Most scales in this family have four female instars and five male instars. Members of the genus Gallacoccus have only three female instars however. The females form galls which are often quite ornate. In some species the first instars seem to act as soldiers and attempt to guard the gall.
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The species has five stages of development known as instars. The first instars remain huddled near the eggs. They are transparent pale green with orange eyes. The second instars are more buff or pale yellow.
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The heads of instars differ in color, newly hatched first instars have a light brown head and prior to molting into second instars, their heads change to a dark brown color. Their heads then turn black in color during the second to fifth instars. A range of 0.48 mm to 0.60 mm is seen with the size of head capsules. The stripes on their body also differ in larval instars.
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Larvae have black heads and resemble the caterpillars of lepidopterans. Females have six instars and males have five. The first three instars are yellowish-green, and the later instars have black longitudinal stripes with patches of yellow and white on a bluish and black background.
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Purplish lateral blotches on thoracic somites. Head and legs are reddish. Early instars are more reddish brown. Body colour turns darker as the caterpillar reaches later instars.
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There are five larval instars. The earliest instars are highly modified sapfeeders with strongly depressed bodies and reduced chaetotaxy with a maximum length 3.7 mm. Later instars are tissue feeders, with cylindrical bodies and a maximum length of 4.7 mm. The body colour is pale green to white.
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Early instars are greyish white and translucent. A transverse olive-brown band is present anteriorly, centrally and posteriorly. A double dorsal series of six transparent glossy humps are visible with a lens when the caterpillar reaches later instars. Late instars are pale bluish green with a narrow white dorsal band.
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For example, first, second, and third instars can make shelters with one Robinia leaflet, but the fourth and fifth instars have to use 2 to 4 or 5 leaflets.
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Instars II to V have filiform, or threadlike, antennae. Third and fourth instars have tan, brown, green, and gray body color patterns, and their hind femora appear fuscous (brownish-gray) .
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Early instars are green with a forward-curving dark brown tail-horn. Later instars develop diagonal white stripes on the side of each segment and the horn curves backward. There is a brown form of later instars for which the diagonal stripes are less conspicuous. Full-grown larvae are about 70 mm long.
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Once emerged from the eggs, there are five larval instars, wherein the larva grow to about 2 inches before pupating. Larvae are mostly nocturnal, feeding at night. Their appearance changes slightly throughout the instars, with the younger ones having setae and the older instars lacking setae. The caterpillars have remarkable camouflage patterns.
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The second instar is completely different in appearance and behavior, often becoming grub- or maggot-like in the instars before pupation. As a rule, the instars after the first ecdysis are of more or less constant form and not highly mobile, being specialised for feeding and growth until the final larval instar metamorphoses into the pupal form. There are examples of holometabolic species in which there are certain striking differences between the earliest instars and the later instars, though without their generally being regarded as hypermetamorphic. For example, early instars of many Papilionidae are of a colour, shape and texture that suggest bird droppings; later instars that are larger and would simply stand out in such camouflage, typically become leaf- green.
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Males undergo six instars and females undergo seven instars to become adults. First and second instars are suggested to be abundant during January and February. The mating activity of B. nivalis extends throughout the life span of adults. The maximum longevity of male adults are 21.8 months, and the for females are 26.1 months.
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They hatch and burrow into the distal end of the mango fruit. Larvae pass through five instars within the fruit, with a larval development period of 14 to 20 days. Early instars feed on the fruit pulp forming a network of tunnels which may eventually cause the fruit to collapse. Later instars feed on the seed.
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The caterpillar undergoes eight larval instars. The female lays eggs on the undersides of leaves. Eggs hatch after 6 to 10 days. Early instars feed on leaves and leaving brownish white leaf epithelium.
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The life cycle of the stag beetle includes three instars.
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Caterpillar in late instar olive brown. Strong subspiracular white stripe present. Faint longitudinal bands and small white spots also visible. Dorsal and subdorsal stripes visible in early instars, which become faint in final instars.
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The caterpillar is a semi looper. Early instars are dark green and the second instar has some smoky appearance. Late instars are greenish to pinkish brown. Dorsally, abdominal segments show gray and white marbling.
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Larvae are gregarious and yellow at first. Later instars are solitary, and whitish green with white tubercules along the back, and small black dots. There are five instars, and they reach a maximum length .
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Young instars whitish, but later instars become blackish. Full-grown larvae rest along sticks or twigs. Pupation takes place in a slight cocoon of silk amongst litter on the ground. They crawl in looping movements.
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Head and tubercle processes black. Dorsal processes bifid, with a central orange patch. Early instars are gregarious, whereas late instars are not. Mature instar larva is grey with paler grey and rufous scribbling all over.
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S. mormonia larvae are tan with black stripes. They diapause as early instars, stopping feeding and development to hibernate through the winter. As late instars, larvae depend on species of violets as their host plants.
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Younger instars of Gorgone Checkerspot caterpillars will feed on Symphyotrichum lanceolatum.
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Larva robust and instars change from green to brown towards pupa.
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The caterpillars hatch in about three weeks from the end of June onwards. There are six instars for E. aurinia larvae. The first four are gregarious, the first three being prehibernation instars and the fourth being post-hibernation. The first three instars form a communal web around the food plant S. pratensis and feed on the host plant for about three weeks.
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They are laid singly, deep in moist soil, and take 2 weeks to hatch. The grubs hatch by late July. The grub population consists mainly of first instars in early- to mid-August, second instars by early September, and third instars by mid-September to early October. In frost zones, the grubs feed until November, then move deeper into the soil.
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Stictococcids have three female instars and five male instars. The first instars are sexually dimorphic, with the females having the anus in the center of the body and having well-developed mouthparts, whereas the males have the anus near the posterior end of the body and have no mouthparts.Richard, C. 1971. Contribution à l'étude morphologique et biologique des Stictococcinae (Hom. Coccoidea).
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Five instars. Body flattened dorsoventrally. Color of young individuals (1st–3rd instars) milk white to orange, with black spots on the thorax and first abdominal segment. Nymphs were always observed together with adults on heavily infested trees.
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The larvae pass through five to eight instars according to temperature variations.
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The length of the life cycle varies from two to four calendar years depending on population density. The larvae of the males have five to nine instars, while those of the females have six to ten. Adults are on wing from the end of June to the beginning of August. The larvae (second to third instars and fifth to sixth instars) overwinter under the forest litter.
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Later instars feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Rumex and Taraxacum officinale.
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They feed on plant sap. They pass through five instars before becoming adults.
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Larvae are whitish with black markings. The duration of their instars is unknown.
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The first instars are yellowish- red covered with the same white mealy wax.
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Adults are variable in colour, ranging from pale green to yellow. The larvae have been reared on Myosotis arvensis. They are fawn with small lateral dots on each side. Early instars are striped, but these stripes disappear in later instars.
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The first instar is dark, with two rows of short, bristly spines. The anterior parts have broad yellowish bands, black head, with some short hairs, the first three instars retain this. Later instars have a white upside-down V mark on the front which becomes most visible in the last instar. The fleshy spines also become less bristly in later instars, and towards the last instar is almost absent.
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Older instars are reddish brown with some black and white spots along the sides.
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Early instars feed from the underside of leaves scraping out small patches of parenchyma.
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Larvae are typical C-shaped scarabaeid larvae, and undergo three larval instars before pupation.
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In the final instar, its color turns to red. Pinacula large and darker than body. Head and prothoracic shield blackish to dark brown in early instars which turns pale to yellowish brown in final instars. Anal comb rudimentary with 4-6 small teeth.
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They probably mine the leaves of their host plant. It is gregarious in the larval stage, in young instars five to twenty larvae live together in a large blotch mine, and in the fourth and fifth instars in a cigarette-formed leaf- roll.
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First few instars are green with three lateral purple brown lines. Late instars are yellowish. Pupa within a slight cocoon of white silk, which spun amongst leaves. The larvae feed on Chrysopogon, Eleusine Glycine, Indigofera, Kummerovia, Medicago, Phaseolus, Rhynchosia and Nephelium species.
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The name “mirmicoides” comes from the similarity of nymphs in the early instars to ants.
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Lice have the fewest life stages of any insect (egg, 3 larval instars, and adult).
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They are long, thin and green in the early instars, with a long, straight horn.
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While praying mantises are carnivorous insects, they also are in danger of being eaten by larger animals. The young instars of several mantids such as the bark mantid Tarachodes afzelii are Batesian mimics of ants, but there seem to be no mantids that mimic models in any other taxon. Curiously, the young instars derive protection from their resemblance to ants, while bigger instars and adults, neither of which are ant mimics, eat ants.
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Illustration of adult The female lays batches of between twenty and ninety eggs. These are barrel- shaped and have a number of small projections at the edge of the operculum. The nymphs go through five instars in their growth process and have bluish- black heads and thoraxes and red abdomens. The first instars stay close to the egg mass and the later instars also tend to group together, sometimes feeding on a common prey item.
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Lower fronds of coconut drying up due to Opisina arenosella infestation The coconut black-headed caterpillar lays eggs in small groups on the under surface of coconut leaflets near to feeding larvae. Eggs hatch in three days on average, and then move into the larval stage where the larvae undergo a series of instars. Larvae of O. arenosella generally go through five instars, but have been recorded to go through as many as eight instars in laboratory settings. Instars from one to five last 6 days, 7 days, 7 days, 5 days, and 10 days respectively, which makes the larval stage approximately 48 days in length.
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Larvae of this genus are often dimorphic obligate carnivores. The second and third instars are predators, and the first is also carnivorous in some species. Some species have cannibalistic final instars. The smallest larvae are under 6 mm and the largest are up to 16 mm.
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The larvae are casebearers and make their cases from hollowed-out Salsola leaves. The larvae have five instars. During the first two instars, larvae are leaf miners, and in the last three they become casebearers. The larvae move from one leaf or even one plant to another.
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These larvae then have three instars, or developmental stages, in which they grow and decompose the body. The three instars occur throughout a period of 4 to 15 days depending on the amount of calories that can be amassed by a maggot. The three instars can be differentiated by the amount of slits there are in the spiracle of the maggot. The next phase of development in C. livida is the pupa, which lasts from 3 to 13 days.
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Development proceeds in repeated stages of growth and ecdysis (moulting); these stages are called instars. The juvenile forms closely resemble adults, but are smaller and lack adult features such as wings and genitalia. The size and morphological differences between nymphs in different instars are small, often just differences in body proportions and the number of segments; in later instars, external wing buds form. In holometabolous insects, immature stages are called larvae and differ markedly from adults.
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Very little is known about this family, but in one species, the female scale has four instars.
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First instar larvae mine young stems and shoots of their host plant, causing it to produce a gall. The later instars are stem borers, primarily within the galls. There are probably five larval instars. Pupation occurs within the hollowed- out gall chamber formed by larval feeding on gall tissue.
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Once laid, the larvae will hatch quickly in only a few days time. During early instars the larvae feed inside the fruit on the developing seeds. Later in their development, the matured instars leave the fruit, preferably after a rain storm or during wet conditions to make escape easier.
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The caterpillar is a voracious defoliator of Tylophora indica. They feed on both soft tender leaves and mature tough leaves. Early instars (first and second) only feed on the epidermis of the leaves, but late instars attack entire leaf tissue. Pest attacks were observed from May to October.
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The developing wings are present in later stage instars and the gonads start development in the egg stage.
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Other kinds of wasps, including Bracon hebetor and Venturia canescens, parasitize almond moth larvae in the later instars.
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It is conceivable that the female might catch prey and allow her offspring to consume it, but such behaviour has not been observed. The first and second instars are Batesian mimics of black ants, while bigger instars and adults, neither of which are ant mimics, are predators of those same ants.
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The mine has the form of a very long, irregular, winding, serpentine mine just under the upper epidermis of the leaf. There are three behaviorally and morphologically distinct larval forms. There are six to eight sap-feeding and two non-feeding, structurally differentiated instars. The early instars are legless sap feeders.
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The butterfly goes through five distinct larval instars. The instars vary in terms of their distinct morphological structure and size differences. Characteristic of myrmecophilous riodinids, all the larval stages possess Tentacle Nectary Organ (TNO) on the eighth abdominal segment. This organ plays an important role in the species' interactions with ants.
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Later instars are mottled greenish and blackish with some red, and with subdorsal white lines. Instars become progressively darker and more variegated with black brown, olive green, yellow and white. The pupa is formed in the soil, just below the surface. It is 13–15 mm long and uniform medium brown.
