A close student of Isaiah Berlin, and the author of a notable book about him, Gray has clearly absorbed Berlin's sensitivity to the dangers to liberty posed by ideologies, both rationalist and irrationalist, as well as by styles of thought, irrespective of content.
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Also, it might be considered irrationalist to gamble or buy a lottery ticket, on the basis that the expected value is negative. Irrational thought was seen in Europe as part of the reaction against Continental rationalism. For example, Johann Georg Hamann is sometimes classified as an irrationalist.
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Suzanne Buffam is a Canadian poet, author of three collections of poetry, and associate professor of practice in the arts at the University of Chicago. Her third, A Pillow Book, was named by the New York Times as one of the ten best books of poetry in 2016. Her first, Past Imperfect (House of Anansi Press, 2005), won the Gerald Lampert Award in 2006. Her second, The Irrationalist (Carnarium Books, 2010),Carnarium Books > Suzanne Buffam > The Irrationalist was shortlisted for the 2011 Griffin Poetry Prize.
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Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of an Übermensch ("Overman") was that of a New Man who would be a leader by example to humanity through an existentialist will to power that was vitalist and irrationalist in nature.Hans van Stralen. Choices and conflict: essays on literature and existentialism. Pp. Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang, 2005. 127-128.
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Magee, Bryan. Confessions of a Philosopher. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1997, p. 46. The physicists Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont argued that critiques of Popper's work have provoked an "irrationalist drift", and that a significant part of the problems that currently affect the philosophy of science "can be traced to ambiguities or inadequacies" in The Logic of Scientific Discovery.
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After original establishment in 2011 by ethnographer-composer Arian Bagheri Pour Fallah, the ensemble debuted in the year 2013 with multi-instrumentalist Ashkan Zareie as the second director the record The Irrationalist, viewed by Rest Art as "dissociative in nature," comparable in its free improvisation roots to the works of Tim Hodgkinson's Konk Pack and aligned structurally along the atonal trajectory of the likes of "Stockhausen." The Irrationalist was soon followed by a second album in the year 2014. In his review of the ensemble's 2014 follow-up, Mystery Manta, for Sputnikmusic, staff critic Tristan Jones described the album as "an impressive feat in sonically diverse improvisation, with odes to exploration and no safety lines." He noted that despite lack of a "conventional structure" as with "Faust-esque krautrock" and "expressionist" music, The Blunder Of A Horse followed "terrifying" narratives "heightened by the element of surprise, mixing sparse time signatures with drastic changes in sound," characteristics unique to film and incidental music.
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Asimov became a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party during the New Deal, and thereafter remained a political liberal. He was a vocal opponent of the Vietnam War in the 1960s and in a television interview during the early 1970s he publicly endorsed George McGovern.Asimov, I. In Joy Still Felt (Avon, 1981) p. 503 He was unhappy about what he considered an "irrationalist" viewpoint taken by many radical political activists from the late 1960s and onwards.
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After Herakles murders his family, he questions, in a conversation with Theseus, the true nature of the gods and their existence, while at the same time contemplating suicide. This scene not only sheds light on Herakles’ angst but also reflects Euripides’. By toying with the traditional plot-line of Herakles’ life, Euripides also questions traditional theological beliefs. For the context of Euripides and Greek intellectual thought of his day, see E.R. Dodds, Euripides The Irrationalist (The Classical Review, July 1929).
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Pessin is a graduate of Yale University and holds a Ph.D from Columbia University. He teaches at Connecticut College. In addition to his academic work he has published a number of philosophy books for the general reader, as well as two novels. His most recent novel, The Irrationalist: The Tragic Murder of René Descartes, is a historical murder mystery based on real events: the life of the famous 17th- century philosopher and mathematician René Descartes, and the mysterious circumstances surrounding his death.
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Some philosophers, such as Susan Wolf, have tried to come up with "happy mediums" that strike a balance between rejecting moral luck outright and accepting it wholesale. Wolf introduced the notions of rationalist and irrationalist positions as part of such a reconciliation. The rationalist position, stated simply, is that equal fault deserves equal blame. For example, given two drivers, both of whom failed to check their brakes before driving, one of them runs over a pedestrian as a consequence while the other does not.
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Petronijević had many students and followers, among others Ksenija Atanasijević, the first major female Yugoslav philosopher, who slid into more mystic theories of new scholasticism. After the 6 January Dictatorship, Yugoslav philosophy as a whole moved towards the political right, with the thinkers such as Vladimir Dvorniković obtaining positions in the government. Dvorniković was a prominent advocate of Yugoslav integral nationalism and his most famous work was Karakterologija Jugoslovena (Characterology of the Yugoslavs). There was also a strong irrationalist current with Albert Bazala, who became rector of University of Zagreb in 1932.
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Irrationalist is a wide term. It may be applied to mean "one without rationality", for their beliefs or ideas. Or, more precisely, it may mean someone who openly rejects some aspect of rationalism, variously defined. It can be seen as either a negative quality, used pejoratively, or a positive quality: For example, religious faith may variably be seen by some as a virtue which doesn't need to be rational (see fideism), while others (even of the same religious tradition) may view their faiths as being rational, favoring rationalism.
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Graff's earlier works emphasized literature's rational, discursive qualities, and in Literature Against Itself (1979) he took aim at what he saw as the anti-mimetic, irrationalist assumptions underlying both avant-garde writing and structuralist/poststructuralist critical theory. Graff's emphasis on literature as rational statement bears comparison with the theories of Yvor Winters, his professor at Stanford in the 1960s. Graff's later research has a heavy focus on pedagogy. He has discussed things like his own dislike of books at an early age and the way in which academic discourse is needlessly obscure.
