The spiral sculpture shows four narrow prominent keels, of which the second is peripheral, the third marginates the base, and the fourth is on the base, the interspaces much wider and becoming narrower anteriorly. There are also seven closer even low threads on the base with subequal interspaces. The posterior wide interspaces are sculptured with close-set fine spiral thread. The axial sculpture shows numerous equal and equally spaced arcuate threads, with wide interspaces, which on the upper whorls bead the posterior carina, but later are chiefly visible in the interspaces and extend over the whole shell.
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The spiral sculpture consists of a strong cord at the periphery angulating the whorls, with smaller threads (sometimes alternated) covering the rest of the surface with about equal interspaces. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10) slightly sigmoid ribs, widest at the periphery, reaching the suture and fading out on the base, with narrower interspaces. On the obscure anal fasciole the interspaces are markedly concave. The aperture is narrow.
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The axial sculpture consists of about 14 rounded ribs nearly reaching the siphonal canal with subequal interspaces. Incremental lines are inconspicuous. The spiral sculpture consists of uniform spiral grooves with wider flattish interspaces, cutting the tops of the ribs. The aperture is short and simple.
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Body silvery sheen laterally and ventrally. Vertical bars metallic blue with bright yellowish interspaces. Fins hyaline.
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Vertical bars metallic blue with bright yellowish interspaces. Medial caudal rays dark blue. Other fins hyaline.
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The spiral sculpture consists of two strong cords with wider interspaces and a thud on which the suture is laid and which forms the margin of the base. There is also a small thread between the suture and the posterior cord and on the body whorl a similar thread in the interspaces. On the base there are six or seven smaller closer cords separated by obscurely channeled interspaces between the verge of a narrow umbilicus and the basal margin. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 20) retractive riblets extending from suture to periphery, with wider interspaces, slightly nodulous at the intersections with the spiral cords.
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The grooves are nearer together on the siphonal canal, and the interspaces there become rounded, almost threadlike. The transverse sculpture consists of, on the fasciole, numerous little- elevated arched regularly-spaced ripples, with slightly wider interspaces. These fade away in front of the fasciole, or appear only as irregularities of growth which punctuate the channels but are obsolete on the interspaces. The whorls are rounded, fasciole only slightly excavated, the posterior edge appressed at the suture.
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The suture is appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous subequal little elevated revolving threads with wider interspaces. They are strongest on the summit of the riblets and faint in the interspaces. There are about five in front of the fasciole and between it and the next suture.
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The whorls of the teleoconch show oblique, strong, longitudinal ribs. These ribs have about the same width as their interspaces. These interspaces are ornated with decurrent, regularly separated furrows and slightly visible growth lines. The dorsal region of the body whorl only shows these furrows and growth lines.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 14) sigmoid ribs which cross the whorls and reach the siphonal canal with subequal interspaces. The spiral sculpture shows narrow channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces often divided by a central feebler groove. These cover the whole surface. The aperture is simple.
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The protoconch consists of two smooth bulbous whorls with five subsequent whorls. The axial sculpture shows only faint incremental lines. The spiral sculpture includes a very prominent thin sharp peripheral keel and fine spiral striae with wider interspaces, over most of the surface. The interspaces become more rounded and coarser on the base.
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The spiral sculpture consists of numerous very shallow grooves with wider flat interspaces. The grooves are cross-striated by close-set fine elevated incremental lines. This sculpture is very easily eroded and sometimes nearly absent. The transverse sculpture consists of about eleven strong wave-like ribs with wider interspaces, the crests rounded.
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Underside opaque blue black. Forewing with a dark red streak at base and the subterminal internervular streaks as on the upperside but grey and more prominent. Hindwing with four or five small patches of dark red at base, a complete dark red eyespot in interspaces 1 and 2, and indistinct subterminal very variable markings of red in the other interspaces, sometimes formed into half eyespots in interspaces 3 and 4; within this line of markings there is an incomplete discal lunular series of mixed red and blue scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black.
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The axial sculpture consists of eight rounded ribs, partly continuous up the spire, undulating the suture and with subequal interspaces. Faint lines of growth cross the transverse sculpture. The spiral ornamentation of almost microscopically fine threads are spread uniform over the shell, with wider flat interspaces. The aperture is short and wide with no differentiated siphonal canal.
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The spiral sculpture consists of the few raised cords with wider interspaces. There are 3 spirals on the spire-whorls, about 6 on the body whorl, with 9 more on the anterior canal. The interspaces in addition carry fine and submicroscopic spiral lines. The base of the body whorl is somewhat constricted with a short siphonal canal.
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The suture is strongly appressed with a smooth narrow band in front of it and behind the somewhat constricted fasciole Other spiral sculpture consists of sharply incised lines, four or five on the spire between the sutures, equal and with wider equal rounded interspaces, and about 24 on the body whorl. The interspaces become more cord-like near the siphonal canal and sometimes feebly nodulous where the lines cut the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 18) feeble narrow ribs, stronger near the apex, obsolete on the body whorl, with wider interspaces, beginning in front of the fasciole, hardly reaching the base, and protractively oblique. There are also fine sharp incremental lines, chiefly evident in the depressions, but here and there finely reticulating the interspaces.
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Forewing: a broad streak in cell and beyond it a discal series of streaks in interspaces 1 to 6, 9, and 10; the streaks in interspaces 1 and 3 very broadly interrupted by the transverse black bars; that in 6 more or less obsolescent. Hindwing: a broad streak in cell, a discal series of streaks in interspaces 2 to 7, and a posterior more or less obsolescent subterminal series of greyish-white double spots. Underside similar to that of the male only the veins much more broadly margined with diffuse black scaling. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.
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On the body whorl there are about 14 cords, but only that at the shoulder is conspicuous. The interspaces are narrower with an occasional intercalary thread. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 20) narrow nearly vertical ribs with subequal interspaces reticulating the spirals, with deep interstices, but on the body whorl becoming obsolete. The aperture is narrow.
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The protoconch contains two , homostrophe, convex whorls with 20 fine spiral incisions ending abruptly in a varix. The spire whorls show angulation at one-fourth the distance from the lower suture. They are uniformly concave between the angulations. Their sculpture shows axial ribs, valid, rounded nearly as wide as the interspaces, and spiral lirae, wider anteriorly, wider than their interspaces, crossing the ribs.
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The periphery contains a strong projecting spiral keel more or less angulated by the ribs at their intersections. In. front of the keel are about fifteen primary spiral ridges, low, with wider interspaces. Both the ridges and the interspaces are sculptured with finer subequal close secondary threads, except on the siphonal canal where they alternate. The aperture is elongate, angulated by the keel .
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The spiral sculpture shows between the sutures two prominent keels and an anterior smaller one on which the suture is laid. On the body whorl there are about eight minor threads in front of those mentioned, all with wider interspaces. The axial sculpture consists of prominent oblique lines protractively cutting the interspaces. The anal sulcus is shallow, distinct and close to the suture.
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It also presents flat spiral cords in the interspaces of its surface. The anterior canal is well- developed, akin to several other Muricidae snails.
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Species with sparse foliage are scattered in open areas and accumulated small or highly variable seed densities. whereas open interspaces seldom received any seeds.
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Hindwing: a prominent subterminal series of ochraceous-red lunules traversed by short violet-blue lines; in interspaces 1,2 and sometimes in 3, these lunules are formed into more or less complete largely black centred eyespots by the addition of an admarginal portion of the red ring. Cilia conspicuously white in the interspaces. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the latter three sprinkled with green scales above.
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The axial sculpture consists of ten rounded ribs extending across the whorl with subequal or wider interspaces. The ribs are not shouldered and start from the suture which they undulate. The spiral sculpture consists of incised lines in the interspaces between the ribs. The brown color is situated in these grooves of which there are six or more on the body whorl, rather widely spaced;.
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The suture is distinct, appressed, with a nodulose band in front of it where the ends of the ribs are cut off by a very narrow fasciolar constriction. The spiral sculpture consists of a few incised lines cutting only the interspaces between the ribs, on the spire. On the body whorl there are six or seven of these lines, with much wider interspaces, followed by three strong cords close-set on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 13) protractively oblique whitish narrow ribs extending from the fasciole to the cords of the siphonal canal, with subequal interspaces and not continuous up the spire.
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The following three whorls contain 11 or 12 axial ribs with subequal interspaces and no pronounced shoulder. The spiral sculpture between the sutures of three consists of strong subequal flattish threads somewhat swollen when they override the ribs, and with a few much finer threads in the interspaces between the major threads. The spaces between the reticulation on the earlier whorls are deep and have a pitlike aspect. Near the suture in fresh specimens is a dark spiral band extending to the rounded shoulder, in front of which the shell is yellowish white with (on the body whorl) four or five narrow brown spiral lines with much wider interspaces.
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The interspaces and protoconch are smooth. The oblique aperture is oval and entire. It is downwardly directed and fortified by a prominent ring varix.Hedley, C. 1907.
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There is also a terminal series of cloudy dark fuscous dots with obscure pale interspaces. The hindwings are dark bronzy fuscous, lighter anteriorly.Exotic Microlepidoptera. 4: 181.
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There is also a fine postmedial fuscous line, as well as small faint smoky marginal spots on the interspaces. The basal half of the hindwings is white.
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Dorsum light yellowish with a metallic sheen. Body silvery sheen laterally and ventrally. Vertical bars metallic blue with bright yellowish interspaces. Medial caudal rays often dark blue.
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The length of the shell attains 8 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. (Original description) The white, small shell is roundly shouldered with a rather coarse sculpture on the spire, which becomes obsolete on the body whorl. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 13) rounded irregular ribs with subequal interspaces. The ribs are nodulate by the intersection of three or four rather strong spiral cords with narrower interspaces.
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The whorls are moderately convex. The spiral sculpture consists of (between the sutures four, on the body whorl about a dozen) strong rounded close-set cords closely undulated behind the periphery by numerous low narrow axial riblets with about equal interspaces. The cords in front of the periphery are not undulated, but extend to the end of the siphonal canal. There are also very fine axial striae in the interspaces.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl, 15) narrow, sharp, arcuate ribs extending from the suture over the periphery, with wider interspaces. There are also minute incremental lines roughening the spirals. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous minutely channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces (the latter sometimes with a smaller median groove) covering the whole surface. The aperture is narrow, with a wide very shallow anal sulcus.
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From the distinct suture the surface slopes flatly to the subangular periphery, the rest of the whorl is rounded. The spiral sculpture consists of uniform fine threads with narrower interspaces over the whole surface. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 15) narrow rather sharp ribs with much wider interspaces, obsolete behind the shoulder and on the base. There are also fine incremental lines which roughen the spiral threads.
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The axial sculpture shows six, somewhat sigmoid rounded, light-colored ribs continuous up the spire, with excavated, much wider interspaces, with fine axial striation, which slightly wrinkles the spirals. The spiral sculpture sows numerous sharp, often paired grooves separated by wider flattish interspaces which are faintly marked by the axial striation. The aperture is narrow and measures about ⅓ the total length of the shell. The anal sulcus is conspicuous.
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The suture is distinct. The anal fasciole is obscure, undulated by the ends of the ribs, spirally striated. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 14 or 15) rounded ribs with wider interspaces, prominent at the shoulder, crossing the whorls at the spire, obsolete on the base. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous narrow channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces, not nodulating the summits of the ribs.
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The spiral sculpture on the spire consists of three or more threads, with subeqiial interspaces, in the space between the periphery and the succeeding suture, and on the body whorl on the base about twenty flatter spirals with narrower interspaces. Most of the threads are swollen where they pass over the ribs. The aperture is wide and short. The anal fasciole is deep and rounded, not quite adjacent to the suture.
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These three have interspaces equal to or wider than themselves. On the body whorl in front of the periphery the cinguli are flat-topped little elevated wide bands with narrower interspaces, this sculpture becoming obscure toward the siphonal canal. Above the periphery is one well-marked cingulum slightly turreting the whorl which inclines from it to the suture in a flattened manner. The aperture is pointed in front, wider behind.
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The teleoconch consists of 5 convex whorls, with conspicuous suture. The axial sculpture consists of 19 ribs slightly leaning backwards, and interspaces of the same width as the ribs. The spiral sculpture on the body whorl consists of 18 cordlets, of which 8 above the aperture, with interspaces wider (×1.5) than the cordlets. The cancellation is rectangular, with small and elongated tubercles at the intersection of axials and spirals.
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Race alompra, Moore. Male upperside is pale brown. Forewing: the cell, basal two-thirds of interspaces 1a, 1, 2 and 3, and the extreme base of interspace 4 suffused with a beautiful pale violescent blue; a curved series of three subquadrate preapical white spots. Hindwing: cell suffused with violescent blue extending faintly into interspaces 4, 5 and 6; a faintly- marked dull orange band below the lower apex of cell.
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They are separated by a somewhat convex smooth fasciole from a thread-like keel above the periphery. In front of this is a wide, smooth interval. On the base of the shell are about a dozen spiral threads with wider interspaces, and very faint microscopic spiral striae are visible in all the interspaces under a lens. On the upper whorls there is a small thread between the keel and the suture.
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Its wingspan is about 36–42 mm. Body dark and reddish brown or black and grey. Forewings with slight streaks in the interspaces. The transverse lines are almost obsolete.
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The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about nine) strong flattish threads, equal all over the surface and without intercalary striae. They have narrower interspaces on the spire and equal or wider ones on the body whorl. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 10) sharp-edged narrow nearly straight ribs reaching nearly to the siphonal canal from the fasciole, with much wider interspaces. The narrow aperture is dark purple.
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The siphonal fasciole is constricted; with only arcuate striation. The sculpture on the early whorls consists of two or three strong cords, swollen where they override the ribs, these are prominent on the periphery. On the later whorls the peripheral cord becomes an undulated keel and the interspaces are closely spirally striate. On the body whorl in front of the keel are about a dozen major threads with wide spirally striate interspaces.
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The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, the fasciole not excavated, inconspicuous. The axial sculpture consists of protractively flexuous incremental lines, stronger near the apex, and in some cases feeble narrow ribs are developed on the earlier whorls, with wider interspaces. The spiral sculpture consists of very fine threads, equal and with subequal interspaces, though a little coarser on the well-rounded base. The aperture is slightly wider than the siphonal canal.
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On the body whorl are fourteen, on the penultimate whorl eighteen. Both ribs and interspaces are crossed by sharp, minute, close, waved, spiral grooves. The flat-topped interspaces of these grooves, four times their width, are again cross-cut by close minute furrows into oblong beads. The aperture is narrow, three-fifths of the shell's length, fortified without by a broad but low incurving varix, which rises above the suture, enclosing a shallow sinus.
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The discocellular line is heavy, with a thick line below it from the base of vein 2 to the submedian, and a short line below submedian. The postmedial line is somewhat lunular, as well as subterminal crosslines on the interspaces. There is a fine terminal line, between veins 5 and 2 the interspaces are faintly tinged with yellow. The hindwings are white, the veins beyond the cell hazel, there is an antemedial wavy line.
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The suture is distinct and hardly appressed. The anal fasciole is nearly smooth and hardly concave. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 16, exclusive of the varix) narrow, small, very flexuous ribs, sometimes a little angular in front of the fasciole, with equal or narrower interspaces obsolete on the base. The spiral sculpture consists of (between the sutures 3) fine conspicuous threads with wider interspaces, overriding the ribs.
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Hindwing: differs from that of the male as follows: the rich chrome yellow replaced by dull white touched with yellow along the dorsal margin and in the cell and lightly irrorated in cell and interspaces with black scales, the inner margin of the black terminal border produced in the interspaces into more elongate cones. In both sexes: antennae black, head, thorax and abdomen above greyish; beneath white. Wingspan of 83–90 mm.
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In the interspaces are very fine close spiral striae. This sculpture covers the shell. The aperture is narrow, hardly wider than the siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is very shallow.
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They are widely separated, the interspaces being crossed by a few very faint spiral lirae. The aperture is rather expanded. The siphonal canal is very short. The columella is excavate.
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The whorls are bicarinated. The carinae are distant. The interspaces are concave, spirally closely lineated, concentrically striated. The color of the shell is brownish or yellowish, variegated with reddish flammules.
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The spiral sculpture consists of spiral grooves with much wider flat interspaces. The siphonal canal is constricted, spirally threaded and very short. The aperture is simple. The inner lip is erased.
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The spiral sculpture consists of alternate threads with narrower interspaces, the major threads (on the spire two or three) rather prominent, especially the posterior one, which forms a sort of shoulder to the whorl, more conspicuous in the earlier whorls. The minor threads usually number one on the spire, but on the body whorl sometimes two or even three in the interspaces between the major threads. The threads are little or not at all swollen where they cross the ribs but are rendered harsh by the intersection of fine sharp close-set incremental lines. Other axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl seven) prominent rounded ribs, crossing the whole whorl, with subequal interspaces, and practically continuous vertically up the spire.
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The spiral sculpture consists of three or four threads with wider interspaces overrunning and sometimes slightly nodulating the peripheral ribs. In front of these on the base are about eight spiral threads conspicuously nodulous at the intersections with the minor ridges, and with much wider interspaces. On the younger shells these threads are more close set, fewer and less nodulous, the minor ridges inconspicuous. Finally between these in the adult are more or less distinct finer spiral striae.
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Hindwing: ground colour as on the upperside, a large irregularly-shaped patch at the tornal angle that extends into interspace 2, and subterminal lunules in interspaces 2, 6, and 7 dull pinkish-red, cell irrorated more-or-less with a sprinkling of blue scales; the tornal patch with a black, outwardly blue- edged, round medial spot, and interspaces 4 and 5 with subterminal irrorations of blue scales. Antennae black; head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish-black.
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The base of the shell shows seven rather close-set squarish cords, those nearer the axis most adjacent to each other. The axial sculpture consists of low thin sharp lamellae with wider interspaces, over riding the peripheral keel on the spire but not on the body whorl. They are prominent in the interspaces behind the base, retractively arcuate in the posterior interspace, and protractively arcuate in the others. They do not invade the somewhat flattish base.
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There is a prominent squareshaped process on its first infraorbital. Dorsum light yellowish brown with a metallic sheen. Body silvery sheen laterally and ventrally. Vertical bars metallic blue with bright yellowish interspaces.
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Underside similar; the pale adnervular streaks on the forewing are more prominent and extend well into the cell; two or three red spots at extreme base of costa. Hindwing: ground colour as on the upperside, but in interspaces 6 and 7 silky black with a slight greenish lustre: markings as on the upperside, but the base of the wing dark red crossed by the black veins, the tornal red spot with a much broader lunular mark above it, and similar lunules above the admarginal spots in interspaces 2 and 3, that in 3 sometimes confluent with the admarginal spot. Antennae, thorax posteriorly and abdomen black; head and thorax in front red; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen red, the latter two with black markings. Female. Similar. Upperside: ground colour brownish black; forewing with the internervular pale streaks broader and more prominent, a small spot of red at base of wing; hindwing with an additional oval while spot in the interspace below the white spots in interspaces 3 and 4, and postdiscal lunular markings in interspaces 1 to 4.
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Ground colour fuliginous black with subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. Forewing: vein 11 anastomosed with vein 12. Subspecies Parantica aglea aglea in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary Upperside: forewing—interspace 1 with two comparatively long, broad streaks united at base, truncate exteriorly; cell with a very broad, somewhat clavate streak traversed by two fine black lines; basal spots in interspaces 2 and 3; an irregular discal series of three spots and two elongate streaks and a subterminal series of spots, the two series curved inwards opposite apex of wing, the latter continued along the apical half of the costa; finally a terminal row in pairs in the interspaces, of much smaller spots. Hindwing: interspaces la, lb with broad long streaks from base; interspace 1 and cell with two streaks united at base in each, the pair in the cell with a short streak obliquely between their apices, an outwardly radiating series of broad, elongate, inwardly pointed spots in interspaces 2–8, followed by somewhat irregular rows of subterminal and terminal spots.
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Forewing: the adnervular streaks broader, paler, more prominent than in the male; the short red streak at base of subcostal vein broader. Hindwing: a medial patch of white that consists of an elongate spot at base of interspace 4, and a short streak that fills the basal half of interspace 5, extended diffusely into the apex of the cell and above into interspace 6; beyond this white patch is a discal series of three small red crescentic marks in interspaces 2, 4, and 5, or 2 and 4 only, followed by larger red lunules in interspaces 2 to 5, admarginal large red spots in 2 and 3, and a more or less large rectangular red spot centred with black at the tornal angle; cilia touched with white in the middle of the interspaces. The lunular red markings are very variable in number and are admarginal in interspaces 4 to 6. Underside, forewing: ground colour dull olivaceous black with the veins and internervular streaks velvety black, a red patch at base of cell.
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All veins towards the hindmargin are sharply defined by black lines, the interspaces filled with white. There is also a hindmarginal row of black dots. The hindwings are grey.McMillan, Ian (30 July 2010).
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The three upper whorls are abruptly angularly shouldered, the portion forming the subsutural band rising nearly at right angles to the shoulder. Below the whorls are flattened and strongly ribbed by about sixteen prominent, rather narrow, obtuse, nearly straight ribs, which rise into angular points or small, obtuse nodules at the shoulder. The interspaces are wider than the ribs and strongly concave. The ribs and interspaces also extend across the subsutural band to the suture, becoming small above the shoulder.
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Then three fine yellow-brown undulated lines, then a larger nodulated peripheral spiral with a smaller similar one on each side of it. These and their interspaces are of a deep rose-pink. Above the pink band is the largest nodulated spiral, followed by (on the body whorl) seven or eight somewhat smaller, alternating larger and smaller, the last separated by a smooth space from the suture. These are all straws-colored with brown interspaces and an occasional intercalary fine line.
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The suture is deep and appressed. The whorls are gently rounded. T he apical whorls show (on the third whorl about fifteen) very narrow, sharp, threadlike, vertical ribs with much wider interspaces, and at the suture numerous, irregular, small, retractive folds extending over the fasciole, with wider interspaces, nearly twice as many as there are ribs. On the succeeding whorls these ribs and folds grow sparser and weaker, so that on the sixth whorl ribs, folds and fasciole are obsolete or absent.
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The radiating sculpture consists of fine close flexuous threads, which appear chiefly in the interspaces of the spirals, giving the surface a minutely punctate appearance. These extend over the whole surface except of the nuclear whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of on the summit seven or eight, between the carinae six or eight, and on the base ten or fifteen extremely fine threads. These are even and uniform, with about equal interspaces, some a little granular from the radiating sculpture.
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The subsequent whorls show between the suture and the shoulder five or six fine, sharp, spiral threads with wider interspaces, which arenot beaded by the concavely arcuate growth lines which are prominent on the fasciole. At the shoulder is a weak spiral ridge, followed by five stronger ones, subequal and equidistant with wider interspaces. On a sixth similar ridge the suture is wound, followed by, on the base, about thirty similar but less prominent ridges which gradually diminish in size and strength, and approximate more closely to each other until the siphonal canal is reached. Over all these ridges and interspaces fine sharp threads run spirally, as on the fasciole and are perhaps a little more prominent on the ridges, where they are rendered more or less scabrous by the elevated lines of growth.
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The length of the shell attains 11 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. (Original description) The small, brownish shell has an acute brown protoconch of 4½ regularly increasing whorls (apparently smooth but slightly eroded), changed abruptly into the sculpture of the five subsequent whorls. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10) low rounded ribs with wider interspaces, obsolete on the base and the incremental sculpture indicated by the rather distant sharp striae. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire two, on the body whorl three) rather prominent nodules on the ribs with no conspicuous cord in the corresponding part of the interspaces; otherwise the spiral sculpture, especially on the latter whorls, comprises sharp narrow grooves with wider flattened interspaces which become more cordlike on the earlier whorls and the base.
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On the spire the interspaces are more cordlike, six or seven between the shoulder and the succeeding suture. The aperture is simple. The inner lip is erased. The siphonal canal is short and straight.
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Dorsally, M. tchernovi has a pattern of 58 (on average) black saddle-like crossbands which fail to reach the ventrals. The crossbands are usually narrower than the light interspaces. Ventrally, it is all black.
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The shell size varies between 5 mm and 13 mm. The shell has nine whorls. Each whorl contains nine ribs, narrow, flexuous, with wider interspaces, spirally slightly and finely striate. The narrow aperture is long.
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The axial sculpture consists of a variable number of rounded strong ribs (14 to 21 on the body whorl) with interspaces wider or narrower in conformity with the number of ribs, extending over the whorls but obsolete near the siphonal canal. The spiral sculpture consists of fine threads, three or four on the penultimate and 10 or more on the body whorl, with wider interspaces, overrunning but not nodulating the ribs. The narrow aperture is semilunat. The outer lip is thin, smooth within, the body smooth.
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Above this on the body whorl are two and below it on the base six or seven somewhat smaller threads with wider interspaces followed to the end of the siphonal canal by a more adjacent series of similar threads. The axial sculpture consists of (about 10 on the body whorl) rounded ribs extending from the suture over the base with much wider interspaces. The incremental lines are close-set, sharp, minutely raised, giving a frosted effect to the surface. The aperture is narrowly ovate.
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The suture is inconspicuous, not constricted. The fasciole is feebly marked. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about a dozen) low rounded ribs with much wider interspaces, crossing the whorls, and well-marked close incremental lines. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the first adult whorl 2, on the next 3, and on the body whorl 8 or 9) sharp fine threads with much wider interspaces, a little swollen where they override the ribs, and forming by the intersection a rather open reticulum.
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The transverse sculpture consists only of fine inconspicuous lines of growth. The spiral sculpture consists of two sorts: first, a fine, sharp, slightly irregular striation, which covers the whole surface; secondly, of revolving elevated cinguli (raised spiral lines), of which three on the periphery are more widely and deeply separated and more elevated than the others. These three have interspaces equal to or wider than themselves. On the body whorl in front of the periphery the cinguli are flat- topped little elevated wide bands with narrower interspaces.
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It is followed by a peripherally keeled turn and about eight subsequent whorls. The suture is distinct, appressed, with a nodulose band in front of it where the ends of the ribs are cut off by a very narrow fasciolar constriction. The spiral sculpture consists of a few incised lines cutting only the interspaces between the ribs, on the spire. On the body whorl there are six or seven of these lines, with much wider interspaces, followed by three strong cords close-set on the siphonal canal.
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Hindwing: a large somewhat quadrate terminal black-centred claret-red patch in interspaces 1 and 2, and a subterminal series of broad claret-red lunules that extends from interspaces 3 to 7, followed by ill- defined anteciliary red spots in each interspace. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white, alternated with black. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish black; the head, thorax and abdomen at base on the upperside sprinkled with golden-green scales. The female is similar to the male but the markings are more prominent.
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The wingspan is about 44 mm. Adults are bright fulvous yellow, the forewings with traces of two dark specks beyond the cell in the interspaces between veins 2 and 4. The hindwings are uniform fulvous yellow.
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Upperside tawny. Forewing: a transverse black spot in cell, and another irregular, oblique and broader at the discocellulars; a discal series of spots in interspaces 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10, and the apex and termen black. The upper four spots of the discal series inclined obliquely outwards, the lower two obliquely inwards; the black edging to apex and termen narrowing posteriorly, but with slender linear projections inwards in the interspaces. Hindwing: a basal series of four or five black spots with a similar spot beyond in middle of cell and a subcostal black spot above it, followed by a discal series of obscure blackish spots and a minute postdiscal black dot in interspaces 4 and 6 respectively; finally, a broad black terminal band medially traversed by a series of small spots of the ground colour.
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Delias pasithoe from Taiwan Upperside: black. Forewing with more or less distinct, somewhat diffuse, broad streaks from base, in the discoidal cell and interspaces 1 and 2, the streak in the last the most produced; a white oval spot at lower apex of cell traversed by the lower discocellular, followed by a subterminal series of greyish-white hastate (spear-shaped) markings with their points turned inwards, the markings opposite the apex of the wing elongate and shifted a little inwards. Hindwing: a broad subbasal transverse greyish-white band merged posteriorly in a large bright yellow dorsal patch that fills the apical two-thirds, the extreme apex excepted, of interspaces 1a, 1, and of 2; a white transversely elongate spot along the middle discocellular, and beyond it a postdiscal curved series of greyish- white elongate hastate spots in interspaces 3 to 7. Underside: black.
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Female from Mumbai, India Underside: a darker yellow, sparsely irrorated (sprinkled) with fusco-ferruginous short strigae and minute spots. Forewing: base and posterior area broadly, with a whitish pale virescent (greenish) tint; the strigae and minute spots most numerous towards the apex and along the termen; interspaces 4, 5, 6 and 8 with a curved sub-apical series of small, rounded, dull ferruginous spots and a similar spot on the discocellulars. Hindwing also with a ferruginous spot on the discocellulars, followed by a postdiscal series of similar spots in interspaces 3 to 8, all or most of them centred with white; the spots in interspaces 5, 6 and 8 the largest, those in 5 and 6 often coalescent. Antennae and thorax anteriorly dull ferruginous, thorax posteriorly and abdomen above fuscous black; head, thorax and abdomen beneath yellow.
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Behind the carina, the shell is feebly, and in front of it strongly spirally grooved with wider flat interspaces. The aperture is simple. The outer lip is thin and produced. The inner lip is erased and white.
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Forewings with interspaces irrorated (sprinkled) with fuscous scales, forming obscure streaks from base to beyond middle and obscure postmedial and submarginal series of short streaks. Two dark specks found on the margin below middle. Hindwings ochreous white.
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The suture is appressed, obscure, behind a moderately impressed anal fasciole with a fine thread between them. The other spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire) two peripheral close-set threads overriding the ribs. In front of these on the body whorl are two or three obscure broad flattish ridges with rather wide interspaces overridden by the axial sculpture, and on the siphonal canal a few rather sharp threads more closely set. The axial sculpture consists of 10 or more short ribs on the penultimate whorl with narrower interspaces.
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The protoconch is glassy, white, mammillate and consists of two whorls. The other whorls number about six, of which the body whorl forms more than half the shell. The sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) 12 rounded straight ribs, widest near the periphery, extending across the whorls and fainter near the suture and on the siphonal canal. These are crossed by about (on the body whorl) 16 rounded even threads, which pass over the ribs and interspaces without any marked nodulation and are separated by wider interspaces.
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The subsequent whorls number about six or seven. They are similarly sculptured: axial sculpture consists of numerous low slender flexuous riblets with wider interspaces, extending from the suture to the periphery and become obsolete on the base of the shell. These are crossed (between the sutures) by from four to six spiral subequal threads, of which those on the periphery are somewhat more prominent, and all are slightly nodulous where they override the ribleis. On the base there are about 15 of these threads with somewhat wider interspaces.
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A very few prominent, narrow, straight ribs (six on the body whorl) cross the whorls from suture to suture, separated by very wide, concave interspaces. A single rounded thread revolves on the periphery at the shoulder of the whorls, scarcely visible on the interspaces, but forming conspicuous, oblong nodules on the ribs. On the body whorl the ribs continue to the end of the siphonal canal curving in from its base, towards the aperture. On the ventral surface of the siphonal canal there are five or six very indistinct, oblique striae.
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The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl between the fasciole and the succeeding suture about six) fine equal, equally spaced threads, with narrower deep interspaces, forming minute nodules where they cross the ribs. On the body whorl the threading continues hardly altered, to the end of the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 35) narrow ribs with subequal interspaces, extended from the fasciole to the siphonal canal, forming a very uniform reticulation over the whole surface. The aperture (the outer lip defective) is rather wide.
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The shell is microscopically spirally striated, from an acute shoulder surmounted by a single cord. The other spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl nine) widely separated subequal cords on the posterior one of which the suture is laid. These have the interspaces minutely striated and are not swollen when they pass over the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl six) short, very prominent ribs with narrower interspaces, not continuous up the spire and horizontally angulated by the cord which forms the periphery.
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The sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 22) somewhat sigmoid rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, reaching from the suture over the whorl to the siphonal canal. They are constricted over the narrow anal fasciole and feebler on the anterior part of the body whorl. These ribs are cut into subnodulous segments by deep narrow sharp spiral grooves, with much wider interspaces, two or three on the spire, nine or ten between the fasciole and the siphonal canal on the body whorl. On the canal are five or six coarse close-set threads.
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The shell is up to 28 mm high, with a rather high spire, characteristically flattened along an axis perpendicular to the aperture. Protoconch is with 3 whorls, the protoconch I is less than one whorl with a frosted surface, the protoconch II with a conspicuous sculpture of axial ribs and spiral cords, both narrower than the interspaces and forming a regular lattice. Teleoconch is with 5-6 rounded whorls. Sculpture of low, subequal spiral cords, as broad as the interspaces, with low and narrow axial ribs forming small knobs at their intersection with the cords.
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Upperside: dull purple; bases of the wings suffused with blue; both forewings and hindwings with well-marked jet-black anteciliary lines, that on the forewing expand slightly at the apex. Hindwing: the costal margin above vein 7 and the dorsal margin below vein 1a fuscous brown; irregular, transverse, sub- terminal black spots in interspaces 1 to 3, those in interspaces 1 and 2 much larger than that in interspace 3; posterior basal area covered with long purplish-brown hairs. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings brown. Underside: purplish brown with a smooth satiny lustre.
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Most rosy boa specimens do not have this ventral coloration, but instead have a series of dark to orange spots on a light-colored background. Almost all specimens of the rosy boa have at least some trace of three longitudinal stripes, one down the center of the back, and two on the lower sides. The appearance of these stripes varies widely, from extremely straight and having high contrast with the interspaces, to extremely broken with almost no contrast with the interspaces. Stripe colors can be orange, maroon, rust, brown, or black.
