390 Sentences With "intramuscular injection"

How to use intramuscular injection in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "intramuscular injection" and check conjugation/comparative form for "intramuscular injection". Mastering all the usages of "intramuscular injection" from sentence examples published by news publications.

It has to be delivered in four doses and given through an intramuscular injection.
Once I hit my target levels and felt ready for the big push, a doctor would administer the cortisone via an intramuscular injection.
Syphilis is pretty easy to cure, if caught in the primary, secondary, or even early latent stages, with an intramuscular injection of Benzathine penicillin.
According to the complainant, [Name withheld by BuzzFeed News] was placed at higher than normal risk for mental status deterioration and given forced intramuscular injection of Ativan.
Once you're positive that you're witnessing an overdose, naloxone is administered in one of two ways: an intramuscular injection, typically in the arm or thigh; or intranasally, like a nose spray.
Famous actresses typically throw down $399 a pop for The IV Doc's "Beautify" treatment before award ceremonies, loading up on vitamins and electrolytes for an Oscar-worthy glow, while professional athletes might opt for a quick $150 "Super Vitamin B" intramuscular injection to burn some fat.
Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn was a widely recognized but poorly understood phenomenon until the mid-20th century, when doctors demonstrated that such bleeding — now termed vitamin K deficiency bleeding — could be prevented by giving newborns a single dose of vitamin K. Since the early 1960s, it has been standard-of-care for newborns to receive an intramuscular injection of vitamin K shortly after delivery.
Conversely, unesterified nandrolone has been used by intramuscular injection once daily.
Estrone in oil solution by intramuscular injection has a shorter duration than estrone in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection. Estrone in oil solution by intramuscular injection is rapidly absorbed, while estrone in aqueous suspension has a prolonged period of absorption. Upon intramuscular injection of estrone in aqueous solution, the water from the preparation is absorbed and a microcrystalline depot of estrone that is slowly absorbed by the body is formed. This is responsible for the prolonged duration of estrone in aqueous suspension compared to oil solution.
DES dipalmitate in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection has been studied as well.
Although nandrolone decanoate is usually administered by intramuscular injection, it has been found to be similarly effective when administered by subcutaneous injection. The pharmacokinetics of nandrolone decanoate via subcutaneous injection closely resemble those of intramuscular injection. However, subcutaneous injection is considered to be easier, more convenient, and less painful compared to intramuscular injection. In addition, research suggests that most intramuscular injections in practice are in fact subcutaneous injections.
Ticarcillin is not absorbed orally, so must be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.
Cephaloridine is easily absorbed after intramuscular injection and poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Intramuscular injection, often abbreviated IM, is the injection of a substance into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several methods for parenteral administration of medications. Intramuscular injection may be preferred because muscles have larger and more numerous blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue, leading to faster absorption than subcutaneous or intradermal injections. Medication administered via intramuscular injection also is not subject to the first-pass metabolism effect which affects oral medications.
It is a very long-lasting prodrug of testosterone when administered in oil via intramuscular injection.
Microcrystalline estradiol benzoate in aqueous suspension (brand names Agofollin Depot and Ovocyclin M alone and Follivirin in combination with testosterone isobutyrate) has been found to have a longer duration of action than amorphous estradiol benzoate in oil solution when administered via intramuscular injection. Whereas the duration of a single intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate in oil solution is 6 days, the duration of a single intramuscular injection of microcrystalline estradiol benzoate in aqueous suspension is 16 to 21 days. Its duration also surpasses that of estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate. The duration of microcrystalline aqueous suspensions administered by intramuscular injection is dependent both on concentration and on crystal size.
Levels of testosterone with intramuscular injections of testosterone cypionate were about 700 ng/dL for 100 mg/week, 1100 ng/dL for 250 mg/week, and 2000 ng/dL for 500 mg/week. In another study, testosterone levels with 600 mg/week testosterone enanthate by intramuscular injection were 2,800–3,200 ng/dL. Intramuscular injection of testosterone propionate as an oil solution, aqueous suspension, and emulsion has been compared. Intramuscular injection of testosterone-containing biodegradeable microspheres has been studied.
Stibophen is an anthelmintic classified as antimony compound and used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection.
Imipramine is available in the form of oral tablets and as a formulation for depot intramuscular injection.
It is said to have a duration of action of one week or more via intramuscular injection.
Testosterone esters like testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate can be given by subcutaneous injection instead of intramuscular injection. Studies have shown that subcutaneous injection of testosterone and closely related esters in oil like testosterone cypionate, testosterone enantate, and nandrolone decanoate is effective and has similar pharmacokinetics to intramuscular injection.
Estradiol esters like estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate can be given by subcutaneous injection instead of intramuscular injection. Subcutaneous and intramuscular injection of estradiol cypionate in an aqueous suspension has been found to result in levels of estradiol and other pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., duration) that were virtually identical. Studies have shown that subcutaneous injection of closely related steroid esters in oil like the androgen esters testosterone cypionate, testosterone enantate, and nandrolone decanoate is effective and has similar pharmacokinetics to intramuscular injection as well.
DHPA has been studied at high doses of 900 mg/week by intramuscular injection in women with endometrial cancer.
Estradiol cypionate in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension has been found to have equivalent effectiveness and virtually identical pharmacokinetics when administered by subcutaneous injection versus intramuscular injection. However, subcutaneous injection is considered to be easier and less painful relative to intramuscular injection, and for these reasons, may result in comparatively greater satisfaction and compliance.
NPP is or has been available 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL formulations in oil solution for intramuscular injection.
Depo-Testadiol was provided in the form of 10 mL vials containing 2 mg/mL EC and 50 mg/mL TC in an oil solution and was administered by intramuscular injection once every 4 weeks. Conversely, Femovirin was provided in the form of 1 mL ampoules containing 3.5 mg/mL EC (2.4 mg/mL free estradiol) and 90 mg/mL TC (62.9 mg/mL free testosterone) in an oil solution and was administered by intramuscular injection once every 4 to 6 weeks. The elimination half-life of EC in oil by intramuscular injection is approximately 5 days, while the elimination half- life of TC in oil by intramuscular injection is approximately 8 days. EC/TP reportedly has a duration of about 21 days.
A lower strength product is available for children. Intramuscular injection can be complicated in that the depth of subcutaneous fat varies and may result in subcutaneous injection, or may be injected intravenously in error, or the wrong strength used. Intramuscular injection does give a faster and higher pharmacokinetic profile when compared to subcutaneous injection.
Estradiol undecylate was available as an oil solution for intramuscular injection provided in ampoules at a concentration of 100 mg/mL.
EV/NETE is used as a combined injectable contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women. It is given by intramuscular injection once a month.
The pharmacokinetic properties of trestolone, such as poor oral bioavailability and short elimination half-life, make it unsuitable for oral administration or long-term intramuscular injection. As such, trestolone must be administered parenterally via a different and more practical route such as subcutaneous implant, transdermal patch, or topical gel. Trestolone acetate, a prodrug of trestolone, can be administered via intramuscular injection.
Testosterone propionate is administered in oil via intramuscular injection. It has a relatively short elimination half-life and mean residence time of 2 days and 4 days, respectively. As such, it has a short duration of action and must be administered two to three times per week. Intramuscular injection of testosterone propionate as an oil solution, aqueous suspension, and emulsion has been compared.
It is also used to treat dysmenorrhea. Ketorolac is used to treat idiopathic pericarditis, where it reduces inflammation. For systemic use, ketorolac can be administered orally, under the tongue, by intramuscular injection, intravenously, and by nasal spray. Usually, it is initially administered by intramuscular injection or intravenously, with oral therapy used as a continuation after the initial IM or IV dose.
Methandriol (brand name Androteston M, Notandron, Protandren) was previously marketed as 25 mL and 50 mg/mL aqueous suspensions for use by intramuscular injection.
5-mL vials of Depo-Estradiol (5 mg/mL estradiol cypionate in cottonseed oil solution for use by intramuscular injection) in the United States.
Fluzone is typically administered in a single dose by intramuscular injection;"Fluzone Prescribing Information" . Sanofi Pasteur. June 2012. an intradermal injection is also available.
PE3P has been used at a dosage of 40 to 80 mg by intramuscular injection once every 4 to 8 weeks in menopausal hormone therapy.
Prasterone enanthate is available only as a combination formulation of 4 mg estradiol valerate and 200 mg prasterone enanthate in oil for depot intramuscular injection.
Rarely, sterile abscesses can occur. Large doses of progesterone by intramuscular injection, for instance 100 mg, are associated with moderate-to-severe injection site reactions.
The elimination half-life of EV in oil by intramuscular injection is approximately 4 or 5 days. Similarly, the elimination half-life of TE in oil by intramuscular injection is approximately 4 or 5 days. EV/TE reportedly has a duration of about 21 days. Deladumone OB was a double-dosage formulation of Deladumone, which was intended to provide the same dosage with a smaller injection volume.
A single intramuscular injection of 80 mg PE3P has a duration of about 1 month and of 80 mg about 2 months. The effects of PE3P on the vagina, uterus, pregnancy, prostate gland, coagulation, and fibrinolysis, as well as on mammary and endometrial cancer risk, have been studied. The endometrial proliferation dose of PE3P over 14 days in women is 40 to 60 mg by intramuscular injection.
Estradiol and levels after a single intramuscular injection of Gynodian Depot (4 mg estradiol valerate, 200 mg prasterone enanthate in oil) in women. The pharmacokinetics of prasterone enanthate have been assessed in a number of studies. Prasterone enanthate is a prodrug of prasterone in the body. It is completely hydrolyzed into prasterone and heptanoic acid (enanthic acid) following absorption from the tissue depot after intramuscular injection.
The bioavailability of estradiol and estradiol esters given by intramuscular injection is said to be essentially complete. For comparison, the bioavailability of oral estradiol is around 5%. The estradiol levels that result with typical clinical doses of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection tend to be high compared to the typical estradiol levels that occur with other clinically used routes and forms of estradiol.
Water-in-oil emulsions of steroids were studied in the late 1940s and in the 1950s. Long-acting emulsions of progesterone were introduced for use by intramuscular injection alone under the brand name Progestin and with estradiol benzoate under the brand name Di- Pro-Emulsion by the 1950s. Steroid emulsions by intramuscular injection are reported to have similar properties, such as duration, as aqueous suspensions.
The duration of action of estradiol benzoate in oil solution by intramuscular injection at typical clinical doses (e.g., 0.33–1.66 mg) is said to be 2 to 3 days. A single dose of 2.5 mg estradiol benzoate in oil solution by intramuscular injection was found to produce plasma estradiol levels of greater than 400 pg/mL, measured 24 hours post-injection, in a group of patients with minimal baseline levels of estradiol (due to GnRH analogue therapy with triptorelin). The elimination half-life of estradiol benzoate in oil solution by intramuscular injection has been reported to be 48 to 120 hours (2 to 5 days).
Upon intramuscular injection in oil, which results in the formation of a long- lasting depot in the muscle, nandrolone decanoate is stored unchanged and is slowly absorbed into the body. Once in the circulation, it is converted into nandrolone, which is the active form of the drug. There is a sharp spike in nandrolone levels 24 to 48 hours after an intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate, followed by a steady decline to baseline levels within approximately two or three weeks. The bioavailability of nandrolone decanoate is 53 to 73% with intramuscular injection and varies with the site of injection, with the highest bioavailability seen when injected into the gluteal muscle.
Enterohepatic recycling may extend the duration of oral estriol. A single 1 to 2 mg dose of estriol in oil solution by intramuscular injection has a duration of about 3 or 4 days. Estriol esters such as estriol dipropionate and estriol dihexanoate, when administered via intramuscular injection in an oil solution, have been found to maintain elevated levels of estriol for much longer amounts of time than oral or vaginal estriol, in the range of days to months. These two estriol esters have not been marketed, but estriol acetate benzoate and estriol tripropionate are medically used estriol esters which are given via depot intramuscular injection and are long-acting similarly.
Progesterone can be administered by subcutaneous injection, with Prolutex, an aqueous solution of progesterone marketed in Europe, being intended for once-daily administration by this route. This formulation is rapidly absorbed and has been found to result in higher peak levels of progesterone relative to progesterone in oil solution by intramuscular injection. In addition, subcutaneous injection of progesterone is considered to be easier, safer due less risk of injection site reactions, and less painful compared to intramuscular injection of progesterone. The elimination half-life of this formulation is 13 to 18 hours, compared to 20 to 28 hours for intramuscular injection of progesterone in oil solution.
NETE is used on its own as a long-lasting progestogen-only injectable contraceptive in women. It is administered via intramuscular injection once every two months.
Nandrolone decanoate has been available in 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, and 200 mg/mL formulations in oil solution for intramuscular injection.
It is primarily given once or twice weekly by intramuscular injection for moderate-severe rheumatoid arthritis although it has also proven itself effective in treating tuberculosis.
Aqueous solutions are solutions of a compound with water. In contrast to other formulations, such as oil solutions, aqueous suspensions, and emulsions, aqueous solutions of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection are not depot injections. Instead, they are rapidly absorbed and eliminated, analogously to intravenous injections of estradiol and estradiol esters. The durations of aqueous solutions of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection are measured in hours.
Loxapine can be taken by mouth as a capsule or a liquid oral concentrate. It is also available as an intramuscular injection and as a powder for inhalation.
Additionally, intramuscular injection of polyketals into the leg of rats shows no significant increases in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-12.
In the case of intramuscular injections of either estradiol benzoate or estradiol valerate in oil solution, the maturation dosage for the vaginal epithelium is 5 to 7 mg once per week and the endometrial proliferation dosage is 7 to 10 mg once per week. The total endometrial proliferation dosage of estradiol benzoate in oil solution by intramuscular injection over 14 days is 25 to 35 mg. The full endometrial transformation dosage of estradiol benzoate/progesterone in oil solution is 1 to 2 mg estradiol benzoate and 20 to 25 mg progesterone by intramuscular injection daily for 10 to 14 days, whereas the full endometrial transformation dosage of estradiol benzoate/progesterone in microcrystalline aqueous suspension is a single intramuscular injection of 10 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone. For comparison, the full endometrial transformation dosage of estradiol valerate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil solution (brand name Gravibinon) is a single intramuscular injection of 10 mg estradiol valerate and 250 to 375 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate.
A dosage of nandrolone decanoate of 25 to 50 mg once every 6 to 12 weeks (working out to an average exposure of about 2 to 8 mg per week) by intramuscular injection is considered to be appropriate for general androgen replacement therapy in women. A dosage of 50 mg once every 2 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection is used in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and in the palliative treatment of inoperative breast cancer. For children aged 2 to 13 years, the average dosage for anemia of chronic kidney disease is 25 to 50 mg every 3 to 4 weeks by intramuscular injection. Dosages in men and for other uses have also been described.
This site is located by dividing the buttock into four using a cross shape, and administering the injection in the upper outer quadrant. This is the only intramuscular injection site for which aspiration is recommended of the syringe prior to injection, due to higher likelihood of accidental intravenous administration in this area. However, aspiration is not recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which considers it outdated for any intramuscular injection.
The duration of estradiol benzoate is not prolonged if it is administered directly into the circulation via intravenous injection, in contrast to intramuscular injection. Estradiol benzoate is active with oral and sublingual administration, similarly to estradiol valerate and estradiol acetate. However, it is not marketed in any formulation for use by these routes. Oral estradiol benzoate has been reported to possess about one-third to half the potency of intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate.
Other products and brand names of estrone marketed in the 1930s included Estrone (Abbott, Lilly), Oestroform (British Drug Houses), Folliculin (Organon), Menformon (Organon), and Ketodestrin (Paines & Byrne), among others. These formulations included ampoules of oil or aqueous solution for intramuscular injection, oral tablets, and vaginal suppositories. Estrone in aqueous suspension for use by intramuscular injection was first described in 1941 and was introduced for medical use under the brand name Theelin Aqueous Suspension by 1944.
Oil solutions are solutions of a compound with oil, for instance sesame oil or castor oil. When free steroids like estradiol are administered in oil solution by intramuscular injection, they are rapidly absorbed and the duration is relatively short. A single 1 to 2 mg dose of estradiol in oil solution by intramuscular injection has a duration of about 1 or 2 days. Little prolongation of duration is achieved with the use of larger doses.
The medication has been used to induce puberty in girls with delayed puberty due to hypogonadism. Estradiol cypionate is usually used at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg by intramuscular injection every 3 to 4 weeks in the treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy, at a dosage of 1.5 to 2 mg by intramuscular injection once a month in the treatment of female hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, and at a dosage of 2 to 10 mg by intramuscular injection once every 1 or 2 weeks for hormone therapy in transgender women. The doses used to induce puberty in girls are 0.2 to 2.5 mg per month, gradually increased over a period of 4 years.
Ditate was provided in the form of multi-use 10 mL vials containing 4 mg/mL EV and 90 mg/mL TE in an oil solution and was administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. Conversely, another preparation, Ditate-DS, was provided in the form of single-use 2 mL vials containing 8 mg/mL EV and 180 mg/mL TE in an oil solution, and was administered as a single intramuscular injection. Another product, Primodian Depot, was provided in the form of 1 mL ampoules containing 4 mg/mL EV (3.0 mg/mL free estradiol) and 90.3 mg/mL TE (65 mg/mL free testosterone) in an oil solution, and was administered by intramuscular injection once every 4 to 6 weeks.
Intramuscular progesterone has traditionally been the most popular form of progesterone used for luteal support in assisted reproduction in the United States, although vaginal progesterone is also used and effective. With intramuscular injection of 10 mg progesterone in vegetable oil, maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) are reached at approximately 8 hours after administration, and serum levels remain above baseline for about 24 hours. Doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg via intramuscular injection have been found to result in average maximal concentrations of 7, 28, and 50 ng/mL, respectively. With intramuscular injection, a dose of 25 mg results in normal luteal phase serum levels of progesterone within 8 hours, and a 100 mg dose produces mid- pregnancy levels of 40 to 80 ng/mL at peak.
OHPC is said not to have any glucocorticoid activity. In accordance, OHPC has been found not to alter cortisol levels in humans even with very high doses by intramuscular injection. This is of relevance because medications with significant glucocorticoid activity suppress cortisol levels due to increased negative feedback on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. OHPC has been studied in humans at doses as high as 5,000 mg per week by intramuscular injection, with safety and without glucocorticoid effects observed.
Emulsions are mixtures of immiscible liquids. Water-in-oil emulsions of estradiol benzoate were evaluated as long- acting preparations for use by intramuscular injection in the 1940s and 1950s. Formulations of estradiol benzoate alone under the brand name Menformon- Emulsion and with progesterone under the brand name Di-Pro-Emulsion were previously marketed. A 10 mg dose of estradiol benzoate in emulsion by intramuscular injection is said to have a duration of about 2 to 3 weeks.
They were previously available in Germany and Canada. Estradiol and testosterone levels following a single intramuscular injection of EB/EDE/TEBH versus 10 mg estradiol valerate have been studied over 28 days.
Similarly to the case of testosterone, epitiostanol shows poor bioavailability and weak therapeutic efficacy when taken orally due to extensive first-pass metabolism. As such, it must instead be administered via intramuscular injection.
In the movie Pulp Fiction, an intracardiac injection of epinephrine is used to treat a heroin overdose (far from the normal medical treatment for this condition, an intravenous or intramuscular injection of naloxone).
Bleomycin is mostly used to treat cancer. This includes testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and Hodgkin's disease, and less commonly non-Hodgkin's disease. It can be given intravenously, by intramuscular injection, or under the skin.
In contrast to estrone, free estriol was never introduced for use by intramuscular injection. Estriol continues to be used medically today, widely throughout the world and in a variety of different formulations and brand names.
In contrast to oral administration, which is associated with very low bioavailability (<10%), the bioavailability of both estradiol and estradiol esters like estradiol valerate is complete (i.e., 100%) via intramuscular injection. In addition, estradiol esters like estradiol cypionate and estradiol valerate when given as an injection of oil solution or microcrystalline aqueous suspension have a relatively long duration due to the formation of an intramuscular depot from which they are slowly released and absorbed. Upon intramuscular injection of estradiol cypionate in an oil solution, the solvent (i.e.
Similarly, androstanolone enanthate via intramuscular injection has been found to be effective in the treatment persistent pubertal gynecomastia. The medication has also been used as a topical gel to treat small penis in pre- and peripubertal boys with mild or partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. Androstanolone was found to be effective in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in women in the 1950s, although it was used in very high doses and caused severe virilization. It was used as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection.