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Head brownish, which becomes testaceous in late instars. Spiracles narrow. Legs and prolegs short. Final instar is dark pink.
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Larva completes five instars to become a pupa. Pupa dark brown, much round with no distinguishing lumps or lobes.
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In later instars, the stripes are replaced by speckles with two bright yellow spots on the last abdominal segment.
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There are four or five instars. In the first two instars the larvae have a flat head and feed on sap, and in the third to supposed fifth instars they feed on tissue, with a round head and a cylindrical body as in usual lepidopterous larvae. The mine starts as a tortuous serpentine mine, which is located inside the lower epidermis of a leaf and is whitish in colour. The second instar larva expands the linear mine to an elongated blotch along the leaf-margin.
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Adults are on wing in January and from July to September. The larvae feed on Fraxinus velutina. The first two larval instars are leaf skeletonizers that remove patches of leaf tissue from the lower leaf surface. Middle and late instars feed from a leaf edge, always from the underside of a blade.
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Ensign scales have four instars in the female and usually five instars in the male. The male penultimate and ultimate nymphal stages (prepupa and pupa) are mobile but non-feeding like adult males. The eggs are usually laid in an ovisac attached to the perimeter of the ventral abdomen by a band.
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The larvae feed on Nyssa sylvatica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is blotch-shaped and tends to expand radially and typically becomes more oblong-shaped at later instars. The last instars form an oval-shaped double-sided shield by encasing themselves with silk between the upper and lower mine layers.
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A Chrysomya rufifacies larva The genus Chrysomya contains 12 species, several of which cause primary and secondary myiases of domestic animals. The larvae of one species, Chrysomya rufifacies, have very distinct thorn-like processes covering its entire body, giving it the common name “hairy maggot blow fly”. The hairy appearance of C. rufifacies makes it easy to distinguish 2nd and 3rd instars from close relative, Chrysomya megacephela. Although the 1st instars are fairly similar, C. megacephela are characterized by thicker spiracle hairs in the 2nd and 3rd instars.
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Like all grasshoppers, nymphs of O. speciosa have incomplete metamorphosis: their nymphs are born looking similar to the adults, and they go through five instar stages (4 different molting events) until they reach the adult stage. First and second instars have patterns of green on their heads; however, the antennae are terminally expanded (they grow from the head outwards) . Second instars have antennae that are flat and are pointed at the end. The hind femora of the first and second instars appear tan and they have a green thorax.
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After emergence the immature larva eats the egg shell, before moving on to eat new leaf shoots. Later instars eat fully developed new leaves, but not usually matured leaves. In warm areas the larvae go through five instars, and larvae in cold areas can have six instars before developing to a pupa. Mature larvae are about 35 mm long, generally black, with two subdorsal rows of fleshy black spines, and sublateral and lateral rows of large orange or yellow blotches, and numerous small, light blue and white spots.
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Upon hatching, the species progresses through 4 larval instars: the first 3 instars are affected primarily by temperature, with minor effects by salinity; the fourth instar is affected by all environmental factors. In the fourth instar, increased food sped up development time while crowding and salinity stunted growth. Preferred temperature for all 4 instars is between 30 °C and 38 °C but average preferred temperature increases with age. The first instar prefers an average temperature of 31.8 °C and the early fourth instar prefers a temperature of 34.6°.
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S. Li (2003). Notes on larval instars and adult antennae of Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera : Diprionidae). Canadian Entomologist. 135(5): 745-748.
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Second instar caterpillars grow to an average of 3 mm; third instars to 6 mm; and fourth instars grow to 13 mm. The second, third, and fourth instar stages occur for a duration of 8, 8, and 9 days, respectively. The color of the caterpillars can vary. Most caterpillars are yellow or green, and may have pink markings.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. There are four instars. In the second instar, the larva makes a large blotch-mine, which occupies an area between the middle vein and margin of leaf, sometimes almost the entire surface. The larva in the third and fourth instars consumes the leaf-tissues within the blotch-mine almost completely.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larva is a leaf miner in early instars, and a leaf-roller in later instars. The mine is of a small tentiform type and is found on the lower side of the leaf. The leaf roll is cone-shaped and rolled up downward from the tip of the leaf.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine made by the larva of the first three instars is large, lower-parenchymal, and tentiformed. The leaf roll made by the larva of the late instars is conical, or often cigarette-formed when many larvae inhabit a single leaflet. The cocoons are ordinarily formed inside the leaf roll.
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Larvae are gregarious in the early instars and often do not disperse much in the late instars. The fifth instar is black with yellow-orange stripes on its side, and prominent spiny horns on the second segment of the thorax, about 5 cm long. Smaller spikes occur on the remaining segments. They feed on oaks in August and September.
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Being of the order Diptera, Protophormia terraenovae is holometabolous in its development, meaning it experiences dramatic changes from immature to adult. Protophormia terraenovae undergoes three instars, a pupal stage, and finally an adult stage. First instar larvae obtain a liquid diet from orifices or wounds of a body. The instars that follow digest the body itself.
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This means the coloration makes it harder for a predator to distinguish the shape of the camouflaged prey, which explains the continuation of this coloration pattern in larger instars that are too large to be mistaken for bird droppings. It has also been hypothesized that the older instars’ pattern is meant to be reminiscent of a snake.
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"Green, with a yellow collar and brown lichen-like markings. Feeds on Zanthoxylum alatum." (Mackinnon, quoted in Bingham.) Experiments have been conducted on larvae of different instars, and it is revealed that among all the different instars, there are significant differences of chemical composition of osmeterial secretion between the 5th instar and all the previous instars.Honda, K. (1980).
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The eggs typically hatch several days or up to three weeks from the time they are laid. The nymphs that hatch from the eggs resemble the adults except for their smaller size and lighter color. These nymphs go through three nymphal instars during a 2–3-week period. After these three instars, they are considered adults.
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However, certain strains from Australia, India, and Hawaii have been documented to have instars that are harmful when involved in secondary myiasis.
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The mine has the form of a small tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf. Later instars fold the leaf downwards.
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The second instar females are believed to develop tests in these genera but in Cerococcus it is the third instars that do so.
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Early instars are blood red with honey yellow at the anterior and posterior, the red fading and the body becoming greener with growth.
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The light region may be gray, white, or even golden; immediately anterior to the black stripes it is enlarged into a conspicuous light dot. While the abdomen of very young spiderlings appears bronze, the red color of the abdomen is striking in later instars. In one of the later instars, the 5th or perhaps the 6th, a red cap appears in the eye region, but this marking disappears in the following molt. The light basal band and side bands of the adult are also present in immature spiders, and, in the two instars proceeding maturity, the chelicerae are also iridescent.
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Larvae are generally less than 4.0 mm in size between instars 1 & 3, between 4.0-11.0 mm from instars 4-6, and larger than 11.0 mm from instars 7 & 8. Some early larval and egg mortality has been observed in O. arenosella as a result of cannibalism on the eggs and younger larvae by older larvae. Adult coconut black-headed caterpillars rest under the surface of the damaged coconut palm leaves, where most of the damage to the coconut fronds can be observed. Larvae construct galleries of silk and frass, into which they retreat if disturbed.
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The larvae of the first two instars feed on the leaves and later instars on the rootstock of Indigofera erecta. The larvae are found in holes at the base of their host plant. They are attended to by Camponotus baynei ants. The species was discovered in 1858 by Roland Trimen at Knysna in Western Cape Province of South Africa.Trimen, R. 1862.
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Pit scales in this family have three female instars and five male instars. They are generally found on the leaves or shoots of the host plant and often cause deformation. The body is usually covered by a clear or transparent test. Eggs are laid under this and occupy the cavity formed as the adult female dies and shrinks in the autumn.
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Characteristic of all lepidopterans, E. socialis are holometabolous and go through four distinct developmental stages namely egg, larva, pupa and adult. There are six larval instars and all instars are known to be gregarious. It takes nearly an entire year for the adult to emerge from an egg. The eggs are laid in July, and the adults eventually eclose in May–June.
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Later instars hide in leaves rolled together, often several leaves in a bunch fastened together, and there may be two or more caterpillars per bunch, each in a silken tunnel. Early instars are yellowish or pale green. Full-grown larvae are about 30 mm and pale yellowish with pale brown markings. The pupa is about 9 mm and medium brown.
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The first few instars of the caterpillar closely resemble those of the lime butterfly. The later instars become dark green in colour. There is a transverse black band with an eye-spot on each side on the 4th and 5th segments. This band, being darker and brighter than that of the lime butterfly caterpillar, is the key distinction between the two.
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The young larvae exhibit aposematism through their bright yellow and black-ringed bodies and red heads. The later instars are darker and "duskier" than early instars. They possess a dark brown head, a soma covered with fine short setae, and black tentacle-like protuberances on the dorsum of the thoracic segments. The intersegmental membrane is colored with thin orange-yellow rings.
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The larvae feed on Euphorbia species, with a preference for species in the subgenus Esula. They feed in silken webs on the apices of their host plant, causing extensive damage. First instars larvae feed on flower buds and tender leaves in groups of 20-30. Fifth and final instar larvae are solitary feeders and consume less than the other instars.
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Larva Larvae come in two different color phases; a green phase, and a dark phase which differs in shades of brown, orange, and somewhat of a pinkish brown. Larvae complete all five instars within approximately one month. The first instar is the same shade of green as its egg. As the larva progresses through its instars, change in structure is noticeable.
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Sometimes a gall is produced in the feeding area. Adults feed on the leaves but it is the larva that does the most damage to the plant. Small plants can be killed by the larva's destruction of the root tissue. In their native range, most C. achates overwinter as 2nd instars, though in the introduced range, the vast majority overwinter as 1st instars.
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Dioryctria banksiella is a species of snout moth in the genus Dioryctria. It was described by Mutuura, Munroe and Ross, in 1969, and is found from Alberta and the Northwest Territories eastward. The larvae feed in western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii) on trunks of Pinus banksiana. Early instars score the gall tissue below the bark, while later instars mine the gall tissue.
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Larva The larval period is separated into five distinct stages or instars. During the first three instars, the comma larvae have a cryptic appearance to avoid detection while they primarily stay on the underside of leaves. Fourth and fifth instar larvae search for food more actively. However, the beginning of the fourth instar also marks the development of black, white, and orange patterns.
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First instar larvae bore into buds. Later instars feed in spun leaves. Other recorded food plants include Vaccinium, Andromeda, Ceanothus, Gaylussacia, Quercus and Rhododendron.
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The function of the planidial stage is to find a host on which the later larval instars may feed, generally until the insect pupates.
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Its feeding sites on plants are flower buds, flowers and young pods. In some cases early instars feed on flower peduncles and young stems.
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Three comma-like greenish markings found centrally on each segment. Last instars are more greenish with variable markings. Head and prothorax glossy greenish. Spiracles dark.
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Later instars feed on the heart of the plant and final instar larvae bore the roots, where pupation takes place in a dark brown cocoon.
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The larvae pass through 10–13 instars and the full life-cycle lasts 3–5 years. This horsefly may cause appreciable damages on stock farms.
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The larval stage lasts 20–40 days. Over the span of 5 to 9 instars, the caterpillar body grows from 3.5 mm to a maximum of 55 mm. Larval development is optimized at a temperature of 27 degrees Celsius, and instars 1–5 are most successful at higher humidities. By the 4th instar, the larva becomes light sensitive and spends most of the daylight underground.
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Fourth and fifth instars feed in exposed positions on the top surface of the leaf and have well developed setae compared to the earlier instars. The larvae will feed primarily on species from the genus Senecio O'Brian, C. (1985). The Mobil New Zealand nature series: butterflies and moths. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Methuen and are able to migrate considerable distances to new food sources when necessary.
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Females can have five or six instars whereas males only have five instars. Secondly, females take slightly longer than males to complete their development. A female's developmental period lasts 35 days whereas males complete their development within 30 days. Male and female sawflies spin a cocoon during their last- instar larva, they pupate inside, and adults emerge from the cocoon within 2–3 weeks.
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A female deposits some 10 to 50 eggs in an ootheca. The period between egg- laying and hatching varies according to temperature and humidity, but about fifty days would be typical. After hatching, the nymphs feed on small insects such as houseflies and fruit flies. Males develop into adults after undergoing ecdysis about seven times into successive instars, while females mature after about eight instars.
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The nymphal stages appear much like the female in form, but the female nymphs have three instars, while male nymphs have four instars. The last instar of the male is an inactive stage with wing buds within a cocoon of mealy wax. The nymphal stages may last for as long as 30 days. The hibiscus mealybug can complete its entire life cycle in 23 to 30 days.