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The anal fasciole is excavated and spirally faintly striated, especially on the anterior slope. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) about 20 sharp low straight narrow ribs, with much wider interspaces, and extending from the shoulder to the siphonal canal. The spiral sculpture between the sutures consists of 4 fine elevated threads, including 1 at the shoulder and a fifth on which the suture is laid, with wider flat interspaces. On the body whorl, there are 14 or 15 equal and equally spaced similar threads.
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The ornament of penultimate whorl consists of four equal and equidistant granulose lirae, and obliquely transverse raised threads. Of the body whorl, a small granulose lirais interposed between the third and fourth, anterior to the fourth are two smaller equally distant from one another, the fifth is slightly granulose, whilst the sixth, which is at the periphery, is broad and obtuse. The interspaces between the lirae are faintly spirally striate. The base has seven concentric lirae, the inner ones subgranose, the outer ones plain, with a few coincident striae in the interspaces.
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The interspaces are about equal to the ribs, which are slightly obliquely set. The varix is large, stout and simple. The outer lip in front of it is thin, arched, not internally lirate. The aperture is rather narrow.
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The columella is straight and slightly bent to the left in the siphonal canal. There are faint oblique axial ribs, equal to the interspaces. The shell shows well-marked crowded sinuous accremental striae. There is no spiral sculpture.
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The spiral sculpture consists of numerous fine sharp striae covering the shell (except on the anal fasciole) with flattish wider interspaces. There is a slight angle at the shoulder. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is infolded.
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The forewings are white, suffused with rufous and irrorated (sprinkled) with black in the interspaces. The costal area is pure white, with a slight rufous tinge towards the base. The hindwings are white, faintly tinged with red brown.
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The protoconch is worn. The sculpture consists of, on the spire-whorls, of axial ribs reaching from the shoulder to the suture. The shell is inclined steeply to the left. The interspaces have the same width as the ribs.
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The six whorls are convex, striate and spirally lirate. The ridges are unequal, wider than the interspaces, frequently with interstitial lirulae. The large aperture lis oval and white within. The outer lip is frequently green-tinged and is fluted.
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The hindwings have faint hyaline spots in and beyond the cell and streaks on the interspaces below the cell to the inner margin on either side of the faint postmedial line. There is a dark streak on the discocellular.
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Underside: the ground colour a paler brown than in the male, the markings as on the upperside but pinkish white, the dark brown blotches in the interspaces and the series of dark discal spots on the hindwing more prominent.
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MIdventrals 30-32. Ventral scales imbricate to subimbricate. A single continuous series of 5 pores in pre-anal depression. Dorsum medium brown with 4 dark brown bands on body, the width of which exceed those of the lighter interspaces.
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These are crossed by numerous (eleven on the last whorl but one) elevated, even, rounded threads, with about equal or wider interspaces. The threads are not swollen at the intersections. The suture is distinct. The fasciole but slightly excavated.
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P. b. mindoni, Chudu Razi Hills, north-east Burma Male upperside velvety black. Forewing with pale internervular streaks that do not reach the terminal margin and only obscurely extend into the cell. Hindwing with similar streaks in interspaces 5 and 6, but the ground colour of the cell and of the lower and posterior portions of the wing uniform; interspaces 3 and 4 with elongate somewhat oval white spots at base, an admarginal red spot at tornus and at apex of interspace 2, and similar white spots intermixed with a few reddish scales as follows: one at apex of interspace 3, two near apex of tail, one on each side of vein 4, and a fourth at apex of interspace 4; the cilia black, touched with white in the middle of the interspaces; over the red tornal spot is a minute red crescent mark.
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Upperside of male forewing has a pale salmon-pink ground colour, this colour paler outwardly; base heavily irrorated (sprinkled) with bluish-grey scales that extend outwards and are merged with a black patch that occupies the apex of the cell and spreads along the discocellulars; terminal third of wing black with enclosed spots of the ground colour in interspaces 3, 4, 5 and 9, the spot in 4 sometimes absent, the inner edge of the black area emarginate at interspaces 2 and 4; the outer margin with a series of minute terminal specks of ground colour in the interspaces. Hindwing: white, base heavily irrorated with bluish-grey scales that are extended downwards in a diffuse band parallel to the dorsum; terminal half of wing jet black. Underside: precisely like the underside of C. protractus male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in C. protractus.
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The five to six whorls of the teleoconch are usually somewhat round-shouldered. The shell is finely flexuously longitudinally plicate with about twenty plicae. These ribs are as broad as interspaces. They are opisthocline with a prosocline inflexion beneath the suture.
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The space in front of the keel on the body whorl with about 25 strong cords shows wider interspaces. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is distinct, without a subsutural callus. The outer lip is produced, thin and smooth inside.
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Tucetona bicolor is a species of dog cockle. Its shell is subtrigonal with 39 radial ribs. The ribs have with moderately shallow, very narrow interspaces, with very fine, very closely spaced commarginal ribs. The hinge plate is moderately wide and curved.
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The throat is pearly and iridescent. The simple columella is arcuate. Dr. Dall says : this species passes through a number of variations, which, however, do not obscure the specific characters. The ribs are usually yellowish, smooth with reddish-brown interspaces.
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Underside: all the markings more neatly and clearly defined than in D. h. hierta, the interspaces beyond the oblique postdiscal band on the forewing bright lemon-yellow. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both sexes as in D. h. hierta.
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The color of the shell is pale yellowish, with irregular touches of pale brown especially on the varix . The spiral sculpture consists of numerous fine subequal rounded little-raised threads, with wider interspaces, covering the whole shell and stronger on the siphonal canal. The transverse sculpture consists of extremely fine close parallel hardly raised incremental lines, visible only with the glass, and traversing the spiral interspaces with great regularity and perfect uniformity. It also shows on the antepenultimate whorl about twenty narrow, little raised, long rounded riblets, starting from the suture and fading away on the base.
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Other axial sculpture consists of rather irregular, more or less prominent incremental lines. The spiral sculpture consists of three or more somewhat obscure incised lines over the fasciole. On the basal side of the whorl are numerous rather distant, distinct spiral striae, subequal and nearly equidistant, the interspaces a little elevated and, on the canal, becoming threads. In addition to these there are on the middle of the whorls a quantity of irregular, oblique, somewhat vermicular, short incised lines, the interspaces between which are faintly beaded or reticulated by the short segments they intercept of the incremental lines.
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The suture is obscure, appressed, with a marked thread at its edge. The spiral sculpture consists of fine spiral striae over the entire shell, and (on the spire two or three, on the body whorl eight) stronger cords undulated but not nodulated where they pass over the axial sculpture, and separated by wider interspaces. The anal fasciole is hardly constricted. The axial sculpture consists of fine sharp incremental lines cutting the minor spirals and, on the body whorl about 13 low rounded ribs extending from the fasciole nearly to the siphonal canal but not conspicuous anywhere, with equal or narrower interspaces.
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In the posterior, the black area is produced narrowly to the tornus and encircles a yellow spot near the apex of interspace 2. The hindwing features a transverse sinuous and very slender black line. This line is followed by a slender and somewhat lunular line; a transverse discal series of five black spots in interspaces 2 to 6; a postdiscal medially disjointed series or broad black lunules; a subterminal series of similar but straighter lunges; and a narrow terminal black band. The outer subbasal transverse line broadens at the costa, and is outwardly margined by pale spots in the interspaces.
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The height of the shell varies between 6 mm and 9 mm, with a tiny protoconch of less than one whorl and a teleoconch up to 5-6 whorls. The sculpture consists of beaded spiral cords as wide as the interspaces, one of which is concealed by the suture and continued on peripheral angle of the body whorl. The profile of first teleoconch whorl is convex, of the later whorls less so but swollen subsuturally, with a suture somewhat canaliculated. The abapical surface is slightly convex, bearing 6-10 spiral cords, as wide as the interspaces, crossed by growth lines but not beaded.
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Male above, female below The male Andaman Mormon resembles the blue Mormon (Papilio polymnestor) while the female resembles the female form alcanor of the great Mormon (Papilio memnon) and is a mimic of the Andaman clubtail (Losaria rhodifer). The male has the upperside of its wings a rich velvety black. The forewing has a subterminal series of greenish-yellow irrorated (speckled) internervular streaks, sometimes very faint. The hindwing has a very broad discal band pale blue, composed of broad outwardly more or less emarginate streaks in interspaces 1 to 7; cilia: forewing black, hindwing black alternated with white in the interspaces.
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The cell of the upperside forewing has a more or less complete transverse black fascia and another at the discocellulars. A blue- centred well-marked ocelli is in interspaces 2 and 5 on the disc of the forewing, and smaller ocelli in interspaces 2 and 5 on the disc of the hindwing. The forewings and hindwings have a fairly well-defined pale subterminal line, though the blue spot on the anterior black area on the hindwing is small and ill-defined; the rest is as the male. The underside is also as the male, but generally has heavier and more clearly defined markings.
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Female is similar to the male. Upperside: ground colour with a slight greenish tinge. The orange patch on the forewing is more restricted, it consists of a series of brood streaks in interspaces 3 to 6 and 10, the outer apices of which are deeply incised by black and with a row of hastate orange spots beyond in interspaces 2 to 6. Hindwing: similar to the hindwing in the male, but with a postdiscal series of large triangular black spots and a terminal connected series of still larger triangular black spots at the apices of veins 2 to 7.
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The forewing discoidal cell, interspace 1a, 1 to near apex, basal half of 2, and extreme bases of 3 and 4 rich violet blue, the borders of the discocellulars and the interspaces of veins 2, 3 and 4 are black, spread diffusely outwards in interspaces 1a and 1. A very broad oblique discal orange band from costa to apices of interspaces 1 and 2, this orange band is sprinkled with bluish black scales; apical third of wing velvety purpurescent (purple) black; a hyaline (glass-like) transverse spot near middle of interspace 2, and a subtriangular similar small preapical spot. Hindwing more uniform violescent blue; the costal margin and apex very broadly brown, somewhat densely irrorated (sprinkled) with dusky violescent black scales; dorsal margin brown; a ridge of long brownish hairs along vein 1 spreading on to the dorsal margin. Forewings and hindwings crossed by a subterminal dusky zigzag line commencing about the middle of interspace 3 in the forewing, and most conspicuous on the hindwing.
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Male upperside, forewing: velvety jet black; base deep blue, beautifully metallic and shining, measured on the dorsum this colour occupies three-fourths of its length from base, its outer margin then curves upwards just past the apex of the cell, enters into the bases of interspaces 10, 11 and 12 and fills the whole of the cell. Hindwing: costal margin above subcostal vein and vein 7, and dorsal margin narrowly fuscous black, a medial longitudinal pale streak on the former; terminal margin narrowly edged with velvety black, inside which in interspaces 1 and 2 is a slender transverse whitish line, with an elongate irregular transverse black spot above it in interspace 1 and a more obscure similar spot in interspace 2; traces of such spots also are present in some specimens in the anterior interspaces. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings black; filamentous tail at apex of vein 2 black tipped with white. Underside: dark chocolate brown.
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The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 11 mm. The turriculated shell has shouldered whorls. The shoulder is acute and tuberculated by the terminations of thirteen to sixteen narrow oblique ribs. The much wider interspaces are covered by revolving striae.
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The interspaces (cavernous spaces), on the contrary, are larger at the center than at the circumference, their long diameters being directed transversely. They are filled with blood, and are lined by a layer of flattened cells similar to the endothelial lining of veins.
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The length of the shell attains 6 mm. The shell is turreted. The whorls are distinctly shouldered, with a few distant small longitudinal ribs, extending to the suture, and much wider interspaces. The color of the shell is light yellowish brown to white.
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The spire is biangulate. The body whorl is angled at the shoulder, periphery and base. The sculpture consists of a well-developed spiral rib that girdles the periphery. Parted from this by broad interspaces runs a similar one above and another below.
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In the male, the head, thorax and abdomen are clothed with light and dark brown hair. Forewings are reddish brown with the veins streaked with black. The interspaces with pale streaks, more or less fuscous suffusion on outer area. Hindwings are smoky brown.
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The anal fasciole is hardly constricted, and is concavely wrinkled. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 18) protractive rather feeble, rounded ribs, with subequal interspaces, becoming obsolete on the base. There is practical no spiral sculpture. The aperture is simple.
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Hemidactylus coalescens can reach a length of . These medium-sized species has a more elongated head and three enlarged internasal scales. Body shows a few dark crossbands with white spots and pale brown interspaces with white spots. The first crossband is restricted to the neck.
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Fine, delicate and close, raised lines of growth, or lamellae, cover the interspaces and cross the raised cinguli. The protoconch is very small, smooth and glossy. The first whorl is minute and regularly spiral, not upturned. Three spiral cinguli appear on the second whorl.
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The adult shell grows to a length of 50 mm. The white shell has seven hardly inflated whorls with a deep suture and a low spire. The shell is covered with a hirsute epidermis. The sculpture shows numerous narrow primary ridges with channeled interspaces.
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The minute nucleus is decorticated, but apparently smooth. The spiral sculpture consists of, on the upper part of the body whorl, four strong elevated cords with wider, almost channeled interspaces. The two posterior cords are more adjacent. On the spire, only three cords are visible.
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The adjacent fasciole is constricted. There is no spiral sculpture. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about a dozen) protractively oblique sigmoid riblets, faint on the base and practically absent from the fasciole, with subequal interspaces. The aperture is moderately wide.
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Forewing: diffuse whitish streaks in interspaces la, 1 and 2, and the subterminal and terminal series of white spots complete. Hindwing with diffuse whitish streaks that extend up to the base of the wing. Antennae black; head, thorax and abdomen dull brown spotted with white.
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On the succeeding three spaces, usually three threadlets in each, the median one frequently strongest. Anterior to this the interspaces contain one to three threads. The old beaks sometimes forms short irregular riblets. The aperture is of medium breadth, less than half its length.
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The spiral sculpture of (on the early whorls one, later two, and on the body whorl three) strong, rather widely separated threads which are prominently nodulous where they cross the ribs and on the spire are feeble in the interspaces; suture appressed, obscure, the anal fasciole inconspicuous behind the first row of nodules ; on the base are 3 or 4 distant threads and on the siphonal canal a few feeble spirals. The axial sculpture (on the body whorl of about 15) consists of narrow sharp nearly vertical ribs with wider interspaces. The general surface between them shows more or less prominent incremental sculpture. The aperture is narrow.
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The length of the shell attains 11 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. (Original description) The small shell is brownish, with an acute brown protoconch of 4½ regularly increasing whorls (apparently smooth but slightly eroded), changed abruptly into the sculpture of the five subsequent whorls. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10) low rounded ribs with wider interspaces, obsolete on the base and incremental sculpture indicated by the rather distant sharp striae. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire two, on the body whorl three) rather prominent nodules on the ribs with no conspicuous cord in the corresponding part of the interspaces.
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Between this and the periphery the space is excavated. Above these there are about four (on the earlier whorls one or two) small raised spiral lines separated by much wider interspaces, nodulated with small but prominent nodules at the intersections with the radiating sculpture. All the sculpture grows fainter, and intercalary fine lines appear toward the aperture on the last whorl. The base of the shell has two strong nodulous spirals separated by a deep interspace, the inner one forming the umbilical margin. Outside of these 16-20 fine flattened spiral threads, with about equal interspaces, reach to the periphery and are hardly ruffled by the incremental lines.
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The female closely resembles the tailed form of the female of Papilio memnon race agenor, but on the disc of the forewing the internervular broad pale streaks are nearly white, and on the hindwing the white streaks in the interspaces beyond and outside the cell shorter and strongly tinged with red along their edges, while the dark red is more extended, especially in the tornal area where it covers the terminal three-fourths of interspaces 1 and 2, interrupted in 1 by a comparatively round oval black spot and in 2 by a broad elongate black patch; apical half of tail vermilion red, whitish at apex.
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Apex of wing slightly fuliginous. Hindwing: a short slender black loop from veins 6 to 4 at apex of cell-area; two discal sinuous transverse dark, fasciae in continuation of those on the forewing: followed by a series of dark-centered ovals in interspaces 2–6, the ovals in interspaces 2, 5, and 6 with the dark centers inwardly broadly bordered with ochreous yellow; postdiscal, subterminal and terminal dark lunular lines as on the forewing. Underside lilacine white markings as on the upperside but very delicate, slender and somewhat obsolescent. In the dry-season forms of the males the rows of oval ocelli are only indicated by the yellow-centered ovals.
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An irregular, somewhat sinuous, black band extends obliquely from beyond the middle of the costa across the upper apex of the cell, and meets at interspace 1 the black on the terminal margin. Within the triangle thus formed is enclosed a rich orange-red patch that is traversed by the black veins and bears in interspaces 3 to 6 a postdiscal series of black inwardly elongated spots. Hindwing: nearly uniform, touched with black on the terminal margin anteriorly and with a conspicuous postdiscal black spot in interspace 7. In some specimens there are one or two smaller spots in continuation of the series in the interspaces below.
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The characters of this species are very variable. Usually, the ribs are 14–16 in number, but some specimens have as many as 20. The colour is always red, or brownish. The interspaces between the ribs, round the angulatad part of the body whorl, are concavely excavated.
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The length of the shell attains 7 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. (Original description) The small shell is whitish, with brown interspaces or bands, more or less variable. The protoconch is small, blunt and turbinate. The first whorl is smooth, the third obliquely minutely axially ribbed.
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They are separated by wider interspaces and the incremental lines are feeble. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is narrow, deep, rounded, close to the suture, with a conspicuous subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin with a moderate varix behind it, and no internal lirae.
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The forewings are white, with the extreme base yellowish. The interspaces between the veins are marked with thick black lines. There are two subquadrate black spots in the cell and three more irregularly shaped towards the base. The hindwings are blackish, with the centre broadly whitish ochreous.
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The suture is distinct and slightly appressed. The anal fasciole is slightly constricted. The spiral sculpture consists of sharp narrow grooves, with much wider flat smooth interspaces. There are about eleven of the grooves on the body whorl between the shoulder and the spirally threaded siphonal fasciole.
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Two or three on the base are thicker than the rest. The interspaces have microscopic grains set in canvas pattern. The aperture is long, narrow, and unarmed. The varix is larger than the ribs, rising at the insertion, the edge of its outer limb crenulated by spirals.
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The height of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 8 mm. The small, shining, crimson, depressed shell has a trochiform shape. It is umbilicated, spirally striated, an rather solid. The sculpture of the post -embryonic whorls consist of fine somewhat unequal spiral striae, with linear interspaces.
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Female: Female dimorphs Common form. Upperside: black; the markings bluish white. Forewing: cell with two streaks, the anterior one from the extreme base, the posterior one from the end of the basal third, but extending beyond the anterior streak; below and beyond the cell is a series of streaks in the interspaces; the streaks very irregular in length, that in interspace 1 the longest, angulated anteriorly and divided longitudinally from near its base, the streak in interspace 3 short and broad forming an elongate spot, those in the anterior interspaces more or less obliquely placed; beyond these streaks follows a subterminal transverse series of spots, of which the spot in interspace 3 is shifted inwards and those opposite the apex curved backwards. Hindwing: costa and dorsum broadly white; cell and the interspaces beyond with a series of streaks and sub-terminal spots, more or less as in the forewing but more regular; the streak in cell and interspace 1 divided longitudinally, the subterminal series of spots evenly curved.
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Image based on museum specimen of Athyma ranga Upperside: Male velvety black, female very dark brown, suffused with bluish in certain lights. Forewing: A medial anterior and a preapical larger whitish spot in cell; posteriorly in the cell, beyond its apex and below it at base of interspace 1, some dull obscure blue spots; a discal series of white spots, three elongate placed obliquely from just beyond middle of costa, two more inwards in interspaces 2 and 3, one in middle of interspaces 1 a and 1; the spot in interspace 2 very large truncate exteriorly, the spot in interspace 3 elongate. Beyond these spots an inner and an outer subterminal line of transverse white marks irrorated more or less with blackish scales. Hindwing: a subbasal broad transverse macular white band, the anterior spots that compose it more widely separated than the others, a postdiscal series of white spots, irrorated with black scales, and a subterminal line of short detached narrow transverse pale marks in the interspaces; cilia on forewings and hindwings black alternated with white.
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Upperside: black with a sprinkling of yellowish-brown scales on the forewing, that form four longitudinal streaks on the cell and internervular streaks on the outer half. Hindwing: the upper discal white patch larger, formed of elongate broad streaks in interspaces 4 to 7 (not 5 to 7): no tornal nor subterminal markings. Underside ground colour duller brownish black; forewing with the diffuse scaling so disposed as to form grey cellular and internervular streaks, the streaks in interspaces 1a and 1 generally white, not diffuse. Hindwing: basal area sprinkled with yellow scales that form three longitudinal slender lines in the cell: the upper white discal patch as on the upperside, but the elongate white markings that compose it well divided by the black veins; below the discal white patch there is a small series of white spots in interspaces 1 to 3, the spot in 1 generally, in 2 very often, tinged with ochraceous yellow; a subterminal complete series of ochraceous-yellow lunules followed by admarginal narrow white spots.
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The last one is keeled, otherwise smooth. . The four subsequent whorls show a deeply constricted, not appressed suture. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl seven) strong ribs. These are angulated at the periphery, with subequal deep interspaces, and which are not continuous up the spire.
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The spiral sculpture consists of on the upper whorl one, on the third two, on the body whorl about seven obscure rounded rather coarse threads with narrower interspaces. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow close to the suture. The outer lip is varicose and smooth within.
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The length of the shell attains 6 mm. The colorof the shell is whitish to yellowish brown. The whorls are round- shouldered above. The rude ribs show wider interspaces and are crossed by elevated revolving lines, some of them much larger than the rest, and which are sometimes brown.
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The length of the shell varies between 18 mm and 35 mm. The shell is very solid, with a well-defined shoulder, and sulcate space above it. The longitudinal ribs are low, rounded, closer than in Crassispira bottae. The interspaces are very narrow, crossed by raised revolving lines.
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The color of the shell is deep chocolate-brown. Its longitudinal ribs are separated by wider interspaces, crossed by revolving raised lines, forming granules. It is smooth and slightly concave above the periphery, with a raised line next the suture. The shell grows to a length of 19 mm.
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The anal fasciole is constricted. There is no spiral sculpture. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10) rounded sigmoid ribs, feebler where they cross the fasciole, fading out on the base, and most prominent at the periphery, with subequal interspaces. The aperture is moderately wide.
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The narrow shell has an elevated spire. The length of the shell varies between 27 mm and 54 mm. It is encircled with equidistant punctate grooves, and flat interspaces. The color of the shell is white, with light chestnut spots and two interrupted broad bands of chestnut cloudings.
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The length of the shell attains 27 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The shell contains 12 whorls, excluding the (defective) protoconch. It is pale brown, acute, with an inconspicuous suture. It shows eight or nine prominent axial ribs with equal or wider interspaces and faint incremental lines.
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All these cross (on the penultimate whorl) fourteen even, rounded, narrow riblets, with narrower interspaces, which start at the anterior edge of the fasciole, cross the whorl, and fail on the siphonal canal. The suture is distinct and wavy. The fasciole is obscure, not excavated. The whorls are rounded.
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The transverse ribs number about 20. They are ill-defined, not reaching quite to the lower suture. They are broadly rounded, straight, very oblique, gradually decreasining in prominence as the shell increases, so that on the body whorl they show but faintly. The interspaces are narrow and shallow.
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The axial stripes are typically narrower than their whitish interspaces and do not fork near the upper suture. There are two to three white apical whorls. The last whorl contains two to four darker brown growth-rest varices. The columella and parietal callus are white or faint chestnut brown.
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The original genus description (Nomusa 1936), states that Siogamaia is a shell of moderate size with many whorls. The outline is elongate-conical in outline. The surface is marked by weak axial ribs that are mostly shown in the earlier whorls. The interspaces between the ribs are smooth.
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The postmedial line is black. There is a faint waved whitish subterminal line with slight blackish streaks before it in the interspaces, as well as a fine waved black terminal line. The hindwings are white, with a fuscous brown terminal area. The inner area is tinged with brown.
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The shell has a rosy color. The length of the shell varies between 3 mm and 7 mm. The whorls of the teleoconch are flattened with straight narrow ribs, becoming evanescent at the periphery of the body whorl. The interspaces are much wider, with two spiral series of nodules.
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The wingspan is about 52 mm for males and 72 mm for females. The forewings are dull pale brownish, darker along the costa. The interspaces of the veins from vein two to the apex of the wing have very dark brown lines. The lines are irregular and minutely crinkled.
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In front of it are about twelve strong rounded primary spiral threads, with wider interspaces, each containing a finer intercalary thread, the whole extending to the end of the siphonal canal . The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is sharp and simple.
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The spiral sculpture on the early whorls consists of two strong cords one on each side of the periphery between which are first one, later two, and finally four smaller threads. The posterior cord gives the whorl a slight shoulder. On the body whorl in front of the anterior cord to the end of the siphonal canal are smaller, more or less alternate flattish cords close-set, the interspaces wider on the canal. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 20) rounded sigmoid ribs with wider or subequal interspaces, crossing the early whorls, becoming less evident on the later whorls, and obsolete on the base of the body whorl.
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The surface of the fasciole here and there is marked by obscure, irregular, short, oblique, fine ridges at right angles to the lines of growth. In front of the fasciole are (on the penultimate whorl fourteen) low, feeble, protractivcly oblique ribs, with much wider shallow interspaces, hardly reaching the suture in front on the spire or the periphery on the body whorl. The spiral sculpture is confined to the whorl in front of the fasciolc and consists of (on the penultimate whorl about fifteen) fine, sharp incised lines, on the body of the whorl rather distant, the interspaces flat and often unequal but toward the siphonal canal closer and more regular. The aperture is semilunar.
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These are separated by interspaces of about the same width, in the middle of which there is a much smaller, thin revolving cingulus, alternating pretty regularly with the larger ones around the periphery. On the anterior part of the body-whorl, and sometimes at the periphery, there are two or three small revolving cinguli in some of the interspaces. On the penultimate whorl there are usually five to seven of the primary cinguli, and on the body whorl and siphon there are about eighteen to twenty. The whole surface is also covered, in perfect specimens, with fine, slightly elevated, wavy lines of growth, which are most conspicuous on the intervals between the ribs.
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The third is not far from the second, and surrounds the periphery, usually corresponding with the line of the suture. The second and third are usually the most elevated. On the base of the shell there are five or six strong, rounded, revolving ribs, part of them usually somewhat nodulous, separated by deep, concave interspaces, rather wider than he rib; one or two additional ones often appear in the umbilical opening, which is funnel-shaped and moderately large, but often partially obstructed by the reflected (turned outwards) edge of the inner lip. The interspaces between all the ribs are covered with close, slightly raised lines of growth, and usually with traces of a thin epidermis.
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Upperside: Pale violet with in certain lights a blue, slightly silvery sheen. Forewing: a slender anteciliary dark line. Hindwing: interspace 1 with a short transverse subterminal brown bar edged inwardly with white; interspace 2 with a prominent round black spot edged very faintly on the inner side by a diffuse bluish lunule; the dark subterminal spots of the underside apparent through transparency; an anteciliary slender jet-black line more conspicuous than in the forewing, in some specimens edged inwardly in the posterior interspaces with white; this line is present in interspaces 1 and 2 in all specimens. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white transversely traversed medially by a brown line; tail black tipped with white.
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In the interspaces the threads are much finer. The major threads are hardly swollen where they override the ribs. On the base the sculpture takes the form of about four flattish bands appressed on the anterior edge. On the siphonal canal there are only four or five close-set rounded threads.
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The length of the shell varies between 7.5 mm and 20 mm. (Original description) The white shell is thin and delicate. It contains six or more whorls, the protoconch eroded. The spiral sculpture consists of fine striae with wider flat interspaces minutely cut into segments by close regular incremental lines.
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The axial sculpture consists of about 15 low, short oblique ribs most prominent at the shoulder, with wider interspaces and obsolete in front of the periphery. The spiral sculpture consists of faint spiral striations visible only under the lens. The aperture is subovate. The siphonal canal is long, narrow and straight.
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The length of the shell varies between 35 mm and 50 mm. The chocolate-colored shell is very solid, with a well-defined shoulder, and sulcate space above it. The longitudinal ribs lare ow, rounded, closer than in Crassispira bottae. >The interspaces are very narrow, crossed by raised revolving lines.
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The shell contains six whorls, with a very minute brown protoconch of two whorls. The whole surface is delicately reticulated with subequal axial and spiral threads, the spirals cut by the axial interspaces into minute nodules, the interstices squarish. The surface resulting is grating to the touch. The aperture is narrow.
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The teleoconch contains 2½ convex whorls. It is clathrate by about 15 equidistant radiating and 7 spiral ribs, with deep pitted interspaces. The sculpture terminates with a spiral ridge surrounding the rather wide, deep umbilicus. The circular aperture is frequently slightly sloping and is slightly attached to the parietal wall.
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On the base of the shell there are seven spirals, faintly nodulous, articulated with pale brown, and separated by much wider impressed interspaces, over which are a few fine spiral lines. The base is flattened, or even a little concave. The columella is moderately arcuate. The aperture is four-sided.
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The base of the shell is moderately convex, with a deep funicular umbilicus. It is closely finely spirally threaded, the threads a little coarser near the umbilical margin. In the interspaces between the keels on the spire are very minute close spiral striae. The aperture shows a very shallow sulcus.
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Lamellae under fourth toe are 24-28 in number. The dorsum is yellow, light brown, or reddish brown in color, with 17 broad dark brown crossbands on the body and tail that are separated by light narrow interspaces. The venter is yellowish green. Juveniles are green with black transverse bands.
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All veins and also some interneural lines are marked with orange-ferruginous streaks, occupying all the wing except for slender interspaces. There are several golden-metallic dots towards the apex, five along the termen, and four partially black-edged arranged in two pairs towards the tornus. The hindwings are blackish.Exotic Microlep.
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These are near the suture smooth except for the distinct lines of growth indicating the deep wide notch. The suture is appressed and indistinct. Elsewhere the shell is sculptured with numerous nearly uniform flattened revolving threads with about equal interspaces. Otherwise it shows obliquely transverse elevations, hardly limited sharply enough to call ribs.
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The shell size varies between 4 mm and 7 mm. The shell is slightly, narrowly shouldered, with 7-9 narrow ribs extending from the shoulder to the base, and wider interspaces. The whole surface covered with revolving striae. The color of the shell is yellowish white, orange or occasionally deep reddish brown.
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The whorls are moderately rounded. Their color is whitish with a pinkish brown banded base. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the first whorl one, on the second two) peripheral strong threads, on the body whorl four with much wider striated interspaces. These threads on dead specimens show paler than the general surface.
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The size of the shell attains 12 mm, its width 4 mm. The small shell is lanceolate. It contains ten slightly convex whorls bearing revolving carinae, of which there are 4–5 on the whorls of the spire, and 10–12 on the body whorl. The middle carina is stronger, the interspaces clathrate.
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The columella is arcuate, terminating in a bipartite tooth at the base. (Further description by G.W. Tryon) There are 5 whorls. Above the shoulder angle there are two shallow spiral furrows. Between this and the peripheral carina there are 4, of equal breadth to the elevated interspaces; and on the base about 12.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight or nine) narrow rounded ribs extended over the whole whorl with wider interspaces and somewhat constricted in front of the appressed suture. There is no evident anal fascicle apart from the constrictio. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is hardly evident.
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The body whorl is obtusely angular. Each whorl is encircled by four sharply-compressed well- elevated ribs, the two uppermost of which are beaded. The interspaces are concave, smooth, with a single groove near the margin of the umbilicus. The latter occupies ⅓ of the base, is tunnel-shaped and penetrates to the apex.
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Male has the upperside ground colour white. Forewing has the basal half of costal margin suffused with greenish yellow and irrorated (sprinkled) sparsely with black scales; apex from the middle of the costa and termen black, the inner margin of the black arched and acutely produced inwards along the veins, the black on the termen narrowed posteriorly and in interspaces 1a and 1 reduced to a mere thread. Hindwing: terminal margin with a broad dark band, due to the markings of the underside that show through by transparency, the darkness accentuated by a slight irroration of black scales; apices of some of the anterior veins black, in some specimens these are dilated and form a narrow anterior black border. Underside: white. Forewing: costal margin and apex very broadly suffused with greenish yellow and irrorated more or less densely with black scales, these latter form also diffuse subterminal patches on the white ground colour in interspaces 3 and 4; a preapical oblique short band bright yellow, its margins ill-defined; in interspaces 1 to 3 the black terminal markings on the upperside show through as a greyish-blue shade.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 18) short rounded obliquely protractive ribs with narrower interspaces extending from the succeeding suture to the anterior edge of the anal fasciole and across it as an arcuate thread to the preceding suture. These ribs become more or less obsolete on the body whorl and are feebly if at all produced beyond the periphery. The spiral sculpture between the fasciole and the succeeding suture consists of five cr six equal and equidistant strong threads with subequal interspaces on the penultimate whorl and about a dozen on the base of the body whorl, with smaller and closer ones on the siphonal canal. The angle at the anterior edge of the fasciole is prominent.
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The suture is distinct. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 15) narrow, sharp, similar riblets with wider interspace. This sculpture extends over the base. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 16) even regular similar threads with subequal interspaces which pass over but do not nodulate the ribs.