The greater solubility in oil allows the steroid esters to be dissolved in a smaller oil volume, thereby allowing for larger doses with intramuscular injection. In addition, the greater the lipophilicity of the steroid, as measured by the octanol/water partition coefficient (logP), the slower its release from the oily depot at the injection site and the longer its duration. Steroid esters can also be prepared as crystalline aqueous suspensions. Aqueous suspensions of steroid crystals result in prolongation of duration with intramuscular injection similarly to oil solutions.
Estradiol pivalate, also known as estradiol trimethyl acetate (E2-TMA) and sold under the brand name Estrotate, is an estrogen medication and an estrogen ester; specifically, the C3 pivalic acid (trimethylacetic acid) ester of estradiol. It was marketed as an oil solution for intramuscular injection in the 1940s and 1950s. A combination of estradiol pivalate (1 mg/mL) and progesterone (10 mg/mL) in oil solution for intramuscular injection was available in 1949. The duration of biological effect of estradiol pivalate in women has been studied.
Intramuscular injections are injections into muscle, for instance the gluteal or deltoid muscle. Estradiol and estradiol esters can be administered in a variety of forms by intramuscular injection. Aqueous solutions of estradiol and estradiol esters by intramuscular injection have a rapid onset and duration analogously to but slightly more delayed than intravenous injection. However, intramuscular injections of oil solutions, crystalline aqueous suspensions, and emulsions of estradiol and estradiol esters, as well as solutions and suspensions of estradiol polymers and estradiol microspheres, act as long- lasting depot injections.
Gold salts for rheumatoid arthritis are administered by intramuscular injection but can also be administered orally (although the efficacy is low). Regular urine tests to check for protein, indicating kidney damage, and blood tests are required.
OHPC is eliminated 50% in feces and 30% in urine when given by intramuscular injection to pregnant women. Both the free steroid and conjugates are excreted by these routes, with the conjugates more prominent in feces.
In an animal model, it has shown effectiveness when given intramuscularly. Though, intramuscular injection should be avoid due to the probability of muscular necrosis after injection. Intravenous injection is recommended in a dose of 250 mg.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended its use since 1974. About 84% of the world population is vaccinated. It is given as an intramuscular injection. The vaccine needs to be kept cold but not frozen.
CMA has been studied in men with advanced prostate cancer at massive dosages of 1,000 to 2,000 mg/day orally and 100 to 500 mg/day via intramuscular injection, without serious adverse effects or toxicity described.
The practice of "skin-popping" or subcutaneous injection predisposes to necrotizing fasciitis or necrotizing cellulitis from Clostridium perfringens, while deep intramuscular injection predisposes to necrotizing myositis. Tar heroin injection can also be associated with Clostridium botulinum infection.
The vastus lateralis is the recommended site for intramuscular injection in infants less than 7 months old and those unable to walk, with loss of muscular tone.Mann, E. (2016). Injection (Intramuscular): Clinician Information. The Johanna Briggs Institute.
It is given by intramuscular injection to treat gonorrhea, especially in patients who are allergic to penicillins. This antibiotic is no longer available in the United States for human use, but is still available for veterinary use.
Testosterone has been marketed for use by oral, sublingual, buccal, intranasal, transdermal (patches), topical (gels), intramuscular (injection), and subcutaneous (implant administration. It is provided unmodified and as a testosterone ester such as testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone propionate, or testosterone undecanoate, which act as prodrugs of testosterone. The most common route of administration for testosterone is by intramuscular injection. However, it has been reported that AndroGel, a transdermal gel formulation of testosterone, has become the most popular form of testosterone in androgen replacement therapy for hypogonadism in the United States.
Testosterone levels over 16 weeks with intramuscular injection of different testosterone esters in hypogonadal men. Testosterone can be administered by intramuscular injection either as an aqueous suspension of testosterone or as an oil solution or aqueous suspension of testosterone esters such as testosterone propionate, testosterone enanthate, testosterone cypionate, testosterone undecanoate, and testosterone isobutyrate. An even longer-acting testosterone ester that was developed but ultimately never marketed is testosterone buciclate. These preparations are prodrugs of progesterone that have a long- lasting depot effect when injected into muscle or fat, ranging from days to months in duration.
Testosterone undecanoate has a very long elimination half-life and mean residence time when given as a depot intramuscular injection. Its elimination half-life is 20.9 days and its mean residence time is 34.9 days in tea seed oil, while its elimination half-life is 33.9 days and its mean residence time is 36.0 days in castor oil. These values are substantially longer than those of testosterone enanthate (which, in castor oil, has values of 4.5 days and 8.5 days, respectively). Testosterone undecanoate is administered via intramuscular injection once every three months or so.
Due to the poor oral activity of oral micronized progesterone, it has relatively weak progestogenic effects. Administration of progesterone in oil solution by intramuscular injection has a duration of about 2 or 3 days, necessitating frequent injections. Transdermal administration of progesterone in the form of creams or gels achieves only very low levels of progesterone and weak progestogenic effects. Due to the poor oral activity of progesterone and its short duration with intramuscular injection, progestins were developed in its place both for oral use and for parenteral administration.
The elimination half-life of nandrolone decanoate administered by intramuscular injection is approximately 6 to 12 days. Studies that have assessed the duration of nandrolone decanoate via its anabolic effects, for instance on nitrogen balance, have found that a single 50 to 100 mg intramuscular injection had a duration of about 18 to 25 days. The blood half-life for the combined process of hydrolysis into nandrolone and elimination of nandrolone is 4.3 hours. Nandrolone and its metabolites are excreted in the urine, mainly in the form of conjugates.
It used radioimmunoassay for the determinations, with no mention of chromatographic separation. Estradiol levels following an intramuscular injection of 10 mg estradiol enantate have been found to return to baseline levels of around 50 pg/mL after about 20 to 30 days. However, a metabolic study found that traces of radiolabeled estradiol enantate remained detectable in blood for at least 30 to 40 days and for as long as 60 days. Studies have reported that the elimination half-life of estradiol enantate after a single 10 mg intramuscular injection was 5.6 to 7.5 days.
Testosterone propionate is usually provided as an oil solution for use by intramuscular injection. It was also previously available as an 30 mg or 50 mg aqueous suspension. Buccal tablets of testosterone propionate were previously available as well.
Estradiol and testosterone levels following a single intramuscular injection of Climacteron (including 1 mg EB, 7.5 mg EDE, and 150 mg TEBH equivalent to 69 mg free testosterone) versus 10 mg estradiol valerate have been studied over 28 days.
MPA is available alone in the form of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg oral tablets, as a 150 mg/mL (1 mL) or 400 mg/mL (2.5 mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection, and as a 104 mg (0.65 mL of 160 mg/mL) microcrystalline aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection. It has also been marketed in the form of 100, 200, 250, 400, and 500 mg oral tablets; 500 and 1,000 mg oral suspensions; and as a 50 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A 100 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection was previously available as well. In addition to single-drug formulations, MPA is available in the form of oral tablets in combination with conjugated estrogens (CEEs), estradiol, and estradiol valerate for use in menopausal hormone therapy, and is available in combination with estradiol cypionate in a microcrystalline aqueous suspension as a combined injectable contraceptive.
OHPC, also known as 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, is closer to progesterone in terms of structure and pharmacology than most other progestins, and is essentially a pure progestogen – that is, a selective agonist of the progesterone receptor (PR) with minimal or no other hormonal activity. However, OHPC has improved pharmacokinetics compared to progesterone, namely a much longer duration with intramuscular injection in oil solution. Administered by intramuscular injection, the endometrial transformation dosage of OHPC per cycle is 250 to 500 mg, and the weekly substitution dosage of OHPC is 250 mg, while the effective dosage of OHPC in the menstrual delay test (Greenblatt) is 25 mg per week. An effective ovulation-inhibiting dosage of OHPC is 500 mg once per month by intramuscular injection. However, the dose of OHPC used in once-a- month combined injectable contraceptives is 250 mg, and this combination is effective for inhibition of ovulation similarly.
Stenbolone is an anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group which was never marketed. A C17β ester prodrug of stenbolone, stenbolone acetate, is used as an AAS for depot intramuscular injection under the brand names Anatrofin and Stenobolone.
In September, Cansino began a Phase I trial in China with 144 adults to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine to be administered as a nasal spray, in contrast with most COVID-19 vaccine candidates which require intramuscular injection.
Two of the estradiol esters that compose LE2, estradiol palmitate and estradiol stearate, have been developed and marketed for medical use as long-acting estrogens for use via depot intramuscular injection. Estradiol is esterified into LE2 by lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT).
A single 10 mg intramuscular injection of EBB has a duration of approximately 3 weeks. Its duration is shorter than that of estradiol enantate. A preliminary study of the duration of EBB relative to other estradiol esters was conducted in 1952.
In this test, intramuscular injection of caffeine was followed by local measurement of the ; those with known MH susceptibility had a significantly higher (63 versus 44 mmHg). The authors propose larger studies to assess the test's suitability for determining MH risk.
Testosterone undecylenate (TUe) is an androgen/anabolic steroid medication and androgen ester which is no longer marketed. It was a component of Durasteron and Triolandren, long-acting mixtures of testosterone esters in oil solution that were administered by intramuscular injection.
PEP has been studied as a means of hormonal breast enhancement in women. A combination of PEP and medroxyprogesterone acetate was studied in women as a long-lasting combined injectable contraceptive for use by intramuscular injection once every three months.
Cefotaxime is administered by intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion. As cefotaxime is metabolized to both active and inactive metabolites by the liver and largely excreted in the urine, dose adjustments may be appropriate in people with renal or hepatic impairment.
Estradiol undecylate has been used clinically at massive doses of as much as 800 to 2,400 mg per month by intramuscular injection, given in divided doses of 100 to 200 mg per injection two to three times per week. For purposes of comparison, a single 100 mg intramuscular injection of estradiol undecylate has been found to produce maximal estradiol levels of about 500 pg/mL. Symptoms of estrogen overdosage may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, increased weight, water retention, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, heavy legs, and leg cramps. These side effects can be diminished by reducing the estrogen dosage.
For comparison, the dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate), a close analogue of OHPC, used by intramuscular injection in microcrystalline aqueous suspension in once-a-month combined injectable contraceptives, is 25 mg. It has also been said that given by intramuscular injection, 250 mg OHPC in oil solution is equivalent in progestogenic potency to 50 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension. Although the elimination half-life of intramuscular OHPC in oil solution in non- pregnant women is about 8 days, the elimination half-life of intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate in microcrystalline aqueous suspension in women is around 50 days.
PEP has a very long duration and is given by intramuscular injection once every 4 weeks. In men, an initial intramuscular injection of PEP results in a rapid rise in estradiol levels measured at 24 hours followed by a slow and gradual further increase in levels up until at least day 28 (the time of the next injection). Subsequent injections result in a progressive and considerable accumulation in estradiol levels up to at least 6 months. The mean elimination half-life of PEP has been found to be 70 days (10 weeks) with a single 320 mg intramuscular dose of the medication.
EDE was available only in combination EB and TEBH. The combination was available in two different dose forms, one for menopausal hormone therapy (brand names Climacteron, Amenose) and the other for lactation suppression (brand names Lactimex, Lactostat). Climacteron and Amenose contained 1.0 mg EB, 7.5 mg EDE, and 150 mg TEBH (69 mg free testosterone) and was given by repeated intramuscular injection at regular intervals. Lactimex and Lactostat contained 6 mg EB, 15 mg EDE, and 300 mg TEBH in 2 mL of corn oil and was administered as a single intramuscular injection after childbirth or during breastfeeding.
Progesterone is available in a variety of different forms, including oral capsules; sublingual tablets; vaginal capsules, tablets, gels, suppositories, and rings; rectal suppositories; oil solutions for intramuscular injection; and aqueous solutions for subcutaneous injection. A 1% topical progesterone gel is approved for local application to the breasts to treat breast pain, but is not indicated for systemic therapy. Progesterone was previously available as an intrauterine device for use in hormonal contraception, but this formulation was discontinued. Progesterone is also limitedly available in combination with estrogens such as estradiol and estradiol benzoate for use by intramuscular injection.
It has usually been studied in combination with DHPA. Following an intramuscular injection of estradiol enantate, levels of estradiol have been found to peak after 3 to 8 days. Maximal levels of estradiol after a 5 mg injection of estradiol enantate have been found to be about 163 to 209 pg/mL and after a 10 mg injection of estradiol enantate have been found to be about 283 to 445 pg/mL. However, one outlying study reported peak estradiol levels of 850 pg/mL after an intramuscular injection of 10 mg estradiol enantate in three postmenopausal women.
Both oral estradiol valerate at 6 mg/day and intrasmuscular estradiol valerate at 10 mg every 10 days have been found to increase SHBG levels by 2.5- to 3-fold in transgender women. For comparison, combined birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a progestin with minimal androgenic or antiandrogenic activity have been found to increase SHBG levels by about 3- to 4-fold. High- dose polyestradiol phosphate by intramuscular injection has been found to increase SHBG levels by about 1.5-fold. Estradiol valerate in oil solution by intramuscular injection has been studied in the treatment of prostate cancer.
There have been no reports of overdose of OHPC. In the event of overdose, treatment should be based on symptoms. OHPC has been studied in humans at high doses of 2,000 to 5,000 mg per week by intramuscular injection, without safety concerns.
Its bioavailability with intramuscular injection, on the other hand, is complete (100%). Doses of topical androstanolone gel of 16, 32, and 64 mg have been found to produce total testosterone and DHT levels in the low, mid, and high normal adult male range, respectively.
It is a form of penicillin which is a combination of benzylpenicillin and the local anaesthetic agent procaine. Following deep intramuscular injection, it is slowly absorbed into the circulation and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin — thus it is used where prolonged low concentrations of benzylpenicillin are required.
Research has been done on the toxicity of azemiopsin for three different routes of administration in mice: intraperitoneal, intravenous and intramuscular. For intraperitoneal administration LD50 was 2.6 ± 0.3 mg/kg, for intravenous administration LD50 was 0.51 +/- 0.06 mg/kg, and for intramuscular injection, it was 0.732 +/- 0.13 mg/kg. intramuscular injection of Azemiopsin at a dosis between 0.3 mg/kg and 0.7 mg/kg results in various symptoms, including impaired coordination of movements, loss of muscle tone, decreased motor activity, impaired breathing, and decreased response to external stimuli. The symptoms appeared roughly 5 to 7 minutes after injection and were the most severe between 10 and 20 minutes.
It has been found to stimulate the vaginal epithelium in postmenopausal women, with a minimally effective dose of 0.16 mg and a maximally effective dose of 0.5 mg, both by intramuscular injection. Its effect lasted for about 4 weeks at a dose of 0.16 mg and for more than 7 weeks at a dose of 3.3 mg. Menotrope was an oral tablet that contained 0.33 mg estradiol pivalate, 80 mg choline bitartrate, 0.46 mg folic acid, and 1.25 μg cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) and was used in menopausal hormone therapy. Mean change in vaginal smear test grade with different doses of estradiol pivalate (Estrotate) in oil solution by intramuscular injection in women.
Along with estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, and estradiol benzoate, estradiol undecylate has been used as an intramuscular estrogen in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It has been used at doses of 100 to as much as 800 mg per month by intramuscular injection for this purpose.
The disease can be treated with penicillin, tetracycline (not to be used in pregnant women), azithromycin or chloramphenicol, and can be prevented through contact tracing by public health officials. A single intramuscular injection of long-acting penicillin is effective against endemic treponematoses including pinta, yaws, and bejel.
The lipophilicity of the cypionate group allows the prodrug to be sequestered in fat depots after intramuscular injection. The ester group is slowly hydrolyzed by metabolic enzymes, releasing steady doses of the active ingredient. Examples include testosterone cypionate, estradiol cypionate, hydrocortisone cypionate, oxabolone cipionate, and mesterolone cypionate.
Upon intramuscular injection, they do not form a depot and instead are rapidly absorbed into the circulation. However, they are only slowly cleaved into monomers, and as a result, have a very long duration in the body even outlasting that of many longer-chain fatty-acid estrogen esters.
Other uses include the treatment of maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome. They are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection. Thiamine supplements are generally well tolerated. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur when repeated doses are given by injection.
DHPA was studied by its developer Squibb for use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive at a dose of 100 mg once per month by intramuscular injection under the developmental code name and tentative brand name Deladroxone. It was associated with poor cycle control and was never marketed for this indication.
The duration of action of a single intramuscular injection of CPA is about 14 to 20 days. The serum total clearance of CPA is approximately 2.32 ± 0.38 mL/min/kg. Levels of CPA and 15β-OH-CPA with oral administration decrease biphasically over a period of 24 to 120 hours.
Uterine contraction assists in delivering the placenta. Uterine contraction reduces the placental surface area, often forming a temporary hematoma at their former interface. Myometrial contractions can be induced with medication, usually oxytocin via intramuscular injection. The use of ergometrine, on the other hand, is associated with nausea or vomiting and hypertension.
Testosterone enanthate has an elimination half-life of 4.5 days and a mean residence time of 8.5 days when used as a depot intramuscular injection. It requires frequent administration of approximately once per week, and large fluctuations in testosterone levels result with it, with levels initially being elevated and supraphysiological.
Estradiol valerate, an ester of estradiol and one of the most widely used estrogen esters. It has increased oral bioavailability and a longer duration with intramuscular injection relative to estradiol. A steroid ester is an ester of a steroid. They include androgen esters, estrogen esters, progestogen esters, and corticosteroid esters.
Immunization with Cervarix consists of 3 doses of 0.5-mL each, by intramuscular injection according to the following schedule: 0, 1, and 6 months. The preferred site of administration is the deltoid region of the upper arm. Cervarix is available in 0.5-mL single-dose vials and prefilled TIP-LOK syringes.
This is similar to the duration of an aqueous suspension of 10 mg estradiol benzoate or an oil solution of 10 mg estradiol valerate. Emulsions of steroids by intramuscular injection have similar properties (e.g., duration) relative to aqueous suspensions. Painful injection site reactions have been reported with emulsions similarly to suspensions.
A vial of Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate in oil) for intramuscular injection. Testosterone is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world. Major brand names of testosterone and/or its esters include Andriol, Androderm, AndroGel, Axiron, Delatestryl, Depo- Testosterone, Intrinsa, Nebido, Omnadren, Primoteston, Sustanon, Testim, TestoGel, TestoPatch, Testoviron, and Tostran.
A single intramuscular injection of 50 μg/kg estradiol dipropionate in oil in 15 pubertal girls (about 1 mg for a 50-kg (110-lb) girl) was found to produce peak estradiol levels of about 215 pg/mL after 1.5 days. Estradiol levels declined to about 90 pg/mL after 4 days.
Psychiatric medication is a commonly used intervention and many psychiatric mental health nurses are involved in the administration of medicines, both in oral (e.g. tablet or liquid) form or by intramuscular injection. Nurse practitioners can prescribe medication. Nurses will monitor for side effects and response to these medical treatments by using assessments.
The treatment of atopic disorders depends on the organ(s) involved. It can vary from local treatment options, often topical corticosteroids, to systemic treatment options with oral corticosteroids, biological treatments (e.g. Omalizumab, Mepolizumab) or allergen immunotherapy. An anaphylactic reaction on the other hand is treated with adrenaline, given as an intramuscular injection.
It is in the penicillin class of medications. It is slowly absorbed into the circulation, after intramuscular injection, and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin in vivo. It is the drug-of- choice when prolonged low concentrations of benzylpenicillin are required and appropriate, allowing prolonged antibiotic action over 2–4 weeks after a single IM dose.
Aqueous suspensions of steroid esters generally have longer durations by intramuscular injection than oil solutions. A single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol cypionate has been found to result in peak circulating concentrations of 338 pg/mL estradiol and 145 pg/mL estrone, which occurred at about 4 and 5 days post-injection, respectively (see right table). Compared to two other commonly used estradiol esters (which were also assessed in the study), estradiol cypionate had the longest duration, at approximately 11 days, whereas estradiol benzoate and estradiol valerate were found to last for 4 to 5 days and 7 to 8 days, respectively. This is because estradiol cypionate has a more extensive fatty acid chain and in relation to this is comparatively more lipophilic.
Cyclical therapy with 150 mg OHPC by intramuscular injection was found to be effective in the treatment of 76 women with persistent, treatment-refractory acne in a preliminary study, with 84% responding to the therapy and experiencing a "good-to-excellent" improvement in symptoms. OHPC was studied by Schering for use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive at a dose of 250 to 500 mg once a month by intramuscular injection but produced poor cycle control at these doses and was never marketed. OHPC by itself has been found to have little or no effectiveness in the treatment of breast cancer in women. Conversely, the combination of estradiol valerate and OHPC has been found to be effective in the treatment of breast cancer in women.