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The larvae have four instars, each with an average development time of about four days. The larval body form tapers at both ends. The larvae have a few short black hairs and are colorless in the first instar, but pale or emerald green with black heads in later instars. Of the five pairs of prolegs, one protrudes from the posterior end, forming a distinctive "V".
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Aumakua is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae, consisting of one species Aumakua omaomao, which is endemic to Hawaii. Adults are known to fly at dusk. The larvae feed on Clermontia fauriei and Trematolobelia kauaiensis. They cut the plant (early instars create discs in the leaf, while later instars cut along the edge), thus allowing the latex to drain before consuming the plant material.
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Young instars of Macroxiphus, such as M. sumatranus, have an "uncanny resemblance" to ants, extending to their black coloration, remarkably perfect antlike shape, and convincingly antlike behaviour. Their long antennae are camouflaged to appear short, being black only at the base, and they are vibrated like ant antennae. Larger instars suddenly change into typical-looking katydids, and are entirely nocturnal, while the adult has bright warning coloration.
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The eggs take eggs 12–13 days to hatch followed by 12–13 days of progressive nymph instars. H. antonii experience 5 instars in total before reaching adulthood. During the first instar, the body appears light orange in colour and progresses to a deep orange in the second instar. During the third instar, the body beings to develop wing buds and a scutellar horn.
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After hatching, G. lacustris go through another separate development process known as incomplete metamorphosis. In this process, the larvae or nymphs progress through a series of moults which basically are stages known as instars. There are five instars in the developmental process, with each one progressively longer than the last. The incomplete metamorphosis process usually lasts about 24 to 30 days for larvae to become an adult.
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Larval (left) and juvenile (right) instars of Strobilopterus (not to scale) Like all arthropods, eurypterids matured and grew through static developmental stages referred to as instars. These instars were punctuated by periods during which eurypterids went through ecdysis (molting of the cuticle) after which they underwent rapid and immediate growth. Some arthropods, such as insects and many crustaceans, undergo extreme changes over the course of maturing. Chelicerates, including eurypterids, are in general considered to be direct developers, undergoing no extreme changes after hatching (though extra body segments and extra limbs may be gained over the course of ontogeny in some lineages, such as xiphosurans and sea spiders).
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The larval stages of C. xami are not well documented, and thus, the precise number of instars and the timeframe of those instars is unknown. It is reported that there are at least three distinct and separate instars, but there is potential for a fourth or fifth instar stage. Throughout the first developmental stage of the first instar, larvae body length ranges from 0.8 to 1.0 mm. The larvae are variable in color based on age; in the case of the first instar, the body of the larvae, which is covered in tiny brownish hair follicles, is pale yellow in color with some shade of brown coloring the head portion.
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The dorsal setae of this instar are much longer than those of the other instars. The first instar period lasts for an average of 4.5 days.
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Their later instars have no functional legs in most species. Among the Apterygota the legs of immature specimens are in effect smaller versions of the adult legs.
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Second instars appear early in the summer and adults towards the end of summer, with egg-laying taking place in the autumn. Males occur in most species.
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An Indian study showed that the number of eggs laid varies from 21–40; the eggs hatch within 7–15 days. There are four nymphal instars. Although the sexes are not distinct during the nymphal instars stage of development, they can be differentiated in the adult stage. All parts of the body increased in size during nymphal growth except for the 3rd antennal segment which remains almost constant in length.
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Larva range in size from 3 to 30 mm long, and are white or dirty gray color. They feed on honey, pollen, cast off skin of honeybee larvae, and the midrib of the wax comb; cannibalism has also been observed in food shortages. Less often, they are found in bumblebee and wasp nests, or feeding on dried figs.Grabe (1942) Feeding is more intense during earlier instars compared to later instars.
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In addition, C. rufifacies are known to be cannibalistic as when the second and third instars feed on young first instars. The larvae are able to burrow inches into the ground to reach food and inhabit a buried corpse. It is proven that organic chemistry can be used to determine the age of post-feeding larvae. The hydrocarbon composition of the larvae was found to correlate with age.
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Some species feed on fungi and a few species are predaceous. Development in thrips is unique. In the Terebrantia the egg stage is followed by 2 larval instars, 1 “prepupal” instar, a “pupal” instar and the adult stage. The prepupal and pupal stages are quiescent and have rudimentary wings. In the Tubulifera there are two “prepupal” instars and one “pupal” instar. Wing rudiments are not present in the first “prepupal” stage.
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In Cryptochetum iceryae, which parasitizes Icerya, there are four larval instars. The first instar is sac-like and lacks both trophi and tracheae but at the caudal end it bears a pair of finger-like processes. The caudal end of the digestive tract is closed. During subsequent instars the caudal processes grow longer and become filamentous; in the final instar they are much longer than the whole body.
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The development of envelopes helps regulate a common concern with the loss of water in eggs, which causes the embyrosgenesis to become dormant. Eggs develop into workers throughout the year and takes place in intermediate periods. Polybia paulista have 5 larval instars and allows the growth and development of multiple morphological features. Head size typically increases with instars but amount of growth is dependent on biotic an abiotic influences.
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The larvae create leaf shelters. There are five larval instars. Full-grown larvae have a green body and orange head. They reach a length of about 40 mm.
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First instar larvae are phytophagous and gregarious, and there are five instars altold. New adults can be found from July onwards, depending on temperature, humidity and available prey.
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Others, such as gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae, change their activity patterns depending on density and larval stage, with more diurnal feeding in early instars and high densities.
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This subspecies has 5 instars. E. brevipennis has been reported to rob spiders of their preyHoward, L. O. 1901. The insect book. Doubleday. Page and Co. New York.
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The solitary phase grasshoppers lack black patterning as present in the gregarious (or gregaria morph) phase, where the body is pinkish in early instars and yellow in adults.
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The mine crosses to the upperside to form a white spot until emerging. Final instars form a cone from the distal portion of the leaf and pupate inside.
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Hindwings off white with some darkening basally. The caterpillar is a semi looper. Early instars are grey, which become greener with each developing instar while eating. Head golden brown.
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A broad, double, purple-brown dorsal line is visible. Late instars brownish with minute dark markings. Underparts pale olive brown. Larval food plants are several grasses and Oryza species.
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Early instars form a long narrow semi-transparent, curved gallery which terminates as an irregular, more or less rounded, blotch. Many mines can be found on a single leaf.
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At maturity, the caterpillars reach lengths of about 2 inches. Until the fourth instar, the larvae live and feed together, but in their final two instars they are solitary.
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Late instars move to the branches and stem of the plant and start to eat leaves and bark. Bark feeding and scorched leaf appearance is common during heavy infestation.
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First instar larvae have a brown body with a dark brown to black head. Later instars are cream coloured with scattered dark brown spots and a dark orange head.
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Samea multiplicalis larva Larvae hatch approximately four days after eggs are laid. Larvae have an off-white or pale yellow color during early instars and develop a yellow-green color as they mature. They typically develop through five instars over the course of about two weeks, and male larvae develop faster than females by about two days. In low-nitrogen conditions, larvae require a sixth instar and two or three additional days to develop.
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The first three larval instars are camouflaged, the dark colours making the larvae less vulnerable to detection. In the fourth instar, the appearance of the larval body is relatively more colourful with white, black, and orange aposematic patterns. A white stripe along its back mimics the pattern of bird droppings, further displaying protective colouration of the species. During the transition between the third and fourth instars, the larvae also develop strong spines along their backs.
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Later instars have red patches in addition to the white spots. The final nymphal instar has red wing pads and a red upper body, before molting to the adult form, with a black head and grayish wings with black spots. Nymphs hop or crawl to search for plants to feed on. Young nymphs (first through third instars) appear to have a wider host range early on, which narrows as they grow older.
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Larvae complete three instars while feeding on the roots of the host plant and pupate in the soil. Multiple generations are possible. In tropical areas, the cucurbit beetle reproduces continuously.
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Japanese Journal of Limnology 69(3): 255–258. . They have six to seven instars. The fireflies emerge from underground pupae around June. Maturity is reached in more than one year.
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Once hatching starts, the maximum rate of hatching occurs between the 10th and 13th day. At the end of development, a Melanoplus bivittatus individual will have gone through five instars.
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The cerci are white, flexible and have many sensory hairs. Some instars of S. monstrosus have darker bodies than the adults but are overall very similar in shape and color.
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Larvae feed on the host plant, first consuming the terminal bud. After they have exhausted the resources of the plant they have hatched on, later instars may move to another plant.
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Young larvae are whitish, but later instars become blackish. Full-grown larvae rest along sticks or twigs. Pupation takes place in a slight cocoon of silk amongst litter on the ground.
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The eggs then become larvae. These larvae will then feed on organic matter. The larvae will then progress through four larval instars before pupating. The Arthophora will pupate in dry climates.
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In hypermetamorphosis some larval instars are functionally and morphologically distinct from each other. The general case in holometabolous insects such as flies, moths, or wasps, is that all larval stages look similar, growing larger as the insect matures. In hypermetamorphic insects however, at least one instar, usually the first, differs markedly from the rest. In many hypermetamorphic species, the first instars are numerous, tiny, very mobile larvae that must find their way to a food source.
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Heliothis virescens larvae usually have 5 to 6 instars or moultings, but there have been instances where 7 instars are necessary to reach the pupal stage. Head width of the larvae starts from 0.26 mm and grows to 2.87 mm by the last instar. Larval length ranges from 1.4 mm in the first instar and grows to 36 mm by the fifth instar. Larvae are a yellow or yellowish green upon hatching, with a yellowish brown head capsule.
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Baeoentedon balios is a parasitoid of whitefly, specifically ficus whiteflies. The type specimen was reared from Pealius spina which had been collected on Ficus religiosa. These wasps develop through six distinct stages from the egg through three larval instars, a pupa like stage and an imago and this takes 19–24 days at room temperature. They are able to parasitise whitefly nymphs in the first, second and third instars but they appear to prefer the second instar.
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After first matings occur in early spring, first instar larvae begin to appear in late spring, usually completing the first instar by late May to June. Most individuals reach second instars by mid summer, and third instars are reached in fall. Larvae hibernate during the winter before emerging as adults the following spring. Larvae are sedentary and live in permanent burrows and feed by using their mandibles to catch arthropods that pass by the mouth of their burrows.
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Butterflies like the small heath typically undergo multiple stages of development called instars, through which the insect grows noticeably larger in size. The small heath typically goes through four instars and molts three times. The third instar signals a diapause in which the larva hibernates. By the end of the fourth instar, the small heath larvae are a leafy green color with a green stripe running along its back and stripes a lighter shade of green on its sides.
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The Natural History of Flies Norton, New York, 1966 Oldroyd states that the larvae of Sarcophaga spp are voracious and will take anything of animal origin be it alive or dead. A larva is forced out of the larvipositor usually head first and soon disappears into the food material. Once larvae are deposited as 1st stage instars, rapid development follows with 3rd instars usually being achieved by three to four days. Larviposition to adulthood generally takes around two weeks.
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Research shows that there was much variation in the number of instars, the time for development, the width of the cephalothorax, and the mass varied with different dietary patterns. Instars refer to the phases between two molting periods when an invertebrate animal develops into sexual maturity. The females that were well-fed actually needed more moltings to become sexually mature, needed less time for sexual development, and were found to be heavier than those that were starved long-term.
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The larval stage is defined by three distinct larval instars. Total larval development time across all three instars is 10 ± 1 days, with larvae consistently presenting as worm-like with hairless, light-to-semi-transparent bodies. While in the larval stage, the head is fully retractable and has two mouth hooks protruding from the lower jaw. The thorax has well-defined pro-, meso-, and meta- sections with eight distinct abdominal sections containing small spines on all but two sections.
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One egg is deposited in each cockroach egg capsule, and the wasp larva consumes all the eggs within it. The larva proceeds through five instars during development, stages which are distinguished by the changes in the unique mandibles. The first instar has mandibles with small, sharp teeth which it must use to open the tough cockroach eggs. During the next two instars, the larva has longer mandibles which are "shaped like a gauntlet glove" with three teeth.
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Anthela limonea is a moth of the Anthelidae family. It is found in Australia.Australian Faunal Directory The initial instars of its caterpillar form have black dorsal markings and have a yellow body.
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A pale subdorsal line runs with dark margins. Dark lateral oblique stripes can be seen from 3rd to 10th somites. Horn is black. In the early instars, the larva is dull brown.