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It is followed by 4½ subsequent reticulate whorls. These are axially minutely ribbed, the sculpture passing into that of the normal subsequent whorls. The suture is distinct, not appressed. The spiral sculpture between the succeeding suture and the fasciole on the spire, consists of four equal and equally spaced threads with slightly wider interspaces.
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Also an occasional small thread here and there arises in the interspaces. The longitudinal ribs are irregular, low and rounded, more distinct on the spire, and frequently obsolete. The growth striae are irregular, somewhat marked, and frequently cutting up the spirals into minute gemmules. The sutures are impressed, usually margined with a wider riblet.
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On the later whorls they are less prominent, and on the last are obsolete except at the shoulder which is feeble. Other spiral sculpture on the body whorl is of fine equal threads with narrower interspaces, extending from the shoulder to the siphonal canal. The suture is distinct, not appressed. The whorls are well rounded.
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The shell up to 15 mm high with rather high spire and a rounded body whorl. The protoconch is small, distinctly cyrtoconoid with 2.5 smooth whorls. The teleoconch contains 6-7 convex whorls, with a sculpture of regular spiral cords, broader than the interspaces. Its axial folds become distinctly flexuous on the body whorl.
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The umbilicus is narrow and deep. The axial sculpture consists of very numerous, equal, regularly spaced low lamellae, with (on the body whorl) about equal interspaces, extending to the verge of the umbilicus and minutely beading the shoulder cord. The circular aperture is hardly interrupted by the body. The margins are thin and sharp.
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These are narrower than the interspaces in which there are very fine, prosocline lamellae. A considerably thicker compound cord is seen above the suture on the spire and at the periphery of body whorl. The aperture is subquadrangular, with a moderate denticle at the base of the columella. The outer lip has a cutting edge.
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The slope from the protoconch to the shoulder of the body whorl is slightly concave. The fasciole between the shoulder and the suture behind it is depressed, with two strong spiral sulci running in it, the interspaces rather tumid. The coloration of the shell is peculiar. The pattern recalls Conus taeniatus and Conus tessulatus.
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The male upperside is bright chocolate brown. Its forewing has a broad, curved, oblique preapical band from costa to termen. Its apex and termen are dark brown with a subterminal series of delicate, brown, trident- shaped marks. The hindwing hosts a yellow band along the terminal margin, bearing paired, lunular, brown marks in the interspaces.
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Isomira hypocrita can reach a body length of about . These rather large comb-clawed beetles have a quite strong and silky shiny black body, with elongated, almost oval elytra. Pronotum and elytra are strongly but finely dotted, with flat interspaces of the wrinkles. Hairiness of the back is short, fine and not very dense.
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A small, delicate insect with an > almost naked body. The wedge-spots are narrow, being separated by broad > black interspaces; the external streak angulate, hooklike, being extended > close to distal margin. — In Algiers, on meadows, in spring till early .May > not rarely on Umbelliferae, for instance near Oran, on the parade-grounds of > Constantine, etc.
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The body whorl rather longer than the spire. Adult sculpture : The longitudinals number fifteen to sixteen small riblets on the body whorl, equal to or rather wider than the interspaces, and usually less developed on the anterior end. They are continuous in some, irregular in others. The spirals consist of undulating delicate riblets and threads.
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Elymnias nesaea has a wingspan of about .Samui ButterfliesEncyclopedia of Life The upperside of the wings is black with long bluish-green streaks. Forewings show four or five spots on the apical area, while hindwings have subterminal whitish spots in the posterior interspaces. The underside has a broad dark brown area on both wings.
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Hindwing: rich chrome yellow; costa and termen broadly black; interspaces 1 to 7 with outwardly pointed, broadly triangular, yellowish-white diffuse spots on the black terminal margin, the black on the inner side of these spots produced conically inwards; the black in interspace 7 centred with an elongate, outwardly somewhat diffuse, oval vermilion streak.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 20) narrow, rounded ribs extending from the suture over the periphery but more or less obsolete on the base. The interspaces are wider. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous close-set rounded threads over the whole surface but not nodulating the ribs. The anal sulcus is very shallow.
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The; spiral sculpture consists of fine close-set threads over the entire surface. The whorls are moderately convex. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl six) prominent ribs, with much wider interspaces, extending the whole length of the whorl and on the spire more prominent at the periphery. The aperture is narrow and parallel-sided.
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The axial sculpture consists of fine raised threads which are very conspicuous in the interspaces and attenuated over the cords. The aperture is elongate. The outer lip is simple, with a deep U-shaped sinus situated next to the suture, then with convex profile in lateral view. The columellar edge simple, making an angle with the parietal edge.
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The length of the shell attains 4.5 mm, its diameter 2.3 mm. (Original description) The small shell has a short fusiform shape. It contains about five whorls with a minute smooth protoconch of a 1½ whorl. its color is a color pale brown, darker in the spiral interspaces which show in the aperture as dark lines.
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The inner lip is complete and has an applied thin glaze, callous at the suture. The columella is long, nearly straight, slightly prominent at the junction with a concave base of the body whorl. No definite plait. The sculpture sconsists of oblique rounded axial ribs, as wide as the interspaces, absent from the base, and vanishing towards the aperture.
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It is polished and reddish brown. It is followed by six subsequent whorls. The anal fasciole on the spire is depressed, very minutely spirally striated with a single fine thread near the posterior edge which is appressed at the suture. Other spiral sculpture consists of fine striae and three stronger threads with wider interspaces on the base.
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The length of the shell varies between 10 mm and 25 mm. The color of the shell is deep chocolate- brown. The longitudinal ribs commence abruptly and are separated by wider interspaces, crossed by revolving raised lines, forming granules in the keel. The whorls above the periphery are smooth and slightly concave, with a raised line next the suture.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight) prominent angular ribs with wider interspaces, beginning abruptly at the shoulder rapidly dwindling anteriorly and obsolete on the base. These ribs are crossed by (on the body whorl about 14) widely spaced slender cords, slightly nodulous at the intersections. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow.
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The suture is strongly appressed with a spiral cord in front of it. The whorls are moderatelyshouldered. The anal fasciole is somewhat concave and spirally striate. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 12) protractively oblique rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, prominent on the periphery, attenuated on the base and not reaching the siphonal canal.
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Retrieved June 26, 2018. and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland."Tyspanodes linealis". CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences - Australian Moths Online. Retrieved June 26, 2018. The wingspan is about 28 mm. Adults are straw coloured, the forewings with the interspaces striped with fine black lines, as well as a fine marginal black line. The hindwings are suffused with fuscous.
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The suture is distinct, not appressed. The whorls are rounded. The anal fasciole is smooth except for minute arcuate, elevated, more or less distant axial lines, and the intervening incremental lines. The whorl in front of the fasciole is axially sculptured with (on the body whorl about twenty-six) moderately strong, equal, rounded, somewhat protractive ribs with subequal interspaces.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 13) protractively oblique whitish narrow ribs extending from the fasciole to the cords of the siphonal canal, with subequal interspaces and not continuous up the spire. The silky incremental lines are evident. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded, with a strong subsutural callus.
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The suture is obscure and strongly appressed. The anal fasciole is slightly constricted. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl nine) strong rounded ribs most prominent at the periphery, extending from suture to suture, with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the last half of the body whorl and on the base. The incremental linesare irregular and obscure.
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The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 3 or 4) incised lines in front of the periphery. The wider interspaces are raised and more or less rounded. On the body whorl there are 16 or more, extending to the siphonal canal. The incised lines have a more opaque appearance contrasting with the translucent white of the whorls.
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There is no fine spiral striation. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about a dozen) strong, wide ribs less prominent on the fasciole and fading out on the base and the last half of the body whorl. The interspaces are equal or sometimes wider. The ribs are cut by the incised lines but are not nodulose.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 13, on the body whorl 10) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, extending from suture to the base. The incremental lines are rather strong on the fasciole. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded with a callous margin. The outer lip is arcuate and thin.
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On the base and the siphonal canal are about a dozen smaller close-set threads. None of the thread are nodulose where they cross the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight) narrow sigmoid ribs, with wider interspaces, extending from suture to siphonal canal across the body whorl. The aperture is narrow.
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The former are turgid where they cross the ribs, and in the interspaces have one to three much finer threads. The latter are more or less undulate, but have hardly any or no spiral secondary threads. The anal sulcus is shallow and wide. The aperture is rather narrow The thin outer lip is produced and simple.
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Apices either alternate or are reflective of each other over the middorsal line. In the interspaces, there are dark, paravertebral blotches. Specimens may have a yellow zig-zag-shaped line on each side of the body. There is a great variety of colours on its dorsal side: olive, gray, light brown to dark brown, tan or sometimes nearly black.
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S. putrescens H. G. (= boisduvalii Dup.) (25 d). Distinguished from punctosa by the greyer tone and black irroration; a black streak from base below cell; the white spot at lower end of cell round, not elongated ; terminal interspaces with black streaks. - Larva reddish ochreous; lines pale edged with dark; the subdorsal lines not interrupted. Subsp. canariensis Rbl.
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The forewings are white, the interspaces of the veins suffused with brown and with a brown band from the apex to the middle of the ventral margin, as well as a dark fuscous spot at the lower angle of the cell. The hindwings are white. Females have a white anal tuft. The larvae feed on Oryza sativa.
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The minute nucleus is flattish. The body whorl contains four strong, beaded, spiral cords with subequal interspaces, peripherally. Between these and the suture, there are three slightly smaller similar cords, the space at the suture giving a channeled effect. On the base there are two less prominent cords and two wider nodulous ridges around the deep, rather narrow umbilicus.
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There is a series of black spots on the forewings, interrupted on the median interspaces, close to the external border. The costal border is crossed by black dashes, the four nearest the base continued as grey and ill-defined stripes across the wing. The hindwings have a subcostal black dash close to the external border.Butler, A. G. 1878.
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The height of the shell attains 3.5 mm, its diameter 4 mm. The small, white shell has a subglobular nucleus and 3½ subsequent whorls. The deep suture is distinct. The spiral sculpture on the spire consists of four or five equally distributed and subequal small threads with wider interspaces and a narrow flattish space in front of the suture.
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The ribs are more or less prominent, some specimens having them quite sharp while in others they are hardly raised. In one other exquisite variety the three sutural ribs and their interspaces are of a very rich purple-blue, which is not due to erosion. The umbilical rib is sometimes salmon-colored. The nacre is of great brilliancy.
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The shell is sculpted with smooth spiral threads which have light brown and dark brown dashes. The shell is encircled by very many narrow, unequal, subtly granulose or crenulated riblets, as wide or narrower than the interspaces. The 8 whorls are separated by a not profound suture. They are margined, and acutely angled in the middle.
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The spiral sculpture begins at the umbilicus. Outside the carina, which is simple, there are two strong broad subnodulous spirals separated by a deep line, then fourteen or more equal smooth flattish spirals with narrower interspaces and obsolete spiral striulae here and there. Then follows a smooth or slightly striate peripheral space. All the preceding are straw-colored.
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Between these are intercalary threads or grooves. The base of the shell is supplied with nine rounded revolving ribs, those nearer the umbilicus with a tendency to beading. The interspaces are about as wide as the ribs, which are crossed by slight elevations due to lines of growth. The umbilicus is perforate, bordered by a strong white rib.
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The sides of the spire are concave towards the top, and convex towards the periphery. The shell contains 9 whorls. The white nucleus is nearly smooth, but under a lens, with rows of small pits. The subsequent 4 violet whorls contain 3 spirals, crossed by numerous ribs, beaded where they cross each other, leaving square interspaces.
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The forewings are brown, but the cell and a fascia below it are hyaline (glass like). There is a dark-brown discoidal spot and hyaline streaks in the interspaces beyond the cell between veins nine and three running towards the termen. The hindwings are hyaline, although the veins and margins are narrowly brown and the cilia white.
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Size of the shell varies between 16 mm and 39 mm. Shell white to buff with raised spiral ribs, interspaces brownish, a small blue stain adjacent to the columnella. Height 15 to 35 mm.Marine Shells of Southern California, by James H. McLean, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 24, Revised Edition (1978), p.
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Deirosteus is another poorly known genus. The ornamentation consists of acute ridges between broad interspaces often decorated with large tubercles. The genus is very similar to Holonema, and it is hard to distinguish between the two. Fossils are known from the Frasnian of New York, and possibly Iran, and from the Givetian of Estonia, Russia and Belgium.
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The aperture measures about half the length of the shell. The whorls are flattish. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl or a dozen) narrow, nearly straight ribs, with wider interspaces, obsolete on the base, but occasionally a little nodulous at the shoulder. The spiral sculpture is hardly discernable or none, even on the siphonal canal.
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The fasciole in front of it is flattish and sloping. The sculpture varies in strength in different individuals; usually stronger on the earlier whorls. The axial sculpture consists of numerous protractively oblique narrow ribs with subequal interspaces, flexuous but not prominent (as a rule) on the fasciole and absent from the base. The incremental lines are inconspicuous.
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The genus Tubospirina is very similar to the genus Spirina, but it can be distinguished by the dextrally coiled shell with a flatly arched upper side. The shells are large, with a wide aperture and a characteristic ornamentation of rounded costae and interspaces. This new genus has been tentatively placed close to the genus Spirina in the family Craspedostomatidae.
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The teleoconch shows strong, opisthocline, slightly flexuous axial ribs (ca. 14 on the penultimate whorl), equivalent in size to the interspaces; and a complex spiral microsculpture of longitudinal slots which are offset along the growth lines. The outer lip is opisthocline, strongly thickened externally, inside smooth, with a sharp edge. The inner lip is slightly thickened and appressed.
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Its sculpture shows a dozen prominent, distant, thin radial ribs descending the last two whorls perpendicularly, broadening at the periphery. These there produce a marked angle to the contour of the shell. The spiral threads lattice the interspaces and denticulate the edges of the ribs. The round aperture adheres anteriorly to the body whorl for a short space.
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Forewing has spots in interspaces 1 and 3 as on the upperside. Hindwing: a curved, almost complete, discal series of fuscous spots; otherwise as in the male. In both sexes the antennae vary from white to pale brownish; head, thorax and abdomen black, the head and thorax with short greyish-brown hairs; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white.
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The spiral sculpture in front of the fasciole consists of numerous sharp elevated threads with wider interspaces, between each pair of which, except on the siphonal canal, are one or two smaller intercalary threads. On the fasciole there are only a few comparatively faint threads, which do not rise above the transverse sculpture, while on the body the spiral sculpture is predominant though minutely undulated by the other. The transverse sculpture is composed of numerous fine, rounded, somewhat elevated threads with wider interspaces, forming a series of elegant concavely arched ripples on the anal fasciole, beyond which they become fainter, closer, and obscure, being over-ridden by the spirals which they minutely undulate. The fasciole is slightly impressed and extends to the suture, which is distinct but not channeled.
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The wings are white with marginal orange spots on the interspaces. There is a basal orange streak on the forewings, from the costa to the submedian. There is also a subbasal black point on the costa, and smaller dark brown points below the median and on the inner margin, as well as an antemedial orange brown lunule in the cell and a dark brown vertical streak below the cell. There is a point on the inner margin, a medial dark brown vertical streak below the subcostal, and a similar streak on the discocellular, a medial vertical streak on the inner margin and short streaks above and below vein 4 near the cell, as well as fine postmedial and subterminal vertical streaks on the interspaces and a few dark brown streaks on the inner margin postmedially.
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Forewing: cell and basal area with a number of irregular cinnamon-brown spots, followed on the terminal half by three transverse series of more or less irregular and incomplete lunular cinnamon-brown markings and a narrow brown terminal edging. Hindwing: basal area with a transverse series of three spots, a large spot at apex of cell, the bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3, followed by three more or less complete but irregular series of lunular markings, cinnamon brown; superposed on the inner discal row of brown lunules is a transverse series of snow-white crescents, conspicuous only in interspaces 1 and 2, but barely indicated anteriorly. Antenna dark ochraceous brown; head, thorax and abdomen ochraceous, the thorax posteriorly and basal half of the abdomen olivaceous; beneath: head, thorax and abdomen brighter ochraceous..
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Hindwing with the following similar while markings: The dorsal margin broadly up to vein 1; the basal half of interspace 1; nearly the whole of the discoidal cell; spots at base of interspaces 4, 5, 6, and 7; an upper discal transverse series of four elongate spots, and a postdiscal similar series of more rounded smaller spots. Underside: forewing pale fuliginous black; white markings as on the upperside, but larger, more diffuse. Hindwing: ground colour ochraceous; white markings as on the upperside, but interspaces 1 a and 1 strongly tinged with ochraceous; discal and postdiscal series of six, not four, spots each; veins chestnut-brown. Antennae, head, thorax posteriorly and abdomen black; pronotum and mesonotum anteriorly and on the sides with crimson pubescence; beneath, antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black.
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Forewing: somewhat elongate greyish-white markings in interspaces 1, 2, 3 and in cell, formed into a conspicuous oblique broad bar across the middle of the wing; a white spot at lower apex of cell and a postdiscal series of hastate spots as on the upperside. Hindwing: black, a rich dark crimson patch at base, a yellow dorsal patch as on the upperside but darker; the apical two-thirds of the cell, three spots above it and one below at bases of interspaces 3, 6 and 7 respectively and a curved discal series of elongate spots beyond apex of cell, rich chrome-yellow; of these latter spots the spot in interspace 5 is much the longest. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen above black, abdomen on the sides and below grey.
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The shell grows to a length of 75 mm. The slender, elongate shell is covered with a brownish epidermis. There are six evenly rounded whorls, but with a sharp carina, above which they are smooth, whilst below it they are grooved, with wider interspaces. The anal sinus is deep, about one-third of the way from the carina to the suture.
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The protoconch is decorticated,. The suture is obscure and closely appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of an angle at the shoulder, between "v/hich" and the suture are four or five close-set small equal threads. In front of the shoulder is a constriction beyond which are about a dozen deep grooves with wider rounded interspaces which are finely spirally striated.
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The aperture is elongate-oval and rather widely open in front. The outer lip is simple, crenulated outside by the sculpture, slightly convex in profile, with a minute round, shallow sinus close to the suture. The inner lip is a complete narrow glaze. The sculpture shows twenty-three spiral lirae, flat- topped, half as wide as the interspaces, axially faintly incised.
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The suture is distinct,. The anal fasciole is narrow, excavated, and finely spirally striated. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 18) stout nearly vertical ribs angulated at the edge of the fasciole, forming a narrow shoulder, but without a limiting cord, with usually narrower interspaces and obsolete on the base. The incremental lines are not conspicuous.
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The cords cover the body whorl. They are feebler on the periphery, coarser on the base There are also faint spiral striae here and there. The axial sculpture on the upper part of the spire shows 14 or 15 strong rounded ribs with wider interspaces, feebler on the penultimate whorl, becoming obsolete on the body whorl. The aperture is ovate.
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The whorls are evenly rounded. The spiral sculpture consists of fine even equal close-set minute threads covering the whole surface. The axial sculpture consists of almost microscopic, even, regular incremental lines, and on the third whorl about 16 small sharp ribs crossing the whorl, with wider interspaces and becoming obsolete on the fourth whorl. The anal sulcus is shallow.
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The apex is exserted. The whorls of the spire are sloping, nearly straight, gradated, angled at junction of posterior and middle fourth. Behind this the whorl is bevelled to the suture, which is distinct and impressed. The whorls are sculptured with spiral lirae, four to six in front of the angle, two behind it, flatly rounded, equidistant, wider than the interspaces.
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The specimen is somewhat eroded on the upper whorls, with indications of a shoulder or carina on the three whorls following the protoconch. The suture is slightly irregular, appressed, distinct, not channeled . The spiral sculpture consists of fine threads, alternately larger and smaller, pretty uniform over the whole surface, with narrower interspaces. This sculpture is fainter on the sutural side of the fasciole.
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The transverse ribs, commencing at the shoulder, are prominently raised, rather oblique, and extend entirely across the whorls of the spire, becoming smaller next the suture. On the body whorl they extend to the base of the siphonal canal. They are obtuse at summit and separated by wider, deeply concave interspaces. On the last whorls there are about sixteen ribs.
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The surface is dull. The spiral sculpture consists of a prominent nodulous peripheral ridge which is the anal fasciole, with two smaller ridges in front of it with wider interspaces. In front of the first of these the suture is laid. The space between this and the second is more or less channeled, but these two ridges are not nodulous.
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The remainder are waxy white, with the peculiar waxy lustre of abyssal shells. The shell is rather short-fusiform, the spire subturreted by the concave ante-sutural band. The spiral sculpture consists of about twenty-four flattened threads, with wider interspaces, before the band on the body whorl. Only two or three of these threads are visible on the upper whorls.
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There are many well-developed growth lines. There is no other axial sculpture except faint incremental lines. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 6 and on the body whorl about 10) fine, equal and equally distributed low threads with narrower interspaces, covering the whole shell except the anal fasciole. The aperture is ample, hardly differentiated from the short siphonal canal.
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Numerous fine, unequal, raised, spiral lines cover the whole surface, except the subsutural band. The upper whorls are also crossed by sixteen to eighteen blunt, transverse ribs, about as broad as their interspaces, most elevated on the middle of the whorls, fading out above and below. The aperture is elongated and narrow. The sinus is broad and well marked, just below the suture.
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The first three teleoconch whorls contain spiral cords and axial folds, which fade out on the next two except for the subsutural spirals. The body whorl resumes a spiral sculpture of very even, flattened cords much that are broader than the interspaces. The aperture is lanceolate. The outer lip is slightly thickened externally and bears 5–6 strong rounded denticles inside.
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Colour : Pale yellowish beige with scattered irregular dashes of ochre alternate chocolate dots on the outer lip. Sculpture : The body whorl carries eleven widely spaced fine spiral cords, the peripheral strongest. Of these six appear on the penultimate and fade gradually away on the upper whorls. Both cords and interspaces are crossed by delicate oblique lamellae which rise into scales upon the cords.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10) short rounded ribs prominent only on the periphery and extending from the fasciole to the siphonal canal, with subequal interspaces. There is also a prominent rounded varix behind the outer lip. The outer lip is sharp-edged, smooth internally. The anal sulcus is conspicuous, rounded, short, with a strong subsutural callus.
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The principal primaries are strongly marked and slightly swollen on the summits of the ribs. The secondary spirals, very faint or absent behind the periphery but present in the interspaces in front of it, are finer than in the C. eucosmia, and more numerous. The fasciole is wide, nearly smooth, undulated, and little excavated. The aperture is narrow and long.
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These are slightly swollen where they cross the ribs, the posterior cord somewhat more widely separated from the rest. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl nine) rounded ribs with equal or wider interspaces, crossing the whorls but becoming obsolete toward the end of the body whorl. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is sharp and lirate within.
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The spaces between are occupied by intervening smaller spirals and very close, fine, microscopic spiral striae, decussated by finer radiating striae of increment. The upper whorls show low, radiating, scarcely visible folds. The base is nearly smooth, having only fine separated spiral threads with flat interspaces. All sculpture becomes obsolete in the white crescent except the fine, very oblique growth lines.
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From Assam to Yunnan and through Southeast Asia to Thailand. Typically lacks the spots in interspaces 5 and 7 of the forewing, but a specimen from Shillong in the British Museum has these spots, only they are placed prominently in echelon with one another as in the form from the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra. Burmese and Tenasserim specimens resemble the Assam ones.
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Tropical Reef Research. This species has a long dorsal fin with eleven spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays and 8 anal soft rays. The body is ochre to light brown, stocky, with an oval profile. It is covered by small brown hexagons with pale interspaces disposed on irregular darker diagonal bands and forming a network (hence the common name of the species).
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 11, on the body whorl 9) promment, slightly shouldered ribs with wider interspaces. The ribs undulate the appressed suture. The spiral sculpture consists of close-set alternated threads over the whole surface except between the shoulder and the suture, which is arcuately striated by the incremental lines. The aperture is narrow and straight.
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The wingspan is 25–30 mm for females and 20 mm for males.World Bibliography of Rice Stem Borers, 1794-1990 Antennae of male with short uniseriate laminated branches, which is simple in female. It is a brownish-ochreous moth. Forewings with silvery and yellow fascia, with streaks of black scales on them in cell and the interspaces beyond and below it.
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The subsequent whorls are moderately inflated. They are separated by a deep but not channelled suture, having a rounded periphery, a wide, completely pervious umbilicus, and a large, very oblique, iridescent aperture. The axial sculpture consists of very fine silky incremental lines. The spiral sculpture consists of low flattish threads separated by narrower interspaces sometimes carrying a finer intercalary thread.
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There are also a few finer ones, especially three near the suture, and occasionally some spiral striation is faintly indicated. On the top of the whorl the interspaces are about twice as wide as the threads, but not so wide on the base. The whorls, the periphery and the base are evenly rounded. The suture is distinct and not channelled.
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The sculpture shows low spiral cords, and of narrow axial ribs which form indistinct nodes where crossing the spirals. The interspaces between the cords are furnished with a small intervening cordlet. Varixes are situated at about each 3/4 of a whorl over the last whorls. The aperture is subtriangular, considerably constricted by outgrowths of the outer lip and of the columellar edge.
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The whorl in front of it slopes flatly to an angular shoulder and is sculptured with three or four flattish spiral threads with slightly wider interspaces separated from the keel at the shoulder by a channel three times as wide as the others. The shoulder keel is duplex, the posterior cord most prominent, the anterior, closely adjacent, less so. In front of these, extending to the siphonal canal, is a series (five on the penultimate whorl, eighteen on the body whorl) of similar but less prominent, subequal, and subequidistant cords, with numerous smaller intercalary threads, the interspaces wider than the primary cords. From the shoulder to the periphery on the body whorl are (on the type species about fourteen) numerous obscure narrow vertical riblets extending to but not over the base, but not nodulating the superincumbent cords.
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Caterpillar left The Malabar tree nymph has a wingspan of 120–154 mm. It appears as a mostly white butterfly with black markings. Upperside semitransparent white, sometimes slightly infuscate with a powdering of black scales. Forewing with the following black marks: narrow margins on both sides of the veins, a dusky streak along dorsum, large sub-basal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 (produced inwardly in former), a large oval spot crossing three streaks in discoidal cell, a spot above it in interspace 11, a broad margin to the discocellulars and three rows of spots on outer half of wing, the discal series outwardly conical and curved sharply inwards opposite apex, the subterminal series in pairs coalescent on the veins, the terminal series elongate on veins and in interspaces; costa with a black streak at base, beyond black and white alternately.
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The size of the shell varies between 9 mm and 15 mm, with a tiny protoconch of less than one whorl and a teleoconch up to 7-8 whorls. The sculpture on the spire whorls consists of beaded spiral cords as wide as interspaces; one cord running just above the suture and continued on the peripheral angle of the body whorl is a duplicate with adapical component strongly beaded and abapical one less so. The abapical surface is imperforate, slightly convex and bearing 6-10 spiral cords, as wide as interspaces and not beaded. The shell colour varies from whitish to yellowish, with nacre showing through in some cases, broad brown flames starting from the suture on the early spire whorls; later whorls usually contain cords and a peripheral rim white articulated by white and brown streaks.
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Male upperside: plumbeous blue. Forewings and hindwings: anteciliary jet-black lines; on the hindwing subterminal subequal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2, beyond which there is a terminal white thread that does not extend beyond those two interspaces. Underside: French grey; principal markings chalky white, somewhat diffuse. Forewing: a pair of short transverse white lines across the middle and another pair at the apex of cell, one on each side of the discocellulars, these latter not extended to the apex but in most specimens indicated there by two white spots; a complete transverse catenulated discal band composed of two parallel white lines, beyond which the ground colour looks as if it had been chalked over; the terminal markings however, though blurred consist of an inner and an outer transverse series of white fannies succeeded by an anteciliary white line.
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Underside is fuliginous black, the transverse band that crosses the wings as on the upperside. Forewing: cell with a series of four slender longitudinal pale lines from base; the veins also picked out with pale lines; on the veins that run to the terminal margin these lines are conspicuous only at the apices; there are besides short similar lines between the veins that extend to the terminal margin. Hindwing: the interspaces beyond the transverse medial greenish-white band marked with broad jet-black streaks up to the subterminal line of greenish-white lunules; these streaks medially interrupted by a transverse line of blue scales and succeeded in interspaces 1 and 7 by preapical ochraceous-yellow spots; terminal margin beyond the line of lunules black. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen fuliginous black; beneath, the palpi and abdomen greenish white, the thorax dark grey.
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Troides aeacus closely resembles Troides helena cerebrus and differs as follows: Upperside, forewing: the pale adnervular streaks more prominent, in some specimens extended into the cell along the outer half of the subcostal and of the median nervules. Hindwing: the cone-shaped terminal black markings in interspaces 2, 3, and 4 more or less broadly bordered on the inner side by a dusky area that is irrorated with blackish scales; the black on the costal margin narrower, not extended below vein 8. As Pompeoptera aeacus in Robert Henry Fernando Rippon's Icones Ornithopterorum (1898 to 1906) Underside similar to the upperside, but the dusky black borders to the cone-shaped marks in interspaces 2, 3, and 4 wanting. Antennae, head, thorax, abdomen and abdominal fold as in Troides helena cerebrus, but the abdomen beneath with two rows of black spots.
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Borneo and Malay Peninsula. Male: upperside black with snow-white markings more or less edged with irrorations of blue scales. Forewing: discoidal streak obscurely divided and uneven along its upper margin; a much-curved and broadly interrupted discal band white; the latter composed of three outwardly oblique quadrate spots in interspaces 1 u9 1 and 2, and three oblong spots inclined inwards in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, no spot in interspace 3; beyond this an inner and an outer subterminal pale line divided by a transverse narrow black band, the former terminating near apex in an obliquely placed small narrow white spot. Hindwing: the discal band of the forewing continued as a subbasal transverse white band: a postdiscal, narrower, more or less macular band also white, and a very distinct pale, still narrower, subterminal band.
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Male from Jairampur (Arunachal Pradesh) Female in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala Like Athyma nefte nivifera but differing in details. Is found in India. Male: upperside black with snow-white markings more or less edged with irrorations of blue scales. Forewing: discoidal streak from dusky white to dark ferruginous, with the exception of the preapical portion which is always prominently white; broad, straight and nearly complete white discal band removed from terminal margin and composed of three outwardly oblique quadrate spots in interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2, and three oblong spots inclined inwards in interspaces 4, 5 and 6, a small spot in interspace 3; beyond this an orange-yellow, macular, well-defined inner and a pale outer subterminal line divided by divided only by the black veins, the former terminating near apex in an obliquely placed mid-sized narrow white spot.
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Male Underside: forewing similar, buff with the pale adnervular streaks broader and much more prominent so that the wing has a general grey appearance; a patch of dark red at base traversed by the black veins. Hindwing deep indigo-blue black; a dark red patch at base as in the forewing, but continued along the dorsum, nearly filling interspaces 1 and 2; superposed on the red in the former are two black spots and some irregular white scaling, and in the latter three large black spots in succession from the base; in some specimens the apical two spots coalesce anteriorly, in others there is also a red lunule near the apex of interspace 5; lastly, a diffuse spot of blue scaling near apices of interspaces 6 and 7. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, paler beneath. Female Female upperside: ground colour duller black.
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Common Jezebel when mating On the underside, the forewings are similar but the black edging to the veins much broader, the upper two interspaces beyond the postdiscal transverse band tinged with yellow. Hindwing: ground colour bright yellow, the veins and transverse postdiscal band as on the upperside but much more broadly black, the latter extended from the costa to vein 2; the interspaces between the veins beyond the postdiscal fascia with a series of broadly lanceolate (lance-shaped) or cone-shaped vermilion-red spots, each spot very narrowly edged with white; the basal portion of interspace 6 white, in contrast to the bright yellow of the ground colour. Antenna black; head, thorax and abdomen white, the apical joint of the palpi black; the head and thorax with a mixture of black hairs that give these parts a grey-blue appearance.
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The length of the shell attains 60 mm, its diameter 26 mm. (Original description) The large, solid shell is white and has a fusiform shape. It contains about five whorls (nucleus eroded) covered with a pale straw-colored epidermis. The whorls are rounded, with rather distinct lines of growth crossed by numerous very sharp, narrow, prominent subequal spiral ridges with about equal or narrower interspaces.
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On the body whorl there are two major threads with much wider interspaces, in front of them about six smaller closer threads to the siphonal canal which has about six close-set threads and a marked siphonal fasciole. The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is deep, rounded, separated by a single thread from the suture. The outer lip is thin, produced and sharp.
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The shell grows to a length of 40 mm, its width 7 mm. The shell is pinkish ash-colored under a light olivaceous epidermis. The lines of growth are sometimes rib-like, oblique and angulated at the periphery and lighter-colored, so that the interspaces appear like angulated lines of chestnut or reddish narrow stripes. The whole surface is covered by close revolving incised lines.
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The spiral sculpture consists of fine sharp equal and equidistant striae covering the shell in front of the carina, cutting minutely the summits of the ribs, with wider flattish interspaces. The aperture is rather wide and simple. The siphonal canal is short, deep and recurved. Dall (1919) Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol.
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The protoconch is white, blunt, polished. The later whorls show, between the sutures, four subequal spiral nodulous cords with deep narrower interspaces. The cord in front of the suture is slightly more prominent than the others. On the body whorl there are about fifteen spiral cords which are crossed by about twenty axial, incised, equally spaced lines, the segments of the cords thus formed being convexly nodulous.