CPA is relatively safe in acute overdose. It is used at very high doses of up to 300 mg/day by mouth and 700 mg per week by intramuscular injection. For comparison, the dose of CPA used in birth control pills is 2 mg/day. There have been no deaths associated with CPA overdose.
Cefodizime is available as an intramuscular injection or as an intravenous bolus or infusion and is usually given 1 or 2 times a day. In clinical trials, the most frequently used adult dosages ranged from 2 grams to 4 grams IM or IV per day given as a single dose or in 2 divided doses.
Sulfanegen has been shown to be effective in animal studies. It is being studied as the disodium salt, sulfanegen sodium, and the triethanolamine salt, sulfanegen TEA. One advantage various sulfanegen formulations have over existing treatments for acute cyanide poisoning is that they might be administered by intramuscular injection or orally rather than by intravenous infusion.
Injection fibrosis is a complication of intramuscular injection, occurring especially often in infants and children. Injections are often delivered to the quadriceps, triceps, and gluteal muscles, and thus the complication often manifests itself in those muscles. Patients are unable to fully flex the affected muscle. The condition is painless but progressively worsens over time.
Oxytetracycline is used to control the outbreak of American foulbrood and European foulbrood in honeybees. Oxytetracycline can also be used to correct breathing disorders in livestock. It is administered in a powder or through an intramuscular injection. American livestock producers apply oxytetracycline to livestock feed to prevent diseases and infections in cattle and poultry.
In the case of suspected or known exposure to DES before, women are encouraged to receive pelvic examinations, PAP tests, biopsies, and breast examinations. Men should receive routine examinations from their physician in the case of suspected or potential exposure. The medication has a long duration of action of 6 weeks given by intramuscular injection.
CICs are administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid, gluteus maximus, or anterior thigh. They are ideally administered every 28 to 30 days, though they have been demonstrated to be effective up to 33 days. Some CICs have been said to be used by transgender women as a means of feminizing hormone therapy as well.
Some relief can also be obtained by infiltrating the envenomation site with a local anesthetic. For more extreme cases, an intramuscular injection of a specific horse-derived antivenom can be lifesaving. Tetanus toxoid vaccine should also be administered, if indicated. Surviving victims often suffer localized tissue necrosis and nerve damage, leading to atrophy of adjoining muscle tissues.
Testolactone has also been used to postpone precocious puberty because of its ability to block estrogen production. In addition, it has been used in the treatment of gynecomastia. Testolactone is used to treat breast cancer at a dosage of 250 mg four times per day by mouth or 100 mg three times per week by intramuscular injection.
Oxendolone is used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Japan. It has been used at a dosage of 200 mg once every 2 weeks via intramuscular injection. Although it is approved for the treatment of BPH in Japan, concerns have been raised about its use for this condition due to poor efficacy seen in clinical trials.
Gentamicin is not recommended in pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks for the mother. Gentamicin can cross the placenta and several reports of irreversible bilateral congenital deafness in children have been seen. Intramuscular injection of gentamicin in mothers can cause muscle weakness in the newborn. The safety and efficacy for gentamicin in nursing mothers has not been established.
This allows bodybuilders to appear leaner, and this is why it is more commonly used whilst preparing for competitive events. Trenbolone acetate does not convert into an estrogenic metabolite, and this results in a lack of estrogenic side effects. Trenbolone enanthate is also a very commonly used AAS and lasts much longer than trenbolone acetate with intramuscular injection.
In veterinary anesthesia, medetomidine is often used in combinations with opioids (butorphanol, buprenorphine etc.) as premedication (before a general anesthetic) in healthy cats and dogs. It can be given by intramuscular injection (IM), subcutaneous injection (SC) or intravenous injection (IV). When delivered intravenously, a significantly decreased dose is used. Some authors suggest a sublingual route is also effective.
Elapegademase, sold under the brand name Revcovi, is a medication for the treatment of the rare disease adenosine deaminase deficiency-SCID in children and adults. It is a recombinant enzyme that is administered weekly by intramuscular injection. Elapegademase may interact with PEGylated drugs. Elapegademase-lvlr was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018.
Carbetocin is to be used in the hospital by prescription only. It can be administered intravenously or intramuscularly. In both cases, the recommended dose for an average adult female is 100ug. Contractile effects of the uterus are apparent within two minutes and can be observed for approximately one hour, though maximum binding occurs about 30 minutes after intramuscular injection.
Vaccines are often administered as IM injections. Intramuscular injection is commonly used for medication administration. Medication administered in the muscle is generally quickly absorbed in the bloodstream, and avoids the first pass metabolism which occurs with oral administration. The medication may not be considered 100% bioavailable as it must still be absorbed from the muscle, which occurs over time.
An intramuscular injection can be administered in multiple different muscles of the body. Common sites for IM injection include: deltoid, dorsogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal muscles. Sites that are bruised, tender, red, swollen, inflamed or scarred are generally avoided. The specific medication and amount being administered will influence the decision of the specific muscle chosen for injection.
Standard therapy involves intravenous injections of glucocorticoids and large volumes of intravenous saline solution with dextrose (glucose). This treatment usually brings rapid improvement. If intravenous access is not immediately available, intramuscular injection of glucocorticoids can be used. When the person can take fluids and medications by mouth, the amount of glucocorticoids is decreased until a maintenance dose is reached.
Doxycycline is now preferred to oxytetracycline for many of these indications because it has improved pharmacologic features. The standard dose is 250–500 mg six-hourly by mouth. In particularly severe infections, this dose may be increased accordingly. Occasionally, oxytetracycline is given by intramuscular injection or topically in the form of creams, ophthalmic ointments or eye drops.
Intramuscular injection may cause mild-to-moderate pain at the site of injection. High intramuscular doses of progesterone have been associated with increased body temperature, which may be alleviated with paracetamol treatment. Progesterone lacks undesirable off-target hormonal activity, in contrast to various progestins. As a result, it is not associated with androgenic, antiandrogenic, estrogenic, or glucocorticoid effects.
The onset of action of nalbuphine occurs within 2 to 3 minutes after intravenous administration, and in less than 15 minutes following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The elimination half-life of nalbuphine is approximately 5 hours on average and in clinical studies the duration of analgesic activity has been reported to range from 3 to 6 hours.
Suppositories can, in some situations, be administered instead. Medication can also be administered through intramuscular injection, or through intravenous injection. The amount of time required for absorption varies dependent upon many factors including drug solubility, gastrointestinal motility and pH. If a medication is administered orally the amount of food in the stomach may also affect the rate of absorption.
A study in marmoset monkeys found that the bioavailability of sublingual estradiol was 10% of that of estradiol administered by intramuscular injection. After a dose of sublingual estradiol, levels of estrone start to slowly but progressively rise within 10 minutes. Estrone levels surpass estradiol levels at around 2 hours post-dose and reach a maximum at about 4 hours.
Deoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP), sold under the brand names Zycortal, Percorten V, and Percorten M, is a mineralocorticoid medication and a mineralocorticoid ester. It is formulated as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension, is administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals, and has a prolonged duration of action. The medication is the C21 pivalate (trimethylacetate) ester of 11-deoxycorticosterone.
By intramuscular injection, the elimination half-life of E2-EN has been found to be 5.6 to 7.5 days, while the half-life of algestone acetophenide and its metabolites has been found to be 24 days. Following a single injection, E2-EN and DHPA are detectable in the circulation for up to 30 to 60 days.
Progesterone has been studied for use by buccal administration. The medication has been marketed in the form of buccal tablets under the brand names Progesterone Lingusorbs, Lutocylol, Membrettes, and Syngestrets. The clinical dosage of buccal progesterone has been described as 10 to 50 mg/day relative to 5 to 60 mg/day in the case of intramuscular injection.
Nonetheless, the duration of estradiol in oil solution by intramuscular injection is significantly longer than an intravenous injection of estradiol or estradiol valerate, which show a duration of only a few hours. Conversely, intramuscular injections of estradiol esters in oil solution have durations of days to months, depending on the ester administered. Following a single 4 or 5 mg intramuscular injection in oil solution, peak estradiol levels are about 950 pg/mL with estradiol benzoate after 2 days, 400 to 650 pg/mL with estradiol valerate after 2 days, and 250 to 350 pg/mL with estradiol cypionate after 4 days. The durations with a 5 mg dose are 4 or 5 days with estradiol benzoate, 7 or 8 days with estradiol valerate, and 11 to 14 days with estradiol cypionate.
The particle size of MPA crystals significantly influences its rate of absorption into the body from the local tissue depot when used as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension via intramuscular injection. Smaller crystals dissolve faster and are absorbed more rapidly, resulting in a shorter duration of action. Particle sizes can differ between different formulations of MPA, potentially influencing clinical efficacy and tolerability.
Aripiprazole lauroxil, sold under the brand name Aristada, is a long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic that was developed by Alkermes. It is an N-acyloxymethyl prodrug of aripiprazole that is administered via intramuscular injection once every four to eight weeks for the treatment of schizophrenia. Aripiprazole lauroxil was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 5 October 2015.
PEP is used as an intramuscular injection for estrogen therapy of prostate cancer in men. It is also used to treat breast cancer in women who are at least 5 years postmenopausal. In addition, PEP is used in hormone replacement therapy for low estrogen levels due to hypogonadism or menopause in women. It is also used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women.
EHHB was first described and characterized in 1956. It was developed in France. The medication was introduced for medical use in France by 1957. A publicized case report of a rapidly growing breast cancer tumor in a 53-year-old woman 10 days after initiation of therapy with 5 mg/month EHHB by intramuscular injection for hot flashes was published in 1962.
Triamcinolone acetonide is also administered via intralesional injection in the treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Uncommonly, intramuscular injection of triamcinolone acetonide may be indicated for the control of severe or incapacitating allergic states for which conventional treatments have failed, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, serum sickness, and transfusion and drug hypersensitivity reactions.
EC/MPA is available in the form of a microcrystalline aqueous suspension of 5 mg EC and 25 mg MPA given in a 0.5 mL aqueous solution for intramuscular injection once per month. It is provided in the form of single-dose vials and ampoules. The particle sizes of the formulation are 93% within a range of 5 to 16 μm.
Dimethylstilbestrol (DMS) is a nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol which was never marketed. It is a so-called "weak", "impeded", or "short-acting" estrogen similarly to estriol and meso- butoestrol. The endometrial proliferation dose of DMS in women is 20 mg. A single 12 mg intramuscular injection of DMS has a duration of approximately 12 days in humans.
Estradiol enantate has been studied at very high doses of up to 100 to 200 mg per month by intramuscular injection, without overt signs of acute toxicity observed. Symptoms of estrogen overdosage may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, increased weight, water retention, breast tenderness, vaginal discharge, heavy legs, and leg cramps. These side effects can be diminished by reducing the estrogen dosage.
The drug is used commercially mostly as the hydrochloride salt; the dibudinate salt is or has been used for intramuscular injection in Argentina (brand name Nebril) and the free base form is not used. The CAS Registry Number of the free base is 50-47-5, of the hydrochloride is 58-28-6, and of the dibudinate is 62265-06-9.
The pharmacokinetics of estradiol undecylate have been assessed in a few studies. Following a single intramuscular injection of 100 mg estradiol undecylate in oil, mean levels of estradiol were about 500 pg/mL a day after injection and about 340 pg/mL 14 days after injection. Levels of estradiol with intramuscular estradiol undecylate were reported to be very irregular and to vary by as much as 10-fold between individuals. In another study, following a single intramuscular injection of 32.2 mg estradiol undecylate, levels of estradiol peaked at around 400 pg/mL after 3 days and decreased from this peak to around 200 pg/mL after 6 days. In a continuous administration study of 100 mg/month estradiol undecylate, estradiol levels were about 560 pg/mL at 3 months and about 540 pg/mL at 6 months of therapy.
Diethylstilbestrol dipalmitate (brand names Palmestril, Stilpalmitate), also known as stilpalmitate, is a synthetic, nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group and an ester of diethylstilbestrol (DES) that was formerly marketed but is now no longer available. Its actions and uses are essentially the same as those of DES, but it is absorbed more slowly and for this reason has a much longer duration of action and improved tolerability in comparison. A single 5 mg intramuscular injection of DES dipalmitate in oil solution has been found to have an average duration of action of 8 to 10 weeks in terms of relief of menopausal symptoms, with a duration of as long as 15 to 16 weeks occurring in some women. A single 15 or 20 mg intramuscular injection of DES dipalmitate in oil solution will control menopausal symptoms for 3 months or longer.
Estradiol/estradiol enanthate (E2/E2-EN) is an injectable combination formulation of estradiol (E2), a short-acting estrogen, and estradiol enanthate (E2-EN), a long-acting estrogen, which was developed by Boehringer around 1960 for potential medical use but was never marketed. It contained 1 mg E2 and 9 mg E2-EN in oil solution and was intended for administration by intramuscular injection. A single intramuscular injection of E2/E2-EN (1 mg/9 mg) has been found to result in a 10-fold increase in estradiol excretion on the 2nd day post-injection (due to the 1 mg short-acting E2 component). Following this, estradiol excretion remained above the menstrual-cycle average for 10 days post-injection and did not return to baseline until the 24th day post-injection (due to the 9 mg long-acting E2-EN component).
Endometrial transformation normally occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle; it is induced by endogenous progesterone following adequate priming by endogenous estradiol. The decidua (pregnancy-type endometrium) induction dosage of estradiol benzoate/progesterone in oil solution is 2 to 5 mg estradiol benzoate and 20 to 100 mg progesterone by intramuscular injection daily for 5 to 7 weeks, whereas the decidua induction dosage of estradiol benzoate/progesterone in microcrystalline aqueous suspension is 10 to 20 mg estradiol benzoate and 200 to 250 mg progesterone in microcrystalline aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection once per week for about 6 weeks. For comparison, the decidua induction dosage of estradiol valerate and hydroxyprogesterone caproate in oil solution is about the same as that of microcrystalline estradiol benzoate/progesterone in aqueous suspension. The decidua induction dosages of estrogen and progestogen combinations are pseudopregnancy dosages.
Estradiol itself was also marketed in the 1930s and 1940s in the form of oral tablets and solutions, vaginal suppositories, and topical ointments under a variety of brand names including Dimenformon, Gynoestryl, Ovocyclin, Progynon, and Progynon DH. Marketed vaginal estradiol suppositories were also used rectally. Estradiol dipropionate, another short-acting ester of estradiol in oil solution for use by intramuscular injection, was marketed under the brand name Di-Ovocylin by 1939. In contrast to estrone, estradiol was never been marketed in oil solution for intramuscular injection. This is attributable to its short duration of action and the availability of longer-acting estradiol esters like estradiol benzoate and estradiol dipropionate. Delivery of estrogens by nasal spray was studied in 1929, and an estradiol nasal spray for local use was marketed by Schering under the brand name Progynon DH Nasal Spray by 1941.
Clodronic acid is approved for use in horses under the trade name Osphos, for treatment of bone resorptive processes of navicular syndrome. It is given by intramuscular injection at one point in time, with the total dose divided into 2-3 sites on the horse. Clinical effects (e.g. improvement of lameness) after a single treatment can be seen up to 6 months post-treatment.
Trestolone is an experimental medication and is not currently approved for medical use. It has been under development for potential use as a male hormonal contraceptive and in androgen replacement therapy for low testosterone levels. The medication has been studied and developed for use as a subcutaneous implant. An androgen ester and prodrug of trestolone, trestolone acetate, has also been developed, for use via intramuscular injection.
CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology, Volume 32, Number 1, pages 155–158, Quinine gluconate is a salt of gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria. Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs.Julie K. Levy, P. Cynda Crawford, Leslie D. Appel, Emma L. Clifford (2008), Comparison of intratesticular injection of zinc gluconate versus surgical castration to sterilize male dogs.
There is no vaccine for humans as of 2019. Researchers at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases facility had a promising vaccine candidate in 2002. They have developed a replication-competent vaccine against Lassa virus based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein. After a single intramuscular injection, test primates have survived lethal challenge, while showing no clinical symptoms.
Aristada’s activity in the body is due to aripiprazole and also dehydro- aripiprazole. Dehydro-aripirazole has been shown to have affinities for D2 receptors. These D2 receptors have similarities to aripiprazole whereas they represent 30-40% of exposure of aripiprazole in plasma. After five to six days of the single intramuscular injection appearance of aripiprazole in circulation, it additionally will be released for 36 days.
Naloxone comes with a variety of delivery systems, including nasal spray, intravenous infusion, as well as subcutaneous and intramuscular injection (also encompassing auto-injection pens). Administering injectable naloxone does require professional training. Administering through the nasal spray, Narcan, and the auto-injectable device, Evizio, is “...easy and suitable for home use.” According to HHS, most health insurance plans cover at least one of these products.
Promazine has been approved for human use in the United States, although it has been discontinued. It is available in the US for veterinary use under the names Promazine and Tranquazine where it is primarily administered to horses, by intravenous or intramuscular injection, as a preanesthetic agent. It is generally understood to induce moderate sedation. It is also an antiemetic, antispasmodic and hypothermic agent.
Estradiol propionate (EP), also known as estradiol monopropionate or estradiol 17β-propionate and sold under the brand names Acrofollin, Akrofollin, and Follhormon, is an estrogen medication and estrogen ester which is no longer marketed. It is the C17β propionate ester of estradiol. EP was provided in an oil solution and was administered by intramuscular injection. The medication was first marketed by 1938 or 1939.
Estradiol undecylate has been used to suppress sex drive in sex offenders. It has been used for this indication at a dosage of 50 to 100 mg by intramuscular injection once every 3 to 4 weeks. Estradiol undecylate has also been used to treat breast cancer in women. It has been used in menopausal hormone therapy as well, for instance in the treatment of hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms.
Clostebol propionate (brand name Yonchlon), also known as 4-chlorotestosterone 17β-propionate or as 4-chloroandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-propionate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β propionate ester of clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone) – and acts as a prodrug of clostebol in the body. Clostebol acetate is administered via intramuscular injection.
Placental expulsion begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The period from just after the child is born until just after the placenta is expelled is called the "third stage of labor". The placenta is usually expelled within 15–30 minutes of birth. Placental expulsion can be managed actively, for example by giving oxytocin via intramuscular injection followed by cord traction to assist in delivering the placenta.
Ertapenem is indicated for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections, community-acquired pneumonia, pelvic infections, and diabetic foot infections, with bacteria that are susceptible to this drug, or expected to be so. It can also be used to prevent infections after colorectal surgery. In the United States it is also indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis. It is given as an intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection.
Neuraminidase has been targeted in structure-based enzyme inhibitor design programmes that have resulted in the production of two drugs, zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu). Administration of neuraminidase inhibitors is a treatment that limits the severity and spread of viral infections. Neuraminidase inhibitors are useful for combating influenza infection: zanamivir, administered by inhalation; oseltamivir, administered orally; and under research is peramivir administered parenterally, that is through intravenous or intramuscular injection.
The first clinical use of CPA in the treatment of sexual deviance and prostate cancer occurred in 1966. It was first studied in the treatment of androgen-dependent skin and hair symptoms, specifically acne, hirsutism, seborrhea, and scalp hair loss, in 1969. CPA was first approved for medical use in 1973 in Europe under the brand name Androcur. In 1977, a formulation of CPA was introduced for use by intramuscular injection.
In other situations, such as intravenous therapy, intramuscular injection, enteral nutrition and others, absorption is even more straightforward and there is less variability in absorption and bioavailability is often near 100%. It is considered that intravascular administration (e.g. IV) does not involve absorption, and there is no loss of drug.Kaplan Pharmacology 2010, page6, Absorption The fastest route of absorption is inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the intravenous administration.
Estradiol undecylenate (EUe; developmental code name SH-368) is an estrogen medication and estrogen ester which was never marketed. It is the C17β undecenoate (undecylenate) ester of estradiol. Following an intramuscular injection, EUe has a very prolonged effect, exceeding that of other estradiol esters like estradiol valerate and estradiol enanthate. Due to its very long duration of action, EUe releases only subthreshold amounts of estradiol at conventional doses.
Vaccines, especially inactivated vaccines, are commonly administered via intramuscular injection. However, it has been estimated that for every vaccine injected intramuscularly, over 20 injections are given to administer drugs or other therapy. This can include medications such as antibiotics, immunoglobulin, and hormones such as testosterone and medroxyprogesterone. In a case of severe allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis, a person may use an epinephrine autoinjector to self-administer epinephrine in the muscle.
Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 116:1001–1008 which would result in the antibiotic being unable to bind to its target # mutations in the promoter regions of mtr, resulting in the overexpression of genes that code for efflux pumps # mutations in the penB gene that encodes for the bacterial porin. This form of resistance has only been observed with ceftriaxone which is administered through an intramuscular injection.
Testosterone phenylbutyrate, also known as testosterone phenylbutanoate, testosterone 17β-phenylbutyrate, and androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-phenylbutyrate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β phenylbutyrate (phenylbutanoate) ester of testosterone – which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of testosterone and, when administered via intramuscular injection, is associated with a long-lasting depot effect and extended duration of action.
Testosterone isovalerate, also known as testosterone isopentanoate, testosterone 17β-isovalerate, and androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-isovalerate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β isovalerate (isopentanoate) ester of testosterone – which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of testosterone and, when administered via intramuscular injection, is associated with a long- lasting depot effect and extended duration of action.
Estradiol was first discovered and synthesized in 1933 via reduction of estrone. Subsequently, estradiol was isolated for the first time in 1935. It was also originally known as dihydroxyestrin, dihydrofolliculin, or alpha-estradiol. Estradiol was first introduced for medical use, in the form of estradiol benzoate, a short- acting ester prodrug of estradiol administered by intramuscular injection in oil solution, under the brand name Progynon B in 1933.
In 1955, testosterone phenylacetate in aqueous suspension was said to have the longest duration of any clinically used androgen marketed up to that point. Testosterone phenylacetate in aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection, similarly to other aqueous suspension formulations, causes local injection site reactions, including local pain, swelling, and tenderness. These symptoms last for several days after the injection and then subside. These reactions do not typically occur with oil solutions.
NPP is converted into nandrolone in the body, which is the active form of the drug. It has an extended elimination half-life in the body when administered via intramuscular injection. Its duration of action is approximately one week and it is administered once every few days to once per week. The elimination half-life and duration of action of NPP are much shorter than those of nandrolone decanoate.
The estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) is occasionally used to treat prostate cancer through suppression of testosterone production. It was previously used in the treatment of breast cancer, but has been replaced by more effective and less toxic agents. Estrace is an estrogen which was also formerly used for antiandrogen therapy of prostate cancer. Polyestradiol phosphate is a long-acting derivative of estradiol that is applied as an intramuscular injection.
The elimination half-life of estriol following an intramuscular injection of 1 mg estriol has been found to be 1.5 to 5.3 hours. The blood half-life of unconjugated estriol has been reported to be 20 minutes. The metabolic clearance rate of estriol is approximately 1,110 L/day/m2, which is about twice that of estradiol. Hence, estriol is eliminated from the body more rapidly than is estradiol.
Polymers are large molecules of repeating subunits. Polyestradiol phosphate (brand name Estradurin) is a water-soluble estradiol ester in the form of a polymer and a very slowly hydrolyzed prodrug of estradiol. It is formulated as an aqueous solution and is given by intramuscular injection. The medication has an exceptionally long duration of action, with an elimination half-life of about 70 days or 10 weeks following a single injection.
Due to its more protracted duration, doses of estradiol undecylate that are typical of other estradiol esters produce only "subthreshold" estradiol levels, and for this reason, higher single doses of estradiol undecylate are necessary for similar effects. However, the relatively low levels of estradiol produced by lower doses of estradiol undecylate are favorable for menopausal replacement therapy. The duration of estradiol undecylate is markedly prolonged relative to that of estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, and many other estradiol esters. A single intramuscular injection of 10 to 12.5 mg estradiol undecylate has a duration of 40 to 60 days (~1–2 months) and of 25 to 50 mg estradiol undecylate has an estimated duration of effect of 2 to 4 months in postmenopausal women. A single intramuscular injection of 20 to 30 mg estradiol undecylate has been found to inhibit ovulation when used as an estrogen-only injectable contraceptive in premenopausal women for 1 to 3 months (mean 1.7 months) as well.
The residual affinity of estrogen esters for the estrogen receptor in bioassays may actually be due to conversion into the parent estrogen, as attempts to prevent or limit this conversion have been found to abolish binding to the estrogen receptor and estrogenicity. In general, the longer the fatty acid ester chain of an estrogen ester, the greater its lipophilicity, and the longer the duration of the estrogen ester with intramuscular injection. It has been said that, via intramuscular injection, the duration of estradiol benzoate (with an ester of length 1 carbon plus a benzene ring) is 2 to 3 days, of estradiol dipropionate (with two esters each of length 2 carbons) is 1 to 2 weeks, of estradiol valerate (ester of 5 carbons) is 1 to 3 weeks, and of estradiol cypionate (ester of 3 carbons plus a cyclopentane ring) is 3 to 4 weeks. Estradiol enantate (ester of 7 carbons) has a duration of around 20 days.
Although parenteral estradiol has diminished effects on liver protein synthesis and by extension coagulation and cardiovascular risk compared to oral estradiol and non-bioidentical estrogens, a property attributable to its absence of disproportionate effects on the liver, sufficient doses of parenteral estradiol can nonetheless result in high estradiol concentrations in the liver and may increase coagulation and cardiovascular risk similarly. Estradiol valerate at a dose of 10 to 40 mg by intramuscular injection once every 2 weeks in men with prostate cancer has been found to increase markers of coagulation and plasminogen system activation such as levels of thrombin–antithrombin complex and quantitative D-dimers. Administration of daily prophylactic anticoagulation in the form of low molecular-weight heparin was able to successfully return these hemostasis markers to baseline. Doses of estradiol valerate of 10 to 40 mg by intramuscular injection have also been used to limit bleeding in women with hemorrhage due to dysfunctional uterine bleeding, although this is due primarily to stimulation of uterine growth.
Unlike testosterone, AAS that are 17α-alkylated, like metandienone and stanozolol, are orally active. This is due to steric hindrance of C17β-position metabolism during the first-pass through the liver. In contrast, most AAS that are not 17α-alkylated, like nandrolone, are not active orally, and must instead be administered via intramuscular injection. This is almost always in ester form; for instance, in the case of nandrolone, as nandrolone decanoate or nandrolone phenylpropionate.
Estradiol undecylate is a relatively long-chain ester of estradiol. Its undecylate ester contains 11 carbon atoms. For comparison, the ester chains of estradiol acetate, estradiol valerate, and estradiol enantate have 2, 5, and 7 carbon atoms, respectively. As a result of its longer ester chain, estradiol undecylate is the most lipophilic of these estradiol esters, and for this reason, has by far the longest duration when administered in oil solution by intramuscular injection.
The vaccine is supplied in separate vials, one containing the adjuvant, and the other the inactivated virus, which require mixing before intramuscular injection. Originally it was thought that two doses given 21 days apart would be required for full efficacy. Subsequent testing has allowed the UK programme to consist of just a single dose for most people, with a two-dose schedule for children under the age of 10 years and immunocompromised adults.
Skin popping is a route of administration of street drugs where they are injected or deposited under the skin.thefreedictionary.com It is usually a depot injection, either subcutaneous or intradermal, and not an intramuscular injection. After deposition, the drug then diffuses slowly from the depot into the capillary networks, where it enters circulation. Skin popping is distinct from intravenous injection in that the latter deposits the drug directly into the bloodstream via a vein.
This is completely harmless, but patients must be warned about this to avoid unnecessary concern. When iron supplements are given in a liquid form, teeth may reversibly discolor (this can be avoided through the use of a straw). Intramuscular injection can be painful, and brown discoloration may be noticed. Treatments with iron(II) sulfate have higher incidence of adverse events than iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex (IPC) or iron bis- glycinate chelate.
Estradiol valerate/methenmadinone caproate (EV/MMC), known by the tentative brand name Lutofollin, is a combination medication of estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and methenmadinone caproate (MMC; superlutin caproate), a progestin, which was developed for potential use as a once-a-month combined injectable contraceptive but was never marketed. It contained 10 mg EV and 60 mg MMC in 1 mL oil solution and was intended for administration by intramuscular injection once every 4 weeks.
Codeine-only products can be obtained with a prescription as a time release tablet. Codeine is also marketed in cough syrups with zero to a half-dozen other active ingredients, and a linctus (e.g., Paveral) for all of the uses for which codeine is indicated. Injectable codeine is available for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection only; intravenous injection is contraindicated, as this can result in nonimmune mast-cell degranulation and resulting anaphylactoid reaction.
Infusion therapy involves the administration of medication through a needle or catheter. Typically, "infusion therapy" means that a drug is administered intravenously or subcutaneously. The term may pertain where drugs are provided through other non-oral routes of administration, such as intramuscular injection and epidural administration (into the membranes surrounding the spinal cord). Until the 1980s, patients receiving infusion therapy often had to remain in an inpatient setting for the duration of their therapy.
Bioavailability following subcutaneous and intramuscular injection in humans is high and similar for the two routes of administration (71% and 66%, respectively). Calcitonin has short absorption and elimination half-lives of 10–15 minutes and 50–80 minutes, respectively. Salmon calcitonin is primarily and almost exclusively degraded in the kidneys, forming pharmacologically inactive fragments of the molecule. Therefore, the metabolic clearance is much lower in patients with end-stage kidney failure than in healthy subjects.
Estradiol butyrylacetate (EBA), sold under the brand names Follikosid and Klimanosid-R Depot (with testosterone ketolaurate and reserpine), is an estrogen medication which is no longer marketed. It is an estrogen ester, specifically, an ester of estradiol. It is administered by intramuscular injection and a single 10 mg dose has been said to have a duration of action of 2 to 3 weeks. The excretion of EBA in women has been studied.
Estradiol furoate (EF), or estradiol 17β-furoate, sold under the brand name Di-Folliculine, is an estrogen medication and estrogen ester which is no longer marketed. It is the C17β furoate ester of estradiol. Estradiol benzoate has also been marketed under the brand name Di-Folliculine, and should not be confused with estradiol furoate. The duration of action of the related estradiol ester estradiol 3-furoate by intramuscular injection was studied in women in 1952.
Vitamin B12 supplements are available as single or multivitamin tablets. Pharmaceutical preparations of vitamin B12 may be given by intramuscular injection. Since there are few non- animal sources of the vitamin, vegans are advised to consume a dietary supplement or fortified foods for B12 intake, or risk serious health consequences. Children in some regions of developing countries are at particular risk due to increased requirements during growth coupled with diets low in animal-sourced foods.
Ampicillin can be administered by mouth, an intramuscular injection (shot) or by intravenous infusion. The oral form, available as capsules or oral suspensions, is not given as an initial treatment for severe infections, but rather as a follow-up to an IM or IV injection. For IV and IM injections, ampicillin is kept as a powder that must be reconstituted. IV injections must be given slowly, as rapid IV injections can lead to convulsive seizures.
Testosterone hexahydrobenzoate (THHB), or testosterone cyclohexanecarboxylate (TCHC), sold under the brand names Testormon Depot, Sterandryl Retard, Tardosterandryl, and Testosteron-Depot among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid medication and a testosterone ester. It is used by intramuscular injection and is provided in the form of ampoules containing 100 mg THHB in oil solution. The medication is no longer marketed. THHB has comparable pharmacokinetics to those of testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate.
Like estradiol, estrone has poor oral bioavailability. It has been said that, taken by mouth in non- micronized form, a dose of 25 mg estrone is approximately equivalent to 2.5 mg conjugated estrogens, 50 µg ethinylestradiol, or 1 mg diethylstilbestrol in terms of estrogenic potency. Due to its weak oral activity, estrone has been used parenterally instead, for instance by intramuscular injection or vaginal administration. The pharmacokinetics of vaginal estrone have been studied.
Cloxotestosterone acetate (; brand name Caprosem), also known as testosterone 17β-chloral hemiacetal O-acetate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ether and ester – specifically, the O-acetate ester of cloxotestosterone, the 17β-trichloro hemiacetal ether of testosterone. It is administered via intramuscular injection as a 100 mg, 2 mL aqueous suspension and lasts 4 to 6 weeks with a single administration. The drug was first marketed in the early 1960s.
The degree of these effects in horses after intramuscular injection has relatively little support in the current literature. However, there is much anecdotal evidence of their benefits for synovitis and osteoarthritis, and PSGAGs are very commonly used by veterinarians in the United States involved in racehorse and show horse practice.Caron JP, Kaneene JB, Miller R. Results of a survey of equine practitioners on the use and perceived efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan. Am J Vet Res 1996;209: 1564 –1568.
Hydroxyzine can be administered orally or via intramuscular injection. When given orally, hydroxyzine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of hydroxyzine is notable in 30 minutes. Hydroxyzine is rapidly absorbed and distributed with oral and intramuscular administration, and is metabolized in the liver; the main metabolite (45%), cetirizine, is formed through oxidation of the alcohol moiety to a carboxylic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase, and overall effects are observed within one hour of administration.
In 1916, Weinberg and Séguin isolated this bacterium from patients with gas gangrene and called it Bacillus histolyticus. They discovered this bacterium was pathogenic for guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits, but less so for rats. Intramuscular injection of culture caused extensive local tissue destruction, extrusion of a hemorrhagic muscle pulp, splitting of the skin, denudation of the bone, and sometimes autoamputation. In 1922, Heller renamed the bacterium Weinbergillus histolyticus, and a year later Bergey, Harrison, et al.
Clostebol caproate (brand name Macrobin-Depot), also known as clostebol hexanoate or chlorotestosterone caproate (JAN), as well as 4-chlorotestosterone 17β-caproate or as 4-chloroandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-caproate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β caproate ester of clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone) – and acts as a prodrug of clostebol in the body. Clostebol acetate is administered via intramuscular injection.
Estradiol undecylate was first described in the scientific literature, along with estradiol valerate and a variety of other estradiol esters, by Karl Junkmann of Schering AG in 1953. It was introduced for medical use via intramuscular injection by 1956. Syntex applied for a patent for estradiol undecylate in 1958, which was granted in 1961 and was given a priority date of 1957. Estradiol undecylate was introduced for medical use and was employed for decades, but was eventually discontinued.
Estradiol dipropionate was previously available by itself as an oil solution for intramuscular injection provided as vials and ampoules at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL. The medication has largely been discontinued, with most of these formulations no longer being available. Estradiol dipropionate remains available at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in combination with 50 mg/mL hydroxyprogesterone caproate under the brand name EP Hormone Depot (Teikoku Zoki Pharmaceutical Company) in Japan.
The main metabolite in humans, which is pharmacologically inactive. Accessed 2020-07-30. The route of administration has only a slight effect on the drug's concentrations in the bloodstream: when given as an intramuscular injection, its bioavailability is 90% (as compared to the 100% availability when given directly into a vein), and its highest concentrations in the blood plasma are reached after about 2.3 hours. In the blood, 85–95% of ertapenem are bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin.
Climacteron was marketed in Canada in 1961 but was withdrawn in this country in October 2005 due to risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer from unopposed estrogen exposure (i.e., no concomitant progestogen) as well as induction of supraphysiological testosterone levels. Lactimex and Lactostat contained 6 mg EB, 15 mg EDE, and 300 mg TEBH in 2 mL of corn oil and were used to suppress lactation. They were administered as a single intramuscular injection after childbirth or during breastfeeding.
Testosterone propionate/testosterone ketolaurate (TP/TKL), sold under the brand name Testosid-Depot, is an injectable combination medication of testosterone propionate (TP), an androgen/anabolic steroid, and testosterone ketolaurate (TKL; testosterone caprinoylacetate), an androgen/anabolic steroid. It contains 25 mg TP and 150 to 300 mg TKL in oil solution and is administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. The medication has been reported to have a duration of action of about 14 to 20 days.
Avicine, tested and developed by AVI BioPharma, and also known as CTP-37 was trialled as a possible cancer vaccine to treat a number of different cancers. These included colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. The treatment was trialled as and intended to be induced via intramuscular injection into the bloodstream, the location dependent on the treatment area. Common side effects during clinical trials included fever and chills as experienced with many other conventional vaccines.
PEP has antigonadotropic effects due to its estrogenic activity. It has been found to suppress testosterone levels in men by 55%, 75%, and 85% at intramuscular dosages of 80, 160, and 240 mg every 4 weeks, respectively. A single intramuscular injection of 320 mg PEP in men has been found to suppress testosterone levels to within the castrate range (< 50 ng/dL) within 3 weeks. This was associated with circulating estradiol levels of just over 200 pg/mL.
Tiapride is primarily taken orally in the form of a tablet, but can also be administered via intravenous or intramuscular injection. A liquid oral formulation is also available for elderly patients with difficulty chewing solids. For all three methods of administration, the bioavailability of tiapride is approximately 75 percent. Peak plasma concentrations are attained between 0.4 and 1.5 hours following administration, and steady-state concentrations achieved 24 to 48 hours after beginning administration 3 times a day.
In addition, with intramuscular injection, steroid esters are often absorbed more slowly into the body, allowing for less frequent administration. Many (though not all) steroid esters function as prodrugs. Esterification is particularly salient in the case of progesterone because progesterone itself shows very poor oral pharmacokinetics and is thus ineffective when taken orally. Unmodified, it has an elimination half-life of only 5 minutes, and is almost completely inactivated by the liver during first-pass metabolism.
Available treatment falls into two modalities: treating infections and boosting the immune system. Prevention of Pneumocystis pneumonia using trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is useful in those who are immunocompromised. In the early 1950s Immunoglobulin(Ig) was used by doctors to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency through intramuscular injection. Ig replacement therapy are infusions that can be either subcutaneous or intravenously administrated, resulting in higher Ig levels for about three to four weeks, although this varies with each patient.
Vitamin K deficiency leads to the risk of blood coagulation problems due to impaired production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S by the liver. More rarely VKDB can be caused by maternal medicines causing vitamin K deficiency in the newborn. VKDB can largely be prevented by prophylactic supplementation of vitamin K, which is typically given shortly after birth by intramuscular injection. Most national health organisations recommend routine vitamin K supplementation after birth.
Mestilbol (brand name Monomestro or Monomestrol), also known as diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether, is a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen of the stilbestrol group related to diethylstilbestrol. It was developed by Wallace & Tiernan Company, patented in 1940, and introduced for medical use in the 1940s, but is now no longer marketed. Mestilbol was available both as oral tablets and in oil for intramuscular injection. The drug is gradually demethylated in the body into diethylstilbestrol and hence is a prodrug of diethylstilbestrol.
EE was the first orally active synthetic estrogen and was described in 1938 by Hans Herloff Inhoffen and Walter Hohlweg of Schering AG in Berlin. It was approved by the in the on June 25, 1943 and marketed by Schering under the brand name Estinyl. search: Estinyl The FDA withdrew approval of Estinyl effective June 4, 2004 at the request of Schering, which had discontinued marketing it. EE was never introduced for use by intramuscular injection.
Routine Twinrix vaccination is administered by intramuscular injection in the deltoid area using a schedule of three separate doses at 0, 1, and 6 months ([minimum intervals: 4 weeks between doses 1 and 2, 5 months between doses 2 and 3]). In some circumstances, an accelerated dosing schedule of 0, 7 and 21 to 30 days followed by a booster at 12 months can be used and was shown to have similar efficacy as the traditional schedule.
Rectal, intramuscular, and intravenous routes may be inconvenient, especially for long-term treatment. Plasma levels of progesterone are similar after vaginal and rectal administration in spite of the different routes of administration, and rectal administration is an alternative to vaginal progesterone in conditions of vaginal infection, cystitis, recent childbirth, or when barrier contraception methods are used. Intramuscular injection of progesterone may achieve much higher levels of progesterone than normal luteal phase concentrations and levels achieved with other routes.
There is no clear evidence to suggest that removing the infected tissue (debridement) followed by interferon drops is an effective treatment approach for these types of eye infections. Unconfirmed results suggested that the combination of interferon and an antiviral agent may speed the healing process compared to antiviral therapy alone. When used in systemic therapy, IFNs are mostly administered by an intramuscular injection. The injection of IFNs in the muscle or under the skin is generally well tolerated.
Testosterone levels with 300 mg/week cyproterone acetate or 100 mg/month estradiol undecylate both by intramuscular injection. The solid lines are the average levels and the dashed lines are the highest and lowest observed levels. Estradiol, testosterone, and prolactin levels with 100 mg/month estradiol undecylate by intramuscular injection in men with prostate cancer. A phase III clinical trial comparing high-dose intramuscular cyproterone acetate (300 mg/week) and high-dose intramuscular estradiol undecylate (100 mg/month) in the treatment of prostate cancer found that estradiol undecylate suppressed testosterone levels into the castrate range (< 50 ng/dL) within at least 3 months whereas testosterone levels with cyproterone acetate were significantly higher and above the castrate range even after 6 months of treatment. With estradiol undecylate, testosterone levels fell from 416 ng/dL to 38 ng/mL (-91%) after 3 months and to 29.6 ng/dL (-93%) after 6 months, whereas with cyproterone acetate, testosterone levels fell from 434 ng/dL to 107 ng/mL (-75%) at 3 months and to 102 ng/mL (-76%) at 6 months.