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Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder is a collection of essays in the history of philosophy by 20th century philosopher and historian of ideas Isaiah Berlin. Edited by Henry Hardy and released posthumously in 2000, the collection comprises the previously published works Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976) – an essay on Counter-Enlightenment thinkers Giambattista Vico and Johann Gottfried Herder – and The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism (1993), concerning irrationalist Johann Georg Hamann.
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Stove starts chapter one by clarifying the sort of view that would uncontroversially constitute an irrationalist position regarding science. Stove then advances his reading of the philosophers he is criticising: "Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Feyerabend, are all writers whose position inclines them to deny (A), or at least makes them more or less reluctant to admit it. (That the history of science is not "cumulative", is a point they all agree on)." Popper himself had given a 1963 summary of his thoughts the title "Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge", seemingly endorsing (A) in almost identical language.
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Reicher's (1984) St Pauls' study was a powerful riposte to the whole 'irrationalist' tradition, from Gustav Le Bon to deindividuation. But the study and the social identity model left a number of unanswered questions and hence possible explanatory problems. The emphasis on social identity as the determinant of collective behaviour potentially led to a rather unidimensional reading of the nature of crowd conflict: conflict was 'read off' from the St Pauls' social identity, as if the participants were already 'violent'; yet this left unexplained how such conflict emerged and escalated over time during the riot. An unanswered question was therefore how an otherwise peaceful crowd might become conflictual.
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This is the modern version (with minor modifications) of one that was first used in 1916. Another strong influence at this time was Marxism. After the generally primitivistic/irrationalist aspect of pre-World War I Modernism (which for many modernists precluded any attachment to merely political solutions) and the neoclassicism of the 1920s (as represented most famously by T. S. Eliot and Igor Stravinsky—which rejected popular solutions to modern problems), the rise of fascism, the Great Depression, and the march to war helped to radicalise a generation. Bertolt Brecht, W. H. Auden, André Breton, Louis Aragon and the philosophers Antonio Gramsci and Walter Benjamin are perhaps the most famous exemplars of this Modernist form of Marxism.
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From 2001 and onwards he published criticism of the doctrines of Primitivism, particularly in the booklet 'Primitivism an Illusion With No Future'. During the mid-1990s, from around 1993 through to 1997, along with the Green Anarchist magazine itself, Booth's work came under attack from the Neoist Alliance, particularly over the controversial 'Irrationalists' article, which attempted to empathize with "irrationalist" terrorists such as those responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing and Tokyo gas attack. Repeatedly using a selective quotation taken from the second paragraph of one of the articles, the Neoists attacked Booth, and through this by association, GA itself. As another strand to the same attack, the Neoists published 'Green Apocalypse', a booklet accusing Green Anarchist magazine of neo-Malthusianism.
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Pitt, Alan (1998). "The Irrationalist Liberalism of Hippolyte Taine", The Historical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, p. 1051. On the other hand, Taine has likewise received criticism from both sides of the political spectrum, his politics being idiosyncratic, complex, and difficult to define. Among others, attacks came from the Marxist historian George Rudé, a specialist in the French Revolution and in ‘history from below’, on account of Taine's view of the crowd;George Rudé, "Interpretations of the French Revolution", Historical Association Pamphlet, General Series, no. 47 (London, 1961) and from the Freudian Peter Gay who described Taine's reaction to the Jacobins as stigmatisation.Gay, Peter (1961). "Rhetoric and Politics in the French Revolution", The American Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3, p. 665.
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Hoyningen-Huene's work has focused on issues in general philosophy of science, particularly on the philosophical writings of Thomas S. Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend and the subject of incommensurability. In his influential book Reconstructing Scientific Revolutions: Thomas S. Kuhn's Philosophy of Science he presents a Neo-Kantian reconstruction of Kuhn's philosophy of science and opposes an irrationalist interpretation of Kuhn. In addition, Hoyningen-Huene is interested in the limits of reductionism in science, emergentism and the development of a theory of anti-reductionist arguments. His most recent book Systematicity: The Nature of Science is devoted to the question of the nature of science (including the social sciences and humanities) and develops the thesis that scientific knowledge is primarily distinguished from other forms of knowledge by being more systematic.
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That is, the standards are influenced by the expectations of their originators, the stances they imply and the ways of interpreting the world they favour, but this is strictly analogous to the same process of the scientific revolution, that leads us to believe that the thesis of incommensurability can also be applied to standards, as is shown by the following asseveration: Feyerabend states that the Popperian criticism is either related to certain clearly defined procedures, or is totally abstract and leaves others with the task of fleshing it out later with specific contents, making Popper's rationality a "mere verbal ornament." This does not imply that Feyerabend is an irrationalist but that he considers that the process of scientific change can not be explained in its totality in the light of some rationality, precisely because of incommensurability.
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Within the common anti-realist restlessness of the group of the newest ones, Martínez Sarrión stands out for his rebellious sixtyeightish that made him admire beat poetry and for assuming very soon many of the cultural, irrationalist, and mythical references (literature, cinema, jazz) that his fellows on the road would later adopt. In his poetry, everything is mixed – the poet's quote, a conversation, a digression, a memory, a jazz song – in a way that realizes itself through the rupture of the syntactic forms. The technique of his poetic work has always been compared with that of surrealism, although is, in fact, different because "the accumulation of images, apparently disconnected, comes from the will (...) to express chaos as it is lived. There is, therefore, no work on the "free associations", but conscious dis-aggregation of logical associations, (...)" (Jenaro Talens in his foreword to El centro inaccessible...).
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