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Otherwise the spiral sculpture, especially on the latter whorls, comprises sharp narrow grooves with wider flattened interspaces which become more cordlike on the earlier whorls and the base. The whorls are moderately rounded with no indication of an anal fasciole. The suture is distinct but not appressed. The aperture in the type specimen is elongate ovate with a simple columella and a thin sharp outer lip.
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The suture is appressed behind a faint anal fasciole. The whorls are moderately rounded. The spiral sculpture is uniform, consisting of fine attenuated close-set spiral threads covering the whole surface and crossed by minutely sharp incremental lines giving a peculiarly rough effect. The other axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 12) rather feeble rounded ribs obsolete anteriorly with about equal interspaces.
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The suture is distinct, appressed, the whorls shouldered immediately in front of it. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl seven or eight) prominent, slightly protractively oblique ribs, with wider interspaces, extending over the whole whorl and prominent at the shoulder, but not continuous over the spire. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is varicose, thick, striated in front, smooth within.
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The length of the shell attains 15 mm, its diameter 7 mm. (Original description) The white shell is more or less discolored by ferruginous red (probably adventitious). It contains 5½ rounded whorls, a subglobular smooth protoconch forming1½ of these. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 6 or 7, on the body whorl about 14) coarse rather irregular cords with narrower channelled interspaces.
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The incremental lines are sharp, sometimes almost threadlike. The spiral sculpture consists of (from three to five on the spire, about 10 on the body whorl) strong, rounded cords overriding the ribs and not swollen at the intersections. The interspaces are subequal and sometimes with an intercalated smaller thread. Lastly the surface is finely minutely spirally striate in the intervals between the larger threads and cords.
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The spire is gradated, the whorls straight-sided in the anterior three-fourths, and bevelled at an angle of 45° to the posterior suture, which is distinct and simple. The sculpture consists of five longitudinal ribs, continuous, narrow, erect and prominent. The interspaces are nearly flat, giving a pentagonal section. The spiral sculpture consists of Sublenticular inconspicuous longitudinal and spiral striae, which cross the ribs.
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The suture is distinct. The sculpture is composed of numerous tine sharp spiral threads with slightly wider interspaces, crossed by somewhat less prominent transverse threads, making a very regular reticulation over the whole surface. At most of the intersections a small point elevates itself, giving a peculiarly rasp-like appearance to the dull unpolished surface of the shell. The notch is shallow, situated at the suture.
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The protoconch consists of two whorls, somewhat globose, smooth and polished. The apical whorl is oblique to the succeeding whorl. Sculpture : The penultimate whorl shows six to seven and the body whorl sixteen to twenty spiral riblets, seven or eight of which are in front of the aperture. They are slightly variable in strength, some in breadth equal to the interspaces, others rather narrower.
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On the body there are about twenty spirals, stronger at the shoulder, smaller and closer forward, the wide interspaces finely spirally striate, while the most prominent spirals are undulate or obscurely nodulous. The transverse sculpture is nearly obsolete and hardly to be distinguished from the incremental lines. The aperture is elongate and oval. The outer lip is thin, sharp, crenulated by the sculpture, but not lirate.
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The whorl in front of the suture as far as the shoulder is flattish. The shoulder of the whorl is strongly marked and angular. It is coronated by the ends of (on the penultimate whorl about 25) straight, protractively oblique narrow ribs with subequal interspaces, becoming obsolete on the base of the body whorl. Incremental lines are more or less distinct but not regular.
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The spiral sculpture shows on the second normal whorl 3, on the next 4, and on the body whorl 10 slender threads with wider interspaces, overrunning the ribs and in front of these finer close-set threads on the columella. The aperture is hardly wider than the siphonal canal. The thin outer lip is arcuately produced in front. The columella is very short and attenuated in front.
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The upperside of the rustic is ochraceous light brown. Its forewing displays some loop-like, slender, dark cellular markings with a broad, somewhat curved, transverse yellow discal band from costa to vein 1. The band does not reach the termen but broadens posteriorly. The margins of the forewing are irregularly sinuous, with the inner defined broadly with black, and produced outwards in interspaces 3 and 4.
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Below this, the margin is squarely indented inwards in interspace 2 and outwardly convex in interspace 1. There is a curved series of three black spots. The largest is in interspaces 1, 2 and 3. The apical area beyond the band is black, with a conspicuous yellow subapical spot in interspace 5, and a paler ill-defined similar spot above it in interspace 6.
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The single most important parameter that influences the performance of an anti-scatter grid, is the grid ratio. The grid ratio is the ratio of the height to the width of the interspaces (not the grid bars) in the grid. Grid ratios of 8:1, 10:1, and 12:1 are most common on radiography. A 5:1 grid is most common for mammography.
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Hindwing black, inwardly red-margined spots superposed on the pink area in interspaces 6 and 7. Cilia very narrow, pale pink. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, thorax above and the abdomen on the sides streaked with greenish grey; beneath: ochreous grey touched on the thorax with pink. Female similar, but with a streak of greenish white along the dorsal margin on both upper and undersides.
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Race macromalayana The upperside of the wings are rich ochre yellow. The forewing is dusky brown towards the base and near the tornus. The cel has three black sinuous lines and there is a line along the discocellulars. The interspaces beyond the apex of the cell are dark brown, the dark colour continues out in interspace 4 and joins a broad oblique short band from the costa.
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The spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire three) strong blunt keels, of which two near the periphery are the most prominent, with subequal wide interspaces. There is a fourth less prominent one on which the suture is laid which only shows on the body whorl. On the base there are about 10 smaller cords irregularly spaced. The axis is perforate by a narrow twisted umbilicus.
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The convexity is straw-color, a deep brown band revolving just within the carina. The spiral sculpture outside the carina, which is not very sharp, consists of two strong beaded spirals alternating with two fine simple brown elevated lines. Then follow nine subequal, finer spirals, less coarsely beaded, the upper angle of the aperture being at the ninth. All these are straw-colored with brown interspaces.
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The wings are light brown, the forewings with the veins and lines dark brown. The cell is a little lighter as are the interspaces between the outer and subterminal lines. The costa and fringe are dark brown and the reniform (kidney-shaped) and orbicular spots are round, brown and fused to the edges of the cell. There is also a terminal row of pale yellowish marks.
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Retrieved July 9, 2017.Moth Photographers Group at Mississippi State University The wingspan is 15.5–20 mm. The forewings are whitish, evenly and thickly overlaid with gray and fuscous scales giving the species a pepper and salt appearance. Toward the apex, the veins are slightly indicated by nearly unsprinkled whitish thin lines, with their interspaces rather more overlaid with dark scales than the rest of the wing.
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Holonema is the best known genus, as at least one species, H. westolli, is known from complete, articulated specimens. Holonema is also the most widespread genus, as the various species are found in Eifelian to Frasnian-aged deposits in the United States, Scotland, Europe, Western Asia, and Australia. The typical ornamentation consists of patterns of alternating rows of tubercles and ridges, with narrow interspaces.
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Additionally, he slowly moves the rooms out of sight by employing machines that push ceilings or complete rooms. Hollow and interspaces are the results of the form of the installations. Some rooms become inaccessible because they are hidden behind walls and some have been isolated by concrete, plumbing, insulation or sound-absorbing materials. Via outside fixed lamps, different times of the day have been simulated.
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The wingspan is 36–42 mm. Forewing smooth pale ochreous suffused with brown except along costa;median vein white, outlined with fuscous; the nervules towards termen whitish; the terminal interspaces with brown streaks; hindwing pure white. A coast species found in Britain, Denmark, N. Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Spain.Seitz, A. Ed., 1914 Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde, Verlag Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart Band 3: Abt.
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These spirals are narrow, cord-like, with large interspaces, crossed by riblets in very various direction. The umbilicus is rather large, but nearly closed by the columellar margin, leaving only a fissure. The aperture is incomplete, a rather broad but not deep fissure at the upper part, rounded and turned up behind. The shape of the aperture is subquadrangular, irregular by the terminations of the keels.
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On the base of the shell there are three sharp threads followed by three lower rounded threads, which approach the columella. The axial sculpture consists of fine, even, arcuate wrinkles, which, except where they bead the posterior thread, are chiefly visible in the interspaces. The suture is laid on the peripheral thread. Between it and the outer lip at the aperture there is a very deep sulcus.
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Southward the color becomes deeper, of a salmon hue, and the sculpture finer. The surface is spirally traversed by unequal cord-like lirae, separated by sharply crispate- striate interspaces, as wide or wider than the ridges. The latter are nearly smooth or show traces of the oblique striation. Upon the last 1½ whorls there is usually a spiral thread in the inter-liral spaces.
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The size of the shell attains 14 mm, its width 5 mm. (Original description) The shell is yellowish white with a pink vertex and the interspaces between the ribs of a pink brown, generally rather pale. The shell contains seven or eight whorls, two of which belong to the nucleus. The nucleus is glassy polished, smooth, swollen, rounded, its second whorl with an obsolete peripheral keel .
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10 to 14) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, more conspicuous and less numerous as we ascend the spire, over which the spiral sculpture passes without nodulation. The aperture is short, subovate. The anal sulcus is short rounded, with a subsutural callus. The outer lip is arcuate, thin, smooth inside, without any marked varix behind it.
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Dorsal scales are smooth and glossy with the vertebral row enlarged and hexagonal. The body of this species is triangular shaped in cross-sections. The dorsum has anywhere from 11 to 14 broad, white crossbars, which are as wide as the black interspaces, while the centers of each of the scales is spotted with black. The belly of the Burmese krait is uniformly white in colour.
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Underside similar to that of the male, but the ground colour very much paler and more ochraceous than green. In some specimens, in addition to the black spots in interspaces 1 and 2 on forewing, there is an anterior postdiscal fuscous curved band. Hindwing: discocellular spot larger than in the 3 and annular; a curved discal series of reddish spots from costa to dorsum. Form 2.
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Common bluebottle at Keitakuen Upperside opaque black. Forewings and hindwings crossed from above the tornal area on the hindwing to near the apex of the forewing by a semi-hyaline broad pale blue medial band which is broadest in the middle, more or less greenish and macular anteriorly; the portion of the band that crosses interspaces 6, 7 and 8 on the hindwing white; beyond the band on the hindwing there is a sub-terminal line of blue slender lunules. Underside similar, ground colour dark brown. Hindwing: a short comparatively broad sub-basal band from costa to sub-costal vein, and the postdiscal area between the medial blue band and the sub-terminal lunules velvety black traversed by the pale veins and transversely, except in interspaces 6 and 7, by narrow crimson lines; lastly, a crimson spot near the tornal angle with an admarginal yellowish-white spot below it.
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The subsutural band is rather broad, oblique, somewhat concave, ornamented on the upper whorls with hue, distinct, curved riblets and lines of growth, the latter alone being visible on the two lower whorls. Just above the periphery, at the edge of the subsutural band, very narrow, sharp, slightly raised, oblique ribs, separated by very wide, slightly concave spaces, cross the whorls to the suture, and on the body whorl disappear just below the sutural line of the aperture. These ribs are most conspicuous at the shoulder, and vary considerably in different specimens, changing from the above narrow, sharp ones, with wide interspaces, to others broad and rounded, With narrower interspaces, the number on the body whorl vary from twelve to fifteen. The entire surface, except the protoconch and the subsutural band, is cut by fine, shallow grooves separated by flattened spaces of unequal width.
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Closely resembles Abisara neophron but is smaller in both sexes and differs as follows: Upperside of forewings has discal white band comparatively broader and shorter, not extending to vein 1, of more even width, not so conspicuously narrowed posteriorly; postdiscal white band more clearly defined and ending anteriorly in a prominent subcostal white spot. Hindwing differs in the subterminal broken white lines being bordered inwardly in interspaces 1 to 3 by much darker brown spots than in A. neophron; the conspicuous oval black spots near apices of interspaces of 5 and 6 much as in A. neophron, but the outer of the two subterminal short lines beyond them ochraceous, not white; tail at apex of vein 4 as in A. neophron, but proportionately shorter. Underside as in A. neophron, but the postdiscal band on the forewing comparatively broader and more clearly defined; the postdiscal area broadly lilac coloured.
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The interspace between the postdiscal and the subterminal bands darker than the general ground colour of the wing, and the postdiscal band on the inner side margined with similarly coloured cone-shaped marks. Underside brown, the white markings as on the upperside but somewhat diffuse, the interspaces of the ground colour more or less blotched with darker brown, forming on the hindwing a conspicuous discal transverse series of spots in the interspaces; the dorsal margin of the hindwing broadly bluish white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen above dark brownish black, the thorax and base of the abdomen respectively crossed by a bar of bluish white; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen bluish white. Female: Upperside black, the markings similar to those in the male, but orange-yellow and much broader; on the forewing the discal band complete, the inner subterminal band much broader and better defined.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl including the terminal varix 10) rounded, rather strong ribs, extending from suture to the siphonal canal and usually vertically continuous up the spire. The shoulder is hardly indicated, the spiral sculpture passing over the ribs without nodulation. The interspaces of the reticulation are usually darker colored than the threads. The aperture is narrow, elongated, with a large rounded and conspicuous anal sulcus.
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The outer lip is effuse, externally much thickened, deeply notched near the suture. The lip and columella in most specimens are dark ferruginous brown. G.W. Tryon adds to the above description that the interspaces of the ribs, in one of his specimens, are covered with fine revolving striae, and that another has a faint central band.G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol.
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The spiral sculpture consists of a strong keel at the shoulder and on the base four or five feeble threads. The siphonal canal is without spiral sculpture. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 18) rounded riblets retractive behind the keel, protractive in front of it, straight, forming a nodule at the intersection with the keel and with wider interspaces. The simple aperture is short and wide.
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The length of the shell attains 21.5 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The whitish, acute shell has one globular protoconch and 6½ subsequent, well-rounded whorls. The suture is distinct, not appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of faint obscure grooves with wider interspaces over the whole spire but obsolete on the body whorl, and a series of faint irregular peripheral nodulosities on the upper part of the spire.
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The interspaces between the first and third postmedian lines are very pale. The apical area on the forewing underside is pale buff on the costa, contrasting strongly with the orange-yellow ground colour. The median band of the hindwing upperside has pale yellow spots which are indistinct. The edges of these sports are suffused with orange-brown and in general, the three apical spots are more or less fused.
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The suture is appressed, distinct, the whorl in front of it is constricted. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) a sharp thread or low keel above the periphery, two more at the periphery. On the anterior one the suture is laid and it also forms the anterior boundary of the dark coloration. On the base are about five less conspicuous threads; all these have much wider interspaces.
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The forewings are thinly scaled iridescent grey brown, the base darker and with two small spots antemedially in the cell, and with two streaks medially, with whitish shades around them. There is a darker streak on the discocellular, somewhat divided by a whitish line. There is a subterminal broad white line from the costa to vein 5. There is whitish shading terminally, and small brown spots on the interspaces.
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The fasciole is wide, sculptured with retractively arcuate, sharp, elevated lines. The other axial sculpture consists of well-marked incremental lines, and faint narrow indications of obsolete ribbing. The spiral sculpture consists of a single strong peripheral keel, about eight slender low threads with wider interspaces in front of it, minutely crenulate by the axial sculpture, and much closer fine threading on the siphonal canal. The base is moderately rounded.
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The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 5 mm. (Original description) The small, snow white shell contains five or more whorls exclusive of the (lost) protoconch. The suture is distinct, appressed, the fasciole in front of it constricted, giving the whorls a conspicuous shoulder. The spiral sculpture consists of a few obsolete threads on the base, not extending to the siphonal canal and with wider interspaces.
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In front of the fasciole there is an obscure shoulder to the whorl. The axial sculpture consists of incremental lines, most conspicuous on the fasciole, and a double row of obscure undulations at the periphery, most marked on the earlier whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of 10 or 12 equal, small threads in front of the periphery with narrow interspaces. The base of the shell is evenly rounded.
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The subsequent whorls are axially sculptured with (on the body whorl behind the node) ten sharp, more or less sigmoid, slightly protractive ribs extending from the suture to the siphonal canal, or on the spire from suture to suture, with wider interspaces. The suture is oppressed. In front of it is a very slight constriction corresponding to an anal fasciole, though no actual fasciole is visible. The aperture is moderate.
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The whorls in this species are only moderately rounded and distinctly angular at the shoulder. The suture is distinct, appressed, coronated by the ends of the ribs in front,. The fasciole is sloping and hardly constricted. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about a dozen) narrow nearly straight ribs, with wider interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, obsolete on the base and toward the end of the body whorl.
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The length of the shell attains 7.7 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. (Original description) The small, thin, white shell contains six well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) protoconch. The suture is appressed, distinct, undulated by the sculpture. The spiral sculpture is variable sometimes with well marked threads (six on the body whorl) and a finer intercalary thread in the rather wide interspaces, and sometimes with the spirals obsolete or absent.
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The suture is distinct The periphery of the upper whorls is nearer the succeeding than the preceding suture. The anal fasciole is constricted but crossed by the ribs. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the upper whorls 4 or 5, on the body whorl about 14) strong cords with narrower groove-like interspaces, extending from the fasciole to the siphonal canal. The cords are not swollen where they cross the ribs.
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The anal fasciole is not spirally striate. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 10) sharp- edged ribs, with wider interspaces, compressed and arcuate on the anal fasciole, nearly vertical elsewhere and extending over the whole whorl, but not continuous over the spire. The incremental lines are inconspicuous. The aperture is rather wide and short with a deep rounded anal sulcus and a prominent subsutural callosity.
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The suture is appressed and obscure. The spiral sculpture is apparently absent. The axial sculpture shows (on the body whorl six) strong, stout, wavelike ribs, continuous up the spire, with wide interspaces, and practically vertical0 The surface appears to be smooth but as the specimen is slightly beach worn some minute sculpture may have disappeared. The suture is undulated by the ribs, there is no anal fasciole perceptible.
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The height of the shell attains 10 mm. The rather thin, imperforated shell has a conical spire and rounded, inflated body whorl. The sculpture shows elevated spiral cords, slightly unequal in size and narrower than interspaces, crossed by minute and numerous prosocline lamellae which override the cords. The peristome is flaring in adult shells, with a distinct outer varix and with internal denticles elongated in the spiral direction.
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The anal fasciole is close to the suture slightly depressed, spirally threaded, arcuately striated. The spiral sculpture on the early whorls consists of a peripheral keel with one strong thread behind it. The rest of the surface is finely closely spirally threaded. The last three or four whorls are peripherally waved with narrower interspaces over which the keel and thread are a little swollen, the fine threading continuing.
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The sculpture is closely scored by sharp spiral cuts, which are deepest about the periphery, fainter midway up the whorl and vanish from the base and from the first four whorls. On the penultimate whorl between the insertion of the lip and the suture, there are sixteen of these impressed spirals. The flat interspaces are obliquely ci'ossed by faint irregular growth lines. The aperture is very oblique ovate.
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These ribs are narrow, low, rather rounded, and with interspaces of about twice their own width. The whorl slopes in a somewhat excavated manner from the suture to the shoulder, where there is a moderate angulation, sometimes forming a rather strong spiral cord. The rest of the surface is covered with very fine, close, even, spiral threading, a little coarser on the earlier whorls. The aperture is elongate and narrow.
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The primaries are low, flat bands about 0.2 millimeter in breadth, somewhat irregularly spaced. There are 4 or 5 on the whorls of the spire, twice as many on the body whorl. The 10 lirations on the columella are narrower and more prominent. Between the primaries 1 or 2 secondaries are similar to the former in general character and separated from them and from each other by linear interspaces.
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The suture is not strongly marked, and runs just below the periphery of the preceding whorl. The base of the shell (diameter: 16 mm) is slightly convex, with ten or eleven similar incised spiral lines stronger toward the umbilicus, where the interspaces become feebly nodulous. The last one on the brink of the umbilicus is more strongly so. The umbilicus is moderately large (diameter 2.5 mm) and funicular.
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The ribs are narrow, elevated, round-backed, alternating from whorl to whorl, in-bent at the summit, the shaft perpendicular and the base out-curved, thirteen on the penultimate and eleven on the body whorl. The rib before the varix is evanescent. The spirals are prominent cords crossing both ribs and interspaces, on the upper whorls three or four, on the last twelve. The uppermost spiral accentuates the shoulder angle.
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Papilio protenor demetrius Upperside: velvety indigo-blue black, duller on the forewing than on the hindwing. Forewing with pale adnervular streaks broadened along the terminal margin and extended well into the cell. Hindwing: a broad pale yellowish-white subcostal streak; interspaces 4 to 6 irrorated (sprinkled) with bluish scales; tornal angle marked with red. Underside: forewing dull black; adnervular streaks distinctly grey and much broader than on the upperside.
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Hindwing with two similar transverse bands divergent posteriorly, an oval yellowish-white spot in interspaces 2 and 6 respectively and a dark tornal spot; the spot in interspace 2 shaded with brown. Antennae red; head, thorax and abdomen brown. Male secondary sex-mark a small erectile tuft of hair, not covering apparently any specialized scales, near the base of the subcostal vein on the upperside of the hindwing.
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The forewings are pale yellow or pale ochreous with an indistinct brown spot below the discal cell near the base. The antemedial line is represented by fuscous spots and the discoidal stigma has the form of a fuscous stripe. There are several short fuscous streaks around the end of the discal cell. The postmedial line consists of fuscous spots and there are some indistinct brown streaks in the terminal interspaces.
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Beynon, David 2012, Superflat architecture : culture and dimensionality, in Interspaces : Art + Architectural Exchanges from East to West, [The University of Melbourne, School of Culture and Communication], [Melbourne, Vic.], pp. 1-9. The rudimentary function of fukinuki yatai was to portrait multiple narrative stories on the same painting using different spaces. The earliest usage of fukinuki yatai was found in the biography of Prince Shōtoku (聖徳太子絵伝).
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Forewing: a very large, irregular, white spot filling the apex of the discoidal cell, three elongate spots divided by the nervures above and one or two small white spots below, the whole forming an irregular oblique bar; a large sub-terminal blue spot in interspace 2 and smaller similar spots in interspaces 4-7; finally a line of 3 or 4 small terminal blue spots near the tornus: all these blue spots occasionally white-centred. Hindwing: broad white streaks in interspaces la, 1b, 1 and 2, a spot (sometimes absent) at base of interspace 3, another (but rarely) at base of interspace 4, one or two discal blue spots and very incomplete subterminal and terminal series of similar spots. Underside hair- brown, the markings as above but more complete .and larger; on the hindwing there are in addition one or two spots or streaks in the cell and on the disc beyond it.
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Upperside Upperside: black, the dorsal margin of hindwing broadly cinereous; both wings with the following subhyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. Forewing: a short streak along dorsal margin, two broad streaks united at base in interspace 1, the upper one curved, a broad streak in cell with an outwardly indented detached spot beyond it in apex, a slender costal streak, two large discal spots inwardly pointed, outwardly truncate, three elongate spots beyond apex of cell and four or five elongate preapical spots beyond them, finally a subterminal and a terminal series of spots decreasing in size towards apex of wing. Hindwing: elongate streaks in interspaces 1 a and 1 b, two in interspace 1, two in cell with a short slender streak-obliquely between their apices, shorter streaks radiating outwards in interspaces 2–6, a sub-terminal series of small spots and a terminal row of dots beyond. Ventral view of Ideopsis vulgaris macrina Underside: similar, the markings better defined.
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Hindwing: suffused with greenish yellow that leaves only a broad streak in the cell (continued beyond in interspaces 4 and 5) of the white ground colour apparent; the whole surface of the wing more or less densely irrorated with black scales, these have a tendency to form a broad lower obscure discal dark patch and a broad terminal margin, the space between these two bright yellow; a spot of bright yellow also in inter-space 6. Antennae black; the head and thorax anteriorly with long greenish hairs, thorax posteriorly with greyish-blue pile: abdomen black with short white hair-like scales; beneath: the palpi with blackish hairs, the thorax yellow, abdomen white. Female upperside, forewing: dark brownish black; an oval, elongate, broad streak in cell, continued beyond into the base of interspace 4, broad streaks outwardly ill-defined from bases of interspaces 2 and 3, a large subterminal spot in interspace 1 and a pretornal short streak along the dorsal margin, white.
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Male upperside: purple with a frosted silvery-blue sheen very much as in N. macrophthalma. Forewing: a slender black anteciliary line. Hindwing: costal and dorsal margins somewhat broadly dull brown, an anteciliary black line as on the forewing; the subterminal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2 of the underside apparent in most specimens by transparency. Underside: ground colour and markings similar to those of N. macrophthalma but far more slender and more neatly defined.
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The body whorl shows a cord at the suture and on the other side of the anal fasciole about five elevated keels with subequal interspaces, more adjacent on the base with about as many more smaller and closer threads on the anterior region. The suture is appressed and obscure. The anal fasciole is concave, not spirally striated The axial sculpture consists of rather close sharp striae which cut the spirals. The aperture is narrow.
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The suture is distinct and not appressed. The anal fasciole is narrow, constricted and separated from the suture by an obscure ridge. In front of the fasciole is an undulated rounded ridge from which extend obliquely protractive obscure riblets more or less obsolete on the body whorl, probably stronger and more distinct on the spire when not eroded. There is also very obscure spiral grooving with much wider interspaces on the base.
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Two larger spots are slightly outset between veins 3 and 5, their outer edge indentate on vein 4, and only dark edged outwardly. There are also faint terminal spots on the interspaces. The hindwings are more thinly scaled, whitish at the base and on the inner margin. There is a semihyaline small spot with a dark edge beyond the discocellular, as well as a faint postmedial line and an interrupted dark terminal line.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 18 mm and 30 mm (Original description) The slender shell slender contains about eight (slightly decollate) whorls. Its color is livid olivaceous with a pale peripheral band, lighter near the aperture. The suture is appressed, on the upper whorls rudely nodulous. The spiral sculpture in front of the fasciole on the spire consists of five or six strong cords with narrower interspaces, overriding the ribs.
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The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl in front of the shoulder about 6) incised lines, with wider interspaces, overrunnuig the ribs. On the body whorl this sculpture extends to the siphonal canal . The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 17) short, rounded ribs extending from the shoulder, where they are most prominent, over the periphery and obsolete on the base. There are also fairly distinct incremental lines.
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The length of the shell attains 47 mm, its diameter 14 mm. The shell is large and handsomely sculptured. It contains eight convex whorls, shouldered, with about sixteen thick, rounded, oblique ribs, separated by concave interspaces. The ribs do not extend above the shoulder, leaving a rather broad flattened band, which is covered by raised revolving lines, more or less decussated by prominent growth lines and slight riblets, running down the suture.
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The length of the shell attains 4.5 mm, its diameter 3.3 mm. (Original description) The small, short, stout, blunt shell contains about 4½ whorls. The anal fasciole slopes toward a carinate beaded shoulder, retractively wrinkled between the distinct suture and a nearly median thread. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 30) small, narrow, protractive equal ribs with subequal interspaces, obsolete on the base, each beginning at a bead on the carina.
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The suture is distinct, not appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl four) stronger threads the posterior forming the shoulder, and between them in the wider interspaces much finer intercalary threads. On the base of the shell the minor threads become close-set and coarser. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl fourteen or more) low threadlike ribs extending to the siphonal canal and shortly sigmoid behind the shoulder.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the spire about a dozen) short narrow ribs, very prominent and almost angular in front of the fasciole and on the body whorl extending nearly to the siphonal canal, with wider interspaces and not nodulous behind the base. The incremental lines are very fine and minutely crenulate the fine spiral sculpture in places. The aperture is narrow. The short anal sulcus is rounded, with a strong subsutural callus.
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The ribs are oblique, rounded, rather wider than the interspaces, becoming less marked and more distant on the body whorl, and almost absent on the base, about 14 in the penultimate whorl. There are sublenticular accremental incisions. The spiral incisions ai'e deep, irregularly slightly wavy, about 8 in the penultimate whorl, and 20 in the body whorl, nearly equidistant, in places alternately fine and wide. The colour of the shell is uniform light-straw tint.
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Here they are a little more widely separated, and have one or two intercalary fine threads in the interspaces. On the siphonal canal there are six primary threads alternating with somewhat smaller secondary ones. The transverse sculpture consists of gently elevated ribs (eight on the penultimate whorl), which vary in different specimens as to elevation and strength. In the type specimen figured they begin at the fasciole and fade on the base.
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The ribs are a little prominent, rather oblique, sharp at summit, and separated by concave interspaces of somewhat greater width. On the upper whorls they run from just above the shoulder forward to the suture. On the body whorl they curve strongly forward in the middle and then recede and disappear before reaching the base of the siphonal canal. The subsutural band is very wide, strongly sloping, and somewhat concave just above the shoulder.
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The shell consists of seven whorls, glistening and polished, though sculptured with finely granulated, revolving lines. The upper whorls are carinate and shouldered. The body whorl is bicarinate. The sculpture consists above of about fifteen revolving, elevated, finely granulated lines, alternately spotted with light yellow, brown and white The basal surface has about eleven similarly colored ribs, which are not granulated, but have the interspaces slightly decussated by the lines of growth.
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The elongate shell size varies between 13 mm and 19 mm. The shell is ashy olivaceous, covered with a shiny very thin epidermis, and is claret-brown within the aperture. The whitish apex is small and rather blunt. There are eight, moderately convex, smooth whorls with eleven short, somewhat oblique, slightly curved, strong axial ribs, more prominent on the periphery and fading away towards the sutures and not distinctly differentiated from the interspaces.
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The length of the shell attains 10.5 mm, its diameter 4.6 mm. (Original description) The small, white shell contains about six whorls exclusive of the (lost) protoconch. The suture is distinct, the whorl in front of it slightly turgid, in front of which the anal fasciole is more or less constricted. At the shoulder begin about fifteen short, very obliquely protractive, wave-like ribs, with narrower interspaces, which are conspicuous only near the periphery.
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Of the respiratory system little has been preserved. No traces of the lungs have survived, nor of any air sacks. The sole element still present consists of a seven millimetre long piece of the trachea of which about ten tracheal rings are visible, the most anterior of which are open at the top, giving them a C-shape. They have an average length of 0.33 millimetres and are separated by 0.17 millimetre thick interspaces.
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The sculpture consists of about twelve rather prominent, stout longitudinal ribs, wliicli run nearly straight across the whorls. And on the body whorl these extend to the base of the siphon. These are separated by deeply concave intervals of about the same width. The whole surface is covered by strongly marked revolving cinguli, which cross both the ribs and their interspaces, and thicken so as to form small, rounded nodules where they cross the ribs.
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The anal fasciole is narrow, nearly smooth except for lines of growth, bordered in front by an inconspicuous angular shoulder. From this shoulder extend (on the body whorl about eighteen) feeble, narrow, subequal, protractive, axial riblets, with subequal interspaces, crossed by fine, close-set spiral threads. The ribs extend to the suture, or on the body whorl to the base, and the threads cover the whole surface. The anal sulcus is shallow.
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Male upperside: purple with a frosted silvery-blue sheen very much as in N. macrophthalma. Forewing: a slender black anteciliary line. Hindwing: costal and dorsal margins somewhat broadly dull brown, an anteciliary black line as on the forewing; the subterminal black spots in interspaces 1 and 2 of the underside apparent in most specimens by transparency. Underside: ground colour and markings similar to those of N. macrophthalma but far more slender and more neatly defined.
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On the tail, the pattern fuses to form a zigzag pattern. In some specimens, the pattern is so concentrated that there is no difference in color between the markings and the interspaces. The ventral surface includes a dark brown to black stripe that starts at the neck and runs down to the tail tip. Aberrant specimens, described by Lema (1960, 1987), had dark dorsal stripes running down the length of the body.
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The body whorl has a sharply angled periphery. The shell upper surface is circled by irregularly beaded bands, 5 or 6 on each whorl, uneven in size, the upper row largest;. The bead in each whorl is larger on the upper row than those at lower rows, The base of the shell is nearly flat, concentrically lirate. These lirae are granulose, rather coarse, with broad interspaces, which are frequently occupied by revolving lirulae or striae.
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The forewings are whitish, yellowish or reddish brown, the interspaces with very broad dark red-brown streaks, which may be partially or (in form modesta) quite obsolete. The larvae have been reared from various grasses and have been recorded as a pest of rice.The Moths of Borneo Other recorded food plants are maize, sorghum, finger millet, sugarcane, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa species, Leersia hexandra and Panicum repens. Pupation takes place in the soil.
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Forewing ochreous, with a rufous tinge; veins, especially the median, whiter, lined by fine brown streaks, which also appear in the interspaces; a dark shade below median nervure; a black clot at lower angle of cell; outer row of dots shown only by those on veins 2 and 5; hindwing dull grey. - ab. dungana Alph., from Turkestan and Tibet, is a darker, more fuscous, form in which the dark streaks become obscured; - ab.
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The male's upperside is black. Forewing with a broad white interrupted band from the subcostal nervure opposite the origin of veins 10 and 11, extended obliquely to the tornus, and a second short pre-apical similar band; both bands composed of detached irregularly indented broad streaks in the interspaces. Hindwing with a distal posteriorly strongly curved series of seven crimson spots followed by a subterminal series of crimson lunules. Cilia black alternated with white.
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From Karawang, West Java, Indonesia The Malayan krait may attain a total length of , with a tail long. Dorsally, it has a pattern of 27–34 dark-brown, black, or bluish-black crossbands on the body and tail, which are narrowed and rounded on the sides. The first crossband is continuous with the dark color of the head. The dark crossbands are separated by broad, yellowish-white interspaces, which may be spotted with black.
