberately instructed that their remains be cremated as a public profession of irreligion and materialism. The revival of cremation in modern times has prompted a revision of this opposition by many Christian churches, though some groups continue to discourage the practice, provided there is no intent of apostasy or sacrilege. During the Middle Ages a practice arose among the aristocracy that when a nobleman was killed in battle far from home, the body would be defleshed by boiling or some such other method, and his bones transported back to his estate for burial. In response, in the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII promulgated a law which excommunicated ipso facto anyone who disembowelled bodies of the dead or boiled them to separate the flesh from the bones, for the purpose of transportation for burial in their native land.
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After the revolution of 1848, in which Kahnis supported the king and the established order, he came to believe that the safest defense against irreligion was in rigid orthodoxy, and gradually drifted into an attitude of opposition to the Union (the consolidation of the Lutheran and Reformed churches in Prussia effected by a royal decree in 1817). Convinced that the Lutheran confession possessed neither a logical nor a legal basis under the Union, he joined the old Lutheran party in November 1848, a step making his academic activity at Breslau still more difficult. In 1850, therefore, he accepted a call to Leipzig, where he succeeded Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless in the chair of dogmatics, to which he later united that of church history. In the following year the University of Erlangen gave him the degree of D.D., and he acknowledged this honor by his Lehre vom Abendmahle (Leipzig, 1851), a formulation of the type of Lutheranism taught at Erlangen.
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Younger Albanians have been found to manifest more irreligion than their elders, making the trend in Albania opposite that found in Bosnia and those of Orthodox background have been found to report the lowest importance of "God in their lives", closely followed by those of Muslim background, while those of Catholic background showed greater "importance of God in their lives" (for example, 54.5% of those of Catholic background said that God was "very important in their lives", compared to 26.7% of Orthodox and 35.6% of Muslims). A 2008 medical study in Tirana on the relationship between religious observance and acute coronary syndrome found out that 67% of Muslims and 55% of Christians were completely religiously non-observant. The regular attendance of religious institutions (at least once every 2 weeks) was low in both denominations (6% in Muslims and 9% in Christians), and weekly attendance was very low (2% and 1%, respectively). Frequent praying (at least 2 to 3 times per week) was higher in Christians (29%) than in Muslims (17%).
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On 7 February 1752, after the second volume of the Encyclopédie was published, Joly de Fleury charged in a decree presented to the Grand Conseil that "these two volumes...insert several maxims tending to destroy Royal Authority, to institute the spirit of independence and revolt, and, in obscure and ambiguous words, to erect the foundations of error, of the corruption of morals, of irreligion and unbelief".Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (ed.)Analecta Husserliana vol LIV, Ontopoietic Expansion in Human Self-Interpretation-in-Existence, Kluwer Academic Publishers p.219 The resulting controversy was only settled when the editors agreed that all future volumes were to be reviewed by censors personally appointed by Bishop Boyer, the Dauphin's preceptor.Blom Philipp, Encyclopedie: The Triumph of Reason in an Unreasonable Age, Fourth Estate London 2004 p.115 On 23 January 1759, following the publication of the seventh volume of the Encyclopedie, with its controversial article on Geneva, Joly de Fleury condemned it again, together with Helvetius' De l’Esprit and six other books to the Paris Parlement. His opening statement was ‘Society, the State and Religion present themselves today at the tribunal of justice… their rights have been violated, their laws disregarded.
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Eugen Weber wrote in The Historical Journal that by the nineteenth century, the Church's hold on everyday life had been severely weakened and, "[e]mancipated from formal religious observance, new believers sought new systems to replace the old, adopted the language of the old to present the new". An extensive underground of secret organisations flourished in the ensuing religious anarchy following the dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution, to such an extent that the 19th century could be characterised as, Joanne Pearson describes, in Wicca and the Christian Heritage, these "cults and counter religions" as often "combining heterodox Christianity, occultism, Freemasonry and spiritualism", and considers the Johannite Church (') founded by Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat as an exemplar of sects that were revivals of heresy; they were linked with "gnosis such as Catharism and the Templars, and sought to return to the simplicity of an imagined primitive Christianity." Pearson notes the Johannite Church attracted lapsed Catholic bishops and priests. The paradox of 19th century French religious revival, alongside anti-clericalism and irreligion, is characterised by David Blackbourn, in Comparative Studies in Society and History, as "a patchwork affair that took place alongside widespread dechristianization".
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According to statistical studies done by the University of Costa Rica, among those over 55 Catholicism is more prominent, with 65% of this population considering themselves Catholic, followed by 19% evangelical and only 7% is without religion, among adults of 34 to 54 years Catholicism falls to 53%, while Protestantism rises to 24% and irreligion to 14%, and finally among young people aged 18 to 34 is where the number of irreligious is more prominent, being 27% and even surpassing the evangelicals that pass to 22% and the Catholics are reduced to 42%. By sex, the Catholic population is equal between men and women in 52%, 26% of women are evangelical compared to 19% of men and conversely 19% of men left religion in front of 14% of women. In terms of studies, 54% of the population with only complete primary education is Catholic, 26% Protestant and 11% without creed, 44% of those with complete secondary education are Catholic, followed by 23% evangelicals and 21% atheists/agnostics. Of those who have university studies 59% are Catholic, 22% agnostic/atheist and only 12% evangelical, so although Catholics are the majority in all academic degrees, evangelicals are more among those who have basic education and the irreligious among those who have higher education.
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