Due to activation of the PR, OHPC has antigonadotropic effects, or produces suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, and can significantly suppress gonadotropin secretion and gonadal sex hormone production at sufficiently high doses. One study found that OHPC by intramuscular injection at a dosage of 200 mg twice weekly for the first two weeks and then 200 mg once weekly for 12 weeks did not significantly influence urinary excretion of estrogens, luteinizing hormone, or follicle-stimulating hormone in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. In another study that used an unspecified dosage of intramuscular OHPC, testosterone secretion was assessed in a single man and was found to decrease from 4.2 mg/day to 2.0 mg/day (or by approximately 52%) by 6 weeks of treatment, whereas secretion of luteinizing hormone remained unchanged in the man. Yet another study found that 3,000 mg/week OHPC by intramuscular injection suppressed testosterone levels from 640 ng/dL to 320–370 ng/dL (by 42–50%) in a single man with prostate cancer, which was similar to the testosterone suppression with cyproterone acetate or chlormadinone acetate.
Testosterone was first isolated and synthesized in 1935. Shortly thereafter, in 1937, testosterone first became commercially available as a pharmaceutical drug in the form of pellets and then in ester form for intramuscular injection as the relatively short-acting testosterone propionate. Methyltestosterone, one of the first synthetic AAS and orally active androgens, was introduced in 1935, but was associated with hepatotoxicity and eventually became largely medically obsolete. In the mid-1950s, the longer-acting testosterone esters testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate were introduced.
Clostebol acetate (BAN) (brand names Macrobin, Steranabol, Alfa-Trofodermin, Megagrisevit), also known as 4-chlorotestosterone 17β-acetate (4-CLTA) or as 4-chloroandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-acetate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a derivative of testosterone that is marketed in Germany and Italy. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β acetate ester of clostebol (4-chlorotestosterone) – and acts as a prodrug of clostebol in the body. Clostebol acetate is administered via intramuscular injection.
Estradiol undecylate has been used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy to treat prostate cancer, but has since largely been superseded for this indication by newer agents with fewer adverse effects (e.g., gynecomastia and cardiovascular complications) like analogues and nonsteroidal antiandrogens. It has been assessed for this purpose in a number of clinical studies. It has been used at a dosage of 100 mg every 3 to 4 weeks (or once a month) by intramuscular injection for this indication.
Estradiol dipropionate was first synthesized and patented in 1937. It was assessed in clinical studies by 1939 and was introduced by Ciba as an oil solution for use by intramuscular injection under the brand name Di-Ovocylin by the same year. Other formulations such as Ovocyclin P by Ciba, Progynon DP by Schering and Dimenformon Dipropionate by Roche-Organon were also marketed by the early 1940s. Later in the 1940s the brand name Di-Ovocylin was changed by Ciba to Ovocylin Dipropionate.
Artesunate administered by intravenous or intramuscular injection has proven superior to quinine in large, randomised controlled trials in both adults and children. Combining all trials comparing these two drugs, artesunate is associated with a mortality rate that is approximately 30% lower than that of quinine. Reasons for this difference include reduced incidence of hypoglycaemia, easier administration and more rapid action against circulating and sequestered parasites. Artesunate is now recommended by the WHO for treatment of all cases of severe malaria.
Natural CEEs, as Premarin, are available in the form of oral tablets (0.3 mg, 0.625 mg, 0.9 mg, 1.25 mg, or 2.5 mg), creams for topical or vaginal administration (0.625 mg/g), and vials for intravenous or intramuscular injection (25 mg/vial). Synthetic CEEs, such as Cenestin, Enjuvia, and generic formulations, are available in the form of oral tablets (0.3 mg, 0.45 mg, 0.625 mg, 0.9 mg, or 1.25 mg) and creams for topical or vaginal administration (0.625 mg/g).
Atipamezole is licensed in the United States for intramuscular injection (IM) in dogs; it is, however, used off-label in cats, rabbits, and farm animals such as horses and cows, as well as in zoo medicine for reptiles (including tortoises, turtles, and alligators), armadillos, hippopotamuses, giraffes, okapi, and others. It has been given intravenously (IV), subcutaneously, intraperitonealy and, in red- eared sliders, intranasally. IV administration is recommended in emergencies. Atipamezole has also been used as an antidote for various toxicities in dogs.
There is not an antidote present against MFA, but there are some suggestions regarding the treatment of MFA poisoning. Advised is to use an intravenous injection of fast-acting anesthetics directly after poisoning. The anesthetic should be pentothal sodium or evipan sodium followed by an intramuscular injection of long term acting cortical depressants like sodium phenobarbitone, sodium luminal or rectal avertin. Afterwards, careful supervision of oxygen supply is necessary together with a BLB mask and the use of artificial respiration.
As much as possible of this dose should be injected around the bites, with the remainder being given by deep intramuscular injection at a site distant from the vaccination site. People who have previously been vaccinated against rabies do not need to receive the immunoglobulin, only the postexposure vaccinations on days 0 and 3.Park's textbook of Community medicine, 22nd edition, 2013, p 254. The side effects of modern cell-based vaccines are similar to the side effects of flu shots.
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. The increased risk of bleeding has some advising not to give PSGAG to animals with bleeding disorders, though it's only absolute contraindication is hypersensitivity to PSAGs when it is being given intra-articularily.
The elimination half-life of CPA is prolonged in obese patients, which may be due to relatively greater storage of CPA in fat. The elimination half-life of CPA is also longer in older individuals; it is approximately twice as long in elderly men than in younger men (95 hours and 45 hours, respectively). When given via depot intramuscular injection, CPA has an elimination half-life of 3 to 4.3 days while 15β-OH-CPA has a half-life of 5.2 days.
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine, BioThrax was first made available in 1970. BioThrax (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed), a vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Following a study by scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, on December 19, 2008, Emergent received final FDA licensing for use of BioThrax five doses for intramuscular injection."Emergent BioSolutions Gets FDA Nod For Anthrax Vaccine supplemental BLA – Update", RTT News, December 19, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Estradiol undecylate/norethisterone enanthate (EU/NETE) is a combination medication of estradiol undecylate (EU), an estrogen, and norethisterone enanthate (NETE), a progestin, which was developed by Schering for potential use as a combined injectable contraceptive in women but was ultimately never marketed. It contained 5 to 10 mg EU and 50 to 70 mg NETE in oil solution and was intended for use by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. Although never commercialized, EU/NETE was found to be effective and well tolerated.
Subcutaneous injections, abbreviated as SQ or sub-Q, consist of injecting a substance into the fat tissue between the skin and the muscle. Absorption of the medicine from this tissue is slower than in an intramuscular injection. Since the needle does not need to penetrate to the level of the muscle, a bigger gauge (thinner) and shorter needle can be used. Subcutaneous injections may be administered in the fatty tissue behind the upper arm, in the abdomen, or in the thigh.
Aztreonam is poorly absorbed when given orally, so it must be administered as an intravenous or intramuscular injection (trade name Azactam ), or inhaled (trade name Cayston) using an ultrasonic nebulizer. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the inhalation form on 22 February 2010, for the suppression of P. aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. It received conditional approval for administration in Canada and the European Union in September 2009, and has been fully approved in Australia.
Intramuscular injection of crotoxin further shows myotoxic effects.Cura JE, Blanzaco DP, Brisson C, Cura MA, Cabrol R, Larrateguy L, Mendez C, Sechi JC, Silveira JS, Theiller E, Roodt AR de, Vidal JC (2002). "Phase I and Pharmacokinetics Study of Crotoxin (cytotoxin PLA2, NSC-624244) in Patients with Advanced Cancer", Clinical Cancer Research, 8, 1033-1041. The intravenous LD50 (Median lethal dose) of native crotoxin is 0.096 μg/g in mice.Magalhaes T, Proietti Viotti A, Teperino Gomes R, Viana de Freitas T (2001).
This includes epinephrine, which when used to treat anaphylaxis must work as soon as possible. Contrary to most other injector pens, epinephrine injector pens are designed to administer the medication via intramuscular injection. Another medication formulated as an injector pen to ensure quick onset of action is glucagon for hypoglycemia. Other medications normally administered orally are also available or have been studied as injector pens, either due to different pharmacokinetic properties when administered via injection, or for those who cannot take oral medications.
Stage I of the condition is usually treated with pentamidine or suramin through intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion if sufficient observation is possible. Stage II of the disease is typically treated with melarsoprol or eflornithine preferably introduced to the body intravenously. Both pentamidine and suramin have limited side effects. Melarsoprol is extremely effective but has many serious side effects which can cause neurological damage to a patient, however, the drug is often a patient's last hope in many late stage cases.
Benzathine Penicillin G can be given as a one time intramuscular injection as another alternative if swallowing pills is not possible. If the person is allergic to the family of antibiotics which both penicillin and amoxicillin are a part of (beta-lactam antibiotics), a first generation cephalosporin is used. Cephalosporin antibiotics, however, can still cause adverse reactions in people whose allergic reaction to penicillin is a Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction. In those cases it is appropriate to choose clindamycin or erythromycin instead.
Polypeptide antibiotic use may result in minor side effects, and in rare cases, cause severe and possibly chronic adverse effects, predominantly when administered via intramuscular injection. Clinical trials and studies with polypeptide antibiotic use during pregnancy are limited, and have produced no definite conclusions of risk to the foetus. However use of Bacitracin as a topical or ophthalmic medication is considered relatively safe during breastfeeding, due to the skins low absorption rate of chemicals. Bacitracin has minimal adverse effects and relatively low toxicity.
Bolazine (), also known as 2α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one azine, is a synthetic androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) group which was never marketed. It is not orally active and is used as the ester prodrug bolazine capronate (brand name Roxilon Inject) via depot intramuscular injection. Bolazine has a unique and unusual chemical structure, being a dimer of drostanolone linked at the C3 position of the A-ring by an azine group, and reportedly acts as a prodrug of drostanolone.
MPA is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world. Its most major brand names are Provera as oral tablets and Depo-Provera as an aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection. A formulation of MPA as an aqueous suspension for subcutaneous injection is also available in the United States under the brand name Depo-SubQ Provera 104. Other brand names of MPA formulated alone include Farlutal and Sayana for clinical use and Depo-Promone, Perlutex, Promone-E, and Veramix for veterinary use.
Estradiol cypionate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate (EC/OHPC), sold under the brand name Sinbios, is a combination medication of estradiol cypionate (EC), an estrogen, and hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC), a progestin, which was reportedly used as a combined injectable contraceptive in women in the early 1970s. It contained 5 mg EC and 250 mg OHPC in oil solution, was provided in the form of 1 mL ampoules, and was administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. The medication was manufactured by the pharmaceutical company Mavi in Mexico.
Estradiol benzoate was one of the first estrogens to be developed and marketed. In 1932, Adolf Butenandt described estrone benzoate and reported that it had a prolonged duration of action. Schwenk and Hildebrant at Schering discovered estradiol via reduction of estrone in 1933, and they proceeded to synthesize estradiol benzoate from estradiol the same year. Estradiol benzoate was patented by Schering in 1933 and was introduced in an oil solution for use by intramuscular injection under the brand name Progynon B that year as well.
Testosterone benzoate, or testosterone 17β-benzoate, also known as androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-benzoate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the benzoate C17β ester of testosterone – which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of testosterone and, when administered via intramuscular injection, is associated with a long-lasting depot effect and extended duration of action. The drug was first described in 1936 and was the first androgen ester and ester of testosterone to be synthesized.
Estrone/progesterone/testosterone (E1/P4/T), sold under the brand name Tristeron or Tristerone, is an injectable combination medication of estrone (E1), an estrogen, progesterone (P4), a progestogen, and testosterone (T), an androgen/anabolic steroid, which was used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding in women. It contained 6 mg estrone, 50 mg progesterone, and 25 mg testosterone in microcrystalline aqueous suspension and was administered by intramuscular injection. The medication was manufactured by Wyeth and was marketed by 1951. It is no longer available.
The pharmacokinetics of progesterone are dependent on its route of administration. The medications is approved in the form of oil- filled capsules containing micronized progesterone for oral administration, termed oral micronized progesterone or OMP. It is also available in the form of vaginal or rectal suppositories or pessaries, topical creams and gels, oil solutions for intramuscular injection, and aqueous solutions for subcutaneous injection. Routes of administration that progesterone has been used by include oral, intranasal, transdermal/topical, vaginal, rectal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous injection.
The carpuject is a syringe device for the administration of injectable fluid medication. It was patented by the Sterling Drug Company, which became the Sterling Winthrop, after World War II. It is designed with a luer-lock device to accept a sterile hypodermic needle or to be linked directly to intravenous tubing line. The product can deliver an intravenous or intramuscular injection by means of a holder which attaches to the barrel and plunger to the barrel plug. Medication is prefilled into the syringe barrel.
Late onset prevalence reported at 35 cases per 100,000 live births in infants who had not received prophylaxis at or shortly after birth. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding occurs more frequently in the Asian population compared to the Caucasian population. Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, brain damage, and death. Intramuscular injection, typically given shortly after birth, is more effective in preventing vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration, which calls for weekly dosing up to three months of age.
Antibiotics such as tetracyclines, rifampin, and the aminoglycosides streptomycin and gentamicin are effective against Brucella bacteria. However, the use of more than one antibiotic is needed for several weeks, because the bacteria incubate within cells. The gold standard treatment for adults is daily intramuscular injections of streptomycin 1 g for 14 days and oral doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 45 days (concurrently). Gentamicin 5 mg/kg by intramuscular injection once daily for 7 days is an acceptable substitute when streptomycin is not available or contraindicated.
Late onset VKDB is nearly completely prevented by early supplementation of vitamin K which is typically given to newborns shortly after birth. The most effective method of administration is by intramuscular injection shortly after birth but it can be given orally in three doses over the first month. It is not possible to reliably distinguish which infants are at high risk of late VKDB and the potential consequences are high, as such most national health organisations recommend routine supplementation in the first 24 hours of life.
Levothyroxine for systemic administration is available as an oral tablet, an intramuscular injection, and as a solution for intravenous infusion. Furthermore, it is available as both brand-name and generic products. While the FDA approved the use of generic levothyroxine for brand-name levothyroxine in 2004, the decision was met with disagreement by several medical associations. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), the Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association did not agree with the FDA that brand-name and generic formulations of levothyroxine were bioequivalent.
The pharmacokinetics of progesterone are dependent on its route of administration. The medication is approved in the form of oil-filled capsules containing micronized progesterone for oral administration, termed "oral micronized progesterone" ("OMP") or simply "oral progesterone". It is also available in the form of vaginal or rectal suppositories, vaginal gels, oil solutions for intramuscular injection, and aqueous solutions for subcutaneous injection, among others. Routes of administration that progesterone has been used by include oral, intranasal, transdermal, vaginal, rectal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous injection.
For example, cobra venom has been found to have a bioavailability of 41.7% when injected intramuscular, and for other venoms this may even be less than 10%. These values are quite low compared to those of most therapeutic drugs, which usually have a bioavailability of nearly 100% after intramuscular injection. In general, toxic peptides of 10-40 amino acids have been found to have a relatively poor bioavailability due to their size and hydrophilicity. Thus, calciseptine, containing 60 amino acids, is expected to have a low bioavailability as well.
Esters of estradiol like estradiol undecylate are readily hydrolyzed prodrugs of estradiol, but have an extended duration when administered in oil via intramuscular injection due to a depot effect afforded by their fatty acid ester moiety. As prodrugs of estradiol, estradiol undecylate and other estradiol esters are estrogens. Estradiol undecylate is of about 62% higher molecular weight than estradiol due to the presence of its C17β undecylate ester. Because estradiol undecylate is a prodrug of estradiol, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen.
The pharmacokinetics of DHPA have been studied, albeit limitedly. One study in women observed an elimination half- life of DHPA and its metabolites of 24 days and found that it remained detectable in the circulation for up to 60 days following a single intramuscular injection. In another study, the duration of action of DHPA was reported to be more than 100 days after a single subcutaneous injection, although it was unspecified as to whether this was in humans or animals. DHPA is excreted preferentially in feces via the biliary route.
Depo-Provera is the brand name for a 150 mg microcrystalline aqueous suspension of DMPA that is administered by intramuscular injection. The shot must be injected into thigh, buttock, or deltoid muscle four times a year (every 11 to 13 weeks), and provides pregnancy protection instantaneously after the first injection.Stacey, Dawn. Depo Provera: The Birth Control Shot Accessed October 13, 2009 Depo-subQ Provera 104 is a variation of the original intramuscular DMPA that is instead a 104 mg microcrystalline dose in aqueous suspension administered by subcutaneous injection.
Estriol dipropionate, or estriol 3,17β-dipropionate, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ester – specifically, the C3 and C17β dipropionate ester of estriol – which was first described in 1963 and was never marketed. Following a single intramuscular injection of 6.94 mg estriol dipropionate (equivalent to 5.0 mg estriol) in an oil solution, peak levels of estriol occurred after 0.83 days, an elimination half-life of 12.7 hours was observed, and estriol levels remained elevated for up to 4 days. For comparison, the duration of estriol was much shorter, while that of estriol dihexanoate was much longer.
It is an antimicrobial used to treat intestinal parasitic infections such as cryptosporidiosis and amoebiasis, and other diseases such as leishmaniasis. Paromomycin was demonstrated to be effective against cutaneous leishmaniasis in clinical studies in the USSR in the 1960s, and in trials with visceral leishmaniasis in the early 1990s. The route of administration is intramuscular injection and capsule. Paromomycin topical cream with or without gentamicin is an effective treatment for ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis, according to the results of a phase-3, randomized, double-blind, parallel group–controlled trial.
Negative biopsies are not definitive, so any patient who is suspected of MH by their medical history or that of blood relatives is generally treated with non-triggering anesthetics, even if the biopsy was negative. Some researchers advocate the use of the "calcium-induced calcium release" test in addition to the CHCT to make the test more specific. Less invasive diagnostic techniques have been proposed. Intramuscular injection of halothane 6 vol% has been shown to result in higher than normal increases in local among patients with known malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.
If IV access cannot be established, the person can be given 1 to 2 mg of glucagon in an intramuscular injection. If a person has less severe effects, and is conscious with the ability to swallow, medical personal may administer gelatinous oral glucose. The soft drink Lucozade has been used for hypoglycemia in the United Kingdom, but it has recently replaced much of its glucose with the artificial sugars, which do not treat hypoglycemia. One situation where starch may be less effective than glucose or sucrose is when a person is taking acarbose.
The caproate ester of OHPC is not cleaved during metabolism, so 17α-hydroxyprogesterone is not formed from OHPC. As such, OHPC is not a prodrug of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, nor of progesterone. OHPC has been found to have an elimination half-life of 7.8 days when given by intramuscular injection in an oil-based formulation to non-pregnant women. Its total duration is said to be 10 to 14 days, which is much longer than the duration of intramuscularly administered progesterone in an oil formulation (2 to 3 days).
Liu Xu (; 29 September 1938 – 5 September 2019) 青蒿琥酯发明人刘旭逝世 他挽救了2400万重症疟疾患者 was a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist known for the discovery of artesunate, a novel antimalarial drug. The discovery of artesunate solves the problem that artemisinin is nearly insoluble in water. Artesunate can be given by intravenous injection, intramuscular injection, by mouth, and by rectum. For his work, Liu received the 1989 state award for inventions and the 2002 State Science and Technology Progress Award.
Testosterone propionate is injected two to three times per week, testosterone enanthate and testosterone cypionate are injected once every two to four weeks, and testosterone undecanoate and testosterone buciclate are injected once every 10 to 14 weeks. Due to its relatively short duration, testosterone propionate is now relatively little used and testosterone undecanoate is the preferred testosterone ester for intramuscular use. Testosterone undecanoate and testosterone buciclate can be injected intramuscularly as infrequently as four times per year. High doses of testosterone esters by intramuscular injection have been studied in healthy young men.
Bagian was the first person to treat SMS with the drug Phenergan by intramuscular injection. This represented the first successful treatment regimen for SMS and has now been adopted by NASA as the standard of care for the control of SMS in Shuttle crews and is routinely used. In addition, the crew took over 3,000 photographs of the Earth using several types of cameras, including the IMAX 70 mm movie camera. Mission duration was 80 orbits and concluded with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on March 18, 1989.