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The forewings are fuscous mixed with darker and with the veins mostly outlined by pairs of very fine white lines, those of 6 and 9 and the upper margin of the cell obsolete, the interspaces between the veins marked with suffused blackish streaks. There is a white streak through the middle of the cell from the base and the costal edge is finely white, the dorsal edge blackish. The hindwings are grey, darker posteriorly.
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On the fasciole are six or seven smooth rounded subequal spiral threads with equal or wider interspaces, more crowded anteriorly. Beyond the shoulder are nine similar but coarser threads, sometimes entire, sometimes flattened or even medially sulcate on top, extending over the base, and on the region of the siphonal canal as many more, smaller and more distant, crossed by obvious incremental lines. The aperture is elongate and rather narrow. The anal sulcus is very wide but shallow.
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Rarely the posterior thread is more prominent than the others. On the body whorl there are about nine threads, more adjacent as they approach the siphonal canal which has about six more closely set. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 14) low narrow straight ribs extending from the suture to the siphonal canal with slightly narrower interspaces. There is no nodulation at the intersections with the spiral sculpture and the reticulations are squarish and deep.
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There is other spiral sculpture of somewhat alternated small uniform close-set threads, made minutely scabrous by the intersection of sharp incremental lines and covering the whole surface. The; axial sculpture otherwise consists of six prominent sharp vertical ribs with much wider interspaces, practically continuous up the spire and extending from the suture to the siphonal canal. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow, rounded, not preceded by any obvious fasciole, close to the suture.
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These give the whorl a turreted appearance. The spiral sculpture consists further of a strong simple thread revolving a short distance in front of the suture and forming the posterior margin of the fasciole. There are also a dozen or more similar threads on the body whorl, extending from the periphery, where the interspaces are wide, to the siphonal canal, where they are narrow. On the first three whorls of the spire none of these threads are visible.
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Adults are ochreous yellow, the forewings with pale blue streaks below the base of the costa and the cell. There is some fuscous in and below the cell, as well as fuscous streaks at the base and on the medial part of the inner margin. The veins on the outer area are streaked with black and the interspaces above vein 2 are semihyaline, with short black streaks towards the termen. The hindwings are semihyaline yellow with a fuscous tinge.
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Both the ribs and interspaces are crossed by well-marked, somewhat unequal, raised, revolving lines, separated by narrow grooves. These, in passing over the ribs, produce small, somewhat conical, unequal nodules, which give a somewhat rough appearance to the surface of the shell. One of the spiral lines just above the suture and one or two of those at the shoulder are stronger than the rest. Between the ribs the revolving lines are roughened by fine lines of growth.
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The suture is distinct, appressed; the edge in front thickened and undulated by the sculpture. The anal sulcus is shallow but the fasciole constricted and nearly smooth. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 16) narrow, nearly straight rounded ribs with subequal or narrower interspaces, crossing the whorls from a slight shoulder in front of the anal fasciole to the succeeding suture and becoming gradually obsolete on the base. The incremental lines are well marked.
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When present the suture may have a thickened edge with one thread on the preceding whorl immediately behind it, or it may be quite simple. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about a dozen) short, subnodulous, slightly oblique ribs which do not cross the anal fasciole and become obsolete on the base, separated by narrower interspaces. The anal fascioleis slightly excavated, smooth except for incremental arcuate lines close to the suture. The aperture is narrow.
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The length of the shell varies from 12 mm to 30 mm. (Original description) The slender, dull, light brown shell is eight-whorled. The protoconch is large, bubble-shaped, smooth and forms a blunt apex. The subsequent whorls are furnished with numerous (on the whorl next to the last 20, and on the last 27) narrow, little-raised, rounded riblets with somewhat wider interspaces, becoming less distinct and more crowded in the adult near the aperture.
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The anal fasciole is wide, constricted, a single strong cord and fine spiral threads between it and the suture. In front of the fasciole are about six strong cords slightly swollen as they override the ribs, with much wider interspaces occupied by fine spiral threads, the cord at the periphery stronger than the rest. The base shows threads of intermediate size, close- set. The outer lip is sharp, arcuate and undulate by the ends of the spiral cords.
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The length of the shell attains 13 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. The small shell is fusiform and rather solid. The sculpture consists of 11 to 12 low, strong, rounded, and slightly oblique axial ribs, rather wider than the interspaces, obsolete on the base and usually on approaching the outer lip. The spiral sculpture consists of minute striae, erased upon the ribs, a few at the anterior end stronger, and frequently several rough irregular ridges on the basal fascicle.
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There is no obvious axial sculpture. The base of the shell is bordered by a cord (without beading) of the middle size, between which and the center of the base there are 18 to 20 flattish straplike spirals. These are faintly irregularly undulated and with subequal or narrower interspaces, except the three or four nearest the columella which are larger, more distant, and with more or less obscure nodulation. The base of the shell is only slightly convex.
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Differs in being on the whole larger, with the white markings of great width, in the female almost entirely filling the cell in the hindwing. In both sexes streaks are always present in interspaces 3 and 4 of the hindwing, while the sub- terminal and terminal series of spots on that wing are generally complete. The female in all the specimens I have examined has a decided blue gloss on the apical half of the forewing.
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The grooves continue, but do not seem to increase in number, while all sculpture disappears from between them. The interspaces are smooth and flat and only marked by very light lines of growth. The carina is separated from the rest of the whorl by a squarish shallow gutter, somewhat too broad to be termed a groove. The base of the shell rounds up over the periphery so that the most angular edge of the carina is at the top .
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This is roughened by the crossing of the growth lines, which are elsewhere inconspicuous. On the base surrounding the umbilicus there are also four more prominent carina, about equal in size and evenly separated by wide, slightly concave interspaces. The first one is situated about the middle of the base, and the last one well up in the umbilicus. On all of these, the lines of growth are so conspicuous as to give them a distinctly beaded appearance.
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The forewings are pale yellow, the veins and costal area deeper yellow and the costal edge black to beyond the middle. There is an antemedial pale fuscous point below the cell and a faint fuscous discoidal mark. The postmedial line is pale fuscous and there is a subterminal series of pale fuscous spots in the interspaces. The hindwings are pale yellow, the termen deeper yellow and the postmedial line pale fulvous, arising as a spot in the discal fold.
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A small spot is found beyond the middle of the cell and a little anterior to it in the fold is a similar spot. There is an irregular transverse brown line at the end of the cell and just above the end of the fold is a spot somewhat larger than the discal spot. Slight aggregates of brown scales are found in the interspaces around the apex. The hindwings are brownish gray, darker than the forewings.
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Seen by transparency from the underside are two convergent transverse black bands, the outer one of which is traversed by short transverse lines of red in interspaces 2, 6, 7 and 8. Underside similar; hindwing with the addition of the two black bands mentioned above, which coalesce above the tornal area. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the head marked with red, the thorax on the sides with greyish pubescence; abdomen with lateral white stripes; beneath, white.
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On the underside the black markings are broader; on the forewing the upper discal short oblique black bar is produced to and coalesces with the black spot in interspace 3; on the hindwing the discal transverse black band is very irregular but nearly continuous by the junction of its upper portion with the spots in interspaces 4 and 5; terminal markings on both wings as in the male. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of the male.
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The axial sculpture consists of many protractively flexuous extremely fine lines with wider interspaces over all the whorls. The cemented edges at the suture by their opacity look like a presutural band, but this is not reflected in the sculpture. The spiral sculpture on the spire consists of almost microscopic close striae. On the base there are about a dozen fine spiral grooves between the edge of the umbilicus and the periphery, a little coarser near the carina.
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Lesions of erythrasma are initially pink, but progress quickly to become brown and scaly (as skin starts to shed), which are sharply distinguished. Erythrasmic patches are typically found in moist and intertriginous areas (skin fold areas--e.g. armpit, groin, under breast) and can be well-defined patches or irregular. The most common is interdigital erythrasma, which is of the foot, and may present as a scaling, fissuring, and chronic non-resolving break down of the toe web interspaces.
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The suture is distinct, appressed, with a smooth, hardly constricted fasciole in front of it. The axial sculpture consists chiefly of rather strong flexuous incremental lines and a few gradually obsolescent riblets on the earlier whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 18–20) fine prominent threads rising above the incremental lines, with wider interspaces, covering the whole whorl in front of the fasciole;. The aperture is ovate, measuring about⅓ the whole length.
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On the fasciole and base these are more or less obscured by spiral impressed lines with much wider interspaces, which appear feeble and as if obsolete where not eroded. The siphonal canal is short and straight. The outer lip is simple with the sulcus near the suture, rather wide and deep when complete. The body has a white callus and near the insertion of the columella a single very strong sharp edged spiral plication extending into the spire.
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The inner lip has a thin, complete glaze. The base of the shell is roundly concave. The columella is straight, curved to the left in the siphonal canal, and slightly thickened on the outside of its anterior end. The narrow spiral cords, one-third as wide as their interspaces, increase from four in the first whorl to nine in the penultimate whorl, and twenty-three in the body whorl, and are minutely roughened by sublenticular accremental striae.
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On the body whorl there are three spiral ribs in front of the aperture, usually less distinct as they approach the outer lip, and with one or two threads in the interspaces. Anterior to this are ten or eleven small spirals, somewhat irregular in size. Above the sinus are seven or eight threads, two of which are slightly stronger, and in some examples form small ribs. The whorls are transversely striate with growth lines, oblique on the sinus area.
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Sculpture:— The flattened and conspicuous fasciole carries three or four small spiral threads. The remaining spirals are sharp cords, narrower than their interspaces, larger and wider apart on the periphery, about fifteen on the body whorl and five on the penultimate. The radial riblets, so faint as to scarcely appear in the intercostal furrows, form beads on these spirals. These riblets are most developed on the fourth and fifth whorls, and vanish gradually on the body whorl.
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The forewings are orange-scarlet with a minute blackish spot at the middle of the costa and a blackish streak on the inner margin. There is also a rounded apical black-brown patch, slightly tinged with bluish. The costa and veins are streaked with orange and the terminal area below it has slight brown streaks in the interspaces. The hindwings are brown, the lower part of the cell and the area just below it are semihyaline.
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Sketch by Robert Templeton The male somewhat resembles Neptis columella, but differs as follows: Upperside fuliginous black, the interspaces between the veins deeper black, very conspicuous in certain lights, particularly so between the subbasal and postdiscal markings on the hindwing; the white markings suffused with very pale bluish green; the posterior two spots of the discal series on the forewing subequal; the postdiscal macular band on the hindwing with a tendency to obsolescence, varying from a narrow series of white lunules to a somewhat diffuse transverse narrow pale band. On the underside the ground colour is paler than in N. columella, the interspaces between the veins conspicuously much darker; the postdiscal and subterminal markings on both forewings and hindwings diffuse and very ill-defined. N. jumbah can also be recognized by the discal transverse series of comparatively large dark brown spots. In the female the spots on the forewing and the subbasal band on the hindwing are comparatively broader than they are in the male; in the dry- season form of both sexes, as compared with the wet-season form, often conspicuously broader.
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Wet-season form Male upperside bright orange yellow. Forewing olivaceous brown at base with the following black markings: three short sinuous transverse lines across the cell; the discocellulars with an inner and outer slender line; a lunular inner discal broken transverse line, a zigzag outer discal broken transverse line, a transverse inwardly curved series of postdiscal spots, those in interspaces 5 and 6 the largest, and an inner and an outer subterminal conspicuous zigzag narrow band. Hindwing with inner and outer discal black lines and inner and outer subterminal narrow black bands as on the forewing, but the outer discal transverse line faint and ill-defined posteriorly; the space anteriorly between the two discal lines much paler yellow than the general ground colour; in addition there is a dark straight postdiscal diffuse fascia with a superposed ocellus in interspaces 2 and 5 respectively, and a lilac spot at the tornal angle. Underside similar, the basal area enclosed by the inner discal line suffused with cinnabar-red, as is also the outer zigzag transverse ill-defined discal line.
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The sculpture consistis of (on the body whorl) 23 stout, uniform, slightly flexuous rounded ribs extending from the suture to the siphonal canal with slightly narrower interspaces. The lines of increase are distinct, sometimes threadlike. These a re crossed by numerous close-set spiral threads, separated by narrow grooves, both faint near the suture. The threads grow stronger, regularly wider, and coarser gradually toward the siphonal canal, near which they are stronger than the obsolete ends of the transverse ribs.
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The forewings are orange yellow with slight subbasal brownish spots in the cell and above the inner margin. The costa is brownish to the excurved dark antemedial line, which is incurved and obsolescent at vein 1. There is a black discoidal lunule and a postmedial line formed of small fuscous spots in and on the interspaces, arising below the costa, incurved at vein 7, excurved to vein 2, then bent inwards. There is a series of dark striae just before the termen.
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The whole surface is covered by numerous slightly raised, longitudinal lines, which are parallel with the lines of growth and are most conspicuous in the interspaces between the cinguli. The apex, in our single specimen, is badly eroded. The aperture is narrow-ovate, not very large, with a distinct obtuse angle at the base of the columella, which is rather short and nearly straight. The siphonal canal is short and straight, distinguished from the body whorl only by a slight undulation.
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The spiral sculpture shows a pronounced keel in front of the fasciole, on the upper part of the spire this keel may be more or less undulated. In front of the keel the surface is retractively somewhat irregularly obliquely grooved, with wider flattish interspaces upon which is a minute protractively looped sculpture giving a vermicular aspect to the surface under a magnifier The ovate aperture is simple. The outer lip is thin and sharp. The anal sulcus is wide and moderately deep.
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The spiral sculpture consists of fine flattish threads separated by narrow striae very minutely reticulated by the incremental lines and most conspicuous in the intervals between the ribs, practically covering the whole surface of the shell. The axial sculpture, beside almost microscopic lines of growth, consists of (on the body whorl 14) short rounded ribs, slightly angulated at the shoulder and extending from the suture to the siphonal canal with subequal interspaces. The anal sulcus is shallow. The aperture is narrow and simple.
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The length of the shell varies between 8 mm and 12 mm. (Original description) The waxy white shell is smooth, glistening, elongated, rather acute at both extremities. It contains eight or nine whorls, the whorls of the protoconch are less strongly sculptured. Next the suture, which is by them distinctly marked, a succession follows of (on the body whorl sixteen) little squarish knobs, not continued anteriorly in any way, but looking as if they had been pinched on from the interspaces between them.
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The Longitudinal lirae are numerous, equidistant, about 20 in the penultimate whorl, narrower than the interspaces. In some specimens crossing the spiral lirae and wider than them, generally most marked and forming conspicuous costae in the second and third spire-whorls. In others they are narrower, crossed by the spiral lirae, giving a cancellated appearance. The body whorl is nearly cylindrical, angled a little below the suture and again at the periphery, below which it is excavately contracted to the base.
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The apex is defective. The subsequent whorls are rather rapidly increasing, with an appressed suture behind a smooth and constricted anal fasciole. In front of which the shell is shouldered by a series of short, slightly protective ribs, of which, on the penultimate whorl there are fifteen, with subequal interspaces and crossed by half a dozen irregularly spaced spiral striations. These striae are ill-defined, and on the body whorl extend over the base of the shell to the siphonal canal.
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The fasciole is wide, steep, excavated and marked with close-set fine even spirals.;It is bounded behind by a sharply cut elevated thread, a little space in front of the suture. The whorl in front of the fasciole is covered with close-set, strong, subequal, flattish spirals, with narrow channelled interspaces. These spirals, from two on the four apical whorls, increase to seven on the penultimate whorl, and eleven (behind those on the siphonal canal) on the body whorl.
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The shell is polished, thin. It is resembling Phymorhynchus cingulatus (Dall, 1890), of a chestnut-brown color, fading to a paler pinkish-brown, with seven whorls. The nucleus eroded, the early whorls are with four or five flattened elevated spirals with wider interspaces in front of a somewhat sloping anal fasciole, more or less reticulated by narrow, slender, irregular, elevated riblets in harmony with the lines of growth, and which form on the fasciole delicate arches concave forward. The suture is appressed.
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Shell up to 12 mm high, fusiform with acute spire and body whorl occupying about 60% of the total height. Protoconch small, with 4 convex whorls and a sculpture of oblique threads forming a delicate reticulate pattern. Teleoconch with a sculpture of regular, high spiral cords; there are three cords on the first teleoconch whorl and the number increases by intercalation of additional cords in the later whorls. Interspaces of cord filled wit delicate raised lines, parallel to growth lines.
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On the earlier whorls the posterior edge is prominent. The whorls are moderately rounded. The spiral sculpture is absent from the spire, on the body whorl hardly visible except on the extreme anterior base and the siphonal fasciole where there are a few impressed lines. The axial sculpture of (on the body whorl 12) consists of somewhat sigmoid ribs, feebly arcuate on the anal fasciole, strongest in front of it, rather sharp-edged, extending mostly over the base, and with somewhat wider interspaces.
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The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 35 mm. The shell has a high conical spire and a globose body whorl. The protoconch is cyrtoconoid (almost with the shape of a cone, but having convex sides) with about 3 whorls. The teleoconch contains 7–8 convex whorls, with a sculpture of fine, regular spiral cords, broader than the interspaces, and with flexuous axial folds, which are rather swollen beneath the suture and make it undulated and channelled.
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The suture is distinct, not appressed. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl thirteen, on the body whorl seventeen) sharp, narrow, nearly vertical ribs, with wider interspaces, arcuate and feeble above the periphery, where they form angular projections, obsolete on the last half of the body whorl. They become obsolete midway between the periphery and the siphonal canal. The upper surface of the whorls are flattish, sloping, with about fifteen fine, close, more or less alternated spiral threads.
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The aperture is oblong-oval, narrower behind, widely open in front, with a shallow notch. The outer lip is simple, sharp, thickened by a marked varix outside, which ascends roundly at the suture and bounds a shallow, wide posterior sinus. The profile is convex, barely sinused anteriorly. The axial ribs are roundly trigonal, sinuous, undulating the upper suture, most valid at the swelling of the whorl, half as wide as the interspaces, vanishing towards the base, and becoming obsolete towards the aperture.
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Parallel wavy lines (rivers) were spaced apart with the purple contours on the inside and orange on the outside. Opposite of the principle, the rivers were not perceived as filed in, but the interspaces between the rivers were perceived to be filled in, or as figure in this case. The fifth experiment was watercolor illusion compared to convexity. According to the “law of the inside” the concave regions of the stimulus should be perceived as ground and the convex ones perceived as figure.
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The about six whorls are somewhat convex. The upper surface of each whorl shows usually four or five spiral closely granose lirae, in the interstices between which sharp microscopic oblique and spiral striae are visible under a lens. The body whorl is carinated at the periphery, usually with six lirae on the upper surface, convex beneath, concentrically lirate, the lime very narrow, feebly granose or nearly smooth, separated by wide lightly obliquely striate interspaces, the inner lirae closer. The aperture is rhomboidal.
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The male forewings are drab with some white at the base and a bister subbasal point, as well as a white shade at the end of the cell, enclosing a fuscous discal spot. There is a whitish postmedial shade from which white streaks extend on the interspaces to near the termen, the veins terminally finely streaked with white. The basal half of the costa has white streaks above and below the costal vein. The hindwings are whitish, the veins broadly drab.
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Above the periphery one can see two pink and one straw-colored large smooth and rounded spirals, one smaller smooth one, then three large and two intercalary smaller nodulous spirals separated from the suture by a narrow smooth space. The interspaces are brown, the elevations straw-colored. The early whorls have two or three smooth and one or two nodulous spirals, the former remain constant with growth, the latter increase in number. The radiating sculpture consists of flexuous incremental lines, hardly visible.
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There are four beaded ribs on the upper side of the body whorl, and the beads are coarse. The interspaces are wide enough to show the lines of growth crossing them. The nodules on the peripheral rib in this whorl are undulations rather than beads, and sufficiently large to give a crenulated appearance to the border of the shell when viewed from below. There are eight revolving ribs on the base crossed by fine ridges following the lines of growth.
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The length of the shell attains 6.5 mm, its diameter 3 mm. (Original description) The small shell is pale waxen yellow, with occasional brown spots between the ribs. It contains about 1½ smooth white whorls in the protoconch and about 5½ subsequent whorls. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight) stout protractively arcuate ribs with subequal or narrower interspaces not continuous up the spire, but extending from the suture over a slight shoulder to the siphonal canal.
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Beside this the incremental lines are minutely elevated and rasplike over the whole surface, but most so between the spirals. The suture is distinct, not appressed. The whorl between it and the shoulder is descending and flattened, with five or six revolving fine threads and some secondary, finer intercalary threads. The shoulder shows a prominent small, rounded keel, undulated by the ribs, beyond which similar spiral threads to the number of a dozen or more, with wider interspaces, to the siphonal canal.
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Head and thorax ochreous suffused with rufous; pectus whitish; legs brown; abdomen white slightly irrorated (sprinkled) with brown. Forewing whitish suffused with bright pink; a deep pink fascia in cell and thence obliquely to apex; the inner area deep pink; the terminal area with deep pink streaks in the interspaces. Hindwing white, the terminal area faintly irrorated with ochreous; the underside with the costal area suffused with ochreous.Hampson, George F. (1910) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum.
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The transverse sculpture consists of nine stout short waves, or rounded ribs, with narrower interspaces, beginning in front of the fasciole and becoming obsolete in front of the whorl toward the canal. It also shows rather coarse, strong, and somewhat irregular incremental lines. And where the fasciole borders on the suture, the arched incremental lines are crowded into a series of not very regular plications, which form a band or series in front of the suture. The fasciole is slightly excavated.
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The sculpture consists of axial nodes along the periphery which flatten out rapidly both above and below the periphery, those of the young stages being sharp and denticulate. The shell is covered by raised spiral lines which are finer and more closely set above the periphery but broader and more widely spaced towards the base of the whorl. The interspaces on the lower part of the whorl bear secondary and even tertiary threads. MacNeil, F.S. (1960) Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda of Okinawa.
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On the head, the canthals, internasals and rostral are elevated to form a distinct canthal ridge. There are 1-6 intersupraoculars, 6-9 (usually 7) supralabial scales and 8-10 sublabial scales. The color pattern consists of a tan, yellowish brown, reddish brown, gray or olive ground color overlaid with a series of long and irregular transverse bands. These bands are dark brown with pale centers, weakly subdivided laterally and separated from each other with short and lightly colored interspaces.
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Dry-season brood, male at Hodal in Faridabad district of Haryana, India The female is similar with the upper forewing having the orange patch on the black apical area narrower, posteriorly truncate and not extending so far down. There is also an outer transverse series of four black spots on the orange parch in interspaces 2 to 5. The underside is similar to that of the male but the markings are slightly larger. The antennae, head, thorax and abdomen are also similar.
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The hindwing has a subcostal black spot as in Pieris rapae but is generally larger and more conspicuous, and a series of four or five terminal black spots that vary in size at the apices of the veins. Underside: the forewing is white; cell and costa are lightly irrorated (speckled) with black scales; apex is somewhat broadly tinged with ochraceous yellow. Interspaces 1, 3 and 5 have conspicuous subquadrate black spots; the spot in interspace 1 sometimes extends out of interspace 1.
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That in interspace 5 is ill-defined. Hindwing: from pale, almost white, to dark ochraceous, thickly irrorated all over (with the exception of a longitudinal streak in the cell, and in the darker specimens similar longitudinal streaks in the interspaces) with black scales; costa above vein 8 are chrome yellow. Antennae are black with minute white specks; the long hairs on the head and thorax are greenish grey; the abdomen is black. Beneath, the head, thorax and abdomen are white.
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Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen similar to those of D. eucharis. Female differs from the female of D. eucharis on the upperside by the very much darker shading, especially on the forewing, and by the postdiscal transverse band which is as in the D. eucharis oblique but broader. Hindwing also more darkly shaded, the postdiscal transverse curved black baud entirely absent. Underside as in the female but darker, the forewing especially more thickly shaded with black scaling, the preapical interspaces tinged with yellow.
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The first one and a half whorls are perfectly smooth, while the last one is crossed by minute, transverse riblets. The suture is marked by a conspicuous, rounded, undulating cingulus (= colored bands or spiral ornamentation) or thread on the preceding whorl. The sculpture consists of prominent, straight, angular, alternating ribs (nine on the body whorl), forming a conspicuous node at the angle, extending from suture to suture. These, with their deeply concave interspaces, are crossed by unequal, conspicuous, well-rounded, granulated cinguli and microscopic threads.
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The suture is minutely channeled. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl three, on the body whorl about a dozen) strong squarish cords with narrower interspaces, growing smaller toward the siphonal canal and covering the entire whorl. The cord in front of the suture is separated by a somewhat wider and deeper interspace from those in front of it. The axial sculpture consists of numerous equal regular narrow sulci, cutting the stronger spirals into squarish nodules but less evident on the base.
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The five or six other whorls are hardly rounded. The sculpture consists of about (on the body whorl) sixteen spiral squarish riblets with about equal interspaces, in which near the aperture of the adult a fine intercalary thread appears. The spiral sculpture is crossed by incremental lines and numerous faint rounded transverse ribs which go nearly across the whorl, but which are chiefly evident through the rounded waves they form on the spiral riblets, especially behind the periphery of the whorls. The suture is hardly distinguishable.
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The whorls show an angle at the shoulder where terminate (on the penultimate whorl twenty) straight, somewhat protractive, low, narrow, rather sharp axial ribs. These extend forward on the body whorl nearly to the base. Incremental lines are rather prominent. The spiral sculpture consists of a few faint striae on the fasciole, between the fasciole and the next suture on the spire of five or six strap-like ridges with narrower interspaces often containing an obscure small intercalary thread, overriding the ribs without nodulation at the intersections.
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On the body whorl, below the transverse ribs, there are from twenty-five to thirty shallow grooves, varying in width, and having between them flattened bauds or threads. On the siphonal canal they are so close together that their interspaces appear like rounded threads. Above these, about the middle of the whorl, they are very broad, and separated by equally broad flattened bands, while still above these, below the ribs, they are again narrowed and separated by flattened threads. On the ribs the grooves also vary considerably.
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The incremental sculpture is faint. The spiral sculpture begins on the early whorls with about four faint striae which grow sharper on the later whorls which carry four or five grooves with wider flattish interspaces between the periphery and the succeeding suture, with on the later whorls sometimes one or two on the anal fasciole. On the body whorl there are 16 or more in all. The last rib on the body whorl is more swollen than the others and usually darker in color.
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There are usually three cords on the early spire whorls, rather flat and as broad as the interspaces, later the second-order spiral threads are intercalated. The main spiral cords tend to form small knobs at their intersections with the axial folds, which are narrower than the interspace and may be wanting on part or whole of the spire. Body whorl is somewhat constricted around the canal, which is not delimited by a ridge. Aperture is oval, merging into a broad and short siphonal canal.
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It has six to seven convex whorls, usually with three (rarely five or six) prominent, rounded cinguli, or carinae, separated by much wider, broadly concave interspaces. The uppermost one is usually some distance below the suture, and is often stronger than the rest, producing a slight shoulder. On the body whorl, in specimens with six whorls, there are about seven to nine principal carinae, occasionally with a smaller one interpolated, and becoming more crowded anteriorly. On one specimen with seven whorls, there are thirteen principal cinguli.
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The dwarf sea snake is bluish or grayish blue dorsally, merging to yellowish ventrally, with 35-58 deep bluish-black crossbands. The crossbands are as wide or wider than the interspaces, well defined in younger specimens, but obscure in older specimens. The head is black, and in juveniles may also have a yellowish horseshoe-shaped mark. Adults may attain a total length of 74 cm (2 ft 5 in). The dorsal scales are arranged in 38-54 rows at midbody (31-43 rows on the neck).
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L. scabra grows to a length of about thirty-five millimetres and has conspicuous rugged radial ribs with darker-coloured interspaces and a boldly scalloped margin. The apex is a quarter of the way across the shell and the anterior slope is neither concave nor convex. The shell is a mottled grey and tan colour and the head and the side of foot are white with black spots.Eogastropoda: Rocky Shore Limpets The shell size is between 19 and 40 mm and the shell is rather depressed.
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Shell rather small, elongated fusiform, solid, with a moderately long canal. Sculpture consisting of subequal narrow spiral cords, about 10 on the penultimate whorl, the interspaces shallow, much broader than the cords upon the base, where they have a fine spiral thread; axial sculpture formed by numerous vertical broadly rounded ribs, 15 to 20 on the body whorl, where they become obsolete below the periphery. Colour light - yellowish, the spirals reddish - brown. Spire elevated conic, of the same height as the aperture with canal; outlines straight.
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The spire consists of about nine whorls. A nepionic (= the whorls immediately following the embryonic whorls) whorl and a half follows, with three spiral, latterly beaded cords. The remaining sculpture comprises a strong prominently beaded cord at the periphery immediately in front of which the suture is laid. On the body whorl between the periphery and the suture behind it, are about a dozen threads smaller than that at the periphery but equally and uniformly beaded, with subequal, smooth interspaces, and mostly alternating in size.
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These, with their equally broad, concave interspaces, are ornamented with about twenty-five conspicuously raised, uniform, rounded threads, pretty regularly separated, but a little crowded on the anterior end of the siphonal canal. On the penultimate whorl there are six of them, the first just above the shoulder and the last just above the suture. The lines of growth are very indistinct. The protoconch is small, shining, consisting of three and a half regularly coiled whorls, the lower one ornamented with a peripheral keel.
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The forewings are brown, more or less irrorated dark fuscous. The stigmata are dark fuscous, usually obscure or indistinct, the plical rather obliquely beyond the first discal, an additional dot beneath the second discal, and one between the first and second. There are cloudy dark fuscous dots along the posterior half of the costa, the interspaces usually lighter brownish-ochreous, and an interrupted terminal line similarly edged. The hindwings are pale whitish-yellowish, more or less suffused with light grey on the posterior half.
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Very large and cavernous spherulites are called lithophysae; they are found in obsidians at Lipari, in Yellowstone Park and other places. The characteristic radiate fibrous structure is usually conspicuous, but the fibers are interrupted by cavities that are often arranged as to give the spherulite a resemblance to a rosebud with folded petals separated by arching interspaces. Some of these lithophysae are several centimeters or more in diameter. Tridymite, fayalite and other minerals in the lithophysae may be precipitates from the vapor phase that occupied the cavities.
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The antemedial line is represented by black or fuscous spots and there is a black spot below the discal cell near the base. The orbicular stigma and discoidal stigma are black and there is a series of short black streaks along the vein. The postmedial line is represented by a series of black or fuscous spots and there are some indistinct fuscous streaks in the terminal interspaces. The hindwings are yellowish-white and the subterminal line consists of a series of small fuscous points.
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They are ventricose, with delicate, highly elevated spiral rib-striae,- of which there are about 5 on the upper and 10 on the last whorl. The surface of the ribs is slightly tuberculous, and the last one overhangs the succeeding whorl so as to form a broad deep channel at the suture. The interspaces have about the same width as the ribs, and are beautifully barred with close-set laminae. The base of the shell isconvex, with a small deep scalariform umbilicus, sculptured like the spire.
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On the spire, the axial sculpture is crossed by (on the third whorl about eight, on the sixth ten or a dozen) fine flat threads with wider interspaces, (increasing by interpolation), which override the ribs and rise above them but do not form nodules at the intersections. These spirals are very uniform and on the body whorl extend forward covering the siphonal canal, and are slightly scored by the incremental lines. The aperture is oval, not mature in the specimen. The anal sulcus is obsolete.
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The sexes are very nearly alike, and the difference slight between the dry-season and wet-season broods. Upperside dull black thickly irrorated (sprinkled) with golden-green scales Forewing: a broad subterminal golden-green band that varies in length, but in all specimens is more or less diffuse and obsolescent towards the costal margin; in specimens of the wet-season broods this band is slightly broader than in those of the dry season, also broader in the female than in the male. Hindwing: the irroration of golden-green scales less dense, turning to blue on the anterior portions of the wing; a broad bright blue upper discal patch that stops well short of the termen, and has its outer margin uneven, occupies the base of interspace 4 and the outer portions of interspaces 5, 6, and 7; below, this patch is continued in interspaces 1 to 3 by much smaller diffuse quadrate spots of brilliant golden-green scales, that are prominent in wet-season forms, more obscure in the dry. The discal patch itself is variable in size; in some specimens there is only a trace of it in interspace 4.
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Forewing: base thickly irrorated (sprinkled) with black scales; cell transversely crossed in the middle and along the discocellulars by brown bars of a darker shade than the ground colour of the wing; a transverse, somewhat irregular, catenulated (chain-like), ducal, similarly coloured band followed by a slightly paler, transverse, narrow, lunular, subterminal broad line, beyond which the ground colour is earthy brown, with a superposed terminal series of lunate spots in the interspaces. The cellular and discal markings are faintly edged with white, the terminal markings are generally very obscure. Hindwing: base, posterior half of cell and bases of interspaces 1a, 1, 2 and 3 densely irrorated with black scales with irregular small patches of paler scales superposed thereon; a transverse, catenulated, subbasal dark brown band, a similar shorter band from costa across the discocellulars and a similar very irregular discal band from costa, all merged posteriorly into the irroration of black scales, followed as on the forewing by an obscure, transverse, lunular, subterminal brown line, and a terminal row of ill-defined, similarly coloured, lunate spots. Antenna dark brown, the shafts speckled with white; head, thorax and abdomen deep purplish brown; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen fuscous black.