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C. laricella egg on a needle. Note the characteristic ridges. Coleophora laricella produces one generation per year with four life stages egg, larva (with four instars, or growth stages), pupa and adult.
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In addition to this, making silk is more costly for larvae in their first instars, so grouping is beneficial in earlier stages. As caterpillars develop, they decrease the use of shared silk.
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Last instar larvae rest on the lower surface of leaves, more exposed than earlier instars. They firmly interlace leaves together with strong silk and thus construct a pupation site between the leaves.
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Depending on where it is some larvae have either a light yellow or white lateral line. Their heads come in a brownish color, also. The caterpillar goes through four instars before pupating.
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Specimens from Tasmania are generally paler than mainland specimens. The larvae feed on Eucalyptus species. Young larvae are brown with a red head and tail. Later instars become green with a conical head.
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Head greyish. Dorsal white dots appear. Pupation is in a loose silken cocoon spun between leaves. Larval stage extends to 11 days with four instars and pupal stage to more than a week.
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In the next instars, the black head becomes smaller relative to the diameter of the body and the longitudinal stripes darken and become reddish. In later instars, the head becomes yellow, and in the final instar, becomes bright red. By the final instar, the body is yellow green with longitudinal stripes that range from white to green to black. The two prominent horns on the second thoracic segment are accompanied by two rows of short spines found along both sides of the body.
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All beetle larvae go through several instars, which are the developmental stages between each moult. In many species, the larvae simply increase in size with each successive instar as more food is consumed. In some cases, however, more dramatic changes occur. Among certain beetle families or genera, particularly those that exhibit parasitic lifestyles, the first instar (the planidium) is highly mobile to search out a host, while the following instars are more sedentary and remain on or within their host.
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This organ secretes exudates rich in sugars and amino acids which is harvested by the ants. This secretion has been found to be biochemically similar to the nectar produced by the host plant (C. ovandensis). The later instars of the caterpillar position themselves in the inflorescence such that the TNO is presented to the ants at roughly the same level of the nectaries of the flower. Some species of ants build soil shelters around the later instars on the inflorescences.
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The green color and the eyespots may also reduce predation. All larvae have osmeteria, appearing pink in the first three instars and a brighter red in the last two instars. This defensive organ, found in all papilionid larvae, resembles the forked tongue of a snake and may serve to scare off potential predators. They are only displayed when the larvae are provoked, which lead previous researchers to report that the larvae do not have osmeteria when they do in fact have them.
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When not eating, the larva will remain on the underside of the leaf and make a mat of silk for attachment. Gypsy moth caterpillar in frontal view To grow, the larva must molt. Larva are characterized by the term instar, which refers to the number of times a larva has molted; a first-instar larva has not yet molted, a second instar has molted once, a third instar twice, etc. Males typically are five instars and females are six instars.
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Two populations of C. brunneus have females that have an additional instar inserted between instar II and III termed instar IIa. Morphological characteristics of instar IIa are a mixture of instars II and III. Females are of an intermediate size and length between instars II and III. Wing buds closely resemble the wing buds of instar II but have more venation than the typical wing buds of instar II. Genitalia development is closer to the development of instar III development.
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Later instars may spin several leaves together. They feed on the mesophyll of the leaves but the final instar larvae completely skeletonise the leaves.Plantwise The larvae are pale green with a pale brown head.
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Percent mortality has been shown to be highest in individuals in younger instars. Research has shown that natural resistance and pesticide use are just as effective, but neither is capable to fully contain populations.
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Early instars are dark yellow. It shows a twig-like posture when at rest. Eggs are thick, elongate-oval disc-shaped. Larvae have been recorded on Mangifera, Terminalia, Eugenia, Areca, Rhizophora and Nephelium species.
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Aidos amanda is a moth of the Aididae family. It is found in Surinam, Venezuela and the Guianas. The larvae feed on the leaves of Annona punicifolia. The larva has seven or eight instars.
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Late instars completely eat the leaf tissue. Pupation occurs in a cocoon within the soil. Larval host plants are Oryza, Phyllostachys, Bambusa, Sinobambusa, Arundinaria and Pleioblastus species. Adults can be controlled by light traps.
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The hog louse spends its entire life cycle on its host. The life cycle is completed in about 5 weeks. H. suis are hemimetabolous (gradual metamorphosis). The metamorphosis of hog lice includes 3 nymphal instars.
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Though its outbreaks are rare, it is considered to be the most destructive grasshopper in Florida.Capinera, J. L. (1993). Differentiation of nymphal instars in Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The Florida Entomologist 76(1) 175-79.
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Each larva may proceed through six to nine instars, taking 19 to 50 days to grow to maximum size. It then pupates for several days. The adult lives for around 169 days, depending on temperature.
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Though the progression can be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors such as temperature and food, Dyar's Law can be accurately used to differentiate instars of immature insects and to predict the size of instars missing from samples, crucial data for accurately delineating insect developmental histories. Initially based on observations of crustaceans and insect larvae, this Law has been applied to immature arthropods in general. Some 80% of entomological studies published from 1980 to 2007 that examined the validity of Dyar's observations supported the Law.
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The egg pods have a coating of foam to which sand particles adhere, forming a surrounding membrane. Some chemical factor in the foam produced by gregarious females encourages aggregation of the hoppers; if eggs are removed from the pod and reared separately, they develop into solitary individuals. The eggs take 10 to 100 days to hatch, depending on conditions. The hoppers usually develop through five stages, known as instars, separated by moults, but in the solitary phase, six or seven instars may occur in very dry conditions.
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A female that encounters such a spermatophore might take it up into her cloaca or simply eat it if she is not receptive. Rival males might each other's spermatophores or even their own after they have failed to attract any female and are no longer viable. The female sheds her skin nine times, but achieves sexual maturity in the sixth instar, that is, after the fifth ecdysis. The earlier instars last for only a matter of days, but the sexually functional instars for a fortnight or so.
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Caterpillar with an everted osmeterium The first three instars of the caterpillar are bird dropping mimics, coloration that helps protect it from predators. In later instars, the eyespots on the thorax serve to deter birds. Like all members of the family Papilionidae, the caterpillar of P. glaucus possesses an osmeterium, an orange, fleshy organ that emits foul- smelling terpenes to repel predators. Normally hidden, the osmeterium is located on the first segment of the thorax, and can be everted when the caterpillar feels threatened.
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The larva have at least 12 instars, but further research is needed to see if there may be more instars during higher temperatures. The larva cause damage to the plants they consume, with damage being the worst during the second summer of the larva's growth period. The larvae typically feed in grasslands, lawns, and pastures and have been known to cause significant damage to the host species. In the British Isles, the ghost moth larvae live in the soil and can commonly be found underneath the grass.
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Giant silk moth caterpillars are noted for their gregariousness in all phases of larval development. A peculiar phenomenon is the shift in different forms of social behavior from early to late instars. In early instars, the larvae aggregate at all times in different patches and engage in nomadic foraging. As they age, these moths display a shift to a central foraging location so that larvae feed solitarily at night but, when done feeding, ascend to the canopy at roughly the same time to rest diurnally.
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The caterpillars are particularly damaging from the first to the fourth instars. During the first three instars, the larvae feed gregariously and may skeletonize the leaves upon with they were laid and migrate to. During the fourth instar, the larvae tend to burrow into the core of many fruits, vegetables, and plants rendering them unfit to sell commercially. Further, larvae leave waste excrements on the leaves of their chosen host plants which may devalue the plant even more by transmitting fungal and bacterial infection to the plant.
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As the caterpillars grow, the size of these grooves increases. Infested leaves usually dry and turn brownish in time. The damage caused can be significant and some trees may be completely defoliated. There are five instars.
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The blotch runs between adjacent lateral veins, but may cross over the veins when situated peripherally on the lamina. Tissue-feeding instars remove patches of parenchyma to the upper leaf surface. The cocoon is chocolate brown.
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Competition may become a problem once they hatch into the final three instars. Adults feed on nectar from various flowers including saltwort, lantana, and verbena. It is a sporadic pest of crucifer vegetables in southern Texas.
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The larvae are green initially, but the last instar is sometimes brown, with diagonal dark stripes and white speckles. All instars have a spine on the tail. They grow to a length of about 50 mm.
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The larvae are aquatic; not being able to swim, they crawl at the bottom of water. They go through six instars. They eat small invertebrates and carrion. The larvae probably burrow in mud during dry periods.
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The adults and later stage instars feed on immature cotton bolls and on the developing and ripening seed. By their presence in the bolls, they admit fungi such as Eremothecium gossypii which indelibly stains the lint.
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Female palm scales have three instars while males normally have five.Stickney, F.S. 1934. The external anatomy of the red date scale Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, and its allies. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 404: 1-162.
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The nymphs are largely red but in the fourth and fifth instars, the dark wingpads are apparent as they enlarge, and the abdominal segments develop pale margins and become more obvious. There are several generations each year.
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Younger instars cannot survive nearly as long, though even the vulnerable newly hatched first instars can survive for weeks without taking a blood meal. At the 57th annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in 2009, newer generations of pesticide-resistant C. lectularius in Virginia were reported to survive only two months without feeding. citing DNA from human blood meals can be recovered from Cimex for up to 90 days, which means they can be used for forensic purposes in identifying on whom the bed bugs have fed.
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In more primitive fossil forms, the preadult individuals had not just one instar but numerous ones (while the modern subimago do not eat, older and more primitive species with a subimagos were probably feeding in this phase of life too as the lines between the instars were much more diffuse and gradual than today). Adult form was reached several moults before maturity. They probably didn't have more instars after becoming fully mature. This way of maturing is how Apterygota do it, which moult even when mature, but not winged insects.
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The distant ancestor of flying insects, a species with primitive proto-wings, had a more or less ametabolous life-cycle and instars of basically the same type as thysanurans with no defined nymphal, subimago or adult stages as the individual became older. Individuals developed gradually as they were grew and moulting, but probably without major changes inbetween instars. Modern mayfly nymphs do not acquire gills until after their first moult. Before this stage they are so small that they need no gills to extract oxygen from the water.
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The pleon ends in a telson flanked by a pair of uropods, which are similar in form to the pereiopods, and aid in digging. The larvae of Albunea carabus are likely to pass through five planktonic zoea instars before reaching the juvenile stage, as also seen in Albunea symmysta. Over the first three of these instars, the larvae increase from around 1.56 mm to around 2.72 mm in total length. By the third zoea instar, the pereiopods begin to show as small buds, and uropods are present alongside the broad telson.
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Their colouring in the later instars tends to be greenish or brownish to match the colour of their surrounding vegetation. The adults fly at night and are also coloured so as to blend into their surroundings, the immature adults being grey or beige and the mature adults being a pale yellowish colour. In the gregarious phase, the hoppers bunch together and in the later instars develop a bold colouring with black markings on a yellow background. The immatures are pink and the mature adults are bright yellow and fly during the day in dense swarms.
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The larval stage is divided into four instars, as observed through the moulting stages. At the end of each moult, a piece of unknown material is seen connected to the exuviae if they are isolated from the workers. The larval stage lasts between six and 12 days before their bodies expand significantly and become pupae; the pupal stage lasts between nine and 16 days. Lifecycle of the red imported fire ant, including several larval instars As soon as the first individuals reach the pupal stage, the queen ceases egg production until the first workers mature.
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Thrips are hemimetabolous, metamorphosing gradually to the adult form. The first two instars, called larvae or nymphs, are like small wingless adults (often confused with springtails) without genitalia; these feed on plant tissue. In the Terebrantia, the third and fourth instars, and in the Tubulifera also a fifth instar, are non-feeding resting stages similar to pupae: in these stages, the body's organs are reshaped, and wing-buds and genitalia are formed. The adult stage can be reached in around 8–15 days; adults can live for around 45 days.
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A dorsal black stripe bordered by reddish-white spots between fourth and fifth somites. There is a pair of dorsal red tubercles on anal somite. Spiracles and forelegs are red. Four larval instars are completed before pupal stage.
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The larvae feed on the foliage of Eucalyptus species. Young larvae are green with a dark brown dorsal line on the thorax, dark brown dashes on the abdomen, and white spiracles with red outlines. Later instars are reddish.
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The newly emerged nymph is about 1.5 millimeters long. There are five instars. The new nymphs remain in a group near their eggs, and later hide under the leaf sheaths. There they suck sap from the plant tissues.