Testosterone propionate/testosterone enanthate/testosterone undecylenate (TP/TE/TUe), sold under the brand name Durasteron, is an injectable combination medication of testosterone propionate (TP), testosterone valerate (TV), and testosterone undecylenate (TUe), all of which are androgens/anabolic steroids. It contains 20 mg TP, 80 mg TE, and 150 mg TUe (for a total of 250 mg testosterone ester and 169.5 mg free testosterone) in oil solution and is administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals, for instance once every 3 or 4 weeks. Use of Durasteron by bodybuilders has been reported.
Testosterone propionate/testosterone valerate/testosterone undecylenate (TP/TV/TUe), sold under the brand name Triolandren, is an injectable combination medication of testosterone propionate (TP), testosterone valerate (TV), and testosterone undecylenate (TUe), which are all androgens/anabolic steroids. It contains 20 mg/mL TP, 80 mg/mL TV, and 150 mg/mL TUe (for a total of 250 mg testosterone ester and 173.8 mg free testosterone) in oil solution and is administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. The medication has been reported to have a duration of action of about 10 to 20 days.
The pharmacokinetics of testosterone cypionate via depot intramuscular injection, including its elimination half-life and duration of action, are said to be extremely comparable to and hence essentially the same as those of testosterone enanthate. As such, testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate are considered to be "functionally interchangeable" as medications. For reference, testosterone enanthate has an elimination half-life of 4.5 days and a mean residence time of 8.5 days and requires frequent administration of approximately once per week. Large fluctuations in testosterone levels result with it, with levels initially being elevated and supraphysiological.
An intramuscular injection can be administered faster and is less invasive than an intravenous infusion, as the site of injection (a muscle versus a vein) is much larger. Medications administered in the muscle may also be administered as depot injections, which provide slow continuing release of medicine over a long period of time. Certain substances, including ketamine, may be injected intramuscularly for recreational purposes. Disadvantages of intramuscular administration include skill and technique required, pain from injection, anxiety or fear (especially in children), and difficult proper self- administration of medications.
In March 1971, Han Taiyun of the 1st Affiliated Hospital started to treat cancer patients with a formula he collected from traditional Chinese medicine doctors, presumed using an oral formula, a mixture of many ingredients, including arsenic chemicals, mercury chloride, and cinobufagin venom toad. Later, Han Taiyun turned the formula into an injection form, called "713" "cancer spirit" administered by intramuscular injection. For certain tumors, it worked and became a local hit. But Han Taiyun gave it up because the formula was too toxic for some patients, including renal toxicity and hypertension.
While tiapride does not affect positive symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinosis or delirium sometimes manifested in alcohol withdrawal syndrome, if combined with a drug such as carbamazepine that addresses those symptoms, it is ideal for treating alcohol dependency because its metabolism does not depend on liver function and it has low potential for abuse. This sets it apart from the benzodiazepines, which are contraindicated with alcohol and can be addictive. Moreover, tiapride's rapid onset makes intravenous or intramuscular injection prior to or during withdrawal episodes particularly effective.
Paramedics practice includes all components of the basic life support level and the further enhancement of IV cannulation, drug therapy (oral, intramuscular injection (IM), intravenously (IV), narcotic pain relief, anti-emetics, cardiac arrest, respiratory drugs, etc.), fluid resuscitation, advanced airway management (usually a laryngeal mask airway [LMA], or endotracheal intubation and Cricothyroidotomy in Western Australia) and the maintenance of infusions. Paramedics perform extensive physical assessment, blood examinations (e.g. random glucose test), interpret electrocardiograms (ECG), SpO2, temperature, and provide care for a range of patients from the new born to the elderly.
Testosterone undecanoate, an ester of testosterone and one of the most widely used androgen esters. An androgen or anabolic steroid ester is an ester of an androgen/anabolic steroid (AAS) such as the natural testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or the synthetic nandrolone (19-nortestosterone). Esterification renders AAS into metabolism-resistant prohormones of themselves, improving oral bioavailability, increasing lipophilicity, and extending the elimination half-life (which necessitates less frequent administration). In addition, with intramuscular injection, AAS esters are absorbed more slowly into the body, further improving the elimination half- life.
N. gonorrheoea has a high affinity for horizontal gene transfer, and as a result, the existence of any strain resistant to a given drug could spread easily across strains. Fluoroquinolones were a useful next-line treatment until resistance was achieved through efflux pumps and mutations to the gyrA gene, which encodes DNA gyrase. Third-generation cephalosporins have been used to treat gonorrhoea since 2007, but resistant strains have emerged. As of 2010, the recommended treatment is a single 250 mg intramuscular injection of ceftriaxone, sometimes in combination with azithromycin or doxycycline.
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is a type of influenza vaccine in the form of a nasal spray that is recommended for the prevention of influenza. In June 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stopped recommending the use of LAIV as its effectiveness had appeared to have decreased between 2013 and 2016, but this recommendation was reversed in February 2018, for the 2018-2019 influenza season. It is an attenuated vaccine, unlike most influenza vaccines, which are inactivated vaccines. LAIV is administered intranasally, while inactivated vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection.
Testosterone palmitate, also known as testosterone hexadecanoate, testosterone 17β-palmitate, and androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-palmitate, is an anabolic- androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β palmitate (hexadecanoate) ester of testosterone – which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of testosterone and, when administered via intramuscular injection, is associated with a long-lasting depot effect and extended duration of action. Testosterone palmitate is a longer-chain ester of testosterone compared to testosterone undecanoate. Relative to testosterone undecanoate, testosterone palmitate shows higher oral bioavailability.
These reactions worsen with larger crystals, and for this reason, crystal sizes must be limited to minimize local reactions. Particle sizes of more than 300 μg in the case of estradiol benzoate by intramuscular injection have been found to be too painful for use. In some cases, crystalline steroid suspensions are used not for prolongation of effect, but because the solubility of the steroid result in this preparation being the only practical way to deliver the steroid in a reasonable injection volume. Examples include cortisone acetate and hydrocortisone and its esters.
Hexestrol has approximately 302% and 234% of the affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ, respectively. The affinity of hexestrol for the ERs is said to be similar to or slightly higher than that of estradiol. Along with diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol has been said to be one of the most potent estrogens known. The total endometrial proliferation dose per cycle of different forms of hexestrol are 70 to 100 mg for oral hexestrol, 45 mg for sublingual hexestrol diacetate, and 25 mg for hexestrol dipropionate by intramuscular injection.
It has a central antiemetic action and effectively prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults using doses as low as 0.625 mg. For treatment of nausea and vomiting, droperidol and ondansetron are equally effective; droperidol is more effective than metoclopramide. It has also been used as an antipsychotic in doses ranging from 5 to 10 mg given as an intramuscular injection, generally in cases of severe agitation in a psychotic patient who is refusing oral medication. Its use in intramuscular sedation has been replaced by intramuscular preparations of haloperidol, midazolam, clonazepam and olanzapine.
Therefore, it is recommended that methotrexate should only be administered when hCG has been serially monitored with a rise less than 35% over 48 hours, which practically excludes a viable intrauterine pregnancy. The United States uses a multi dose protocol of methotrexate (MTX) which involves 4 doses of intramuscular along with an intramuscular injection of folinic acid to protect cells from the effects of the drugs and to reduce side effects. In France, the single dose protocol is followed, but a single dose has a greater chance of failure.
Stanozolol has high oral bioavailability, due to the presence of its C17α alkyl group and the resistance to gastrointestinal and liver metabolism that it results in. The medication has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 5% of that of testosterone and 1% of that of DHT. Stanozolol is metabolized in the liver, ultimately becoming glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Its biological half- life is reported to be 9 hours when taken by mouth and 24 hours when given by intramuscular injection in the form of an aqueous suspension.
Testosterone isobutyrate is a prodrug of testosterone, and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor, the biological target of endogenous androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. It produces both androgenic and anabolic effects, as well as weak estrogenic effects due to metabolism of testosterone into estradiol. In contrast to most other testosterone esters, which are used as amorphous oil solutions, testosterone isobutyrate is provided in the form of a microcrystalline aqueous suspension. It has very low water solubility and forms a long-lasting microcrystalline depot within muscle upon intramuscular injection.
Testosterone phenylacetate (TPA; brand names Perandren, Androject) is an androgen and anabolic steroid and a testosterone ester. Analogously to estradiol benzoate having been one of the first estrogen esters to be introduced, testosterone phenylacetate was one of the first testosterone esters to be introduced. However, since its introduction, it has largely been replaced by other esters, such as testosterone propionate. Testosterone phenylacetate was a 50 mg/mL microcrystalline aqueous suspension under the brand name Perandren. It was used at a dosage of 50 to 200 mg by intramuscular injection once every 2 to 5 weeks.
Nandrolone cyclotate () (developmental code name RS-3268R), or nandrolone ciclotate, also known as 19-nortestosterone 17β-ciclotate, is a synthetic and injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) of the nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) group which was never marketed. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β ciclotate (4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylate) ester of nandrolone. Nandrolone cyclotate has potent and prolonged activity as an AAS when administered by intramuscular injection and is reported to have a similar duration of action to that of nandrolone decanoate via this route.
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate (LPP), also known as ethynylestrenol phenylpropionate, is a progestin and a progestogen ester which was developed for potential use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive by Organon but was never marketed. It was assessed at doses of 25 to 75 mg in an oil solution once a month by intramuscular injection. LPP was associated with high contraceptive failure at the low dose and with poor cycle control. The medication was found to produce estrogenic effects in the endometrium in women due to transformation into estrogenic metabolites.
In addition, studies have found that many intramuscular injections are really subcutaneous injections, as individuals often do not actually penetrate deep enough to inject into muscle when attempting to perform an intramuscular injection and instead inject into the subcutaneous fat layer above the muscle. This is particularly prevalent with injections into the buttocks and in overweight and obese individuals, due to the thicker layer of fat over muscle. Subcutaneous injections of estradiol esters may be easier and less painful to perform than intramuscular injections, and hence may result in improved compliance and satisfaction with therapy.
A 17α-alkylated anabolic steroid is a synthetic anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) that features an alkyl group, specifically a methyl or ethyl group, at the C17α position. Unlike many other AAS, 17α-alkylated AAS are orally active and do not require intramuscular injection. However, they uniquely possess a high potential for hepatotoxicity, which simultaneously limits their use. In addition, some have a high risk of gynecomastia due to uniquely high estrogenic activity, although this does not apply to 17α-alkylated AAS that are also 4,5α-reduced or 19-demethylated (i.e.
Increases in levels of 11-deoxycorticosterone are markedly higher when progesterone is given orally as opposed to via parenteral routes like vaginal or intramuscular injection. The conversion of progesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone occurs in the intestines (specifically the duodenum) and in the kidneys. 21-Hydroxylase appears to be absent in the liver, so conversion of progesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone is thought not to occur in this part of the body. Endogenous progesterone is metabolized approximately 50% into 5α-dihydroprogesterone in the corpus luteum, 35% into 3β-dihydroprogesterone in the liver, and 10% into 20α-dihydroprogesterone.
Silandrone (, ) (developmental code name SC-16148), also known as testosterone 17β-trimethylsilyl ether or 17β-trimethylsilyltestosterone, as well as 17β-(trimethylsiloxy)androst-4-en-3-one, is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ether – specifically, the 17β-trimethylsilyl ether of testosterone – which was developed by the G. D. Searle & Company in the 1960s but was never marketed. It has a very long duration of action when given via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, as well as significantly greater potency than that of testosterone propionate. In addition, silandrone, unlike testosterone and most esters of testosterone like testosterone propionate, is orally active.
Estriol dihexanoate, or estriol 3,17β-dihexanoate, is a synthetic estrogen and estrogen ester – specifically, the C3 and C17β dihexanoate ester of estriol – which was first described in 1963 and was never marketed. Following a single intramuscular injection of 8.90 mg estriol dihexanoate (equivalent to 5.0 mg estriol) in an oil solution, peak levels of estriol occurred after 2.1 to 3.4 days, an elimination half-life of 187 to 221 hours was observed, and estriol levels remained elevated for up to 20 to 50 days. For comparison, the durations of estriol and estriol dipropionate were far shorter.
Histrelin is used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate in men and uterine fibroids in women. In addition, histrelin has been proven to be highly effective in treating central precocious puberty in children.Histrelin consumer information It is available as a daily intramuscular injection. Histrelin is also available in a 12-month subcutaneous implant (Vantas) for the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer, since 2005 in the US, and since Jan 2010 in the UK. A 12-month subcutaneous implant (Supprelin LA) for central precocious puberty (CPP) was approved on May 3, 2007 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Avonex was approved in the US in 1996, and in the European Union in 1997, and is registered in more than 80 countries worldwide. It is the leading MS therapy in the US, with around 40% of the overall market, and in the European Union, with around 30% of the overall market. It is produced by the Biogen biotechnology company, originally under competition protection in the US under the Orphan Drug Act. Avonex is sold in three formulations, a lyophilized powder requiring reconstitution, a pre-mixed liquid syringe kit, and a pen; it is administered via intramuscular injection.
CPA is widely used as an antiandrogen and progestogen in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. It is used orally at a dosage of 10 to 100 mg/day and by intramuscular injection at a dosage of 300 mg once every 4 weeks. Studies have found that 10, 25, and 50 mg/day CPA in combination with estrogen all result in equivalent and full testosterone suppression in transgender women. In light of risks of CPA such as fatigue, blood clots, benign brain tumors, and liver damage, the use of lower dosages of the medication may help to minimize such risks.
CPA is available in the form of oral tablets alone (higher-dose; 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg) or in combination with ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate (low-dose; 1 or 2 mg CPA) and in the form of ampoules for intramuscular injection (higher-dose; 100 mg/mL, 300 mg/3 mL; brand name Androcur Depot). The higher-dose formulations are used to treat prostate cancer and certain other androgen-related indications while the low-dose formulations which also have an estrogen are used as combined birth control pills and are used in menopausal hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.
Artesunate is the first-line treatment for children or adults with severe malaria, usually in combination with another antimalarial drug. There is moderate-quality evidence that treatment with artesunate plus mefloquine is superior to treatment with artesunate plus amodiaquine or artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Artemisinin-based combination therapy may be used by mouth in persons that can tolerate it after 24 hours by injection. In facilities where long-term care is not appropriate, initial treatment with artesunate may be given as a single intramuscular injection or by rectal route (children < 6 years) prior to transferring care to a higher level facility.
The bioavailability of drugs that are administered intramuscularly is generally almost 95%. As oil solutions by intramuscular injection, the elimination half-lives of testosterone esters are 0.8 days for testosterone propionate, 4.5 days for testosterone enanthate, 20.9 days (in tea seed oil) and 33.9 days (in caster oil) for testosterone undecanoate, and 29.5 days for testosterone buciclate. The pharmacokinetics of testosterone cypionate are said to be the same as those of testosterone enanthate, with "extremely comparable" patterns of testosterone release. Due to their varying and different elimination half-lives, the different intramuscular testosterone esters are administered with differing frequencies.
With oral administration, domperidone is extensively metabolized in the liver (almost exclusively by CYP3A4/5, though minor contributions by CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP2C8 have also been reported) and in the intestines. Due to the marked first-pass effect via this route, the oral bioavailability of domperidone is low (13–17%); conversely, its bioavailability is high via intramuscular injection (90%). The terminal half-life of domperidone is 7.5 hours in healthy individuals, but can be prolonged to 20 hours in people with severe renal dysfunction. All of the metabolites of domperidone are inactive as D2 receptor ligands.
Estradiol benzoate/estradiol valerate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate (EB/EV/OHPC), sold under the brand name Sin-Ol, is a combination medication of estradiol benzoate (EB), an estrogen, estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and hydroxyprogesterone caproate (OHPC), a progestin, which was reportedly used as a combined injectable contraceptive in women in the early 1970s. It contained 1 mg EB, 10 mg EV, and 250 mg OHPC in oil solution, was provided in the form of 3 mL ampoules, and was administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. The medication was manufactured by the pharmaceutical company Reuffer in Mexico.
Shingrix is a suspension for intramuscular injection consisting of a lyophilized recombinant varicella zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE) antigen that is reconstituted at the time of use with AS01B suspension as an immunological adjuvant. The antigen is a purified truncated form of the glycoprotein, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The AS01B adjuvant suspension is composed of 3-O-desacyl-4'- monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) from Salmonella (Minnesota strain) and a saponin molecule (QS-21) purified from Quillaja saponaria (soap bark tree) extract, combined in a liposomal formulation consisting of dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol in phosphate-buffered saline solution.
Estradiol butyrylacetate/testosterone ketolaurate/reserpine (EBA/TKL/R), sold under the brand name Klimanosid R-Depot, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol butyrylacetate (EBA), an estrogen, testosterone ketolaurate (TKL; testosterone caprinoylacetate), an androgen/anabolic steroid, and reserpine, an antipsychotic, which was previously used in menopausal hormone therapy for women, particularly in those with pronounced neurovegetative symptoms. It contains 2 mg EBA, 50 mg TKL, and 0.4 mg reserpine in oil solution in each 1 mL ampoule and is administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. The medication was marketed in 1957. EBA/TKL reportedly has a duration of about 21 days.
The progestogen challenge test, or progesterone withdrawal test, is a test used in the field of obstetrics and gynecology to evaluate a patient who is experiencing amenorrhea. Due to readily available assays to measure serum estradiol levels, this test is now rarely used. The test is performed by administering a progestogen, such as progesterone either as an intramuscular injection or oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera). If the patient has sufficient serum estradiol (greater than 50 pg/mL), withdrawal bleeding should occur 2-7 days after the progestin is withdrawn, indicating that the patient's amenorrhea is due to anovulation.
Botryosphaeran exerts a chemoprotective effect exhibiting strong antimutagenic (anticlastogenic) activity against the in-vivo DNA-damaging effect of cyclophosphamide in mice., and genotoxic damage by doxorubicin in fibroblasts and hepatocarcinoma cells, bleomycin in human lymphocytes, and methyl methanesulfonate in Jurkat cells. Botryosphaeran exhibits hypoglycaemic activity (lowering of blood glucose levels) in rats in which diabetes was induced by intramuscular injection of streptozotocin, which selectively damages the pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cells resulting in type-1 diabetes condition. The cholesterol-lowering effect (hypocholesterolaemia) of β-glucans derived from oat and barley (β-(1→3)(1→4)-linked D-glucans) is well established.
Testosterone levels following a single oral dose of 300 mg crystalline (non-micronized) or micronized prasterone (DHEA) in premenopausal women. Estradiol and levels after a single intramuscular injection of Gynodian Depot (4 mg estradiol valerate, 200 mg prasterone enanthate) in women. Prasterone is metabolized into androgens and estrogens in the body. It is transformed into androstenedione by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and into androstenediol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). Then, androstenedione and androstenediol can be converted into testosterone by 17β-HSD and 3β-HSD, respectively. Subsequently, testosterone can be metabolized into dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase.
Methandriol propionate (brand name Metilbisexovis), or methylandrostenediol propionate, also known as 17α-methylandrost-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3β-propionate, is a synthetic, injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of 5-androstenediol that is or was marketed by Vister in Italy. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C3,17β propionate ester of methandriol (17α-methyl-5-androstenediol) – and acts as a prodrug of methandriol in the body. Methandriol propionate is administered by intramuscular injection and, relative to methandriol, has an extended duration via this route due to a depot effect afforded by its ester.
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate (brand name Notandron-Depot), or methylandrostenediol bisenanthoyl acetate, also known as 17α-methylandrost-5-ene-3β,17β-diol 3β,17β-di(3-oxononanoate), is a synthetic, injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of 5-androstenediol. It is an androgen ester—specifically, the C3β,17β di(3-oxononanoate) (or dienanthoylacetate) ester of methandriol (17α-methyl-5-androstenediol)—and acts as a prodrug of methandriol in the body. Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate is administered by intramuscular injection and, relative to methandriol, has an extended duration via this route due to a depot effect afforded by its ester.
Estradiol benzoate/progesterone/testosterone propionate (EB/P4/TP), sold under the brand names Lukestra, Steratrin, Trihormonal, and Trinestryl, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol benzoate (EB), an estrogen, progesterone (P4), a progestogen, and testosterone propionate (TP), an androgen/anabolic steroid. It contained 1 to 3 mg EB, 20 to 25 mg P4, and 25 mg TP, was provided in the form of ampoules, and was administered by intramuscular injection. The medication was introduced by 1949 and was marketed in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany among other places. It is no longer available.