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Hindwing: the discal band of the forewing continued as a subbasal transverse white band: a postdiscal, narrower, more or less macular band also white, and a very distinct pale, still narrower, subterminal band. The interspace between the postdiscal and the subterminal bands darker than the general ground colour of the wing, and the postdiscal band on the inner side margined with similarly coloured cone-shaped marks. Underside ochraceous light brown, shaded with orange-yellow on apex of forewing and on the anterior portion of the postdiscal band on the hindwing; the markings similar on the upperside but somewhat diffuse, the discoidal streak and posterior half of inner sub- terminal band on forewing and the postdiscal band posteriorly on the hindwing suffused with very pale bluish pink; the interspaces of the ground colour smallish darker brown blotches, forming on the hindwing a conspicuous discal transverse series of spots in the interspaces; the dorsal margin of the hindwing broadly bluish white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen above dark brownish black, the thorax and base of the abdomen respectively crossed by a bar of bluish white; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen bluish white.
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The wings are buffy brown, the forewings with a fuscous antemedial line, slightly outangled on the median and followed in the cell by a small fuscous annulus and a larger annulus over the discocellular. The postmedial line is fuscous, distally edged with white except where retracted along vein 2. It is dentate from the costa, inangled at the fold and retracted at vein 2 to near the cel, finally curved and slightly outbent below vein 2 to the inner margin. There are terminal black spots on the interspaces.
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Below the principal carina there is a rather wide concave interspace, which surrounds the middle or most prominent part of the whorls, and is bounded below by a carina like the upper one, but not quite so strong. Anterior to this there are, on the body whorl and siphon, numerous similar double revolving cinguli, decreasing in size and becoming closer anteriorly. Of these there aire about twelve above the base of the siphonal canal. The concave interspaces between the upper ones are about equal in width to the cinguli.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about 17) short rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, hardly extended over the periphery and gradually becoming obsolete on the body whorl . Incremental lines are somewhat conspicuous on the base where they slightly reticulate the spiral sculpture. The latter comprises three prominent cords on the periphery equal and equidistant, swollen where they over ride the ribs, and feebler on the body whorl. The anal fasciole carries finer equal spiral threads, the base 10 or more somewhat larger and more nearly adjacent as they approach the siphonal canal.
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G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences (described as Drillia loprestana) The shell has a fusiform shape up to 7 mm high, with elevated spire and body whorl less than half the total height. The protoconch is proportionally very large, with 4–5 convex whorls and a sculpture of axial riblets and a marked suprasutural keel. The teleoconch contains 3–4 whorls, with a sculpture of strong, elevated and acute spiral cords, narrower than the interspaces.
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This area is spirally sculptured with numerous, very fine, close-set threads, one of which, two-thirds of the way to the keel, is more prominent than the others. These are crossed by numerous rather irregular low sharp ridges strongest near the keel, which they nodulate more or less, especially on the earlier whorls, and, fading out toward the suture, faintly reticulating the spirals. The keel is high, sharply compressed below, with a rounded edge. The whorl in front of it is spirally sculptured with numerous flat low ridges with narrower channelled interspaces.
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The spiral sculpture consists of numerous fine impressed lines, strongest on the ribs of which they faintly crenulate the crests, and well marked on the siphonal canal where the interspaces are slightly raised and rounded. The transverse sculpture consists of (on the body whorl ten) elevated ribs, not continuous from whorl to whorl, extending from suture to the siphonal canal. These are thin and slightly curved behind the periphery, a little swollen on the periphery and in front of it again diminishing. The suture is somewhat appressed, undulated by the ribs.
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The length of the shell varies between 5.5 mm and 7 mm, its diameter 3–3.5 mm. (Original description) This marine species is closely related to Curtitoma incisula (Verrill, 1882), but differs in having more elongated whorls and therefore appear more slender. 'I'he ribs are very little raised and are indicated rather by the deepened interspaces than by being raised above the general surface level along the shoulder which is roundly angulated. On some portions of the whorls these ribs blend entirely with the sinuous lines of growth.
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The forewings are pale ochreous, thinly scaled, somewhat opalescent. There are small darker subbasal points on the median and vein 1 and a faint, fine, antemedial dark line outangled in the cell, deeply incurved below the cell, and outangled on vein 1. There are two dark points at the ends of the discocellular and the postmedial line is fine, dentate, well outcurved beyond the cell and preceded by a similar less distinct line. The termen is faintly tinged with brown and there are terminal dark points on the interspaces.
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The whorls are slightly angulated at the shoulder, the angle obsolete on the body whorl. The axial sculpture, in addition to lines of growth of (on the penultimate whorl consists of about twenty-six) fine, sharp, narrow lamcllose riblets following the lines of growth, beading the presutural band, angulated at the shoulder and obsolete on the base, with wider, excavated interspaces. These are crossed by very numerous, fine, close- set, spiral threads, slightly coarser on the siphonal canal and minutely feebly reticulated by the incremental lines. The body and the columella are polished.
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The spiral sculpture consists numerous fine, subequal, flattisb threads with narrower interspaces, which cover the whole shell. To these are added a thickened ridge which borders the anterior margin of the suture, and on the spire a peripheral nodose keel, which is less marked on the body whorl, where it forms the shoulder.oO the penultimate whorl there are twenty of these nodules. Other axial sculpture is furnished by line, short, sharp elevated wrinkles which cross retractively the ridge adjacent to the suture, like the "gathers" of a skirt, and become obsolete on the fasciole.
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The ribs extend from the shoulder to the suture or, on the body whorl, to the base, where they become obsolete. These ribs are crossed on the spire by about six prominent spiral threads, subequal and with wider interspaces, often with a more minute intercalary thread, the primaries somewhat swollen on the summits of the ribs. On the body whorl the same sculpture extends over the whorl and upon the siphonal canal. The outer lip is thin, broadly arcuate, simple, with a rounded, shallow, anal sulcus close to the suture.
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The shell grows to a length of 11 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. (Original description) The small, acute, rosaceous, solid shell contains six whorls, excluding the (damaged) protoconch. It differs from Cymatosyrinx idothea Dall, 1919 by its more slender shell, wider fasciole, over which the ends of the ribs reach the preceding suture, forming a more pronounced shoulder at the periphery, and having the whole shell spirally sculptured by small equal threads with subequal interspaces. The columella is longer and the siphonal canal distinct, longer, and somewhat constricted.
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The subsequent whorls are glistening, constricted and appressed at the suture. These whorls contain (on the penultimate whorl eighteen) arcuate and protractive axial ribs which extend from the suture to the siphonal canal except over the last half of the body whorl. The constriction which indicates the anal fasciole gives the posterior edge of the whorl a marginate appearance, but does not interrupt the ribs, which are very prominent in front of the fasciole at the shoulder. The whole surface is evenly sculptured by strongly incised, almost channelled lines, with wider, flat, strap-like interspaces.
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An acoustic version of the song was included on the band's 2013 album The Acoustic Sessions: Volume One. "American Dream" was recorded as the band's first music video. The video was directed by Karl Horstmann and produced by John Hembree. The video depicts a man's crumbling relationship as he neglects his family in pursuit of his career; the video interspaces the story with the band performing at a baseball field, Hall walking through the streets of a city, and the man unsuccessfully trying to maintain a sandcastle as the tide comes in to shore.
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The other spiral sculpture consists of on the body whorl sharp narrow channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces, which cut the axial sculpture into nodules. There are half a dozen closer threads on the siphonal canal. There is apart from the fasciole no finer spiral striation such as is found in most of the species of the group. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 14) feeble ribs beginning at the fasciole, obsolete on the base and only prominent as single, double, or triple nodules at the shoulder.
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The suture is distinct, appressed, bordered by a small thread behind and a strong white cord in front betAveen it and the fascicle which is constricted narrow and minutely spirally striated. The other spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire two) peripheral whitish cords, the anterior stronger and swollen where it passes over the ribs. On the body whorl in front of the periphery are seven similar but smaller cords with wider, minutely striated interspaces sometimes carrying an intercalary thread. On the siphonal canal are about half a dozen close-set threads.
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Other spiral sculpture consists of (on the spire one or two) strong peripheral cords, swollen and almost angulated where they override the ribs. On the body whorl there are six or seven cords with much wider interspaces and as many more smaller close-set threads on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of seven or eight very prominent short ribs on the penultimate whorl; fading out on the body whorl, and rather prominent widely spaced incremental lines most conspicuous on the body whorl. The aperture is subovate.
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The body of H. klossi is olive dorsally and yellowish ventrally, with black rings, which are wider than the interspaces on the dorsum, but narrower on the venter. Head black with yellowish spots. The type specimen is 90 cm (35 inches) in total length, which includes a tail 7.5 cm (3 inches) long. The dorsal scales are imbricate (overlapping), smooth on the anterior part of the body, keeled on the posterior part, and arranged in 33 rows around the thickest part of the body (in 25 rows around the neck).
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The large aperture is oval in shape, with an elaborate peristome. The outer lip is flaring, thickened at a short distance from the edge and with internal denticles. The inner part of the peristome shows an appressed parietal callus continued into a foliated columellar callus, which has a raised edge overhanging the siphonal canal on large specimens, and bears indistinct ridges towards the edge. The colour pattern is very characteristic, with articulated spiral bands of light patches on the knobs and dark brown in the interspaces, alternating with medium brown uniform bands.
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It is covered with a conspicuous olivaceous periostracum. The suture is appressed, with a strong spiral cord between it and the somewhat excavated anal fasciole which is sculptured by several sharp spiral incised lines. From the shoulder extend about eighteen slightly protractive axial rounded riblets, stoutest at the shoulder, diminishing forward, and extending nearly to the siphonal canal, with narrower interspaces. These are crossed by about eighteen larger spiral cords on the body whorl, seven of which are on the body of the whorl and the rest on the beak and the siphonal canal.
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The spire whorls are subangulate a little below the suture, giving t he latter the appearance of being somewhat impressed. Each whorl bears from ten to twelve strong costae, usually the former number. The costae are slightly oblique, are usually narrower than the interspaces between them and extend of a uniform breadth from the anterior suture to the posterior angulation, thence to the posterior suture tapering slightly, and forwardly directed to a slight extent. On the anterior lower half of the body whorl the costae are backwardly arched, and thin out towards the columella.
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The outer angle of the anal notch is rather prominent and makes an angulation especially of the earlier whorls, which fall away in a peculiarly flattened manner to the suture. The longitudinal sculpture consists of fine sharp grooves, which pass uniformly over the ribs and interspaces, are somewhat stronger on the earlier whorls and very uniform, only a little coarser on the siphonal canal. The notch is more marked than usual in this genus. The shell is pure white and the epidermis is grayish yellow and quite strong.
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Some of the first few blotches may be somewhat rectangular, but then become more hexagonal and eventually take on a distinctive diamond shape, hence the name "diamondback rattlesnake". The tail has two to eight (usually four to six) black bands separated by ash white or pale gray interspaces; this led to the nickname of "coon tail", though other species (e.g., Mojave rattlesnake) have similarly banded tails. Its postocular stripe is smoky gray or dark gray-brown and extends diagonally from the lower edge of the eye across the side of the head.
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Banded Swallowtail Papilio demolion has a wingspan of .Butterflies of SingaporeSamui Butterflies Male upperside is brownish black. Forewings and hindwings are crossed by a broad prominent oblique pale greenish or yellowish-white band that commences just before the middle of the dorsal margin of the hindwing, crosses over on to the forewing and is continued as a series of spots that diminish in size in the upper interspaces to the apex of that wing. On the hindwing this is followed by a subterminal series of similarly-coloured lunules.
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The length of the shell attains 21.2 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The strong shell contains nine or ten whorls beside the smooth protoconch. The spiral sculpture consists of fine scratches on the fasciole, sharp, usually paired, grooves on the body with wider and alternately broad and narrow rounded interspaces which are subnbdulous in the line of the transverse ribs. These nodulations are higher on the posterior margin of the interstitial bands, so that with the siphonal canal pointing vertically the base of the shell looks like a tiled roof on a cupola.
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Kionoceras is an extinct nautiloid cephalopod genus included in the orthocerid family Kionoceratidae with scattered worldwide distribution from the Middle Ordovician to the Lower Permian. Kionoceratids are orthocerids with prominent longitudinal ornamentation on their shells, sometimes augmented by secondary transverse ornamenttion. Orthocerids are, of course, prehistoric nautiloides with generally straight and elongate shells, mostly with central or subcentral siphuncles. (Sweet 1964) Kionoceras is characterized by long, slender to rapidly expanding, shells with prominent longitudinal ribs separated by concave interspaces and, often, less conspicuous longitudinal and transverse lirae and striae.
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The whorls are rounded, barely touching, not constantly contiguous but normally enrolled. The spiral sculpture consists of on the upper side six, on the periphery four, and on the base six rounded threads. The peripheral threads are rather larger than the others, all with narrower interspaces. The axial sculpture comprises first, fine elevated lamellae covering the whole shell evenly and giving it a slightly spongy aspect; secondly, on the body whorl, about ten elevations, not perceptibly continuous over the top of the shell but prominent, over the periphery and reflected backward like incomplete varices.
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The height of the shell attains 6 mm. The solid, umbilicate shell has a globose-conical shape. It is lusterless or slightly shining, purplish, unicolored, or with large radiating white patches above, or around the periphery, or spiral darker lines, or spiral articulated lines. Surface either with (1st) a few (2-4) strong lirae above, their interspaces smooth, the base with about 8 concentric lirulae, or (2d) more numerous narrow irregular lirulae above, those of the base still smaller, or (3d) the spiral sculpture obsolete, surface smooth or nearly so above and beneath.
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Forewing: the cellular and internervular blue streaks of the upperside faintly represented by diffuse white patches of scales. Hindwing: a small white spot at extreme base of wing; a subtermiual series of inwardly diffuse white streaks in the interspaces and an ochraceous tornal spot as on the upperside. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black; the thorax beneath sparsely speckled with white; the abdomen with two lateral rows of small spots. Female similar to the male; the blue intercellular and internervular streaks on the upperside of the forewing slightly more prominent.
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There are three grey-brown spots across the basal area and there are two oval spots on the radial interspaces and a third pearl-white spot near the apex. The hindwings have a large grey-brown patch from the center of the abdominal margin to the middle of the wing, where it is continued by two spots to the costa. There is a small spot near the base of the interno-median area and four pearl-white spots on the disc between the submedian and radial veins.Cistula Ent.
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Female: Upperside black, the markings similar to those in the male, but pale orange-yellow and much broader; on the forewing the discal band complete and very broad, the inner subterminal band reduced to a tornal and two or three preapical spots. Underside: the ground colour bright ochraceous yellow, the markings pinkish white, but in great part suffused with pale yellow; the dark brown blotches in the interspaces and the series of dark discal spots on the hindwing more prominent, and on the forewing large, and in strong contrast with the ground colour.
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The suture is distinct and not appressed. The whorl in front of it descends flatly to a nearly peripheral keel, the flattened portion corresponding to the anal fasciole. The fasciole is spirally sculptured by four or live very fine, equidistant, simple, similar threads, crossed by (on the body whorl about twenty-five) elevated, sharp, arcuate, lamellar riblets, which are continued over the whorl with wider interspaces to the anterior part of the base. The shoulder keel is minutely duplex, narrow, subspinose where it crosses the ribs, and more prominent than they.
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The solitary lymphatic nodules are found scattered throughout the mucous membrane of the small intestine, but are most numerous in the lower part of the ileum. Their free surfaces are covered with rudimentary villi, except at the summits, and each gland is surrounded by the openings of the intestinal glands. Each consists of a dense interlacing retiform tissue closely packed with lymph- corpuscles, and permeated with an abundant capillary network. The interspaces of the retiform tissue are continuous with larger lymph spaces which surround the gland, through which they communicate with the lacteal system.
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Digital denticulations strong, usually as long as the diameter of the corresponding part of the toe, much more developed on the outer than on the inner edge of the fourth toe. Upper caudal scales strongly keeled; basal subcaudals smooth or obtusely keeled. Indian fringe- toed lizard or Indian fringe-fingered lizard in Rajasthan, India Greyish or buff above, with or without small blackish spots; young with whitish longitudinal lines separated by blackish interspaces with series of round whitish spots, which markings gradually become more indistinct; tail pink in the young. From snout to vent ; tail .
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The length of the shell varies between 4.5 mm and 8.5 mm. (Original description) The small, white, solid shell has a swollen protoconch consisting of 1½ whorl and 5½ subsequent whorls. The suture is distinct, not appressed, with a slightly constricted fasciole in front of it. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10-11) rounded fiexuous smooth ribs, most prominent at the periphery on the spire, sigmoidly flexed on the body whorl and absent from the base; the interspaces are equal or wider than the ribs.
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It contains rather elevated riblets reaching about half way forward on the whorl from the suture (17 on the last whorl). These end in or are barely separated from the same number of stout nodules at the periphery, with a marked sulcus separating them from a similar row of nodules on the margin of the base. The base contains four somewhat undulated spiral ridges separated by subequal interspaces, except the inner pair which are smaller and closer to each other. The base is imperforate and is swollen at the base of the columella.
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Underside much as in Ariadne ariadne, but the transverse chestnut bands broader, more diffuse. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brownish ochraceous. Sex-mark on the underside of the forewing as in A. ariadne no sex-mark on upperside of hindwing. Female: Similar; but on the upperside the transverse lines broader, more diffuse, with a greater tendency to form bands; the postdiscal line always double, forming a band traversed by a series of dark ochraceous spots in the interspaces; these lines and bands continuous, not interrupted anteriorly on the hindwing as they are in the male.
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The height of the shell attains 3.3 mm. The small, thin shell has a subconic shape with four rounded whorls and a minute glassy nucleus. The radiating sculpture consists of fine oblique incremental lines, which on the early whorls rise into very fine threads, visible crossing the interspaces of the spiral sculpture. The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) about seven strong smooth even cinguli on the top of the whorl, and fourteen or fifteen more rather smaller from the periphery to the brink of the umbilicus.
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Antennae black, palpi black above, bluish white below; head and thorax black, spotted with bluish white; abdomen brown above, sullied white below. Male without any special sex-marks on the wings. Race exprompta, Butler (Sri Lanka). Closely resembles D. vulgaris Butler, but has all the markings much broader, the apical spot in cell of forewing outwardly less emarginate; on the hindwing interspaces 1 a and 1 b are entirely filled with the white streak, while the short slender streak lying between the apices of the streaks in the cell coalesces with the lower one.
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The skink is predominantly pale brown to grey in colour with a series of nine or more orange-brown bands along the length of the body and tail. These darker coloured bands are much wider than the paler grey-brown interspaces but are at their narrowest along the mid-dorsal region of the skink. There is a distinguishing black stripe surrounding the eye and extending to just above the ear, and upper-hind areas of limbs are also black. The skink is pale cream to white on the underside.
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The whorls are sloping forward flatly from these threads to an angle at the shoulder forming the periphery. This part of the whorl is minutely spirally threaded. The other spiral sculpture consists of (on the base about five) strong threads with wider interspaces containing minor threads all merging toward and on the siphonal canal into a series of subequal close-set threads. The anal fasciole has its deepest part at the shoulder angle, but the arcuate incremental lines on the whorl behind the angle indicate that it was when complete wide and shallow.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl) eight rather sharp ribs extending from the suture (which they undulate) to the region of the siphonal canal and continuous up the spire in a direct line with somewhat wider interspaces. The suture is distinct and appressed. The spiral sculpture consists of fine uniform evenly spaced rounded threads, not swollen where they cross the ribs. A single thread at the shoulder is more prominent but not larger than the others, from which and from the suture it is separated by a space devoid of the spiral sculpture which elsewhere covers the surface.
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These grooves number 10 on the penultimate whorl, about 38 on the body whorl, where some of the upper and many of the basal ones have still intermediate lirae, lacking on the penultimate and older whorls. On the last part of body whorl, the shell is still sculptured by strong growth lines, which, in crossing the interspaces or lirae between the grooves make them granulous. The body whorl is contracted below its periphery, ending in a long, straight siphonal canal, which is strongly attenuated towards its base. The aperture is elongately subtriangular, its upper margin nearly horizontal, with a deep, rather narrow sinus.
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It has a subfusiform shape, with whorls appressed at and constricted in front of the suture. The constriction corresponds to the anal fasciole behind which the margin of the whorl has the aspect of a thickened band. The axial sculpture, beside incremental lines, consists of twelve low, rounded, strong, slightly protractive ribs with subequal interspaces, strongest just in front of the fasciole, and, on the body whorl becoming obsolete on the base. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous obsolete rather close spiral threads, irregularly disposed, stronger and much more distant on the base, but always obscure.
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The remaining whorls are crossed by rather conspicuous, sharp, and rather elevated ribs. These are strongly excurved at and just above the shoulder, curving forward rapidly to the suture, and bending forward more gradually below the shoulder, forming a distinct sigmoid curve. The interspaces between the ribs are much wider than the ribs themselves, distinctly concave, and crossed by rather feeble cinguli, which arc usually not apparent ou the ribs themselves. On the upper whorls the spiral lines are usually more conspicuous than on the lower ones, but are often indicated chiefly by rather close, shallow furrows.
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The suture is deep, almost channeled. The sculpture consists of numerous (on the body whorl about two to the millimeter) narrow, backwardly convex, tlexuous riblets with about equal interspaces, strongest near the suture, not crossing the fasciole and obsolete near the periphery. The lines of growth are distinct, crossed by numerous (about six to the millimetei) rather coarse threads, of which each alternate one tends to be smaller, separated by narrow grooves and about uniformly distributed over the surface, with a tendency to a faint carina in front of the indistinct fasciole. The outer lip is sharp.
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The spiral sculpture, beside the keel, consists of fine, rather angular threads (about seven in a space of 3.0 mm) with a single finer thread generally present, on the body whorl, in the interspaces. These cover the whole shell, which appears when quite perfect to have a thin dark olive- colored epidermis, of which only traces remain on the type. The aperture is very large, the notch being one quarter of a volution in extent, very wide, and gently rounded into the outer lip, which is correspondingly curved forward. The siphonal canal is short, wide, hardly differentiated from the aperture.
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The transverse sculpture consists of, on the body whorl, ten strong squarish ribs and numerous fine and occasionally impressed lines of growth. The longitudinal sculpture consists of a distinct angulation of the whorl, in front of the anal fasciole, which on the transverse ribs develops into stout swellings, which in the earlier whorls are connected by an obscure rib. The whole surface of the whorl is covered with rather wide and shallow grooves and their even wider interspaces. The grooves are closest and finest on the siphonal canal and behind the angulation, and faintest or nearly absent on the periphery.
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The penultimate and spire whorls relatively strongly ornate, with close narrow ribs traversed by a few strong spiral threads. On the penultimate whorl itself there are twelve or thirteen ribs which are broader than the interspaces, and there are about five spiral threads, the median one being the coarsest. The ribs gradually fade out on the body whorl, but there are numerous (about fifteen) more or less irregular spiral threads, the strongest being situated at about the shoulder. The aperture is elongate-ovate, a little less than half the length of the shell, with a very broad anterior canal.
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The fasciole is strongly constricted, undulated by the ribs and spirally striated. Other spiral sculpture consists of (on the upper whorls one, on the later two) peripheral cords which are swollen where they pass over the ribs and on the anterior of which the suture is laid. On the body whorl there are six such cords with much wider spirally striated interspaces, and about five closer threads on the siphonal canal . The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl six) strong rounded ribs almost continuous up the spire, most prominent at the periphery and feeble on the base.
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The revolving sculpture consists of (on the smaller whorls) two or three to (on the body whorl) sixteen flattened raised bands, with wider interspaces, which are much more marked, or even knobby, on the smaller whorls where they pass over the transverse ribs, gradually become more uniform, and, on the last whorl, are nearly as well defined between the ribs as on them. Nine of those on the body whorl are crowded together on the anterior third, the rest spread over the body of the whorl. There are hardly any traces of revolving striation. The notch is deep, but not producing a band.
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The length of the shell attains 12 mm. (Original description) Thethin, inflated, polished shell shows a brown reticulated protoconch of three whorls, and five subsequent whorls. The color is yellowish white, with faint axially directed streaks and blotches of olive brown, and articulating dots of the same in the region of the siphonal canal. The spiral sculpture consists of faint close-set scratches or half-obsolete minute threads more or less visible over the whole surface, and on the body whorl in front of the fasciole about twenty-five channelled sharply cut grooves separated by considerably wider flat interspaces.
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Beside these the lines of growth are unusually distinct, somewhat raised and rounded, and are especially well marked on the notch band. The spiral sculpture consists of three or four (on the body whorl thirteen) raised rounded threads slightly swollen where they cross the transverse riblets. Between these are usually two, but sometimes as many as four, similar but finer threads, which also invade the band and cover the columella, but cross the riblets without enlarging. The interspaces between the ribs are less deep, and the whole sculpture more uniform and less prominent than in Glyphostoma gratula.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 14) narrow, oblique ribs with wider interspaces, crossing the whorls, stronger on the earlier whorls, and ending in small close beadlike pustules in front of the suture. These ribs become obsolete on the base. The spiral sculpture consists of a single carina near the periphery of the whorls, prominent where it intersects the ribs, and 10 or 12 fine threads in front of the carina which slightly cut the ribs in crossing them. The anal fasciole is wide, extending from the carina to the coronation of the suture.
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The subsequent whorls show spiral threads, set in pairs which frequently blend to make one flattened spiral thread, with wider interspaces between the threads. Two or three threads next the suture are stronger and wider apart than the others, the outer one strongest, giving the whorl a turreted appearance, and rising into little knobs on the transverse ridges. These ridges are rather sharp, sixteen to eighteen in number, fading away toward the siphonal canal in most but not all specimens, flexuous with the lines of growth. The columella is straight, the edge obliquely cut off, shorter than the aperture anteriorly.
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The length of the shell varies between 10 mm and 25 mm. (Original description) The white shell is elongated, acute, with a rounded vitreous white two-whorled protoconch and nine succeeding whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of three principal strong threads, enlarged where they pass over the ribs, four more on the base of the body whorl, about eight somewhat weaker ones on the siphonal canal, and a single one in front of and marginating the suture. The interspaces are wide, and upon them and over the fasciole are wound numerous fine, sharp, undulating, secondary spiral threads.
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The scales on the thickest part of the body have rounded or pointed tips, and are imbricate. Six or seven maxillary teeth are found behind the fangs. The species has 25-31 scale rows around its neck, 33-38 around its midbody, and ventrals number 295–362, and are distinct throughout and about twice as broad as adjacent body scales. Its color is yellowish or yellowish- green above; the dorsal scales are edged with black, and 41-46 narrow black bands encircle the body; the bands are usually less than one-third the width of the lighter interspaces.
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Hindwing entirely suffused with yellow, the veins diffusely bordered with black; a more or less incomplete, subterminal series of dusky spots in interspaces 1 to 6; more often than not the spot in 5 entirely absent; a conspicuous chrome-yellow spot on the precostal area. Antennae black, obscurely speckled with white; head and thorax bluish grey; abdomen dusky black; beneath: the palpi and abdomen white, the thorax yellow. Female similar to the male but very much darker. Upperside: veins more broadly bordered with black; in many specimens only the following portions of the white ground colour are apparent.
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Gibson stressed that the environment is not composed of geometrical solids on a plane, as in a painting, but is instead best understood as objects nested within one another and organized hierarchically by size. The ambient optic array, therefore, is also organized hierarchically by size, though the components are the solid angles from the object to the point of observation. Large solid angles come from the facades of various objects and interspaces between objects in the environment. Smaller solid angles are nested within the larger angles, and detail the facets and finer properties of the object.
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Forewing with a subterminal series of blue or sometimes slightly green elongate spots, curving strongly inwards and getting more elongate opposite the apex, forming almost an oblique bar up to the costa. Hindwing: the terminal margin broadly bright chestnut, sometimes with a subterminal paler spot in two or more of the interspaces. Underside pale brown, the basal two-thirds of both forewing and hindwing densely, the outer third more sparsely covered with dark ferruginous, somewhat broad, transverse striae. Forewing with a broadly triangular pale purplish- white preapical mark; both forewings and hindwings with a broad subterminal area purplish white.
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The spiral sculpture on the early whorls comprise two sharp narrow little elevated threads at the periphery, three, less contiguous, above the fasciole, and one near the suture, neatly reticulated by the wrinkles and minutely nodulous at the intersections. The spirals over most of the shell are strap-like, flattened, narrow, and distinctly marked off from the impressed broader interspaces. On the body whorl there is a single smooth flat thread below the nodulated one next the suture, and two run in the middle of the fasciole. The peripheral thread has become single and much stronger than the others.
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The suture is laid on the anterior keel, which is smaller, and in the subsequent whorls the suture is not appressed but distinct. The spiral sculpture consists of on the first two whorls a strong peripheral cord and one thread at the suture, on the third whorl three threads in front of the cord, on the remainder four. On the body whorl the peripheral cord is not prominent but from the anal fasciole to the siphonal canal are about 16 strong threads with wider interspaces and an occasional intercalary smaller thread. They do not nodulate when they cross the ribs.
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Head and thorax fuscous tinged with grey; the back of head and shoulders with paired crimson spots; fore coxae crimson in front; abdomen metallic blue with the hair on dorsum of basal segments greyish fuscous, the ventral surface with white patches on 1st three segments. Forewing uniform fuscous tinged with grey. Hindwing fuscous black, the lower part of cell and interspaces just below and beyond it with semihyaline white streaks. Underside of forewing with white streak below base of subcostal nervure; hindwing with the lower part of cell and area just below and beyond it and the basal inner area white.
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Underside black. Forewing with very broad and prominent cellular and internervular pale streaks, the costal margin and the basal half of interspaces 1a and 1 distinctly black. Hindwing: a series of claret-red subterminal lunules, two side by side in each interspace, all more or less irrorated inwardly with violet scales; at the tornal angle these lunules form a conspicuous oblong patch that stretches a short way along the dorsum and bears a subbasal and a subapical black spot. Antennae, the thorax and abdomen narrowly along the middle black; head pinkish red; abdomen on the sides buff coloured.
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Wet-season form, female in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India Male in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India Male: Upperside rich purple-brown or maroon- brown with a blue gloss. Forewing with discal and postdiscal transverse fasciae very obscure and only slightly paler than the ground colour. Hindwing uniform; two inwardly conical small black spots near apex of interspace 1, and single similar but larger black spots near apices of interspaces 5 and 6; all these spots bordered slenderly and somewhat obscurely on the outer side with white. Underside dull maroon brown.
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The wingspan is 22–23 mm. The forewings are dark ferruginous brown, with irregular transverse paler striae slightly irrorated with whitish, the interspaces usually more or less mixed with blackish grey except towards the costa. There is a slightly paler curved transverse band before the middle, irrorated with white and pale rosy towards the costa and towards the posterior two-fifths of the costa, the striae become white, partly tinged with pale rosy. The first discal stigma is blackish and distinct, preceded by a small blackish dot obliquely above it, the second is dark grey and indistinct.
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The anal fasciole close to it, is flattish, at first with fine spiral sculpture but on the body whorl it becomes nearly smooth. There is other spiral sculpture of a narrow prominent thread at the periphery which is doubled on the subsequent whorls. On the body whorl there are eleven of the threads which are somewhat nodulose where they override the ribs, with much wider interspaces, and a few close threads on the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of about 13 somewhat oblique narrow ribs, extending from the suture to the shoulder on the spire, and on the body whorl obsolete on the base.
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The sculpture on the rest of the shell consists of numerous, rather fine, thin, regular revolving cinguli, which are separated by interspaces about twice their own breadth on the lower whorls, but more crowded on the upper ones. Two or three of the cinguli on the shoulder are usually coarser and a little farther apart than the rest, and the largest of these often forms a slight carina around the most prominent part of the shoulder. On the subsutural band the cinguli are less distinct and less regular, and often partially obsolete. Anteriorly they cover all the surface to the tip of the siphonal canal.
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The transverse sculpture consists of eleven to (on the body whorl) sixteen slightly oblique rounded ribs, faintly evident across the band and anteriorly extending to the suture, or, on the body whorl, well forward on the siphonal canal. These are crossed by (on the smaller whorls) two to four or (on the last one) sixteen rounded threads, distinct in the interspaces and slightly swollen on the tops of the ribs where they cross. Half of those on the body whorl are in its anterior third, being as usual more crowded on the siphonal canal. The lines of growth are but slightly visible, and there are only faint indications of spiral striae.
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These ribs are obtusely rounded and wave- like, the interspaces being shallow, concave, in breadth about equal to the ribs. On the body whorl there are from twenty-five to thirty. On the spire- whorls the intersections of the cinguli and ribs, which are of about the same size, produce a pretty regularly cancellated structure, but on the body whorl the cinguli are more numerous and less prominent than the ribs. The protoconch is chestnut-brown and consists of about 2½ regularly increasing whorls, the apical one being very small and regularly coiled ; this surface appears to have been minutely cancellated by microscopic lines.
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They become stronger on the earlier whorls and number about fifteen on the penultimate whorl. These ribs are feeble, with wider interspaces, rounded, and protective, becoming obsolete on the base and most of the body whorl. The spiral sculpture is strongest in the shoulder keel, which is a little nodulous where it crosses the ribs. In front of it are three to five spiral threads (on the spire) of which the second is strongest and faintly nodulous, the others feebler, more adjacent and simple These become more numerous by intercalation, the body whorl having about sixteen between the keel and the end of the siphonal canal.
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The peripheral nodulations also become more transverse and divided into three smaller nodules each, from the same cause; on the seventh and eighth whorls the lines of growth become more rude, the flutings and nodulation gradually vanish, and the sculpture is reduced to obscure spiral ridges, finer and more uniform on and behind the fasciole, and coarser, with a certain alternation of larger and smaller in size, before the fasciole. The last three and a half whorls take on a warm brownish tint, the fasciole being a still darker and somewhat livid madder brown. The later spiral ridges are also often somewhat darker than their interspaces. The aperture is narrow.