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Most aphids have cornicles on the abdomen and psyllids lack these. The psyllid nymph moults five times. It is a yellowish-orange color and has no abdominal spots. The wing pads are prominent, especially in the later instars.
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Samui Butterflies After about 14 days and five instars the caterpillars pupate, anchoring themselves to the stem or leaves the host plant. The pupa is light green with black dots. After about eight days the adult butterflies emerge.
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Ontogenetic changes in caterpillars reduce the risk of predation and as a consequence, predation-related benefits of group foraging decrease with time. Moreover, grouping in later instars has the extra cost of an increased risk of pathogen transmission.
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The caterpillar is a serious defoliator of many plants across the world. Adult laid eggs near the tips of the terminal twigs. Newly emerged larvae fed on the tender leaves of the twigs. Six larval instars until pupa.
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Underside also ochreous. Both wings are suffused with reddish brown towards costa. Eggs hatch 2 to 5 days after laying, usually between July and October. The caterpillar undergoes five instars and completes the stage after 18–32 days.
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Larvae complete five instars and become fully grown after 3 to 4 weeks. Fully grown caterpillar is about 22 mm in length. Pupation occurs in the folds of the leaves. After 6–8 days of pupal life, adult emerges.
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Hypena opulenta overwinters as pupa. Moths emerge in late spring. The eggs are deposited on the under and upper sides of host plants along main veins. Larvae go through five instars and take four to six weeks to develop.
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The mine has the form of a blotch mine. The larva feeds on the palisade parenchyma of the leaves. The larvae have two morphologically distinct forms and seven instars. It overwinters in the sixth instar, inside the mined leaf.
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Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) are insects with an incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous). The aquatic larva or nymph hatches from an egg, and develops through eight to seventeen instars before leaving the water and emerging as the winged adult or imago.
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The eggs of A. californica are green. They are laid singly on tips of leaves of oak plants (genus Quercus), on the upper surface. There are four larval instars. The first instar hatches from the egg after eleven days.
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The caterpillar has a black head in first instars. Thoracic segments white and black transversely banded. Caterpillars hairy with downward directed tufts. Larval development usually lasts 60–80 days for the males and 85–100 days for the females.
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In contrast, the more matured fourth and fifth instars tend to be more dispersed and feed in areas farther from their hatch site as a result. Matured females have a characteristic white patch present on their fifth abdominal segment.
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Later instars bore the wood of Nothofagus and Hibbertia species. They enter their host plant above ground level and construct a tunnel which extends into and then down the stem. The tunnel entrance is covered by a silken web containing frass.
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Adults are polymorphic. The larvae feed on oaks of the sections Erythrobalanus (red oak) and Lepidobalanus (white oak), including Quercus chrysolepis and Quercus gambelii. Young larvae feed on newly emerging terminal buds. Later instars feed on the undersides of expanding leaves.
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Individual rosy maple moths typically live for about two to nine months. Between hatching and adulthood, the species undergoes five instars. For moths with longer life spans, much of this time is spent as a pupa over the winter months.
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Y-nauplii are long, with a faceted cephalic shield, from which the group derives its name. The abdomen is relatively long, and also ornamented. In common with other thecostracans, Facetotecta pass through five naupliar instars before undergoing a single cyprid phase.
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The larvae are legless, and have head capsules with mandibulate mouthparts in the Nematocera. The larvae of "higher flies" (Brachycera) are however headless and wormlike, and display only three instars. Pupae are obtect in the Nematocera, or coarcate in Brachycera.
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The mine starts as an underside tentiform mine that resembles the mine of Phyllonorycter species. Later instars (in most cases) roll an entire leaf evenly lengthwise, although some individuals do roll a transverse cone as is typical for the genus.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a little crooked, very narrow mine resembling a small snail's track. It is found on the upperside of the leaf. Later instars create a leaf cone.
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Continued feeding results in a blotch-like mine which can usually be found on that same leaf. The third and fourth larval instars feed from within tied leaves or folded portions of a leaf. They may also enter stems or fruits.
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The larvae feed on Crotalaria pumilla. Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. Later instars tie the leaves together. The larvae have a yellowish white body and head and reach a length of about 6 mm when full-grown.
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The larvae which hatch from the eggs are vermiform maggots, similar to other fruit flies. They possess an elongated and cylindrical shape. These larvae progress through 3 instars, or stages between molting. First instar larvae appear clear to pale white.
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In some species, nymphs often exhibit strikingly vibrant colors in contrast to the relative drabness of adults. The colors can also vary between instars. Mating between adults can last for several hours, with the male and female attached end-to-end.
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The active larvae moult into very different, more typically scarabaeoid larvae for the remaining two or more instars, in a development type called hypermetamorphosis. The adults emerge from the bees' nest and fly to the woody plants on which they feed.
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The larvae are aquatic. The first and second instar larvae probably breathe using both gills and spiracles. They mainly crawl on substrates and sometimes back swim. The third to sixth instars do not have gills and use their spiracles to breathe.
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The larvae of N. nepalensis go through three instars, which are developmental stages of arthropods. After feeding off the carcass for about two weeks, the third instar larvae leave the crypt and prepare to pupate and eventually metamorphose into adults.
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We find 5–6 larval instars, larval period is about 22–23 days. It pupates with in the infested leaf fold for a period of 6–7 days. The fully grown caterpillar is green in color and is 16.5mm long.
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They develop through five instars to reach maturity. In warmer climates where the first generation emerges earlier in the year, two generations of caterpillars can coexist in a single summer. Once fully grown, caterpillars fall from their host plants to pupate.
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Greenstriped mapleworm Rosy maple moth larvae are known as greenstriped mapleworms, and they undergo five instars prior to adulthood, during which their coloration and eating behavior changes. In early instars, the pupa have relatively large black heads and pale yellow-green bodies with faint green stripes. They have two large dark-green to black tubercles on the second thoracic segment and three rows of smaller spines, or setae, on each side of their body. The larvae undergo their first molt around 6–11 days after hatching, their second molt approximately 12 days after hatching, and their third molt around 19 days post hatching.
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Cardiaspina fiscella, the brown basket lerp or brown lace lerp, is a jumping plant louse species in the genus Cardiaspina originally found in Australia. It spread to New Zealand where it was found in 1996 near the Auckland airport. citing It feeds on eucalyptus, especially swamp mahogany, and is found in Victoria, eastern New South Wales, and southeastern Queensland, as well as the capital territory (ACT) around Canberra and on Norfolk Island. Cardiaspina fiscella has five nymphal instars, and as the instars moult they add a layer to their outside covering (casing), known as the "lerp".
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It keeps on consuming the until near the end of April it becomes a pseudonymph undergoing a final moult, and ceases to feed, becoming immobile within the shed cuticles, exuvia, of the previous instars. This instar is different to the previous instars by possessing the signs of the adult organs. Initially white the nymph slowly gets darker until it emerges as an imago in around 10 days after the final moult. The new imago remains immobile for a few days before ripping itself out of the various membranes surrounding it and exiting the cell, into the open in the following summer.
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Although dark appearances such as the early instars and the diapause morph are commonly seen in species as a means of thermoregulation, the behaviour of commas makes the theory unlikely for this species. During the first three instars, the cryptically coloured larvae spend most of their time under leaves, limiting their exposure to the sun. Although the later instar larvae are more dispersive in search of food resources, basking is very rarely observed. Thus, their body temperatures do not elevate dramatically in the presence of sunshine, decreasing the effect that dark exteriors customarily have on biological processes such as metabolism and development rate.
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There are two generations per year with adults on wing in April and again in August in northern China. In Korea, adults are on wing from late May to late August. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Castanea (including C. crenata), Castanopsis, Quercus (including Q. glauca, Q. mongolica, Q. acutissima, Q. myrsinaefolia, Q. acuta, Q. salicina and Q. serrata), Castanea crenata, Juglans (including J. regia and J. mandschurica), Lithocarpus (including L. edulis) and Eriobotrya species. Early instars are pale yellow, while later instars turn bluish green with the tubercles brown or reddish, tipped with white.
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The larvae move to the top of the plant and move downwards as leaves are consumed. Larvae may move to other plants depending on size. Larvae undergo five instars, pupate on the ground where they overwinter, and emerge as adults the following spring.
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Females with a costal fold on forewings, which is absent in males. Eggs are white, round and flat, and laid in small groups of 15 on the fruit. Late instars are 13–20 mm long. The abdomen of the caterpillar is yellowish white.
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This butterfly begins life as eggs laid on leaves of Gentiana cruciata plants. The caterpillars hatch and feed upon the flowers and developing fruits of the plant. After feeding and growing for four instars, the caterpillars drop to the ground.Oškinis, Vytautas (2012).
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Gravid females were also observed from September to May except April, and number were highest in January and February. Females show multiple oviposition. Each egg pod may contain 20-30 eggs and first instars are observed in late December or early January.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. There are four instars. The mine starts as a rather broad linear mine which usually runs along the middle vein or leaf-margin. A short time after, it broadens the linear mine into a blotch.
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They develop by protecting themselves in these silk webs that constitute a collective nest. There are five larval instars in all. The larva then forms a pupa. The adults begin to appear in April and May and can be found again in August.
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The nymphs pass through five instars before becoming adult in a few weeks. There may be up to six generations each year and numbers of insects can build up fast. The nymphs produce copious honeydew which attracts ants, flies, bees and other insects.
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The larva of this species lives about 15 days in 5 instars, the pupal stage lasts about 7 days and the adult lives about 10 days. M. tipulata and many other species can be found as adults through most of the year.
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Caterpillars of tea loopers are minor pests of many cultivated crops. Infected plants show symptoms similar to Ectropis bhurmitra. Leaves are bored and sometimes cut along the margins in a characteristic way. Damage from late instars show heavy dieback and complete leaf senescence.
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This difference between the instars is not generally regarded as hypermetamorphosis. Triungulin on a butterfly. This probably is an example of phoresy rather than parasitism. Hypermetamorphosis, as the term normally is used in entomology, refers to a class of variants of holometabolism.
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Moreover, the balsam fir sawfly are considered to be wasteful feeders because only the outer portions of needles are consumed during the early-instar larvae. Late instars, however, consume more needle tissue type but it never consumes the needle in its entirety.
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The nymphs progress through five instars before reaching adulthood in about 45 days.Heystek, F., & Baars, J. R. (2005). Biology and host range of Aconophora compressa, a candidate considered as a biocontrol agent of Lantana camara in Africa. BioControl 50(2), 359-73.
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They roll the leaves of their host plant. The larvae are green with a dark brown head in early instars, but later becoming dark pink. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 15 mm. Pupation takes place in the rolled leaf.
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Adults are on wing year-round, but are commonest in spring and summer. The larvae feed on Albizia species, Julbernardia globiflora and Paullinia pinnata. First instar larvae are bright scarlet with a black head. Later instars are whitish with a brown head.
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In good conditions (i.e. warm and moist), eggs take around two weeks to develop. After hatching, the nymphs take around 20–25 days to complete development in mid-summer. The locust has five instars, with the wings becoming more prominent with each moult.
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The females lay eggs shortly after emerging in the autumn and they hatch about two weeks later. There are five larval instars between December and April and fully developed larval cases are about 8–9 mm long and 1.5–2 mm in diameter.
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Larva hatch from the eggs. Larvae have five instars or sub- stages of development. The larval stage is followed by a period of diapause or hibernation in a pupa. During the pupal stage, the borers progress through metamorphosis in a suspended chrysalis.
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Later instars form tents by bending the lateral edges and attaching them together. Within the tent, a small fold is made at the edge for a pupation site. The cocoon is found within the fold or on the surface of the leaf.
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University of Florida IFAS. 2007. The louse's life cycle consists of three instars and for completion of the cycle, from egg to egg, is between 27 and 29 days.Grubbs, M. A., et al. (2007). Life cycle details of Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae).
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There are three larval instars and pupation lasts two weeks. The entire life cycle takes ten weeks and is continuous throughout the year. Fully grown maggots are 18 mm long. Male flies have an exceptionally long second segment and widely separated eyes.
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The larvae feed on Ficus species and Shorea robusta. The larvae have an exceptionally long development period with 10 to 12 instars. The sex pheromone 2-Methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene is known to be emitted by L. serva and allopatric with Lymantria lucescens.
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The usual sphingid horn is absent, and in its place there is a double wart. In the early instars the caterpillar is pale greyish green with blackish bristles, and the head and under surface are yellowish. The larvae feed on Galium and Epilobium.