However, it notes that these physiological levels of estradiol are usually unable to suppress testosterone levels into the female range. A 2018 Cochrane review proposal questioned the notion of keeping estradiol levels lower in transgender women, which results in incomplete suppression of testosterone levels and necessitates the addition of antiandrogens. The review proposal noted that high-dose parenteral estradiol is known to be safe. The Endocrine Society itself recommends dosages of injected estradiol esters that result in estradiol levels markedly in excess of the normal female range, for instance 10 mg per week estradiol valerate by intramuscular injection.
Wolniewicz called transplants a "new form of cannibalism". More precisely, he considered transplanting an organ removed from a dead body to be morally equivalent to starvation cannibalism (when a dead body is also consumed). Eating a dead human body in order to save life is not morally different from recipation of organ removed from a dead body, just as taking a medicine in a pill is not morally different from taking it as an intramuscular injection. Dead human body has traditionally been considered as sacred, and its inviolability has been one of the foundations of civilized life.
In 1927, Bernhard Zondek and Selmar Aschheim discovered that large amounts of estrogens were excreted in the urine of pregnant women. This rich source of estrogens allowed the development of potent estrogenic formulations for scientific and clinical use. In 1929, pure crystalline estrone was isolated from the urine of pregnant women by various researchers. By 1929, pharmaceutical preparations including Amniotin (Squibb), Progynon (Schering), and Theelin (Parke-Davis), purified from pregnancy urine, placentas, and/or amniotic fluid and containing purified estrone or mixtures of estrogens that included estrone, were being sold commercially for use by intramuscular injection.
Progestogens in general are able to suppress gonadal testosterone production in men by a maximum of about 70 to 80% or to just above castrate levels when used at sufficiently high doses. A study using 50 mg/day progesterone by intramuscular injection in five men found that the medication produced azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia in all within 10 weeks, suppressed libido, erectile function, and ejaculate volume to minimal levels, produced slight gynecomastia in two of the men, moderately decreased testicular size, and impaired testicular morphology. Upon discontinuation, sperm counts returned to normal in the men within 14 to 17 weeks.
Clinical trials for opioid dependence began in 1973, and a developmental collaboration of DuPont with the National Institute on Drug Abuse for this indication started the next year in 1974. The drug was approved by the FDA for the oral treatment of opioid dependence in 1984, with the brand name Trexan, and for the oral treatment of alcohol dependence in 1995, when the brand name was changed by DuPont to ReVia. A depot formulation for intramuscular injection was approved by the FDA under the brand name Vivitrol for alcohol dependence in 2006 and opioid dependence in 2010.
Testosterone valerate, or testosterone pentanoate, also known as androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-valerate, is a synthetic, steroidal androgen and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β valerate ester of testosterone – which is used in veterinary medicine. It is administered via intramuscular injection and acts as a long-lasting prodrug of testosterone. The medication is available as a component of the veterinary drug Deposterona, which is marketed in Mexico and also contains testosterone acetate and testosterone undecanoate. Testosterone valerate is a short-to-medium duration ester of testosterone, with an elimination half-life of approximately twice that of the short-acting testosterone propionate.
MPA has been studied at "massive" dosages of up to 5,000 mg per day orally and 2,000 mg per day via intramuscular injection, without major tolerability or safety issues described. Overdose is not described in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) product labels for injected MPA (Depo-Provera or Depo-SubQ Provera 104). In the FDA product label for oral MPA (Provera), it is stated that overdose of an estrogen and progestin may cause nausea and vomiting, breast tenderness, dizziness, abdominal pain, drowsiness, fatigue, and withdrawal bleeding. According to the label, treatment of overdose should consist of discontinuation of MPA therapy and symptomatic care.
Compared to estradiol benzoate, a related estradiol ester, estradiol dipropionate has enhanced and prolonged effects. Whereas the duration of action of estradiol benzoate is said to be 2 to 3 days, the duration of estradiol dipropionate has been said to be 1 to 2 weeks. However, newer estradiol esters have longer durations than either estradiol benzoate or estradiol dipropionate; the duration of estradiol valerate has been said to be 1 to 3 weeks, and the duration of estradiol cypionate has been said to be 3 to 4 weeks. A single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol dipropionate has a duration of about 5 to 8 days.
Mixed infections, due to both aerobes and anaerobes, are commonly associated with this type of cellulitis. Typically, this includes alpha- hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and bacteroides' groups. Predisposing conditions for cellulitis include an insect or spider bite, blistering, an animal bite, tattoos, pruritic (itchy) skin rash, recent surgery, athlete's foot, dry skin, eczema, injecting drugs (especially subcutaneous or intramuscular injection or where an attempted intravenous injection "misses" or blows the vein), pregnancy, diabetes, and obesity, which can affect circulation, as well as burns and boils, though debate exists as to whether minor foot lesions contribute. Occurrences of cellulitis may also be associated with the rare condition hidradenitis suppurativa or dissecting cellulitis.
Estrogenic substances was marketed under a variety of different brand names including Amniotin (Squibb), Equine Estrogenic Substances (Ayerst), Estrogenic Hormones (Upjohn, others), Estrogenic Substances (Reed & Carnrick, Sharp & Dohme, others), Estrolin (Lakeside), Estromone, Estronat (National Drug), Folestrin (Armour), Follacro (Schieffelin), Menformon (Roche-Organon), Neo-Amniotin (Squibb), Oestroform, Ova-Estrin, Theelestrin, and Urestrin (Upjohn), among others. It was provided in various forms and routes of administration including oil solution and aqueous suspension for intramuscular injection, oral tablets and capsules, vaginal suppositories, and topical ointments. Estrogen medications similar to but distinct from estrogenic substances included conjugated estriol (Emmenin) and conjugated estrogens (Premarin). They are also non-crystalline mixtures of estrogens.
Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of ketamine Ketamine's potential for dependence has been established in various operant conditioning paradigms, including conditioned place preference and self-administration; further, rats demonstrate locomotor sensitization following repeated exposure to ketamine. Increased subjective feelings of 'high' have been observed in healthy human volunteers exposed to ketamine. Additionally, the rapid onset of effects following smoking, insufflation, and/or intramuscular injection is thought to increase the drug's recreational use potential. The short duration of effects promotes bingeing; tolerance can develop; and withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety, shaking, and palpitations, may be present in some daily users following cessation of use.
MMF was first described in 1998 by a consortium of French myopathologists as an emerging condition of unknown cause characterised by a defining lesion observed upon muscle biopsy. MMF was identified in patients affected by myalgia and fatigue. MMF was judged a consequence of a switch to intramuscular injection and the deltoid muscle being the preferred site of both vaccine injection and biopsy in France (while other sites were preferred for biopsy in other countries) and the commencement of HBV vaccination in French adults. Similar lesions could be detected in babies and children upon biopsy of the quadriceps as this is the site of vaccine administration in this group.
VM202 is a DNA-based medicine designed to express two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a protein known to induce the formation of new blood vessels and the growth of damaged nerve cells. Currently, VM202 is being tested for 4 major cardiovascular or neurological diseases. In all cases, VM202 is delivered by simple intramuscular injection around the affected site. A phase III study for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (VM202-DPN) has been successfully initiated in the US in 2016. As of May 2017, over 160 have been randomized in the US among whom over 140 patients have completed their first injections at 21 clinical sites.
Schröder (1993, 2009) reviewed the issue of CPA dosage and recommended a dosage of 200 to 300 mg/day for CPA as a monotherapy and a dosage of 100 to 200 mg/day for CPA in combined androgen blockade (that is, CPA in combination with surgical or medical castration). However, the combination of CPA with castration for prostate cancer has been found to significantly decrease overall survival compared to castration alone. Hence, the use CPA as the antiandrogen component in combined androgen blockade would appear not to be advisable. When used by intramuscular injection to treat prostate cancer, CPA is used at a dosage of 300 mg once a week.
Androstanolone is available as a 2.5% hydroalcoholic gel given transdermally in doses of 5 or 10 g/day (brand name Andractim). The medication was previously available as a 10 mg oral tablet with 300 mg L-lysine (brand name Lysinex) and as a 25 mg sublingual tablet (brand names Anabolex, Anaprotin, Anabolene, Anaboleen, Proteina). The medication has also been marketed in the form of several androstanolone esters, including androstanolone benzoate (brand names Ermalone-Amp, Hermalone, Sarcosan), androstanolone enanthate (brand name Anaboleen Depot), androstanolone propionate (brand name Pesomax), and androstanolone valerate (brand name Apeton), which are provided as oil solutions for intramuscular injection at regular intervals.
Piperacillin is not absorbed orally, and must therefore be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection. It has been shown that the bactericidal actions of the drug do not increase with concentrations of piperacillin higher than 4-6 x MIC, which means that the drug is concentration-independent in terms of its actions. Piperacillin has instead shown to offer higher bactericidal activity when its concentration remains above the MIC for longer periods of time (50% time>MIC showing the highest activity). This higher activity present in continuous dosing has not been directly linked to clinical outcomes, but however does show promise of lowering possibility of resistance and decreasing mortality.
Sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis, is treated with pentamidine or suramin (depending on subspecies of parasite) delivered by intramuscular injection in the first phase of the disease, and with melarsoprol and eflornithine intravenous injection in the second phase of the disease. Efornithine is commonly given in combination with nifurtimox, which reduces the treatment time to 7 days of eflornithine infusions plus 10 days of oral nifurtimox tablets. Eflornithine is also effective in combination with other drugs, such as melarsoprol and nifurtimox. A study in 2005 compared the safety of eflornithine alone to melarsoprol and found eflornithine to be more effective and safe in treating second-stage sleeping sickness Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
Anthim is monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of exposure to Bacillus anthracis spores (etiologic agent of anthrax). Elusys initially collaborated with University of Texas at Austin and United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) in the development of Anthim. With the bioterrorism risk of anthrax, the United States Department of Health and Human Services awarded a five-year contract in 2010 valued at $143 million to develop IV-based drug to treat patients who are already infected by anthrax. In 2011, the company was awarded with an additional five-year contract valued at $68.9 million to develop intramuscular injection for anthrax prevention measure.
Methylprednisolone acetate, sold under the brand names Depo-Medrol among others, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester—specifically the C21 acetate ester of methylprednisolone—which is used in clinical and veterinary medicine. It has been formulated as an aqueous suspension for intramuscular, intra-articular, soft tissue, and intralesional injection alone and in combination with lidocaine, a local anesthetic. Methylprednisolone acetate was previously suspended with polyethylene glycol but is no longer formulated with this excipient due to concerns about possible toxicity. Depot methylprednisolone acetate is a depot injection and is absorbed slowly with a duration of weeks to months with a single intramuscular injection.
Methandriol dipropionate (MADP), also known as methylandrostenediol dipropionate and sold under the brand names Arbolic, Durabolic, Or-Bolic, Probolik, and Protabolin among others, is a synthetic, injected anabolic- androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated derivative of 5-androstenediol. It is an androgen ester – specifically, the C3,17β dipropionate ester of methandriol (17α-methyl-5-androstenediol) – and acts as a prodrug of methandriol in the body. Methandriol dipropionate is administered by intramuscular injection and, relative to methandriol, has an extended duration via this route of several days due to a depot effect afforded by its ester. It was marketed in the United States, but is no longer available in this country.
Progesterone can produce central nervous system depression as an adverse effect, particularly with oral administration or with high doses of progesterone. These side effects may include drowsiness, sedation, sleepiness, fatigue, sluggishness, reduced vigor, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, and cognitive, memory, and/or motor impairment. Limited available evidence has shown minimal or no adverse influence on cognition with oral progesterone (100–600 mg), vaginal progesterone (45 mg gel), or progesterone by intramuscular injection (25–200 mg). However, high doses of oral progesterone (300–1200 mg), vaginal progesterone (100–200 mg), and intramuscular progesterone (100–200 mg) have been found to result in dose-dependent fatigue, drowsiness, and decreased vigor.
Methenmadinone caproate (MMC, also known as superlutin caproate) is a progestin medication which was developed in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s and was studied for potential use in combined injectable contraceptives in the 1970s but was never marketed. It was studied as a combined injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol valerate at doses of 60 mg and 10 mg, respectively, once a month by intramuscular injection (tentative brand name Lutofollin). MMC is the C17α caproate (hexanoate) ester of methenmadinone and an analogue of methenmadinone acetate (MMA; superlutin). In addition to MMA, analogues of MMC include chlormadinone caproate, gestonorone caproate, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone caproate, and megestrol caproate.
A single intramuscular injection of 50 to 100 mg LPP in oil solution has been found to have a duration of action of 14 to 30 days in terms of clinical biological effect in the uterus and on body temperature in women. LPP has a long biological half- life in rats when given as an intramuscular depot injection; its half-life was similar to that of nandrolone laurate (nandrolone dodecanoate) and was about 2-fold longer than that of nandrolone decanoate, 10-fold longer than that of lynestrenol and nandrolone phenylpropionate, 50-fold longer than that of progesterone, and 430-fold longer than that of nandrolone.
The placement of the bolus dose depends on the systemic levels of the contents desired throughout the body. An intramuscular injection of vaccines allows for a slow release of the antigen to stimulate the body's immune system and to allow time for developing antibodies. Subcutaneous injections are used by heroin addicts (called 'skin popping', referring to the bump formed by the bolus of heroin), to sustain a slow release that staves off withdrawal symptoms without producing euphoria. A bolus delivered directly to the veins through an intravenous drip allows a much faster delivery which quickly raises the concentration of the substance in the blood to an effective level.
At these doses, levels of progesterone remain elevated above baseline for at least 48 hours (6 ng/mL at this point for 100 mg), with an elimination half-life of about 22 hours. Due to the high concentrations achieved, progesterone by intramuscular injection at the usual clinical dose range is able to suppress gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary gland, demonstrating antigonadotropic efficacy (and therefore suppression of gonadal sex steroid production). Intramuscular progesterone often causes pain when injected. It irritates tissues and is associated with injection site reactions such as changes in skin color, pain, redness, transient indurations (due to inflammation), ecchymosis (bruising/discoloration), and others.
Similarly to tamoxifen, a SERM, brilanestrant shows some capacity to activate the ER in certain contexts and possesses weak estrogenic activity in the rat uterus, and unlike fulvestrant, which is currently the only SERD to have been marketed, brilanestrant is not a steroid and is orally bioavailable and does not need to be administered by intramuscular injection. Brilanestrant has been found to be active in tamoxifen- and fulvestrant-resistant in vitro models of human breast cancer. Side effects observed in clinical studies of brilanestrant thus far have included diarrhea, nausea, and fatigue of mostly mild-to-moderate severity. Brilanestrant is a structural analogue of etacstil, an earlier combined SERM and SERD that was abandoned in 2001 for commercial reasons.
A single intramuscular injection of testosterone buciclate has been found to produce physiological levels of testosterone within the normal range in hypogonadal men for 3 to 4 months. The elimination half-life and mean residence time (average amount of time a single molecule of drug stays in the body) of testosterone buciclate were found to be 29.5 days and 60.0 days, respectively, whereas those of testosterone enanthate in castor oil were only 4.5 days and 8.5 days. Testosterone buciclate also lasts longer than testosterone undecanoate, which has elimination half-lives and mean residence times of 20.9 days and 34.9 days in tea seed oil and 33.9 days and 36.0 days in castor oil, respectively.
Androstanolone is a potent agonist of the AR. It has an affinity (Kd) of 0.25 to 0.5 nM for the human AR, which is about 2- to 3-fold higher than that of testosterone (Kd = 0.4 to 1.0 nM) and the dissociation rate of androstanolone from the AR is also about 5-fold slower than that of testosterone. The EC50 of androstanolone for activation of the AR is 0.13 nM, which is about 5-fold stronger than that of testosterone (EC50 = 0.66 nM). In bioassays, androstanolone has been found to be 2.5- to 10-fold more potent than testosterone. Upon intramuscular injection in rats, androstanolone is about 1.5- to 2.5-fold the potency of testosterone.
The availability of pharmaceutical androstanolone is limited; it is not available in the United States or Canada, but it is or has been available in certain European countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The available formulations of androstanolone include buccal or sublingual tablets (Anabolex, Stanolone), topical gels (Andractim, Gelovit, Ophtovital), and, as esters in oil, injectables like androstanolone propionate (Pesomax) and androstanolone valerate (Apeton). Androstanolone benzoate (Ermalone-Amp, Hermalone, Sarcosan) and androstanolone enanthate (Anaboleen Depot) are additional androstanolone esters that are available for medical use in some countries. Androstanolone esters act as prodrugs of androstanolone in the body and have a long-lasting depot effect when given via intramuscular injection.
Estradiol pivalate/progesterone (ETMA/P4), sold under the brand name Estrotate with Progesterone, is a combination medication of estradiol pivalate (estradiol trimethylacetate; ETMA), an estrogen, and progesterone (P4), a progestogen, which was used in menopausal hormone therapy and the treatment of gynecological disorders but is no longer available. It contained 1 mg/mL ETMA and 10 mg/mL P4 in oil solution provided in vials and was administered by intramuscular injection at regular intervals. ETMA/P4 was introduced for medical use by 1949. It was one of the first combined estrogen and progestogen medications to be marketed, and was followed by the more well-known estradiol benzoate/progesterone (brand name Duogynon) in 1950.
In addition, it is used as a form of high-dose estrogen therapy in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer in men. Estradiol benzoate has a relatively short duration of action, and is administered by intramuscular injection usually two to three times per week. It is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms at a dosage of 1 to 1.66 mg initially and 0.33 to 1 mg for maintenance two times per week, and in the treatment of hypoestrogenism and delayed puberty at a dosage of 1.66 mg two to three times per week. The dosage used in hormone therapy for transgender women is 0.5 to 1.5 mg two to three times per week.
Testosterone stearate, also known as testosterone octadecanoate, testosterone 17β-stearate, and androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one 17β-stearate, is an injected anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) and an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β stearate (octadecanoate) ester of testosterone – which was never marketed. It is a prodrug of testosterone and, when administered via intramuscular injection, is associated with a long-lasting depot effect and extended duration of action. Testosterone stearate may occur naturally in the body. It has been said that with longer-chain esters of testosterone like testosterone stearate, the duration of action may be so protracted that the magnitude of effect with typical doses may be too low to be appreciable.
Endogenous GLP-1 has a plasma half-life of 1.5–2 minutes due to degradation by the ubiquitous enzymes, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) and neutral endopeptidases (NEP). The half-life after intramuscular injection is approximately half an hour, so even administered this way, it has limited use as a therapeutic agent. The metabolically active forms of GLP-1 are the endogenous GLP-1-(7-36)NH2 and the more rare GLP-1-(7-37). The prolonged action of liraglutide is achieved by attaching a fatty acid molecule at one position of the GLP-1-(7-37) molecule, enabling it to both self- associate and bind to albumin within the subcutaneous tissue and bloodstream.
Polyestradiol phosphate/medroxyprogesterone acetate (PEP/MPA) is a combination of polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), an estrogen, and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a progestin, which was studied in the 1960s as a long-lasting combined injectable contraceptive for women but was never marketed. It was administered by intramuscular injection once every 3 months and contained 40 mg PEP and 150 mg MPA. The combination was studied in a sample of 99 premenopausal women and was found to be effective in preventing pregnancy, but caused menstrual irregularities similar to those of MPA alone as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive. PEP was included in the formulation to prevent estrogen deficiency caused by MPA during long-term contraceptive therapy.
When estradiol enantate is administered in an oil solution by intramuscular injection, a depot effect occurs, and this results in it having a long duration of action. The duration of action of estradiol enantate is considerably longer than that of various other estradiol esters, such as estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, and estradiol cypionate, whereas its duration is shorter than that of estradiol undecylate. In general, the longer the fatty acid ester chain, the more lipophilic the estradiol ester, the more slowly it is released from the depot and absorbed into the circulation, and the longer its duration of action. The pharmacokinetics of estradiol enantate have been assessed in a number of studies.
In clinical research in the 1930s, estrone was given via intramuscular injection to ovariectomized women in order to study its effects and to elucidate the biological properties of estrogens in humans. In these studies, prior to administration of estrone, amenorrhea, atrophy of the breasts (as well as flaccidity and small and non-erectile nipples), vagina, and endometrium, vaginal dryness, and subjective symptoms of ovariectomy (e.g., hot flashes, mood changes) were all present in the women. Treatment with estrone was found to dose- and time-dependently produce a variety of effects, including breast changes, reproductive tract changes of the vagina, cervix, and endometrium/uterus, and relief from the subjective symptoms of ovariectomy, as well as increased libido.