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The shell consists of 10 whorls, of which two include the protoconch. Sculpture:—A prominent undulating cord runs beneath the suture, and is followed by a rather narrow fasciole with a median groove. The ribs may, or may not, swell at irregular intervals into varices—they are stout, perpendicular, discontinuous, persistent on the body whorl, and reach to the base; they are set at about eleven to the whorl. The spirals are flat- topped cords, their width apart, more prominent in the interspaces than on the ribs Their interstices and sometimes themselves are crossed by a secondary sculpture of fine radial threads, excluding the subsutural spiral.
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The length of the remaining whorls of the holotype is 8 mm, the diameter 4 mm. (Original description) The small, white shell is decollate, but consists originally of five or more whorls exclusive of the protoconch. The first two remaining intact whorls (the first is eroded) are axial]y sculptured with about 20 close-set obliquely protractive rounded ribs cut by sharp grooves which make of the interspaces rounded nodules, the second row from the preceding suture being more prominent and forming a shoulder to the whorl. There are five of these rows on the spire, and the ribs they represent extend from suture to suture.
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The rest of the surface is covered with conspicuous, raised, obtuse, unequal revolving cinguli, separated by deep interspaces of nearly the same breadth, on the spire. On the anterior part of the body whorl the cinguli become broader and fatter, and separated by narrower grooves, which are covered by numerous rather close, raised, longitudinal lines, or lines of growth, which are less conspicuous where they cross the cinguli. This arrangement produces a finely cancellated structure, in which the spiral lines are much more distinct than the others. The aperture is narrow-ovate, continuing backward in a broad and deep sinus next the body whorl.
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Female similar, with similar markings, but on the upperside the ground colour is paler, the black markings narrower. Forewing: the postdiscal black band nearly complete, interrupted only in interspaces 1 and 4; the terminal black band traversed by a broken white line. Hindwing: no subcostal black patch, instead three series of transverse spots; a postdiscal transverse broad black band bordered inwardly by a series of slender black loops, between these and the postdiscal band a series of spots of the ground colour; the terminal black band traversed as on the forewing by a whitish broken line. Underside similar to that in the male, but the ground colour paler.
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The seven whorls of the teleoconch are spirally sculptured with a moderate angulation just behind the periphery of the body whorl, which becomes sharper and peripheral on the earlier whorls. In front of this, the whorls are ornamented with numerous rounded threads, separated by much wider somewhat channelled interspaces. On the upper whorls there are 3-6 of these threads, on the body whorl they extend to the anterior end of the siphonal canal, becoming more crowded anteriorly. Behind the carina the shell is smoother, there are faint spirals, hardly raised, and sparser over the centre of the fasciole than on each side of it.
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The 26 transverse ribs are slender, prominent, oblique (inclined to the right) and with a decided angle at the shoulder of the whorls. They extend over the periphery of the body whorl and decrease gradually in size on the base. The wide and deep interspaces are crossed on the body whorl by five (sometimes six) about equal and evenly spaced, raised, rounded, spiral lines, the first of which is just at or a little below the shoulder, and the last just at the periphery. They appear to render the sides of the ribs very irregular and the alternating spaces are crossed by scarcely discernible striae.
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Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dusky black, the antennae ringed with white; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Malaya Female: upperside: white, the bases of the wings and in some specimens the hindwing posteriorly shot with iridescent blue. Forewing: costa, apex and termen broadly black; the discocellulars marked with a very short, fine black line that extends down from the black on the costal margin. Hindwing: costa and apex broadly black; termen below vein 6 with a regular subterminal series of black spots in the interspaces, enclosed within an inner lunular and an outer straight slender anteciliary black line; the veins, except vein 5 in the middle, slenderly black.
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The forewings are drab with the base below the costa white, extending as a line to the middle of the wing below the subcostal, also a fine white line above the subcostal vein. There is an angled white line at the end of the cell before a drab spot, suffusing beyond it with a white annulus containing a drab spot. There is also a postmedial inbent lunular white line, the points of the lunules slightly produced basad on the veins. The terminal space has fine white lines on the veins, and thicker white streaks on the interspaces, the latter diverging on the termen and enclosing drab spots.
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The hindwing expands moderately to the lobe, the outer edge of which is strongly excised below the tail. They are fulvous orange to the lobe, then black brown with a large fulvous-orange lunule before the excised part of extremity of the lobe. The metathorax of the females is dark brown and the abdomen is dorsally suffused with chocolate brown, ventrally black brown, the anal tuft dark brown and greyish. The forewings have the outer edge of the fulvous-orange area diffused and indefinite, the terminal area greyer brown in the interspaces and diffused to the origin of vein 2 in the cell and below it above vein 2.
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Subsequently, the exterior two-thirds of the upper surface of the whorls are sculptured with four or five strong revolving threads. The space between them and the suture above contains strong, even, flexuously radiating, shining, rounded plications (about eight to a millimeter) which pass obliquely over the revolving threads and appear again on the base as strong regular plications in the umbilical region, extending from the umbilical carina one-third of the way toward the periphery. The base of the shell is covered with numerous revolving threads flattened until their interspaces appear like grooves. The umbilicus is similarly formed to Gaza fischeri, but somewhat more turreted internally.
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The fasciole is wide, smooth except for faint arched incremental lines, excavated, extending from the appressed suture to the angle of the whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of slender elevated threads, tending to run in pairs, with wide interspaces, and extending from the fasciole to the suture in front. There are five or six threads on the whorl next to the last and 20–22 on the body whorl including the siphonal canal. These, without becoming swollen, run over (on the body whorl 16) numerous oblique riblets, beginning at the angle of the whorls where they are largest, crossing the whorl and becoming obsolete on the base.
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The remainder of the shell is sculptured with fine revolving lines, subequal, about as wide as the interspaces, about eighteen at the beginning of the body whorl. These are crossed by slight plications, beginning near the suture, becoming nodulous on a single prominent thread a little way from the suture (which is thus made to appear somewhat channelled), becoming faint about the middle of the upper side of the whorl, and entirely disappearing before reaching the periphery. The revolving lines are fainter on the rounded base. The umbilicus is wide and funnel-shaped, bordered by a strong keel with about twenty-five rounded nodules.
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The forewing markings are as in the male, with in addition postdiscal and terminal series of small white spots that generally do not extend to the costal margin. The hindwing has a discal series of diffuse broad whitish streaks in the interspaces that extend into the apex of the cell, followed by a complete transverse curved subterminal series of white lunules; the ground colour beyond each lunule devoid of the irroration of yellowish-brown scales; this gives the appearance of a row of terminal black spots impressed on the wing. Cilia black alternated with white. Underside similar, the white markings larger and more prominent.
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P. p. tamilana very closely resembles other subspecies of Papilio paris, but on the upperside the upper discal patch on the hindwing is of a paler more metallic blue and very considerably larger, it extends from interspace 3 well into interspace 7, from the apex of the cell into interspaces 3, 4, and 5, and from the middle of interspace 6 much further towards the termen than in typical P. paris. Underside similar to that of the typical form, but the transverse postdiscal pale band on the forewing is conspicuously narrower and curved inwards towards the costa. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in typical P. paris.
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Blue- striped mime (Papilio slateri) from Lepidoptera Indica (Volume 6). Male upperside: forewing rich velvety black, slightly paler towards apex and along the terminal margin; two or three somewhat obscure spots or short streaks in apex of cell followed by an internervular series of slightly clavate (club shaped), outwardly truncate, blue streaks that in certain lights have a violet tint; outwardly the ends of these streaks form a curve at some distance from the terminal margin and inwardly they do not reach the bases of the interspaces. Hindwing: dark chocolate brown, the subterminal series of short white streaks of the underside show though very faintly. Underside dull chocolate brown.
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The male has the upperside of wings dusky brownish black. The ground colour of the forewings darker, almost pure black in fresh specimens, on the apical third of the wing; a short streak in the middle of interspace 1, a more outwardly produced similar streak in interspace 2, basal halves of interspaces 3 and 4, the lower apex of the discoidal cell and the extreme base of interspace 5, white, all forming a median conspicuous irregular white patch on the wing, narrowly traversed by the veins which are greyish brown. Hindwing: more uniform, slightly darker on its anterior half. Underside: light brown with an ochraceous tint.
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The forewings are ocherous, marked with lines of white black-barred scales, which follow the veins and the margins of the wing, leaving the fold ocherous. The lower margin of the cell is broadly thus clothed, and the dorsal part of the wing below the fold has only a short longitudinal streak of ocherous which is sometimes entirely wanting. Around the apex the scales on the interspaces are more broadly barred with black than those along the veins. There is an elongate black spot or dash at the middle of the cell just below and in contact with the line of scales along the upper margin.
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Upperside of both sexes pale lavender brown, apical half of wings paler. Forewing: cell with, three transverse, short, sinuous black bands, the outermost defining the discocellulars; a similar short, somewhat broader band beyond the apex of the cell; two transverse discal dusky black fasciae, the inner highly sinuous and outward, angulate above vein 4, the outer straighter, somewhat lunular, bordered by a series of whitish ovals with dusky or black centers. The black-centered spots in the ovals in interspaces 2, 5, and 6 margined posteriorly with rich ocherous yellow. Beyond this series of ovals is a lunular, narrow, transverse dark band, followed by sinuous subterminal and terminal broad dark lines.
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Upperside of both sexes dark purplish brown; in the female slightly paler on the disc of the forewing. In most specimens, but not in all, the male also has the disc of the forewing similarly paler. Underside; white. Forewing: apex dusky brown, apices of veins 10, 11 and 12 with a minute black dot; no discal markings, but the discocellulars picked out with a short, very slender, obscure brown line; a postdiscal, irregular, transverse series of slender brown lunules, followed by a transverse, very slender, sinuous brown line, the white ground colour in the interspaces beyond centred by a subterminal series of transverse black spots.
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The interspaces between the ribs are much wider than the ribs themselves, distinctly concave, and crossed by rather feeble cinguli, which are usually not apparent ou the ribs themselves. On the upper whorls the spiral lines are usually more conspicuous than on the lower ones, but are often indicated chiefly by rather close, shallow furrows. On the body whorl the ribs extend to the base of the siphonal canal before they fade out, and the spiral sculpture becomes coarser and a little more evident on its anterior part and on the canal. The surface is also a little roughened by faint lines of growth, parallel with the ribs.
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T. legatus is most easily distinguished from T. rex and T. dux by differences in pilosity, sculpture and the shape of the petiole and postpetiole. T. rex is almost lacking pilosity on the mesosomal dorsum, while the whole dorsal surface is covered with long erect hairs in T. legatus and T. dux. The foveolation is weaker in T. rex, especially on the mesosoma where the foveae on the mesosoma are small with most interspaces equal or wider than their diameter. T. legatus can be most easily separated from T. dux by the shape of the petiole, which is much more robust in the former.
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The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are bronzy-ochreous brown, mostly concealed by mixed white and dark fuscous suffusion, indicating various irregular but very undefined markings. There is a white trapezoidal blotch on the costa before the middle, the outer edge very oblique, margined by a leaden-metallic streak. Beyond this are two very oblique parallel streaks from the costa, separated from it and from each other by fulvous interspaces, the first violet-leaden metallic, white on the costa, black-edged posteriorly, dilated downwards, terminating in an elongate-oval violet-leaden-metallic spot in the disc, the second white, terminating in the same spot.
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The whorls show a conspicuous shoulder, above which a slightly concave spirally striate anal fasciole extends to the appressed suture, which on the last whorl or two shows indications of a marginal thickening. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl, about fifteen) protractive short riblets with subequal or slightly shorter interspaces apparently confined to the periphery: these are crossed by t\ro strong spiral threads, the posterior largest and forming oblong tumid nodules at the intersections. The anterior thread is also but less conspicuously nodulous or undulated. The rest of the surface is covered with fine spiral threads, of which there are three between the two large ones above mentioned.
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The whole surface is covered by rather slender revolving cinguli, in the form of thin, raised lines, which are most conspicuous in the interspaces and more or less obsolete on the ribs. On the subsutural band the spiral lines are finer and closer, and often indistinct toward the suture, but on the anterior part of the body whorl they become somewhat coarser and wider apart. The body whorl is much swollen and has the shoulder somewhat rounded, while on the upper whorls there is often a distinct carina at the shoulder. The protoconch is small and prominent, smooth, and consists of about1½ whorls, of which the apical is turned up obliquely and incurved.
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The outer lip is thin, simple, corrugated by the spirals, convex in profile, with a shallow, round sinus near the suture. The inner lip has a glaze, thicker on the columella, which is straight and forms a round, open angle with the slightly concave base of the whorl. There are four spirals in the first whorl, five in the second, and seventeen in the body whorl, becoming crowded towards the aperture, about one-third the width of the concave interspaces, which are well roughened (and the spirals slightly so) by crowded fine distinct oblique axial lirae. The spirals are opaque white in colour, and are faintly articulated with tiny brown suhdistant spots ; the labrum is brownstained outside.
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These ridges rise into points where they cross the carina in front of the notch-band and the ante-sutural rib. Of other transverse sculpture, there are only the lines of growth which are prominent only where they cross the band marking the track of the notch. The revolving sculpture consists of a rather stout rib closely appressed to the suture forming one margin of the band, the other edge of which forms a carina, in advance of which are (on the body whorl 20–23) flattened riblets with about equal interspaces which extend with regularity to the anterior end of the siphonal canal. The aperture is equal to half the total length, margins and columella are thin.
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It passes into the sculpture of the adult gradually, in 2½ nuclear whorls, which show first minute transverse wrinkles on the periphery of the second whorl. The succeeding whorls are transversely sculptured by eight to twelve slightly oblique angular riblets, which pass entirely over the whorls, and only become obsolete on the siphonal canal. These are crossed, first by (on the upper whorls) two or (on the body whorl) nine rounded threads which rise to sharp points on reaching the summits of the riblets, and are perfectly distinct in the interspaces. Secondly, by finer intercalary revolving threads, which pass without change over the riblets, usually to the number of three or four between each pair of primary threads.
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The spiral sculpture on the rest of the shell (1) consists of (on the whorls preceding the body whorl) two or three prominent white stout threads, somewhat swollen where they ride over the ribs. On the body whorl there are about fifteen of these primary spirals. Between the fasciole and the end of the siphonal canal, in each of the wide interspaces, are (2) three or four much finer hardly elevated flattish threads, similar to those on the fasciole, and on the body whorl the marginating thread behind the fasciole is wider and somewhat crenulated. The transverse sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 9) stout, rounded ribs, beginning at the fasciole and obsolete on the siphonal canal.
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The anterior slope is nearly the same as the posterior one, and of about the same breadth on the spire. This portion of the whorl is crossed by three to five rather coarse, raised, irregular spiral lines, and numerous fine lines of growth, which bend abruptly forward at the shoulder and then curve obliquely downward and forward, crossing both the spiral lines and their interspaces, which are about the same in breadth. On the body whorl the spiral lines cover the whole surface below the shoulder, becoming coarser and farther apart below the middle, and again becoming smaller and closer together on the base of the siphon. The aperture is narrow-ovate and somewhat angulated by the shoulder.
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The large shell measures up to 400 mm on mainland locations, to 200 mm off island and seamount sites. The protoconch is multispiral, normally eroded except on very juvenile specimens. The teleoconch consists of 8–9 whorls with a moderately high, conical spire and convex whorls, the last one ample and making up slightly more than two- thirds of the total height. The spire whorls are vaguely shouldered, with very flat spiral cords separated by poorly defined, rather narrow interspaces, the shoulder covered by a much broader and flatter cord and commonly, but not always, bearing a spiral series of knobs, paralleled to the abapical side by lesser flat cords with or without spiral rows of knobs.
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The six whorls of the teleoconch are well rounded, and moderately contracted at the suture, with a sloping shoulder which extends over the posterior third between the sutures. Th whorls are marked by slender, well-rounded, slightly retractive axial ribs, of which 18 occur upon the first, 20 upon the second and third, 22 upon the fourth, and 32 upon the penultimate turn. The intercostal spaces are about one and one-half times as wide as the ribs upon all but the last whorl. They are marked by five spiral series of broad pits, which are wide as the five cord-like interspaces which they bound and which render the ribs somewhat tuberculate at their junction.
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Female similar, ground colour paler; a broad oblique white discal bar and two white preapical spots on the upperside of the forewing; a large, rectangular, black subterminal mark in interspaces and a white spot above and below it, on the upperside of the hindwing. Underside similar to the underside in the male, all the markings more prominent, the lilac, ochraceous and brown shades paler; the broad discal bar on forewing, as on the upperside, joined by a nearly vertical lilacine white band bearing the series of ocelli. On the hindwing the brown transverse discal band very broadly produced between veins 4 and 5. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen brown; antennae ochraceous at apex.
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Race decoratus is found in the Andaman and Nicobar islands and is very similar to the typical form, from which it can be distinguished as follows: Upperside green spots smaller, especially the discal series on the forewing. Underside hindwing: the red postcostal spot is relatively small but the red part has much increased against the black part; besides the large red anal mark and the mark before the first disco-cellular veinlet, there is a large red spot in the lower median cellule (interspace 2), a smaller red spot in each of the three preceding cellules (interspaces 3, 4, 5) and a streak-like spot at the base of the lower median cellule.
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Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the head and thorax variegated with bluish-grey spots, the abdomen with lateral transverse bars. Race govindra, Moore very closely resembles the typical form but can always be distinguished by the presence of a complete series of postdiscal bluish-grey spots on the upperside of the hindwing. It is generally also smaller in both sexes than typical agestor, and on the upperside of the hindwing the ground colour in the anterior interspaces is broadly centred along the middle with very dark brown, almost black. The female frequently has the ground colour of the hindwing a much brighter chestnut (almost ochraceous) than in any specimen of female of agestor that the describer had seen.
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Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous slightly tinged with rufous; palpi dark brown. Forewing pale ochreous slightly irrorated (sprinkled) with brown; the costal edge and interspaces of costal area suffused with reddish brown; a diffused red-brown fascia in and below cell to near termen where it meets an oblique brown fascia from termen below apex to vein 2 with a pale oblique fascia before it from apex; a white streak on extremity of median nervure slightly hooked on discocellulars; the veins beyond the cell streaked with white to the subterminal fascia; a fine red-brown terminal line; cilia brown mixed with ochreous. Hindwing pure white; the underside with the costal area tinged with ochreous.
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Upperside of Delias pasithoe - mounted specimen Upperside: brownish black. Forewing: markings as in the male, but the cellular streak and the streaks in interspaces 1 and 2 below the cell short and formed into a broken oblique broad greyish-white band across the wing. Hindwing: markings similar to those in the male, but the basal crimson patch of the underside seen through by transparency, the transverse broad subbasal band and dorsal patch both pale yellow and much broader than in the male, and the postdiscal curved series of hastate spots obscure and ill-defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male, the abdomen whitish grey below and on the sides.
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Underside: the colours clearer and purer, the chrome yellow on the hindwing confined to the base and posterior half of the wing, the apical half of the cell and the anterior interspaces within the line of the vermilion-red spots pure white; the anterior two or three subterminal red spots margined interiorly with diffuse black scaling. Female differs less from the 2 of D. h. hierta, but on the underside of the hindwing the yellow colour is as restricted as it is in the male; the subterminal red spots are of a richer vermilion than in D. h. hierta, and the anterior two or three as in the d have an interior narrow margin of diffuse black scales.
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This carina does not interrupt the even rotundity of the whorls so as to produce any flattening of the latter, but appears as if it had been placed upon the equator of the whorl, after the latter had been completed. The posterior surface of the carina and that part of the whorls behind it, are destitute of any but the most microscopic revolving striae, though plainly marked by the deeply notched lines of growth. The anterior surface of carina and whorls is covered with sharp, revolving grooves, with wider interspaces, being about twelve on the body whorl, between the posterior edge of the aperture and the carina. The notch is deep, and about one-third of the way from the carina to the suture.
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Toward the upper part of the spire the spaces between the ribs remain brown, but on the later whorls they partake of the waxen pale band as well as the ribs. The axial sculpture consists of about (on the penultimate whorl 17) short oblique similar ribs, beginning at the shoulder and on the body whorl gradually becoming obsolete toward the siphonal canal, separated by subequal interspaces. The spiral sculpture consists of in front of the suture a prominent blunt keel, in the anal fasciole two or three subequal cords. In front of the shoulder (on the penultimate whorl four, on the last whorl twelve or more) there are flattish equal cords overrunning the ribs, separated by narrower grooves which toward the siphonal canal become gradually wider.
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The succeeding whorls to it are three nuclear whorls, whitish brown, smooth, but not shining like the nucleus. subinflated, and with a sharp, strong, peripheral keel. The succeeding whorls are marked by a strongly defined broad band extending from the suture more than half-way over the whorl, descending steeply to the periphery, where the keel of the nuclear whorls is continued as two sharp raised threads which pass over strong oblique angular transverse projections, are clearly defined in the smaller whorls, but on the later ones become obsolete. On the body whorl (about six on the middle and nine on the anterior third) in advance of the peripheral nodules are about fifteen sharply raised threads, with interspaces up to 0.5 mm in width.
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The shell contains about 8 whorls, of which about two are in the protoconch. These two are large, white, smooth, unsculptured, forming for the shell a rather blunt button-like apex. The succeeding whorls are marked by a transverse sculpture of twelve to (on the body whorl) eighteen narrow, oblique, llexuous ribs, which begin as little sharp nodules at the suture, are evanescent over the notch-band, thence continue to the next suture, or in the body whorl become evanescent at its anterior third. These ribs are crossed by a variable number of rather sharp revolving threads, with wider interspaces, usually three or four in number (on the older whorls) to sixteen (on the body whorl), beginning just in advance of the band.
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The lower vein of the cell, from the middle, is heavily overlaid with the dark colour, spreading over veins 2 to 5, the interspaces being more or less white, vein 1b from beyond the base to tornus. The extreme base of the wing is pure white, except the costa, narrowly edged with fuscous to the inner one-third. A dark subterminal line begins at the outer sixth of the costa, and curves outward to vein 6, then inward to the tornus, paralleling the margin, over each vein the colour is darker. Between this and the cilia, the terminal space is overlaid with a lighter shade of cupreous-fuscous, forming a continuous terminal line, but inward interrupted by white spots between the veins.
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Forewing: the discal and terminal bands separate, the former rarely extended below vein 3, the latter in no specimen reaches the dorsal margin. Hindwing: the broad grey area on the terminal margin reduced to a small patch of grey at the apices of interspaces 2 to 4; the subterminal black markings rarely present anteriorly, generally confined to the limits of the grey patch. Underside: the extent of the black markings similarly reduced, otherwise as in the typical form. The width and length of the transverse black markings on the upperside of the forewing, also the extent of the grey terminal area and the presence or absence of the black subterminal markings on the upperside of the hindwing, are all very variable.
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The forewings are light fuscous, partially tinged with reddish-ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous, and sprinkled with blackish. There is a moderate reddish- ochreous streak along the costa from the base to the middle and a small dark fuscous costal spot at the base, and another near it. The stigmata are dark fuscous, obscure, the plical obliquely beyond the first discal, edged posteriorly with a spot of reddish-ochreous suffusion, an additional dark fuscous dot between and above the discal stigmata, and another below the second discal. There is a series of dark fuscous spots along the posterior half of the costa, separated by reddish-ochreous interspaces and a terminal series of pale reddish-ochreous dots, preceded by obscure dark fuscous spots.
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Like other bees in its sub-species group, T. iridipennis can be identified by its dark mesoscutum or middle thorax region with four distinct hair bands separated by broad glabrous interspaces. It can be further distinguished from other species in its sub group by its chestnut-brown colored mandible which does not have a black apical area and a few dark brown erect setae or hair-like structures on the margin of its scutellum. Other species in the subgroup have yellow mandibles which have black apical areas and have light colored setae on their scutella. Based on studies of workers, T. indipennis has a total body length ranging from 3.5-4.0 mm and an entire body which is black to blackish brown.
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The latest phylogenetic analysis including Wendiceratops is reproduced below, after Chiba et al. (2017): The nose horn of Wendiceratops, erect but probably of moderate size, was by the describing authors seen as a transition between the low horns of earlier forms like Diabloceratops, Nasutoceratops and Albertaceratops and the much taller horns of derived centrosaurines such as Coronosaurus, Centrosaurus and Styracosaurus. This would imply that the also long vertical nasal horn of the Chasmosaurinae would have separately been developed in a process of parallel evolution, the second time such a horn would have evolved among the ceratopsids. Remarkably, the curled epiparietals of Wendiceratops resemble the osteoderms of two chasmosaurines: Vagaceratops and Kosmoceratops, though they differ from the latter in their saddle-shaped interspaces.
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Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous white; palpi pale rufous; fore and mid-legs and hind tarsi tinged with brown. Forewing ochreous white sparsely irrorated (sprinkled) with black; a faint brownish fascia in the cell; two minute black points on the upper part of the middle of the cell and two at the upper angle; the interspaces of costal area tinged with brown towards apex; a faint diffused brown fascia from termen below apex to submedian fold where it terminates in a black point; a terminal series of black points. Hindwing white faintly tinged with ochreous. Underside of forewing and costal area of hindwing tinged with ochreous, the costa and termen of both wings slightly irrorated with brown; both wings with terminal series of black points.
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The outer border again in some specimens is inwardly festooned, and may be either broad or comparatively narrow. Discocellular spot as in the male but larger, followed by an anterior, postdiscal, macular, curved, black band, the upper spots of which cross the carmine area, or when the carmine area is reduced to short streaks the band crosses the black internal edging to it, showing up in a darker tint than the edging itself; lastly, a black transverse, somewhat diffuse, spot in interspaces 1 and 2. Hindwing: with a dusky spot on the discocellulars, a black, macular, discal, curved, more or less incomplete band, and a terminal row of black spots that in some specimens are connected and form a continuous band. All these markings are generally diffuse.
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About sixteen subequal, low, rounded protective ribs cross the upper whorls from in front of the fasciole with subequal interspaces and, on the body whorl, cease rather abruptly near the periphery. These ribs are not particularly strong or abrupt at their beginning. The spiral sculpture consists of six or eight faintly incised lines in front of the suture and on the fasciole, and beginning again on the base near the anterior ends of the ribs and continuous but not sharp over the base and siphonal canal. The band between the two series includes the ribbed part of the whorl and is sculptured with irregular, more or less retractive, oblique, vermicular, more or less punctate markings which override ribs and intervals with about the same strength as the spirals.
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The shell is covered with an olivaceous periostracum, with about eleven whorls. The protoconch is more or less eroded, but apparently smooth, acute, and including about two and a half whorls. The subsequent whorls are rather flat, compressed and appressed at and in front of the suture, with a rounded base and inconspicuous anal fasciole. The sculpture consists chiefly of flattish spiral threads, one at the suture, three smaller ones in front of it, followed by a flat broader one representing the fasciole, then (on the body whorl eight) more prominent threads, undulate or segmented by incremental lines and with wider interspaces (sometimes containing an intercalary smaller thread) to the base, followed by six or seven unsegmented threads to the siphonal fasciole, which bears six or seven smaller threads.
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The later whorls have a strongly marked shoulder, and are, when young, of a reddish-brown colour, which gradually changes with exposure to a light grey. The sculpture of the adult whorls consists of (on the body whorl about ten) prominent, slightly arcuate, nearly axial ribs, rather sharply nodose at the intersection with the angle of the shoulder, with wider interspaces and continuous to the siphonal canal. As to the spiral sculpture of major and minor threads, there are about ten of the former in front of the shoulder, of which two are visible behind the suture on the spire; the remainder – which are much finer and minutely rugose – occupy the space of the whole surface, the major threads being slightly swollen where they cross the ribs. The aperture is narrow.
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The length of the shell attains 9.5 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. (Original description) The waxen white shell has a vitreous white smooth rounded protoconch of nearly two whorls and eight subsequent sculptured whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of an undulated more or less nodulous narrow band in front of the suture, separated by the fasciole from an angulation, which in the upper whorls is peripheral, and on the body whorl forms a well marked shoulder. In front of this on the upper whorls are one to three, and on the body whorl between the angle and the anterior end of the siphonal canal about a dozen, small sharply elevated threads with much wider interspaces, threads which are, where they intersect the transverse ridges, modified by small sharp nodulations.
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Male and female Differs from Aglais caschmirensis with the forewing termen convex and not falcate and not produced between veins 5 and 6. Upperside colours and markings similar to and disposed as in Aglais rizana but the lower blackish discal spot or patch in forewing much broader, extended to the median vein joining the transverse band across the cell, joined also by a triangular patch at base of interspace 3 to the short band beyond the discocellulars; two small rounded spots in interspaces 2 and 3 respectively placed on a yellow band, as in N. rizana. Hindwing with the sub-terminal series of conical black spots larger, each centered with a large spot of blue. Underside much paler than in either Aglais caschmirensis not so thickly studded with dark transverse short striae.
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The costae and interspaces are both crossed transversely by fairly strong and intermediate fine series of spiral threads, the strong and prominent threads numbering from three to six to a whorl, with several tine threadlets between them. In young, and in well preserved adult shells, the coarser spiral threads where they cross the costae, cause the latter to have a regular beaded or granulated appearance, but in some adult specimens there appears to be a tendency for this type of ornament to become indistinct or obsolete towards the body whorl. Parallel to the costae fine strife-like lines of growth are discernible under a lens. The aperture is ovate, with a somewhat narrow but well defined sinus posteriorly just below the suture, and witli a short broad and shallow anterior canal.
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The female is similar but the ground colour on the disc paler. Forewing: the short discal band very broad, continued as a series of lunules in the interspaces to vein 1: the postdiscal lunular line slender above, not joined onto the black on the termen, and sometimes black, sometimes chestnut-coloured; the black on the margin formed into a subterminal series of large black inwardly conical spots, the termen beyond dusky ochraceous. Hindwing: the subterminal row of black spots with white central transverse very short lines. Underside much as in the male, but the slate-black lunules on the hindwing form a broad obliquely placed line; the subterminal series of white spots larger and more conspicuous both on forewing and hindwing; upper tail spatulate, much longer than in male.
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Upperside: brown, the bases of the wings glossed with pale violet-blue on the forewing, in some specimens extended for two-thirds the length of the wing but always more or less of a broad margin of the ground colour is left along the costa, a still broader margin along the term en and a narrow edging along the dorsum; on the hindwing the blue gloss rarely extends further than the basal third. Both forewings and hindwings with slender anteciliary black lines, that on the hindwing posteriorly is inwardly margined with a thread of white, on the inner side of which again and touching it are three or four conical or triangular small black spots in the interspaces. Cilia of both wings pale brown. Underside: ground colour slightly paler, markings similar.
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Forewing: posterior two-thirds pinkish brown shot with iridescent blue; a jet-black anteciliary line; cilia dark brown. Hindwing: basal three-fourths shot with a duller paler blue than on the forewing; very obscure postdiscal series of slender pale lunules, followed by the dark ground colour and beyond it by a subterminal series of slender lunules, those in the interspaces 1 and 2 ochraceous orange, the others white; a series of jet-black spots, a slender terminal white line and a conspicuous jet-black anteciliary line; cilia white alternated with dark brown at the apices of the veins. Underside: similar to that of the male, but the ground colour paler, the markings, especially the terminal markings, more clearly defined. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male.
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There is a short very oblique mark from the base of the costa and there are three oblong or subquadrate blotclies separated by narrow irregular cloudy interspaces occupying the dorsal half of the wing, the first narrower, hardly reaching the base, the third broadest, nearly reaching the termen, convex posteriorly. A very oblique line is found from the disc at one-fifth running to the upper anterior angle of the second and there is a short oblique line from the costa at one-fourth, as well as an irregular spot of cloudy grey suffusion in the disc above the middle. There are oblique lines from the costa at the middle and four-fifths, limiting the third blotch, and connected above the middle by an irregular streak. There are also six black terminal dots.
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Forewing: discal and postdiscal broad, obscure, pale transverse fasciae, followed by similarly obscure, somewhat broken, inner and outer subterminal pale transverse lines. Hindwing with a transverse series of obscure postdiscal pale lunular spots; the black white-margined spots as in the male but smaller, the anterior two superposed, on the pale spots; terminal margin below vein 4 with inner and outer, and above vein 4 with single subterminal transversely linear markings. Underside: ground colour similar but paler on the basal, very much paler on the terminal halves of the wings; the markings as on the upperside, but the fasciae on the forewings and hindwings broader, more diffuse; the black subterminal spots in interspaces 1, 5 and 6 of the hindwing smaller. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male but paler.
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The forewings are ochreous brown with spots of blackish suffusion on the costa near the base and at one-fourth, the latter followed by a white patch suffused with rosy, from which a streak runs to the termen beneath the apex. There is a slender rosy-white streak from the costa at two-thirds running into the apex of this. The stigmata are dark ferruginous brown, the plical beneath the first discal, the second discal transverse, edged with rosy white. The basal and discal areas are irregularly suffused and marked with white and pale rosy, and sprinkled with blackish and the veins between the cell and termen are more or less streaked with pale rosy, the interspaces marked towards the termen with a series of suffused blackish-grey marks irregularly surrounded with white.