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The larvae are at first campodeiform, having a long flattened body, legs and antennae, but the later instars are fleshy and ellipsoidal; they are concealed by the white waxy filaments they secrete. The pupa is concealed in an oval, white, silken cocoon.
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Larvae usually have six instars, rarely seven. It reaching 40 mm in length at its last instar. Larva has two wide black-brown and one intermediate light dorsal stripe, with black-brown lateral stripe along spiracle line. spiracles brown with black rim.
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Eggs hatch to larvae and moult twice (there are three larval instars) while feeding on the flesh of the fruit for about 6–35 days. Larvae are creamy white in color with a maggot-like appearance and are about 10 mm in length.
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In comparison with larvae of Nylanderia species, those of Paratrechina longicornis in the corresponding instars generally appear to be smaller in overall body size. Larvae of Paratrechina longicornis also show little variation in mandible shape and high variation in head setation patterns.
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Triatomines undergo incomplete metamorphosis. A wingless first-instar nymph hatches from an egg, and may be small as 2 mm. It passes successively through second, third, fourth, and fifth instars. Finally, the fifth instar turns into an adult, acquiring two pairs of wings.
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Females take a longer time to develop as they have longer instars than males. However, males develop more uniformly and live longer than females. In England, northern populations of C. brunneus have faster development and shorter growth periods compared to southern populations.
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There are generally four instars in the female and five in the male. In many species there is a single generation each year and the first instar is the over-wintering stage. Puto sandini however takes four years to complete its life cycle.
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The newly hatched caterpillar is about 0.5 cm long and is yellowish green. In later instars the colour changes to a leafy green. The head is green and spotted with tiny black tubercules. The spiracles are covered with a continuous white line.
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The larvae feed on Ambrosia artemisiifolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is very fine and mostly follows the extreme margin of the leaf. Later instars live freely, skeletonizing the leaf and later consuming the entire leaf in irregular patches.
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The young caterpillar is densely covered with yellow setae. The older caterpillar's setae are either pale yellow or white. All instars have thin, black setae on the first and third abdominal segments. On the eighth abdominal segment, there is one tuft of black setae.
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The louse goes through three nymph instars before becoming fully mature. Maturation from hatching to adulthood takes about two to three weeks. Once the louse is mature, it begins to look for a mate. Upon mating, the louse becomes fertilized and can lay eggs.
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Adults are black to brown dorsally with dark brown forewings, with white patterns at the middle. The larvae feed on the leaves of Moringa oleifera. Early instar larvae are dull white, while late instars are light red. Pupation takes place inside a silken cocoon.
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The legs are brown. The length of the larvae in the last instar varies from . The larvae construct nests made of a host plant leaf (or leaves) and silk that they excrete. They build new shelters as they grow and move through their different instars.
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Adults are brown with an indistinct complex wingpattern. Larvae feed on various Asteraceae species, including Ageratum houstonianum, Bidens pilosa and Calendula officinalis. The young larvae are smooth and green with a brown head. Later instars develop a purple herring-bone pattern with a black head.
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The larvae feed on Eucalyptus species, including Eucalyptus odorata. All instars, except the first, are yellowish olive-green, shading to pinkish or reddish brown laterally and ventrally, and maturing with brown dorsal markings. The resting posture of the larvae is rigid, straight and stick like.
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C. stygia has three life stages; 3 larval instars, pupa, and adult. The larval stage is very difficult to identify species. has a break down as to how to distinguish several different larvae. Most entomologists wait until the adult emerges to identify the species.
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Trinodus elspethi, which - as an agnostoid - only has two thorax segments, has at least nine larval stages (or instars), three meraspid and six holaspid, in its life. So it molted at least eight times.Whittington, H. B. et al. Part O, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
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They have a reddish-black colour. As they develop, they become solitary feeders, hiding on the underside of leaf stems and twigs. These later instars are green with silver spines. Fully grown larvae descend from the host plant to pupate in deep underground chambers.
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If a corpse is invaded by Poecilochirus specimens and no Silphidae were sampled by forensic entomologists, it is reasonable to suspect that some Silphidae carrying Poecilochirus phoretic instars arrived previously to the corpse and abandoned it some time later, leaving Poecilochirus mites in the process.
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Body ochreous brown with large dark brown, saddle- like patch. Setae are set on chalazae. Colour of setae and chalazae white in first instars and later turn black. the caterpillar rests on a plant stem, petiole or leaf surface with a 45 degree inclination.
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Nymphs require at least 20 days to progress through five instars. Adults live for approximately 35 days. These small insects can bite humans, with surprising pain for such a small insect. However, they do not feed on human blood or inject venom or saliva.
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This immature stages of this species develop in summer, passing through six instars. Adults can be encountered from June through November in the Mediterranean. They mate in autumn and in winter and often overwinter as adults. In this case they can be found by March.
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Leptoglossus fulvicornis is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It is found in North America. The species is a specialist on magnolia fruit. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves, and instars and adults feed on magnolia fruit and seeds.
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Later instars are solitary. They are dark grey and hairy, but the head capsule is white with red sides bordered with black. The body is speckled with yellow dots. Pupation takes place in a sparse elliptical cocoon amongst the leaves of the food plant.
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Group size tends to decrease over time due to various factors including weather, predators, parasitoids, food availability, etc. During the fourth and fifth instars, most larvae show solitary behavior. During the sixth instar, larvae are completely solitary and display yellow stripes on their back.
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All larval instars of E. clarus build shelters on their host plant. They build about 5 shelters throughout larval growth and development in 4 distinct styles, which are constructed from instinct and unique to larval size. The first, second, and third instars make a simpler, invariant structure that requires 2 incisions in the leaf and silk to fold over the flap created. Shelters are typically built on the apical portion of the leaflet. One study of E. clarus larvae in the Washington D.C. area defined 5 steps of shelter building: # Site selection: Larvae traverse across the entire leaf, following major veins and swinging their heads to create a single silk trail.
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Actual growth and change in external form of the trilobite would have occurred when the trilobite was soft shelled, following moulting and before the next exoskeleton hardened. Elrathia kingii growth series with holaspids ranging from 16.2 mm to 39.8 mm in length Trilobite larvae are known from the Cambrian to the Carboniferous and from all sub-orders. As instars from closely related taxa are more similar than instars from distantly related taxa, trilobite larvae provide morphological information important in evaluating high-level phylogenetic relationships among trilobites. Despite the absence of supporting fossil evidence, their similarity to living arthropods has led to the belief that trilobites multiplied sexually and produced eggs.
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Caterpillar Traditionally known in the United States as the imported cabbage worm, now more commonly the cabbage white, the caterpillars are bluish-green, with tiny black pints, a black ring around the spiracles, and a lateral row of yellow dashes, and a yellow middorsal line. Caterpillars rest on the undersides of the leaves, making them less visible to predators. Although the larval instars have not been fully studied, different instars are easily differentiated simply by comparing sizes, especially the head alone. During the first and second instar the head is entirely black; third instar has the clypeus yellow but the rest of the head black.
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The underside of the wings is similar to the upperside, but the two eyespots are more equal in size. The larvae feed on various Poaceae species. Young larvae are green with a black head. Later instars are brown with indistinct longitudinal lines and a brown head.
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The second to fifth instars are spent mining in the needle in which the first instar completes development. The fifth instar changes needles, causing it to drop. The sixth- and last-instar larvae abandon the needle. Pupation occurs in a small, white cocoon in the litter.
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Interspecific competition may occur with other lycaenid butterflies for the larval food plant. A mutualism between ants and larvae has been observed during the instars of butterfly development. G. l. palosverdesensis has a host-parasite relationship with its larval food plants, Astragalus lonchus and Lotus scoparius.
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The last two instars have a large blue dot in the eyes. There is a black pupil in the center of each eye, a patterned iris, and a faint yellow eyespot. The tail has the form of a straight spike needle in the last dark brown instar.
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The larvae have been reared on leaves of Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Polygonaceae species. Young larvae are gregarious, living in a nest of leaves joined with silk. Later instars make holes in the ground lined with silk in which to live. They emerge at night to feed.
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Large white larvae experience four moultings and five instars. The first instar follows hatching of the egg into large white larvae. The larvae are a light yellow in colour with distinctive brown heads and have soft bodies. The larvae appear as if they are very hairy.
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There are five instars of larvae. During the first instar, larva emerge and eat away the crown of the egg. The segments of the larvae are large and rounded, and the following segments are smaller. The body is a light green, and is whitish in light.
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After four to 19 days the eggs hatch. Many predators target the eggs, including reptiles. During the larval stage, the mealworm feeds on vegetation and dead insects and molts between each larval stage, or instar (9 to 20 instars). After the final molt it becomes a pupa.
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The life cycle of Compsomyiops callipes consists of the larval, pupa, and adult stages. The first stage, or larval stage, starts when the larvae hatch from the egg. This stage is broken up even further into instars. The first instar is about 2.5-3.9 mm in length.
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Portions of the upper mine surface are discolored by the liquidy frass excreted by the sap- feeding instars. The larva removes patches of parenchyma from the floor of the mine, especially about the periphery. The dark green frass is concentrated along the edges of the mine.
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The larval stage has three distinct instars. In the first instar, the spine is heavily pigmented with tubercles on the last segment. The second instar develops the spine into a complete band on segments 2–8. This stage also develops anterior spiracles with six to eight branches.
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These eggs are a mottled reddish brown and are usually found on either side of a host leaf. These eggs will eventually hatch into tiny black caterpillars. There are typically five larval instars (developmental stages), each lasting approximately one week. The first instar larvae are black.
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It has a single eye, six legs, and develops through instars (growth stages). Each instar ends with shedding the exoskeleton. The number of segments and appendages increases as Triops grow, and they slowly change to greyish brown. In approximately eight days, they reach maturity and lay eggs.
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They are watery white with a coating of a glutinous, yellow substance. The larvae emerge from the side of the egg and eat the discarded shell. They are gregarious and usually sit side by side on the leaves of the food plant. There are five larval instars.
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Giant scales infest the stems, branches and leaves of their host plant. They mostly have four female and five male instars. The prepupal instar are mobile, unlike most members of other scale families. They may have wing buds and the legs and antennae are well developed.
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Adults are on wing from June to August in two generations in the southern part of the range. The larvae feed on various wetland plants, including Typha, Pontederia and Eichhornia species. Young larvae feed on the surface, but later instars burrow into the leaves or rhizomes.
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There are at least two generations per year in Illinois. The larvae feed on the underside of the leaflets of Desmodium species. They skeletonise the leaves of their host plant. In its early instars, the larva causes damage that somewhat resembles feeding damage of some Cicadellidae species.
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The larvae are 110–130 mm long. Early instars feed on the surface of the petiole, scratching the epidermis and then perforating the interior. They create sinuous tunnels with irregular borders. These interrupt the flow of water and nutrients, causing premature senescence of the flowers or fruits.
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Adults have been recorded from April to January in Costa Rica. The larvae feed on Lantana camara and probably other Verbenaceae species. The third instar has a dermal crest and yellow eye-spots on the sides. There are two black eye-spots on the last two instars.
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The head bears a pair of long branched black horns. The body surface is also covered with long, branched, orangish black spines. These spines look whitish and transparent immediately after moulting, but soon become the usual orange. In later instars the spiracles are surrounded by thin, dirty orange rings.
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When it is warm, they feed a little, but most of the time is spent basking in the sun. There are six instars in total. The full-grown sixth instar caterpillar is 22–25 mm long, and predominantly black; it has pale (yellow-orange) spines and (greyish-white) spots.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2000. Control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Environmental Assessment (Supplement), June 2000. Riverdale, MD. All four wasps were observed parasitising second and third instars of the papaya mealybug, and Acerophagus papayae was the dominant species.
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The first instar is metapneustic, later instars are amphipneustic. Pupation occurs in the last larval skin which hardens and becomes reddish. The puparium is oval, pointed at ends (because the larval extremities remain relatively unchanged). Abdominal segment 2 has a dorsal pair of long, slender pupal respiratory horns.
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Adult females are broadly oval with six legs and a pair of antennae. They can be distinguished from members of other scale families by the fact that the vulvae are found on abdominal segment VI rather than on segment VIII. There are usually four female and five male instars.
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The leaf roll made by the larvae of the last two instars is very large and cigarette-like in form. The cocoon is usually found at the margin of fallen leaves in the field. It is buff whitish and boat-shaped. The species hibernates in the pupal stage.