Estradiol esters, including but not limited to estradiol benzoate, estradiol valerate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol enanthate, and estradiol undecylate, are inactive prodrugs of estradiol that are converted into estradiol in the body. The aforementioned estradiol esters are fatty acid esters and are more lipophilic (fat-soluble) than estradiol. More lipophilic compounds are absorbed more slowly from the injection site when given by depot intramuscular injection (as oil solutions, aqueous suspensions, and emulsions), and hence more lipophilic estradiol esters have longer durations than free estradiol or less lipophilic estradiol esters via this route. Polyestradiol phosphate is a polymer of the hydrophilic (water- soluble) estradiol ester estradiol phosphate which circulates in the blood but is metabolized into estradiol very slowly.
The differences in estradiol levels and the different durations with estradiol levels are due to their different rates of release from the oily depot at the injection site. The longer and hence more lipophilic the fatty acid ester, the slower the release from the depot, the lower the peak estradiol levels, and the longer the duration. The duration of estradiol esters in oil solution by intramuscular injection is dose-dependent. With estradiol valerate, it is reported that a dose of 5 mg has a duration of 7 to 8 days, 10 mg a duration of 10 to 14 days, 40 mg a duration of 2 to 3 weeks, and 100 mg a duration of 3 to 4 weeks.
Progesterone is a potent antimineralocorticoid. It has 1000% of the affinity of aldosterone, the major endogenous agonist, for the human MR, and 100% of the affinity of aldosterone for the rat MR. Progesterone produces antimineralocorticoid effects such as natriuresis (excretion of sodium in the urine) at normal physiological concentrations. A 200 mg dose of oral progesterone is considered to be approximately equivalent in antimineralocorticoid effect to a 25 to 50 mg dose of the potent antimineralocorticoid spironolactone, which itself is a derivative of progesterone. Doses of progesterone of 50 to 200 mg by intramuscular injection, which are similar to progesterone exposure in the third trimester of pregnancy, have also been reported to produce antimineralocorticoid-like effects.
Neuraminidase inhibitors are useful for combating influenza infection: zanamivir, administered by inhalation; oseltamivir, administered orally; peramivir administered parenterally, that is through intravenous or intramuscular injection; and laninamivir which is in phase III clinical trials. There are two major proteins on the surface of influenza virus particles. One is the lectin haemagglutinin protein with three relatively shallow sialic acid-binding sites and the other is enzyme sialidase with the active site in a pocket. Because of the relative deep active site in which low-molecular-weight inhibitors can make multiple favorable interactions and approachable methods of designing transition-state analogues in the hydrolysis of sialosides, the sialidase becomes more attractive anti-influenza drug target than the haemagglutinin.
Oral progesterone has been found to be inferior to vaginal and intramuscular progesterone in terms of absorption (low) and clearance rate (rapid). Vaginal progesterone is available in the forms of progesterone gel, rings, and suppositories or pessaries. Advantages of intravaginal progesterone over oral administration include high bioavailability, rapid absorption, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, sustained plasma concentrations, and a local endometrial effect, while advantages of intravaginal progesterone relative to intramuscular injection include greater convenience and lack of injection site pain. Intranasal progesterone as a nasal spray has been found to be effective in achieving therapeutic levels, and was not associated with nasal irritation, but was associated with an unpleasant taste of the spray.
In addition, there is a spike in testosterone levels with testosterone enanthate and testosterone undecanoate that is not seen with testosterone buciclate, with which levels stay highly uniform and decrease very gradually and progressively. Testosterone buciclate can maintain testosterone levels in the normal male range for up to 20 weeks with a single intramuscular injection. Testosterone buciclate is able to reversibly and completely suppress spermatogenesis in men when used at sufficiently high dosages. As such, the results of clinical studies for use of testosterone buciclate as a male contraceptive were promising, and trials continued as late as 1995, but progress ultimately came to a standstill because the WHO was unable to find an industry partner willing to continue the development of the drug.
Estradiol benzoate/estradiol dienanthate/testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone (EB/EDE/TEBH), sold under the brand names Climacteron, Lactimex, Lactostat, and Amenose, is an injectable combination medication of estradiol benzoate (EB), an estrogen, estradiol dienanthate (EDE), an estrogen, and testosterone enanthate benzilic acid hydrazone (TEBH), an androgen/anabolic steroid, which is used in menopausal hormone therapy for peri- and postmenopausal women and to suppress lactation in postpartum women. Clinical studies have assessed this formulation. Climacteron and Amenose contained 1.0 mg EB, 7.5 mg EDE, and 150 mg TEBH (69 mg free testosterone) and was used to treat menopausal symptoms. They were administered by intramuscular injection typically once every 6 weeks but with a range of every 4 to 8 weeks or less frequently.
The company's CNS products include the ADHD drug Concerta (methylphenidate extended release), and the long-acting injectable antipsychotics Invega Sustenna (paliperidone palmitate) and Risperdal Consta (risperidone). Invega Sustenna and Risperdal Consta were the first widely utilized long-acting depot injections for the treatment of schizophrenia. Designed to address the issue of poor patient compliance with oral therapy, they are administered by intramuscular injection at intervals of 2 weeks and one month, respectively. Only minimal improvements in outcomes relative to the oral versions of these drugs were observed in the clinical trial setting, but some evidence suggests that the advantages of long-acting injections in clinical practice may be greater than is readily demonstrated in the environment of a clinical trial.
The Reandron 1000 formulation (Nebido in the United States) contains 1,000 mg of testosterone undecanoate suspended in castor oil with benzyl benzoate for solubilization and as a preservative, and is administered by intramuscular injection. As an excipient in Reandron 1000, benzyl benzoate has been reported as a cause of anaphylaxis (a serious life-threatening allergic reaction) in a case in Australia. Bayer includes this report in information for health professionals and recommends that physicians "should be aware of the potential for serious allergic reactions" to preparations of this type. In Australia, reports to the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC), which evaluates reports of adverse drug reactions for the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), show several reports of allergic reactions since the anaphylaxis case from 2011.
Estradiol valerate/gestonorone caproate (EV/GC), known by the developmental code names SH-834 and SH-8.0834, is a high-dose combination medication of estradiol valerate (EV), an estrogen, and gestonorone caproate (GC; norhydroxyprogesterone caproate), a progestin, which was developed and studied by Schering in the 1960s and 1970s for potential use in the treatment of breast cancer in women but was ultimately never marketed. It contained 90 mg EV and 300 mg GC in each 3 mL of oil solution and was intended for use by intramuscular injection once a week. The combination has also been studied incidentally in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Both high-dose estrogens and high-dose progestogens have been found to be independently effective in the treatment of breast cancer in women.
However, whereas fulvestrant is not orally active and must be administered via intramuscular injection, ZB716 is less susceptible to first-pass metabolism, and in relation to this, is orally active. A single oral dose of 8.3 mg/kg ZB716 to mice has been found to result in an over 160 ng/mL maximal concentration of the drug in circulation, a level far in excess of the 15.2 ng/mL concentration achieved with subcutaneous injection of fulvestrant in mice. As such, not only may ZB716 be more convenient to administer in humans, it has far greater bioavailability compared to fulvestrant and hence may allow for greater systemic exposure and therapeutic benefit. ZB716 produces fulvestrant as an active metabolite in vivo in mice, with approximately 10 to 15% of the drug being converted into it.
Non-17α-alkylated testosterone derivatives such as testosterone itself, DHT, and nandrolone all have poor oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism and hence are not orally active. A notable exception to this are AAS that are androgen precursors or prohormones, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenediol, androstenedione, boldione (androstadienedione), bolandiol (norandrostenediol), bolandione (norandrostenedione), dienedione, mentabolan (MENT dione, trestione), and methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) (although these are relatively weak AAS). AAS that are not orally active are used almost exclusively in the form of esters administered by intramuscular injection, which act as depots and function as long-acting prodrugs. Examples include testosterone, as testosterone cypionate, testosterone enanthate, and testosterone propionate, and nandrolone, as nandrolone phenylpropionate and nandrolone decanoate, among many others (see here for a full list of testosterone and nandrolone esters).
A jet injector being used in mass vaccinations, 1976 swine flu outbreak, United States. A jet injector is a type of medical injecting syringe device used for a method of drug delivery known as jet injection, in which a narrow, high-pressure stream of liquid penetrates without needle the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum) to deliver medication to targeted underlying tissues of the epidermis or dermis ("cutaneous" injection, also known as classical "intradermal" injection), fat ("subcutaneous" injection), or muscle ("intramuscular" injection). The jet stream is usually generated by the pressure of a piston in an enclosed liquid-filled chamber. The piston is usually pushed by the release of a compressed metal spring, although investigational devices may use piezoelectric effects and other novel technologies to pressurize the liquid in the chamber.
Sublingual administration of estradiol was first described in the early 1940s. Buccal estradiol tablets were marketed by Schering under the brand name Progynon Buccal Tablets by 1949. Estradiol tablets for use by the sublingual route were marketed under the brand name Estradiol Membrettes in 1950, as well as under the brand name Diogynets by 1952. Longer-acting esters of estradiol in oil solution like estradiol valerate (Delestrogen, Progynon Depot), estradiol cypionate (Depo-Estradiol), and estradiol undecylate (Delestrec, Progynon Depot 100), as well as the polymeric estradiol ester polyestradiol phosphate in aqueous solution (Estradurin), were developed and introduced for use by intramuscular injection in the 1950s. Due to poor absorption and low potency relative to other estrogens, oral estradiol was not widely used as late as the early 1970s.
Microspheres are microscopic spherical particles which can be used to encapsulate compounds. Estradiol is available in the form of an aqueous suspension of 1.0 mg estradiol in microspheres for use by intramuscular injection once a month under the brand name Juvenum E in Mexico. It achieves circulating estradiol levels of 163 pg/mL to 219 pg/mL in the first 3 to 12 hours following injection, which decrease to 42 to 66 pg/mL during the first 4 days post- injection and to 20 to 35 pg/mL after 8 days, with levels remaining in this range thereafter over 30 days. These estradiol levels are similar to the normal levels that occur during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women (24 to 75 pg/mL).
Elacestrant (INN) (developmental code names RAD-1901, ER-306323) is a nonsteroidal combined selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) (described as a "SERM/SERD hybrid (SSH)") that was discovered by Eisai and is under development by Radius Health and Takeda for the treatment estrogen receptor (ER)-positive advanced breast cancer. Elacestrant has dose-dependent, tissue-selective estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, with biphasic weak partial agonist activity at the ER at low doses and antagonist activity at higher doses. It shows agonistic activity on bone and antagonistic activity on breast and uterine tissues. Unlike the SERD fulvestrant, elacestrant is able to readily cross the blood- brain-barrier into the central nervous system, where it can target breast cancer metastases in the brain, and is orally bioavailable and does not require intramuscular injection.
In addition, it is used as a form of high- dose estrogen therapy in the palliative treatment of prostate cancer in men. Estradiol dipropionate has typically been used at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg once or twice per week by intramuscular injection for relevant indications. It has been used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms at a dosage of 1 to 5 mg initially for two to three injections and 1 to 2.5 mg for maintenance once every 10 to 14 days, and in the treatment of hypoestrogenism and delayed puberty at a dosage of 2.5 to 5 mg once per week. As a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, estradiol dipropionate has been used at dosages of 2 to 10 mg once per week or 5 to 20 mg once every 2 weeks.
Ethandrostate, also known as ethinylandrostenediol 3β-cyclohexanepropionate, is a synthetic steroidal estrogen and ester of ethinylandrostenediol (17α-ethynyl-5-androstenediol) which was developed and studied in people with certain cancers like breast cancer and prostate cancer in the 1950s but was never marketed. Although far less potent by weight than estradiol or estrone, ethandrostate produces estrogenic effects in the vagina, uterus, and mammary glands as well as antigonadotropic and secondary antiandrogenic effects like testicular and prostate atrophy in both animals and humans. Ethandrostate was assessed in humans as an aqueous suspension by intramuscular injection at doses of 100 to 200 mg/day or 100 mg three times per week and by mouth at a dose of 25 mg four times per day. It shows much greater antigonadotropic potency relative to general estrogenic potency in animals when compared with other estrogens.
Testosterone buciclate (developmental code names 20 Aet-1, CDB-1781) is a synthetic, injected anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) which was never marketed. It was developed in collaboration by the Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB) of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1970s and early 1980s for use in androgen replacement therapy for male hypogonadism and as a potential male contraceptive. It was first described in 1986. The medication is an androgen ester – specifically, the C17β buciclate (4-butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate) ester of testosterone – and is a prodrug of testosterone with a very long duration of action when used as a depot via intramuscular injection. Testosterone buciclate is formulated as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension with a defined particle size of at least 75% in the range of 10 to 50 μm.
The Vaxart technology is based on the potential to prevent or inhibit infectious diseases by using orally- delivered vaccines by tablets, eliminating intramuscular injection concerns which may involve pain, cross-contamination, dosing inconsistencies, and higher cost for large-scale immunizations. As a proof of concept for oral vaccination efficacy, an oral vaccine against polio was proved to be safe and effective, and is in common use in many countries. Vaxart uses enteric-coated tablets to protect the active vaccine from acidic degradation in the stomach, delivering the vaccine into the small intestine where it can engage the immune system to stimulate systemic and mucosal immune responses against a virus. Vaxart uses a specific virus called adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) as a delivery biological "vector" to carry genes coding for the antigen to generate a protective immune response.
As a result, studies that have assessed the pharmacokinetics of oral progesterone using IA have reported falsely high progesterone levels and inaccurate dependent pharmacokinetic parameters. Comparative studies using reliable and exact methods such as liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and IA in conjunction with adequate CS have found that IA without CS overestimates levels of progesterone by 5- to 8-fold. For this reason, the use of reliable assays is mandatory when studying the pharmacokinetics of oral progesterone, and an awareness of these methodological issues is likewise essential for an accurate understanding of the pharmacokinetics of oral progesterone. Conversely, the same issues are not applicable to parenteral routes of progesterone such as vaginal administration and intramuscular injection, because these routes are not subject to a first pass and relatively low levels of progesterone metabolites are formed.
An exception is the very long-chain ester testosterone undecanoate, which is orally active, albeit with only very low oral bioavailability (approximately 3%). In contrast to most other AAS, 17α-alkylated testosterone derivatives show resistance to metabolism due to steric hindrance and are orally active, though they may be esterified and administered via intramuscular injection as well. In addition to oral activity, 17α-alkylation also confers a high potential for hepatotoxicity, and all 17α-alkylated AAS have been associated, albeit uncommonly and only after prolonged use (different estimates between 1 and 17%), with hepatotoxicity. In contrast, testosterone esters have only extremely rarely or never been associated with hepatotoxicity, and other non-17α-alkylated AAS only rarely, although long-term use may reportedly still increase the risk of hepatic changes (but at a much lower rate than 17α-alkylated AAS and reportedly not at replacement dosages).
A single intramuscular injection of 5 mg estradiol benzoate in oil solution has been found to result in peak circulating concentrations of 940 pg/mL estradiol and 343 pg/mL estrone, which occurred at about 2 days post-injection. Compared to two other commonly used estradiol esters, estradiol benzoate had the shortest duration, at approximately 4 to 5 days, whereas estradiol valerate and estradiol cypionate were found to last for 7 to 8 days and 11 days, respectively. This is because estradiol benzoate has a shorter and less bulky fatty acid chain, and in relation to this, is comparatively less lipophilic. For a given estradiol ester, the shorter or less bulky the fatty acid chain is, the less lipophilic, shorter-lasting, and less uniform/plateau-like the resultant levels of estradiol are as well as the higher (and hence more spike-like) the peak/maximal levels are.
When used by intramuscular injection, progesterone bypasses first-pass metabolism in the intestines and liver and achieves very high circulating progesterone levels. Levels of progesterone with 100 mg/day intramuscular progesterone were substantially higher than with 800 mg/day vaginal progesterone (about 70 ng/mL and 12 ng/mL, respectively), although local progesterone levels in the uterus were 10 times higher with the vaginal route due to a uterine first-pass effect (around 1.5 ng/mL and almost 12 ng/mL, respectively). The duration of progesterone is extended by the intramuscular route due to a depot effect in which it is stored locally in adipose tissue, and can be administered once every 1 to 3 days. The half-life of intramuscular progesterone is significantly longer when it is injected into the gluteal muscles of the buttocks rather than the deltoid muscle of the upper arm.
Estradiol cypionate is and has been available as an oil solution for intramuscular injection provided in vials and ampoules at concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 mg/mL (and containing 5, 10, 15, 25, or 50 mg estradiol cypionate total). The 1 and 3 mg/mL concentrations (containing 5 and 15 mg estradiol cypionate total) have been discontinued in the United States, but the 5 mg/mL concentration (containing 25 mg estradiol cypionate total) remains available. Aside from estradiol cypionate, the only other injectable estrogen formulations that remain available in the United States are estradiol valerate (10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, and 40 mg/mL in oil) and conjugated estrogens (25 mg/vial in solution). In addition to single-drug formulations, estradiol cypionate has been marketed in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate as a microcrystalline aqueous suspension (brand name Lunelle) and in combination with testosterone cypionate as an oil solution (brand name Depo-Testadiol).
Immediate induction of labour and IAP should be offered to all women with prelabour rupture of membranes at 37 weeks of gestation or more, to women whose membranes are ruptured more than 18 hours and to those who have fever in labour. Women who are pyrexial in labour should be offered broad-spectrum antibiotics including an antibiotic appropriate for preventing EOD-GBS. In the UK, it has also been suggested that: "For women known to carry GBS where it is not expected that the intravenous antibiotics can be given for at least 4 hours before delivery, an intramuscular injection of 4.8 MU (2.9 g) of Penicillin G at about 35 weeks of pregnancy may be useful in addition to intravenous antibiotics given from the onset of labour or membranes rupturing until delivery to try to eradicate GBS carriage until after delivery". However, this recommendation IS NOT supported by any of the present guidelines.
It was only in 1959, when Gonçalves de Lima provided American chemists a sample of Mimosa tenuiflora roots, that DMT was unequivocally identified in this plant material. Less ambiguous is the case of isolation and formal identification of DMT in 1955 in seeds and pods of Anadenanthera peregrina by a team of American chemists led by Evan Horning (1916–1993). Since 1955, DMT has been found in a host of organisms: in at least fifty plant species belonging to ten families, and in at least four animal species, including one gorgonian and three mammalian species (including humans). In terms of a scientific understanding, the hallucinogenic properties of DMT were not uncovered until 1956 by Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szara. In his paper “Dimethyltryptamin: Its Metabolism in Man; the Relation of its Psychotic Effect to the Serotonin Metabolism”, Szara employed synthetic DMT, synthesized by the method of Speeter and Anthony, which was then administered to 20 volunteers by intramuscular injection.
In 1993, interferon beta-1b was the first drug to ever be approved for MS, being soon followed by interferon beta-1a and glatiramer acetate. Interferon beta-1a is injected either weekly (intramuscular injection) or three times a week (subcutaneous injection) depending on commercial formulations, while interferon beta-1b is injected subcutaneously every second day. In 2014, a pegylated form of interferon beta-1a was introduced with the brand name Plegridy, which is available as a subcutaneous injection.Plegridy Prescribing Information Biogen Idec Inc. Plegridy Prescribing Information (August 2014). Retrieved on 31 October 2014 This peginterferon beta 1-a attaches polyethylene glycol to the interferon molecules allowing longer lasting biological effects in the body while decreasing the frequency of administration to once every two weeks.Peginterferon beta-1a description National Multiple Sclerosis Society (15 August 2014). Retrieved on 27 October 2014 Interferon beta balances the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory agents in the brain, and reduces the number of inflammatory cells that cross the blood–brain barrier.
Area where the West African Ebola virus started and affected nearby countries, in the end causing more than 28,000 cases with about 45% of the total number ending in fatality Scientists working for the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) created the vaccine, and PHAC applied for a patent in 2003.Published PCT Application WO2004011488: Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccines for viral hemorrhagic fevers, claiming priority to US provisional patent application serial number 60/398,552 filed on July 26, 2003. From 2005, to 2009, three animal trials on the virus were published, all of them funded by the Canadian and U.S. governments. In 2005, a single intramuscular injection of the EBOV or MARV vaccine was found to induce completely protective immune responses in nonhuman primates (crab-eating macaques) against corresponding infections with the otherwise typically lethal EBOV or MARV. In 2010, PHAC licensed the intellectual property on the vaccine to a small U.S. company called Bioprotection Systems, which was a subsidiary of NewLink Genetics, for US $205,000 and "low single-digit percentage" royalties.

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