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The lines of growth are more or less distinct, but not uniform, while tlie ribs on one whorl bear no uniform relation in position to those on the next or preceding whorls. Longitudinally each whorl is appressed in a thickened band against the suture, next in front of which band is the (except on the last half-whorl) narrow unsculptured band indicating the path of the notch. This on the last half-whorl widens out considerably if the specimen in hand be typical, though in this case it may be an individual characteristic. Before the notch-band, and even encroaching a little on it, and extending over the surface of the whorls, are six or seven (on the body whorl seventeen) slightly raised rounded revolving lines, with slightly wider shallow interspaces, which are about equally prominent over the transverse ribs and between them.
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The spiral sculpture consists of fine even rounded elevated threads, nearly uniform all over the shell, about half as wide as the interspaces in most of which run an extremely fine intercalary thread. The primary threads average about eight in the breadth of a millimeter. The transverse sculpture, first, consists of very fine distinct uniform lines of growth about twice as numerous in the same space as the primary spiral threads, which last are beautifully reticulated and to some extent rendered nodulous, or rather minutely wavy, by the intersections; secondly, on the earlier whorls, consists of rather stout distant rounded riblets or waves seven or eight to a whorl, most distinct on the first whorl and entirely evanescent on the last two whorls. These are slightly oblique, and extend from the anterior margin of the anal fasciole to the suture in front.
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Dry-season form Males and females indigo blue. Forewing; with a broad, oblique, slightly curved, sinuous-edged, pale blue band, turning to white on the anterior half; the distance measured on the costa of the outer edge of thin band greater than half the length of the wing from the base; its inner margin bordered by short, obliquely-placed, detached linear black markings; apical area beyond the band jet black, with a preapical whites spot; medial hyaline (glass-like) spots, the lower varying in size, in interspaces 2 and 3. Hindwing uniform, the costa and apex broadly and the abdominal fold brown; vein 1 with long soft greyish-brown hairs along its length, extending also over the abdominal fold. Forewings and hindwings as in Kallima inachus, with a dark brown subterminal zigzag line, commencing below vein 3 on the forewing.
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Male upperside has the ground colour pale bluish white. The forewing has the terminal margin narrowly edged with black that broadens very slightly towards the apex of the wing; the cilia are brownish black. The hindwing is uniformly coloured, except for an anteciliary black line faintly edged on the inner side by a white line within which and touching it is a row of black spots, the anterior spots very faint, the spot in interspace 2 large and well-defined, two geminate (paired) spots in interspace 1 and a very small black lunular dot in interspace 1a; cilia brown, white at the base in the interspaces. In specimens obtained in the height of the dry season the black edging to the termen of the forewing is much reduced and the subterminal series of black spots in the hindwing is altogether missing.
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Between, the transverse pairs of white lines, medial and discal, and between the subterminal series of lunules, the ground colour is distinctly darker, between the latter and the anteciliary line it takes the appearance of an incomplete transverse row of dark spots. Hindwing: the following transverse white, somewhat indistinct lines;— two basal, a single line on the inner side of the discocellulars, two irregular and discal, followed by double series of white lunules; a white anteciliary line and subterminal row of dark spots as on the forewing; subterminal black spots, broadly margined on the inner side with ochraceous orange in interspaces 1 and 2; tail black tipped with white. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen dusky brown, the shafts of the antenna speckled with white; thorax and abdomen suffused with blue; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Female upperside: fuscous black.
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Tornus with a conspicuous subterminal claret-red lunule, traversed inwardly by an obscure blue line and edged above the lunule, narrowly, by velvety black; indications generally of a similar lunule in interface 2; finally a terminal series of large velvety-black markings that form on the tail broad borders to the green irroration down its middle. Cilia broadly edged with white in the interspaces. Underside chocolate brown, somewhat thinly irrorated with yellowish scales, which are absent however, from a more or less triangular patch in the middle of the forewing posteriorly, but coalesce and form an ill-defined very short subterminal band just above the tornal angle of that wing. Hindwing: a conspicuous subterminal series of claret-red lunules each traversed inwardly by a line of purplish blue, followed by velvety-black spots and broad white terminal lunules.
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Subspecies P. s. atkinsoni from Ladakh Male upperside dull white. Forewing: base and costal margin irrorated with black scales; cell with the usual medial and apical short black transverse bars, the former not extended down to the median vein in typical specimens; discal and postdiscal dusky black sinuate bands, the former attenuated below vein 6, stops short of the dorsum, the latter extends right down to the dorsal margin; beyond these bands the terminal margin is more or less shaded with dusky black which at the tornus coalesces with the postdiscal band. Hindwing: dorsal margin broadly dusky black, this colour narrowed towards the tornus; a postdiscal black-encircled red spot in interspace 5; termen somewhat broadly dusky black, with a subterminal series of darker spots in the interspaces and the dorsal margin fringed with long white hairs.
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Hindwing with basal, median and subterminal broad transverse bands of irrorated black scales, all the bands with their margins uneven and zigzag; the outer margin of the basal band with four transversely placed red spots, and transverse red discal spots edged with black in interspaces 1, 2, 5 and 7; the termen margined with a fine, more or less interrupted, black line. In a few specimens the red spots are more or less obsolescent. Antennae: Pale yellowish white, the shafts obscurely ringed with black head, thorax and abdomen, black, the head and the thorax anteriorly with long greyish-white hairs; beneath: the palpi, thorax, legs and basal portion of the abdomen similarly clothed. Female: Differs from the male as follows: Upperside: All the markings larger and more conspicuous; an additional large black spot in the middle of interspace 1.
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Hindwing: a transverse, discal, very irregular band widely interrupted in the middle; two coalescent spots beyond transversely across interspaces 4 and 5, followed by a subterminal, complete, curved series of distinct lunules that are edged slenderly on the outer side with white, and a prominent anteciliary white line. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings brown; filamentous short tail to latter black tipped with white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black, the abdomen barred with white on the sides; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen medially white. Female closely resembles the male, but on the upperside, the medial, broad, oblique white band that crosses the wings is distinctly broader and on the forewing extends farther towards the costa in a point, while on the hindwing there is in addition, in many specimens, a subterminal complete transverse series of linear white dots.
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Upperside is white. The forewings have the veins broadly black, this colour broadened triangularly at the termination of the veins, costal margin narrowly black; a broad black postdiscal transverse band from costa to dorsum sloped obliquely outwards from costa to vein 4, thence parallel to termen. Hindwing with the veins similar but for three- fourths of their length much more narrowly black; a postdiscal transverse black band as on the forewing but much narrower, curved and extended only between veins 2 and 6; beyond this the veins are more broadly black and this colour as on the forewing broadens out triangularly at the termination of the veins; the interspaces beyond the postdiscal black band pink, due to the vermilion colouration of the underside showing through. Viewed dorsally, the wings are pure white with black veins - except where light shines through.
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The amount of white marking is variable in some specimens, nearly the whole of the cell and the greater portion of the basal area of interspace 1 are sometimes also white. Hindwing: dark brownish black fading to dusky brownish white posteriorly; cell, basal half of interspace 4 and an elongate, broad, outwardly pointed streak in interspace 5 white. Underside: similar to that of the male, but the white area on the forewing more restricted and of a purplish tint, the dusky-black shading on the disc that borders the green on the apical area broader, and the greater portion of interspaces 1a and 1 also shaded with dusky purplish black. Hindwing: darker than in the male, the veins more prominently bordered with black scaling, the posterior, discal, ill-defined, dark band or patch broader and more conspicuous.
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Female in Hyderabad, India Underside, forewing: white, suffused with sulphur yellow at base of cell and with ochraceous (in some specimens ochraceous grey, in others ochraceous red) on apical area; spot on discocellulars, the postdiscal macular band and spots in interspaces 1 and 2 as on the upperside, but more clearly defined, the spots that compose the postdiscal band sometimes annular. Hindwing: white, suffused to a greater or less degree with, ochraceous, sometimes pink; spot on discocellulars and discal macular band as on the upperside, but both the discocellular spot and the spots that compose the latter more clearly defined, annular and generally centred with carmine; a terminal row of black specks which may or may not be connected by a very slender anteciliary line. Wingspan of 45–50 mm in males and 48–52 mm in females.
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Forewing: the slender short line on the discocellulars and the discal transverse series of short detached lines pale brown, the latter sinuous and anteriorly curved inwards. Hindwing: three subbasal spots in transverse order, a spot below the middle of the costa not larger or more prominent than the others, and an irregular discal series of elongate spots, pale brown. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen dark brown, the antenna ringed with white; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen white. Female upperside, forewing: a beautiful lilacine blue with a white central patch that occupies the lower apical half of the cell and the basal three- fourths of interspaces 3, 4 and 5; apex of wing and upper portion of termen broadly black, the inner border of this colour curving from a preapical point on the costa to apex of vein 3, thence the black continued as a slender anteciliary line to the tornus.
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Wings elongate, almost as in Idea. Upperside of forewing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish- white subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1b, very broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub-terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, and an incomplete subterminal series of smaller spots. Hindwing chestnut red, with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base, not reaching the termen in interspaces 1a and 1b, two broad streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal series of spots.
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Lophocampa endrolepia - femaleNovitates Zoologicae v.17 (1910) Forewing of male with streak of androconia on subcostal nervure on underside. Male Head, thorax, and abdomen bright orange yellow, the 1st and 2nd joints of palpi, the head between antennae and on vertex, the tegulae, shoulders, and patagia with black points; tibiae and tarsi with black spots. Forewing bright orange yellow, the interspaces of discal area rather paler; a black point at base of costa and subbasal points on costa and below the cell; numerous small brown lunules forming ill-defined double minutely dentate subbasal, antemedial, medial, postmedial, and subterminal bands, the three last oblique, and all with more or less developed black marks on them at costa and inner margin; a diffused black discoidal spot and small black spot on subterminal line at discal fold; a series of small black spots on termen and cilia.
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Male upperside: ground colour darker, plumbeous effulgence more striking. Underside: very dark purplish brown; markings in form and arrangement much as in the female of the typical form, but the transverse bands formed by the white lines much broader; on the hindwing the black subterminal spots in interspaces 1 and 2 much larger, conspicuously crowned inwardly and surrounded with ochraceous orange and with an outer bordering of metallic green scales; the anteciliary black line edged inwardly over the tornal area with white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the typical form. Female closely resembles the typical form, but differs as follows: upperside: fuscous black, the ground colour much darker than in the typical form; the pale medial patch on the forewing shot in certain lights with iridescent blue, much larger, occupying the basal posterior two-thirds of the wing, and unlike the typical form the posterior two-thirds of the hindwing.
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Male upperside, forewing: blackish brown, a central patch that occupies the lower apical portion of the cell and the basal halves of interspaces 2 and 3 white; lightly suffused with iridescent lilacine (lilac- coloured) blue; this colour is intensified and spreads upwards over the dark brown along the basal portion of the costa, inwards right up to the base of the wing, downwards over three-fourths of the dorsal area from base and outwards from the white patch towards the termen; the ground colour occupies the apex very broadly, and posteriorly forms a broad border to the termen. Hindwing: lilacine blue, base and costal margin broadly suffused with fuscous; a large subapical patch diffusely white; finally, an anteciliary line black. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings white, turning to brown towards the apex of the forewing. Underside: white, the terminal markings generally prominent in other forms, more or less obsolescent in both forewings and hindwings in all specimens that the writer has seen.
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Underside: ground colour and markings similar, more clearly defined, and on the forewing generally broader and whiter, except that the anterior one or two streaks or spots of the discal and subterminal series, like all the markings on the hindwing, are strongly suffused with bright yellow; in addition the precostal area on the hindwing is bright chrome yellow. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black; abdomen beneath white, the anterior legs with one or two white spots. Venation Variety caphusa Moore (Sikkim; Kumaon; Mussoorie to Simla and the Kangra region) differs from A. agathon both on the upper and under sides in the much greater width and extension of the greenish-white markings in the discoidal cells and interspaces of the wings. On the upperside the streak in interspace 1 of the forewing shows no sign of any black dividing line, and it, as well as the short streaks of the discal series, show a tendency to coalesce with the subterminal elongate spots.
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The intercellular and interspacial greenish-white streaks and spots, which, in var. caphusa, are considerably longer and broader and, so far as the markings in the interspaces are concerned, show a tendency to coalesce, in phryxe become very broad and white, so that the discal series of short streaks on both wings extend to and coalesce completely with the much broadened spots of the subterminal series. In fact, the insect may be described as white both on the upper and under sides, the veins broadly bordered with black, and with black terminal margins formed by the expansion and coalescence of the black at the apices of the veins; discoidal cell of the forewing with a large patch of black at the apex. The black along the veins of both forewing and hindwing suddenly broadened on the discal area; on the underside of the hindwing they almost form a connected discal, transverse black band; the chrome-yellow spot on the precostal area as in A. agathon.
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The wingspan is . Forewing cream white, slightly tinged with pale brown in basal half and in terminal area; median shade diffuse, slightly outcurved, followed immediately by a black dot representing the reniform stigma; just beyond it on the costa an oblique purplish bar to vein 6 represents the outer line; submarginal line whitish, sharply indented on each fold and outcurved between, the interval between the two lines filled with purple except at costa beyond median line; the interspaces between the veins often streaked with deeper purple; a purple spot at apex with a blackish speck in it below; a purplish streak from base below cell; terminal line brown inwardly edged with white; fringe white, brownish in middle; hindwing brownish grey, darker along termen; terminal line dark; fringe white; in examples from Algeria and Morocco, besides the purplish tint between the two lines, the whole forewing, except partially along costa, is suffused with olive grey brown, = ab. suffusa ab. nov. [Warren]; —in aestivalis Guen.
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Paul Gray wrote in a review in Time that the documents that make up Shikasta allow Lessing to stretch the novel out over vast periods of time and shift perspective "dramatically from the near infinite to the minute". He said that the book's cohesiveness is its variety, and noted how Lessing interspaces her "grand designs" and "configurations of enormous powers" with "passages of aching poignancy". Gray said that Shikasta is closer to Gulliver's Travels and the Old Testament than it is to Buck Rogers, and may disappoint readers interpreting her "space fiction" as "science fiction". He found Lessing's bleak vision of Earth's history in which she suggests that humans "could not ... help making the messes they have, that their blunders were all ordained by a small tic in the cosmos", a little "unsatisfying", but added that even if you do not subscribe to her theories, the book can still be enjoyable, "even furiously engaging on every page".
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The forewings are white with a fuscous blotch composed of two confluent spots occupying the costa from near the base to beyond one- fourth, sending two oblique irregular partially obsolete lines across the wing, in females, the dorsal area is much suffused and blotched with grey, and a blotch of faint grey suffusion is found above the middle of the disc. There is a strong oblique-longitudinal blackish spot on the upper angle of the cell, and a dot beneath its posterior extremity and an irregular curved oblique narrow interrupted fuscous fascia beyond this, slender on the costa in males, more developed in females, the discal spot strongly projecting from its anterior edge. There is some fuscous suffusion towards the apex, in females forming a broader fascia around the apical part of the costa and termen, leaving a toothed white marginal line with interspaces dark fuscous. The hindwings are whitish in males, posteriorly greyish-tinged, in females grey.
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Dry-season form at Samsing in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India Male upperside has the ground colour darker than in the wet-season form; the spots are smaller and duller in colour. On the forewing the postdiscal series of spots often obsolescent except the spots in interspaces 3, 6 and 8, the latter two very large and prominent; sub-terminal series of spots also often obsolescent. The veins on both forewings and hindwings not paler than the ground colour. Underside is similar to the underside in the wet-season form, but the ground colour a shade darker; the veins not conspicuously paler; the white spots as in the wet-season form, except the postdiscal and subterminal series on the forewing, which are as on the upperside, the anterior large white spots of the postdiscal series being very prominent; the inner black bordering to the white spots much smaller than in the wet-season form.
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Upperside fuliginous black with semi-hyaline bluish-white streaks and spots. Forewing: a long narrow streak generally extended to spot beyond and a short curved broader upper streak in interspace 1; cell with two narrow streaks joined at base, and an irregular spot sometimes divided into three at apex, the upper of the two basal streaks generally extended to the apical spot; a curved discal series of streaks, broad and elongate in interspace 2, short, almost rectangular, in interspace 3, narrow and elongate in the interspaces to the costa; finally, an irregular, somewhat crooked subterminal row of spots and a terminal more regular series of dots. Hindwing: two streaks, joined at base in cell, with short, slender, detached streak between their apices; interspace 1b white; 1a, 1, 2 and 3 with two streaks, joined at base in each; 4 to 8 with single broad short streaks; beyond these, subterminal and terminal rows of spots. Underside similar, hyaline markings clearer.
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Underside of blue Mormon Males have the upper wings rich velvety black. The forewing has a postdiscal band composed of internervular broad blue streaks gradually shortened and obsolescent anteriorly, not extended beyond interspace 6. The hindwing has the terminal three-fourths beyond a line crossing the apical third of the cell pale blue, or greyish blue, with superposed postdiscal, subterminal and terminal series of black spots—the postdiscal spots elongate, inwardly conical; the subterminal oval, placed in the interspaces, the terminal irregular, placed along the apices of the veins and anteriorly coalescing more or less with the subterminal spots. The underside is black with and on the base of the cell in the forewing is an elongate spot of dark red; the postdiscal transverse series of streaks as on the upperside but grey tinged with ochraceous and extended right up to the costa; in some specimens similar but narrow streaks also in the cell.
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The forewings are whitish cinereous, mottled and reticulated with brown and with a series of brownish patches along the costa: three small ones before the middle, of which the first two form the upper edge of an ill-defined basal patch, a broad one on the middle of the costa, forming the upper end of a somewhat broken transverse fascia inclining slightly inwards to the dorsum, and two beyond the middle, the first small, the second larger, before the apex, also blending with a shade of brownish scales beneath it. The interspaces between these spots on the outer half of the costa are ochreous, the costal cilia immediately above the apex being also ochreous, and a slight ochreous shade runs through the base of the cilia along the termen, in which are three more or less distinct lines of brown scales, the outer extremities of the cilia are greyish. The hindwings are purplish grey.Walsingham, Thomas de Grey 1897a.
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A female L. aeneiventre is recognized by its unique striped pattern on the front part of its mesothorax, the pattern of punctures on its front scutum of its middle thoracic segment, its larger size, its hair, and its slightly yellow wings including the membrane, veins, and stigma. Generally larger than males, it has a metallic dark-green head and a clypeal length greater than that of its supraclypeal area, which is slightly rounded and bulges. It does not have a frontal line ridge from below the base of the antenna to about half the distance between its antennal sockets to its median ocellus, and its lateral ocelli are slightly nearer to each other than to their compound eyes. It has punctures near its eyes, on the lower half of the clypeus, sometimes on the supraclypeal area, on the front part of its mesothorax and on the frons, while its gena and the interspaces of its supraclypeal area are shiny and its frons has dull spaces in between.
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Head and thorax dark brown slightly mixed with ochreous; thorax ochreous tinged with rufous; pectus and legs ochreous mixed with brown; abdomen ochreous suffused with brown. Forewing ochreous, the costal area suffused with red brown leaving slight pale streaks on the veins; a diffused brown streak along median nervure and thence to the subterminal oblique fascia, with two white points on it at lower angle of cell; a slight brown streak below base of cell; an oblique pale fascia from apex to discal fold with a diffused dark brown fascia below it from termen below apex to vein 3 with minute black streaks on it in the interspaces; a terminal series of slight black lunules; cilia ochreous mixed with brown and with brown line near base. Hindwing ochreous white, the veins and terminal area tinged with brown; a fine brown terminal line; cilia with a whitish with a slight brown line near base; the underside whitish with the costal and terminal areas sprinkled with reddish brown.
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Upperside tawny, in fresh specimens a rich reddish tawny. Forewing: anterior and apical two-thirds black, the margin of this colour waved and irregular, following a line dividing the cell longitudinally and circling round to near the posterior angle; a short, broad, oblique, white bar beyond apex of cell, the veins crossing it and a spot in interspaces 3 and 4 black; a transverse indistinct row of small spots and a terminal series of "V"-shaped lunules white. Hindwing: three or four spots just beyond apex of cell, a subterminal row of spots and the termen broadly black, the last with a series of white lunules as on the forewing. Underside variegated with red, white, pale blue, ochraceous and black; the terminal margins of both wings broadly black with white lunules as on the upperside; in the middle of each lunule a short white streak from the margin; cilia alternately black and white.
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It closely resembles Pieris brassicae, from which it differs as follows: Male has the upper forewing with inner margin of the black area on apex and termen not smoothly curved but sinuate (curved); an elongate narrow black spot, sometimes faint and ill defined but always traceable, in interspace 3. Hindwing: termen edged by a narrow continuous black band that extends from the black costal spot to the middle of interspace 3. Underside, forewing: apex and upper portion of termen ashy brown (by reason of the black on the upperside that shows through by transparency), thickly irrorated with black scales; besides the black spots in interspaces 1 and 3 present as in P. brassicae, there is a third black spot from middle of interspace 5 to vein 7 that extends above the latter vein diffusely to the costa. Hindwing: as in P. brassicae but the ground colour not so yellow; the black terminal band of the upperside can be seen through faintly by transparency; the black subcostal spot as in P. brassicce, with a second black spot in interspace 3.
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Underside: greyish brown. Forewings and hindwings: two subterminal and a terminal white transverse line succeeded by an anteciliary black line on each wing, the ground colour enclosed between these lines of a slightly darker shade with the appearance of somewhat maculate (spotted) transverse bands. On the hindwing near apices of interspaces 1 a, 1 and 2 enclosed between the inner of the two subterminal white lines and the terminal white line are a large round black spot inwardly edged with ochraceous in interspace 2, two minute black geminate (paired) spots in interspace 1 and a similar single spot in interspace 1 a, the latter three spots superposed on a white ground and above the white a narrow transverse short ochraceous line. Forewing: in addition four obliquely placed, transverse, white parallel fasti as follows: two, one on either side of the discocellulars extended between the subcostal vein and the dorsum; two upper discal lines broken and sinuate, extended from just below the costa, the inner lino to vein 3, the outer line to vein 1.
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Males and females: Upperside, both wings dark fuscous suffused with rich deep violet. Forewing with an outwardly and forwardly arched subcrescentic pale violet or mauve band, commencing beyond the middle of the wing at the costal vein, terminating at the inner angle, and crossed obliquely by a series of three small white spots disposed in a straight line parallel to the outer margin, and placed upon folds of as many consecutive interspaces, the last being between the second and third median vein. Hindwing relatively longer tailed than in Melanitis ismene Cramer, with the membranous parts of the divergent tail almost wholly formed by the produced wing-membrane of the interspace between the second and third median vein, a very narrow anterior membranous edging being contributed by the interspace next in front; and with rather more than the basal two-thirds of its length in front of the discoidal vein and subcostal vein ochreous. Underside: both wings ochreous, obscurely striated with a deeper shade of the same colour, and marked with a submarginal series of inconspicuous brown specks, the probable rudiments of ocelli.
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The forewings are white, tinged in the disc with ochreous and with a broad dark bronzy-purplish fascia near the base, leaving a slender whitish basal space obscurely marked with dark grey, the outer edge of the fascia irregular, hardly oblique, but on the dorsal half followed by irregular grey suffusion extending beneath the fold to the tornus, on the dorsum suffusedly spotted with dark fuscous before and beyond the middle. There are two dark fuscous dots transversely placed on the end of the cell and there is a straight transverse grey shade at four-fifths, more or less enlarged anteriorly into a blotch on the costa. Some undefined grey suffusion is found before the apex and termen, preceding a white dentate marginal line with interspaces filled with dark fuscous. The hindwings are grey, paler anteriorly and with the costal margin somewhat expanded to beyond the middle, with long rough projecting hairscales suffused with dark grey beneath, and a long ochreous- white subcostal hairpencil lying beneath the forewings.
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Upperside deep black. Forewing: a broad line along both sides of the basal halves of veins 1 and 2 and of median vein ochraceous; a curved series of short bluish streaks between the veins beyond apex of cell, terminating in a much longer streak above vein 4; a transverse discal series of similarly coloured slender oval loops, open outwardly, followed by a series of transverse white spots, the upper two bluish, and a subterminal row of slender lunules, the tornal lunule double. Hindwing: interspace 1a and interspace 1 to near the tornus pinkish or bluish white, the markings of the underside showing through; cell black, with an ochraceous black-centred spot; interspaces 1 to 5 bluish white on disc, with very broad median. Short streaks, followed by a series of large oval spots of the black ground colour; terminal and costal margins very broadly black, traversed by a postdiscal row of transverse short, white, inwardly- turned lunules, and a subterminal row of much more slender, outwardly-turned, similarly coloured lunules.
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The wingspan is 36–42 mm. Forewing whitish grey with a slight lilac tinge; the veins darker, the costa, inner margin narrowly, a median shade between the stigmata, some wedge-shaped subterminal blotches in the interspaces before subterminal line, and the dark chequering of the fringe brown; inner and outer lines both strongly dentate, but rarely plain, except as streaks on inner margin; stigmata finely outlined with black, the orbicular narrow, oblique, the reniform broader, both, when clear, with a dark centre; the streak from base on submedian fold brown and indistinct; a brown shade often visible on submedian fold between claviform stigma and outer line; hindwing in male white, in female slightly flushed with brown; for this type form Guenée gives Provence and Corsica as localities; - ab. costata ab. nov. [Warren] is a larger form, with the brown tints of the type replaced by blackish fuscous, the costal area of forewing and the fringe especially darkened; the lines equally indistinct; of this I have seen a pair from Rome, a female marked simply Germany, and a single male from Amasia: - scriptura Frr.
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The male has a white ground colour on the upperside, and the forewings and hindwings have broad terminal black bands. The forewing base, costal margin broadly and discoidal cell except at its lower apical area are heavily irrorated (speckled) with dusky-grey scales with a short streak at upper apex of cell joined to a large spot on the discocellulars, black; superposed on the black terminal area are two small preapical spots and a much larger subterminal spot in interspace 3, all of the white ground colour; minute white terminal specks also, often more or less obsolescent, in the interspaces. Hindwing more uniform, very slightly irrorated with grey scales at base, the black terminal band immaculate. Underside: greenish yellow sparsely sprinkled with black scales, the yellow very pale on the disc of the forewing, fading to white along its dorsal margin; discocellular spot and three subterminal posterior spots, that are placed in a curve, black; the lowest spot of the three sometimes extended to the dorsal margin (var. puellaris).
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Hindwing: costal margin above a longitudinal line through the middle of the cell dusky black; posterior portion of the wing dusky bluish, veins prominently black; a comparatively well-defined transverse postdiscal series of black lunules edged inwardly and outwardly by similar series of white lunules, followed by a subterminal series of black spots with an outer edging of white and an anteciliary jet-black line; the subterminal spots decrease in size anteriorly, those in interspaces 2 and 3 the largest, the two spots in interspace 1 minute and geminate (paired); tail black tipped with white. Underside: similar to that of the male but the ground colour grey with a slight tint of brown, the transverse white strigae much broader, somewhat diffuse; on the forewing the band formed by the medial pair of strigae much more broken than in the male the posterior portion below vein 3 shifted well outwards; on the hindwing the sub-terminal black spot in interspace 2 comparatively very large and prominent. Antenna as in the male; head, thorax and abdomen brown; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen as in the male.
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The whorls are flattened below the shoulder and a little narrowed at the suture, which is strongly impressed. The sculpture on the subsutural band consists of numerous, close, revolving lines, most distinct towards the shoulder, and of small, slightly raised, thin riblets, which are most distinct close to the suture and strongly excurved in the middle of the band, but bend forward strongly to the angle of the shoulder, where most of them disappear or blend with the ribs and lines of growth a little farther forward. Below the shoulder the surface is covered by many, rather thin, closely arranged, revolving cinguli, which on the whorls of the spire are separated by interspaces about twice their own width, but become much closer on the middle of the body whorl, gradually becoming coarser and more widely separated as they approach the siphonal canal, those on the anterior part being also thicker and more obtuse. Numerous rather small and slightly elevated ribs commence at the shoulder and curve obliquely forward across the convex part of the whorls, extending to the suture on the upper whorls, but mostly fading out at the middle of the body whorl.
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The underside of the hindwing is half green on the basal part while the outer half white; a large black tornal spot; a black line along the dorsum that curves above the tornal spot outwards to vein 2; a straight subbasal black band from costa across cell that terminates on vein 2, where it joins the dorsal black line; a broader black band from costa across apex of cell extended into base of interspace 3; an irregular discal series of black markings curved inwards posteriorly towards the tornal spot; a subterminal series of very small slender black lunules in pairs, the ground colour on the inner side of these darkened to rich ochreous yellow; lastly, a series of short terminal black bars in the interspaces so arranged as to follow indentations of the termen; tail dusky black edged with white. Antenna black; head and thorax anteriorly with a broad black medial band, rest of thorax bluish; abdomen white, marked beneath on each side by a black stripe. Male alcibiades Race alcibiades, Fabr. is the most widely spread race of antiphates, from which it differs as follows: Upperside of males and females, all the black markings shorter and narrower.
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Female - woodcut from Charles Thomas Bingham's The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma Male upperside: white, a greyish- blue shade at base of the wings and along the veins, due to the dark markings on the underside that show through. Forewing: veins black; apex and termen black, the inner margin of that colour extended in an irregular curve from middle of costa to base of terminal third of vein 4, thence continued obliquely outwards to the tornal angle; interspaces 6 and 9 with short narrow greyish-white streaks of the ground colour that stretch into the black apical area but do not reach the margin; a short black subterminal bar between veins 3 and 4 and another, less clearly defined, between veins 1 and 2. Hindwing: veins 4 to 7 with outwardly dilated broad black edgings that coalesce sometimes and form an anterior, irregular, black, terminal margin to the wing. Underside, forewing: white, the veins broadly margined on both sides by dusky black; costal margin broadly and apex suffused with yellow; subterminal black bars between veins 1 and 2, and 3, and 4 as on the upperside but less clearly defined.
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Forewing: two black spots in cell, followed by a short isolated Y-shaped mark, a discal oblique and a terminal erect band olivaceous brown; the Y-shaped mark has its fork at the lower apex of the cell, is more or less bordered on both sides by conspicuous broken black lines, and does not extend either to the costa or below vein 2; the discal band is outwardly margined by a series of detached black lunules. Hindwing with three transverse brownish-yellow bands as follows: an excurved baso-median band, bordered anteriorly on both sides by broken black lines, meeting above the tornus a postdiscal band, outwardly bordered by a series of black lunules with whitish centres, a detached row of black spots in the interspaces, and a subterminal irregular band outwardly bordered with greenish; tails black with a median streak of pale blue; tornus conspicuously ochraceous; a sub-tornal short transverse black line crossing from the dorsum to the baso-median band. Antennae and head black, thorax dusky greyish black, abdomen yellowish white; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen white, the thorax with a conspicuous obliquely transverse black line on each side. Wingspan can reach .
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This species resembles Papilio palinurus, but the male generally has, on the upperside of the outer half of the forewing, cottony or hairy scent-streaks similar to those in Papilio polyctor, only the streak in interspace 1 is always missing. Other differences are seen in the upper wing. The forewing has the discal transverse bluish-green band slightly sinuous, narrower, more curved than in P. palinurus and more distinctly decreasing in width towards the costal margin; in the female it is more sinuous than in the male. The hindwing has the transverse bluish-green band very variable in width but the inner margin is much straighter than in P. polyctor; this band that in P. polyctor stops short of vein 7, continues to the costal margin, it is however much and abruptly narrowed above vein 7; tornal ocellus claret-red with a large black centre inwardly edged with blue; the bright ochraceous subapical lunule of P. polyctor replaced by a dull whitish spot; the subterminal diffuse green lunules restricted to interspaces 2,3 and 4; the spatular apex of the tail with a small patch of bluish-green scales.
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On the underside of the wings the ground colour is dull pale brown to blackish brown irrorated (sprinkled) with scattered yellowish scales, which, however, on the forewing are absent from a large triangular discal patch that lies between the dorsum, the median vein, vein 5 and a line of white lunules that crosses the wing in an outward curve from the upper third of the costa to just before the tornus; these white lunules are outwardly diffuse and merge gradually into the brown ground colour. In the hindwing, the tornal ocellus much as on the upperside; an obscure ill-defined highly arched postdiscal narrow whitish band from above the tornal ocellus to the costa, ends near apex of interspace 7 in a broad white lunule; beyond this a double subterminal row of somewhat straight ochreous-white lunules in the interspaces, each lunule of the inner row bordered outwardly with blue, this bordering very faint in many specimens. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings brown alternated with white. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen dark brownish black; the head, thorax and abdomen above with a sprinkling of glittering green scales.
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Superficially this form closely resembles Parnassius jacquemontii, but besides the structural differences of the anal pouch in the fertilized female, in markings it differs as follows: Race abruptus specimen from Kansu in the Ulster Museum Male: Upperside, forewing: the crimson black-encircled spots reduced to a minute subcostal dot in the black mark beyond the cell; the subhyaline (almost glass-like) terminal margin much narrower, with dentate (tooth-like) white spots in the interspaces along the actual margin; cilia white, markedly alternated with black at the apices of the veins. Hindwing: the dusky black along the dorsal margin comparatively much broader, its inner border more irregular, deeply bi- emarginate, the crimson centre to the black mark above the tornal angle entirely absent. In no specimens observed are the crimson spots centred with white. Underside: with the same glazed appearance as in jacquemontii; markings as on the upperside, but on the forewing the white dentate spots in the terminal row are larger, which give to the wing the appearance of having a subterminal as well as a post-discal transverse series of dusky-black lunules.
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