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Larvae have a cryptic coloration markings, closely resembling that of the blossoms where they hide. The caterpillar matures through four larval stages or instars in about 24 days before becoming a chrysalis. The pupation then occurs in the flower head itself or below in the leaf litter.Dixon, Dave. 1999.
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The eggs of this genus are white, slightly curved, cylinder shaped and have blunt ends. Once the eggs hatch the larva stage begins. The three instars of the maggots have different characteristics. The first is less than 2 mm long and is a twelve segment skeleton with mouthparts present.
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J. evagoras is frequently parasitized by species of wasps in different stages of development. The trichogrammatid wasp is an egg parasite. The brachonid wasp is one of the main parasitoids in the larval stage. This wasp attacks early instars and kills juveniles upon emergence from the fourth instar larva.
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Larvae feed on Cratoxylum formosum and Cratoxylum cochinchinense, while adults mainly feed on rotting fruits, especially in the genus Garcinia, but also on nectar of flowers. Caterpillars of the last instars are pale green and have many spines radiating from the body. Also the chrysalis is pale green.
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Gallacoccus is a genus of the scale insects commonly known as beesoniids. They typically cause galls on their plant hosts. Gallacoccus anthonyae is the type species. Female members of the genus Gallacoccus have only three instars, in contrast to the other beesoniid genera where the females have four.
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After five larval instars, the larva will suspend itself on a long thread and pupates over up to 24 hours. The pupal phase lasts about two weeks. During this time, the pupa continue to glow although males eventually lose their glow. The adults which eventually emerge are poor fliers.
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They are predatory and prey on passing insects and other small invertebrates. Tiger beetle larvae go through three instars before pupating. They usually reach the second instar by September. As winter approaches, the larvae dig new burrows higher up the beach to protect themselves against storms and wave activity.
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Adult males collect aromatic substances from flowers, mainly orchids. These substances are possibly used in reproduction to attract females.Abejas polinizadoras de orquídea at Info JardinGarófalo, Carlos Alberto.; Rozen, Jerome George, 1928 Parasitic behavior of Exaerete smaragdina with descriptions of its mature oocyte and larval instars (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini).
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The larvae feed on Alstonia scholaris, Gardenia jasminoides. Young larvae feed on the flesh of the leaves leaving a skeleton of veins. Later instars have been found feeding on the bark. They are pale green with several raised black lumps on each segment, and a pale brown head.
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Phymateus aegrotus can reach a length of in males, of in females.Saltatoria Body is green in colour, while fore-wings are blackish and yellowish. The nymphs (hoppers) in the first instars are mostly black with several small yellowish markings, while in the last instar they are bright green.
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Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, three nymphal instars and the adult. All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species. Many species have a mineralized exoskeleton.Mites: Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour: Life at a MicroscaleCalcium carbonate and calcium oxalate as cuticular hardening agents in oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) The Oribatida are of economic importance as hosts of various tapeworm species, and by increasing the breakdown of organic material in the soil, in a similar manner to earthworms.
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The extent to which other species found in the area parallel Ixodes holocyclus in this and other aspects of their biology is not known. The graphs show the average seasonal prevalence of instars and types, observed over an eight-year period, which includes six years of detailed field observation, and collection, supported by information and specimens from many people. Ixodes holocyclus emerged from this survey as the dominant acarine ectoparasite of mammals and avians in the study area, its population dwarfing those of other tick species, and various species of mites. As distinct from instars (the life cycle stages separated by metamorphosis), only one particular type within an instar has been graphed at this stage - gravid females.
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Early findings of larval host plants state that H. lucina caterpillars feed on broadleaf spirea and oaks but recent findings suggest that they mainly feed on meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia). The relative age of the shrub that the caterpillars consume also influences caterpillar growth as larvae (third instar) both showed preference to new leaves and exhibited increased growth after the consumption of new leaves as compared to mature leaves. Larvae in the early instars primarily feed on meadow-sweet but larvae in later instars were also seen consuming blackberry (Rubus species), cinquefoil (Potentilla species) and black cherry. Adult female moths are known to not feed on anything, but the general pattern of adult feeding needs more exploration.
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Once they are blue green, they develop four red and one yellow protuberances. These caterpillars go through several instars or skin shedding, and usually after the fifth shedding the caterpillar is ready to form a cocoon. When the caterpillars form cocoons, they are twice as long as they are wide.
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These bright colors may be an example of aposematism, a warning signal to potential predators. Although most adult rove beetles avoid daylight, Paederus species are active during the day and attracted to bright lights after nightfall. Paederus eggs are laid singly, in moist habitats. Larvae go through two instars before pupation.
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Forewings with traces of antemedial line and more or less distinct sub-apical patch in male. Underside with crenulate postmedial line to both wings. Larva is a looper, with body pinkish olive green, irrorated with black, and with dark patches on 4th and 6th somites. Later instars are uniform brown.
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Because the female does not feed during this time, she will try to fatten herself beforehand, and a species of has been observed to eat more than 100 flies during that time in the laboratory. Solifugae undergo a number of stages including, egg, postembryo, 9–10 nymphal instars, and adults.
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Hypermetamorphosis, or heteromorphosis,P.J. Gullan & P.S. Cranston. 2010. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. is a term used in entomology that refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis, but where some larval instars are distinct from each other.
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Initially, a translucent body is seen, then becomes light green during the first instars. The body length rages anywhere from 2.43 mm to 3.15 mm. The antennas, more specifically their segments, differ between male and female. Male antennas consist of 21-23 segments while female antennas consist of 18-20 segments.
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Eggs hatch in about a week. The larvae then graze on the symbiotic fungi covering the gallery walls and pass through five instars. Adults emerge from their mother galleries 2–4 hours following dawn due to their diurnal tendencies. Approximately 40% of broods reach adulthood by late summer to early fall.
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It is a common species in poplar plantations and nurseries. It has been recorded as a pest from Italy, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Older larvae (third instars) bore into buds and below terminal shoots, which are usually destroyed, causing bushy growth of lateral shoots and making young trees unmarketable.
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Larvae hatch within four days. They are yellow or green and have three instars. It emerges from the pupa as an adult, a gray fly with black and yellow spots. The American serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) is a closely related species, and Liriomyza huidobrensis is also known as the serpentine leafminer.
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Females lay eggs in first order streams during summer. Apparently, the larva migrates to second or third order streams during their late instars from where they emerge. Males commonly found flying over brooks and streams. They tirelessly fly back and forth across a beat along a hill stream and rarely perch.
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The larvae feed on Cyperus rotundus and Kyllinga species, including Kyllinga brevifolia and Kyllinga monocephala. They bore the stem of their host plant. Affected plants first show a withering of the inner leaves, which become yellow and finally die. Early instars are pale, glassy yellowish, with a shining black head.
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There are two broods from May to October. During this time adults mate and lay eggs. The female will lay her eggs in bunches of up to 900 individuals on the underside of the host plant's leaves. Early-instar caterpillars eat together in a web, but later instars feed alone.
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Early instar caterpillars are gregarious and remain as a family in silken tents. Aggregations of caterpillars are to discourage predation, increase temperature, and forage for food. During late instars caterpillars get larger and require more food resulting in a solitary behaviour. Caterpillars feed independently, and do not use tents for shelter.
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If the spider mites are not controlled, they can cause the death of the fruit. The papaya whitefly lays yellow, oval eggs that appear dusted on the undersides of the leaves. They eat papaya leaves, therefore damaging the fruit. There, the eggs developed into flies in three stages called instars.
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Every species of Dicosmoecus has five stages of larvae, labeled as instars I-V, within a single brood, which occurs only once per mating season. Egg masses have been found on leaves of trees above streams and on stems of Carex sedges found along streams, suggesting females oviposit in autumn.
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Larvae Generation for Hemileuca lucina larvae starts around May and lasts until July. Larvae are black and have spines on their back that are black and orange. These spines can cause pain through dermatitis when handled improperly. During the first four instars, larvae show gregarious behaviors as they move in clumps.
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There are three instars in the female and five in the male phoenicococcid. There are many overlapping generations with scales of all ages being present at any time of year. Development takes about sixty days in warm conditions but is much slower with cooler conditions.Stickney, F.S., Barnes, D.W. & Simmons, P. 1950.
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Forewing edges have a row of metallic-gold scales and black dots. The hindwings are white or pale brown. The larvae are a minor pest of rice. Early instars enter the rice plant stem by chewing a hole either behind the leaf sheath or near the base of the panicle.
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The following instars are generally more grub- like. Parasitoid larvae have incomplete digestive systems with no rear opening. This prevents the hosts from being contaminated by their wastes. The larva feeds on the host's tissues until ready to pupate; by then the host is generally either dead or almost so.
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Thasus neocalifornicus is univoltine, meaning they have one generation of offspring annually. From January through July, the nymphs develop from first-fifth instars. Each subsequent instar more closely resembles an adult than the last. They often prefer the undersides of leaves and migrate towards the base of mesquite trees in summer.
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The final two instars have thicker mandibles with a long, blunt upper tooth and a narrow, curving lower tooth. When the larva reaches about 8 millimeters in length it pupates. Upon maturity it cuts a hole in the egg capsule and exits. The adult wasp lives for two or three weeks.
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Adults have been recorded in February and from April to October in Costa Rica. There are probably three generations per year. The larvae feed on Annona reticulata, Annona holosericea, Sapranthus palanga, Amphilophilum paniculatum, Crescentia alata, Tabebuia ochracea, Cordia alliodora and Cornutia grandifolia. There are several colour morphs and five instars.
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The young caterpillars become conspicuous by the end of August. In the autumn, they make stronger webs closer to the ground, usually within a dense grass tussock, where they will start to hibernate. In the spring, the fourth instar emerges from hibernation. All three of the post-hibernation instars bask in the sun.
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Larvae, however, are able to seal up their burrows and hibernate for the winter months. Larvae can be classified by three levels of developmental stages, also called “instars.” Between each stage, the larvae grow bigger and expend more energy. The first instar larvae emerge from their eggs in late July and early August.
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Female Leptodora produce a brood of eggs through parthenogenesis every 12 hours. These eggs hatch into a larval stage about long. There are six further instars before the adult form is reached with a length of . The time taken to reach adulthood is temperature dependent, but takes between 3 and 6 days.
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Argasid ticks, unlike ixodid ticks, may go through up to seven nymphal stages (instars), requiring a meal of blood each time.Aeschlimann & Freyvogel, 1995: p. 182 Their lifecycles range from months to years. The adult female argasid tick can lay a few hundred to over a thousand eggs over the course of her lifetime.
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Motionless larvae may extrude their tubercles to ward them off. The 5th and 6th instars feed only on leaf edges. The sixth and last instar takes about three weeks to grow to over 3 cm in length. It pupates inside the ant nest, but will only expand its wings once exposed to light.
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Three larval instars occur. Larvae feed in a bacteria-laden mass. Pupation is seldom in the algal substrate that soon collapses, but more frequently in the highest sand layers. Larvae are also found in winter wrack heaps as bacteria raise temperatures to 20-30 °C even if the heap is superficially frozen.
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The development of Megaselia scalaris fly is holometabolous, consisting of four distinct stages. These stages include: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. There are three distinct larval instars of M. scalaris. The third instar of development usually lasts longer than the first two because there are dramatic changes from a larva into a fly.
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It is considered a serious agricultural pest. The larvae initially bore into the stem of growing shoots, later instars mine the leaves and leaf stems. It makes a web of silk around the feeding area which accumulates frass. The caterpillar is 12–15 mm long and is whitish with pinkish-brown longitudinal stripes.
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Larva brownish grey, dotted with red and yellow; dorsal line pale, with darker edges, but obscure; spiracular line broadly pale. They feed at first in the catkins, which are usually the first to fall. The later instars feeds on the leaves of herbaceous plants. Before pupating the larva aestivates for a few weeks.
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The larvae feed on the leaves of Triadica sebifera. There are six larval instars. The larvae reach a length of 28–33.5 mm and have a pale green to yellow-green ground colour and a yellow head. The species overwinters as an egg on the leaves and branches of the host plant.
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Studies show that below 15 °C (59 °F), the caterpillars are unable to process the food in their guts. Early instars are black and their bodies readily absorb heat. When basking, they typically pack together tightly, reducing heat loss due to convective currents. Their long setae also serve to stem convective heat loss.
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The life cycle of C. loewi has six stages: the egg, three larval stages (instars), pupae, and adult fly. The adults will lay their eggs on suitable habitats, usually carrion. Larvae will hatch within 6–48 hours after eggs have been deposited. They shed their skins three times during their larval stage.
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Great Britain: The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd, 1996. The Stapelia flower, which smells like carrion and emits heat like that of decomposition, also attracts blowflies. The flower causes females to oviposit (deposit eggs from ovipositor) but it does not support past the 1st instars. Some other plants do support larvae through full development.
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The early larval instars of some aposematic, day-flying looper moths are specific to cycads, and genus Encephalartos is one of their food plants. They include the leopard magpie (most Encephalartos spp., other cycads, etc.), Millar's tiger (cultivated E. villosus), dimorphic tiger (cycads under forest canopy), spotted tigerlet (E. villosus), inflamed tigerlet (E.
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A protective covering of wax is produced by the first and second instars and the adult female. The male undergoes four molts before reaching the adult stage, which is legged, winged, and has antenna and eyes. The species Pinnaspis buxi is thought to be parthenogenic, as male scales have not been found.
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Figure 13 (bottom right) The egg is large and round and a pearly colour. Eggs are deposited on the food plant and the incubation period is two weeks. The first instar larva is black and bears numerous orange tubercles with short, black, branched spines. The intermediate instars 2, 3 and 4 are black.
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The lifecycle of T. gigas is relatively long and involves a large number of instars. The eggs are about in diameter. The freshly hatched larvae, known as trilobite larvae, have no tail, and are long. Males are thought to pass through 12 moults before reaching sexual maturity, while females pass through 13 moults.
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Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets of the United States. Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2004. The progression through the five nymphal stages takes a minimum of 42 days, and males spend less time in each stage than the females. The five instars will exist at the same time due to the long hatching period.
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They feed on the opening leaf buds and elongating leaves. As the foliage expands, developing larvae produce silk to roll adjacent needles and branchlets into a tight mass, surrounding themselves individually and then feeding on the foliage inside. Larvae undergo five larval instars before pupation. Adults emerge between late April and mid May.
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The body color of the fourth instar varies from a light to dark avocado green. The head is completely retractable under the black and tan prothoracic shield. The dorsal setae and chalazae are reduced. The fourth instar has a similar diet to the previous instars and grows to a length of 14 mm.
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Like most other earwigs, the females care for their young during development, and the larva go through five instars before becoming adults. The species also has a negative phototaxis, meaning that it tends to move away from a light source. The species was first described in 1846 by Adam White.White, A. 1846.
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Later instars eat large patches of the leaf area, so that only the leaf veins remain intact. They cut a small escape hole completely through the host leaf, which it uses to quickly move to the opposite side of the leaf when disturbed. Larvae can be found from early July to early September.
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These first instar nymphs can then jump away from predators. Pfadt, 1994. pp. 11–16. Diagrams Grasshoppers undergo incomplete metamorphosis: they repeatedly moult, each instar becoming larger and more like an adult, with the wing-buds increasing in size at each stage. The number of instars varies between species but is often six.
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Male can be identified by narrow and uniform abdomen, whereas female abdomen is widest at the middle but tapering posteriorly. Female usually lay 150 eggs and first instar larvae emerge after a week. Final larva emerge after 20 days, and reaches its maximum length of 10-12mm. The moth has six larval instars.
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When the larva hatches it feeds on the surrounding dung and forms a pupa undergoing several instars. After this stage the pupa hatches and the newly formed adult evades the tunnel and searches for a fresh dung supply for feeding. After approximately 2 weeks the new adult beetle will be able to reproduce.
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The sugary waste fluid they produce coats leaves and stems, and this can encourage mold growth. Beginning in late April to early May, nymphs hatch from their egg cases. A nymph passes through several immature stages, called instars, all of which are wingless. In the first instar it is black with white spots.
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Sperm are released into her reproductive system, after which she ejects the empty spermatophore and eats it. As ametabolous insects, silverfish continue to moult throughout their life, with several sexually mature instars, unlike the pterygote insects. They are relatively slow growing, and lifespans of four to up to eight years have been recorded.
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In contrast to adults and immature individuals, all the juveniles were observed to build their catching ladders and support webs inside the tree hollows. No catching ladders of juveniles have been found in the open. This seems to indicate that early instars of odd-clawed spiders live exclusively within the tree hollows.
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Richards, A.O. 1973. A comparative study of the biology of the giant wetas Deinacrida heteracantha and D. fallai (Orthoptera: Henicidae) from New Zealand. Journal of Zoology 169: 195-236 After the eggs hatch there are ten instars that they go through until death. In females the ovipositor becomes visible at the third instar.
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Assuming that mature individuals most likely mastered their new element better than did the nymphs who had the same lifestyle, it would appear to be an advantage if the immature members of the species reached adult shape and form as soon as possible. This may explain why they evolved fewer but more intense instars and a stronger focus on the adult body, and with greater differences between the adults and the first instars, instead of just gradually growing bigger as earlier generations had done. This evolutionary trend explains how they went from ametabolous to hemimetabolous insects. Reaching maturity and a fully-grown body became only a part of the development process; gradually a new anatomy and new abilities - only possible in the later stages of life - emerged.
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The shape of this cleft, which first appears in the second instar and becomes more pronounced until the eighth instar, allows the distinction of the sex. A small cleft in the female’s eighth sternum, which develops in early instars and completely divides this sternum in later instars, further facilitates sex determination. The genitalia lobes remain short in males until the shape of the penis can be distinguished in the 11th nymphal instar, when the internal reproductive organs will also have developed, including seven large testicles. The two short vasa deferentia, which fuse immediately anterior to the penis, are thin-walled and slightly dilated at their distal ends; they lengthen in the next instar and form two loops between the two cercal nerves.
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This number of bristles increases with subsequent moultings, and the bristle pattern might be indicative for each instar. The 3rd, very active instar shows the body colour pattern of the succeeding instars: a dark cream colour with the edges of the thoracic terga and the anal lobes tinted purple. The first three instars also have an increasing number of tarsal segments, by which they can be distinguished: the 1st instar has legs with two tarsal segments, whereas the 2nd instar exhibits three-segmented tarsi on the metathoracic pair of legs. The 3rd instar exhibits the three- segmented tarsi of all following stages. In the 4th instar, the first pair of styli appears on the ninth abdominal sternum, as well as the scales covering the body.
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There are six larval instars, the first of which does not eat any plant material, instead the newly hatched larva eats the egg-shell and then rests without eating for about two days, after which it makes the first moult and only then commences feeding on leaves. Mature larvae are about 100 mm long.
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The larvae feed on Hippocratea volubilis. Young larvae feed on the upper or lower epidermis and mesophyll of the leaves of their host plant. During development they form small, loose protective structures on the host plant from silk, frass, and surrounding leaves. Later instars silk together larger clusters of whole, partially eaten, and dead leaves.
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There may be several generations each year in warm climates but in cooler regions there is a single generation. The first and second instars may overwinter in cracks in the bark and the hibernating nymphs can survive temperatures as low as −42 °C. The emergence of the nymphs in the spring coincides with bud burst.
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They are found on the stems of Avicennia mangroves in a characteristic position where adults perch head down on tree trunks. Caterpillars are edge feeders of Avicennia species. Late instars reach the ground and pupate inter-tidally under rotting logs or in algal mats. They are major pests on mangroves and considered as severe defoliators.
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Newly emerged caterpillars are almost transparent, with a few long pale hairs. They move down to the base of leaf stems, where they spend the daylight hours (the caterpillars are nocturnal). For most of its first instar (before the first moult), the caterpillar is pale green. There are four instars, lasting about four weeks.
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The second segment of the early instars is dark brown and has a golden central bar on the nape. As the caterpillar matures, it develops prominent black-bordered orange markings on the neck. The caterpillar resides in a folded leaf secured from all sides except the entrance. It feeds in the late evenings and nocturnally.
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O. elektroscirrha is geographically widespread, and may have a long history of occurrence with monarch butterflies. Infection by O. elektroscirrha causes monarchs to have lower survival rates. O. elektroscirrha has negative effects on survival and fitness. This is more severe when larvae ingest a larger number of spores, and are infected at earlier instars.
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At temperatures below , even short exposures kill larva and adults. Intraspecific factors also affect life stages: cannibalism of instars in the process of moulting has been seen, though only in situations where food is scarce. Diet quality also can affect larva development; nutrient deprived larvae are more susceptible to infection by the yeast Candida albicans.
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The larvae found in the mouth were strictly third instar larvae of C. mortuorum. These were the only third instars found on the entire body. Forensic entomologists found that the eggs must have been laid in early October, since in Norway during December months, the temperature would have been too cold to sustain the larvae.
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Roesel's bush-crickets have only one generation every year. In the summer and autumn, the sword-like ovipositor of the female adult is used to cut open plant stems (usually grasses) and lay the egg pods within. They emerge in May as nymphs. These must go through five or six instars before becoming adults.
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The hindwings are very light whitish brown. Larvae have been recorded feeding on Abutilon species and the leaves of Sapindus species. Caterpillars are quite numerous on some trees. Early instars feed on the under surface of leaves, each producing a web covered with frass under which it feeds, eating the surface of the leaf.
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Brachynotus sexdentatus lives in shallow water on muddy bottoms, at depths of up to . The eggs of B. sexdentatus are in diameter, and dark brown in colour. They are produced between February and October. After hatching, the larvae of B. sexdentatus pass through five zoeal stages (instars that use appendages of the thorax for movement).
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The larvae feed on the leaves of oak, especially Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak). Young larvae feed between veins on the lower leaf surface. Although the upper leaf surface is left intact, it dries out and turns brown. Larvae in later instars chew completely through the leaf blade, often leaving only major leaf veins.
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Adults of this species are nocturnals and can be encountered from late summer to autumn. The flying males become active at dusk and are attracted by artificial light. Larvae of these beetles have evolved some adaptations to subterranean life. In particular, they are characterised by a peculiar larval hypermetamorphosis, with some polymorphic larval instars.
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In the penultimate and final instars the head is black and the thorax and abdomen is dark coffee brown. There is no saddle mark in this species. The tubercles are largely uniform in size, shape and of the ground colour. They are incline posteriorly and the apices are bent forwards to form small hooks.
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It has been suggested that Auckland tree wētā have a polygynandrous mating system whereby both males and females mate with multiple partners. This species is a hemimetabolous insect whose eggs hatch in Spring with a minimum of eight instars required to reach adulthood. Females lay eggs in the soil and provide no maternal care.
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There is one generation per year. The larvae feed on the foliage of a wide range of woody plants, including apple, birch, blueberry, dogwood, hazel, maple, oak, sumac and walnut.aprairiehaven.com The first two instars cling to silken feeding mats on the underside of the leaf. They skeletonize the leaf leaving only a few major veins.
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The caterpillars of the crimson rose are similar to those of the common rose, but are purplish black or blackish brown. They have a black head and orange osmeterium. Their bodies are fat, with orange-red tubercles and a prominent yellowish-white band transversely placed on segments six to eight. The caterpillar has five instars.
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The larva go through six different instars, each varying slightly in physical appearance and pattern. The larva process lasts from 14 to 30 days, again depending on temperatures. The mature caterpillar is about 1.5–2.0 inches (38–51 mm) in length. This is the most destructive life stage as the larvae have biting mouth parts.
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Females can lay two to three clusters over a two to three week period. Costelytra zealandica larvae hatch between November and March (depending on the time they were laid). They start to feed on roots of clover and pasture plants from the time they hatch until September. They undergo three stages called instars before pupation.
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As they develop, the female nymph progresses through more instars than the male, and the male undergoes a pre-pupal stage.Goldasteh, S., et al. (2009). Effect of temperature on life history and population growth parameters of Planococcus citri (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) on coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd.). Archives of Biological Sciences 61(2), 329-36.
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The larval stage lasts for 3–4 weeks, depending on the temperature and other conditions. While inside the fruit, the larvae continue to grow and develop through 3 larval instars. When they have reached optimal size and environmental conditions are right, the mature larvae emerge from the fruit into the soil and begin to pupate.
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The eggs hatch around August, and larvae grow in four instars from August to the following June. By June, the larvae begin to pupate by spinning a silk cocoon below the surface of the ground. The adult grayling emerges around August. The grayling migrates in small groups of two or three butterflies throughout most of August, typically moving southeast.
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Eggs develop through 5 nymphal instars during the spring and summer. The preoviposition period lasts 16 days and eggs tend to be laid in ponds or calmer lakes rather than fast-flowing streams. The eggs are attached to plants or other suspended objects within the water column. They are elongate ovals, usually 1.7 mm x 0.6 mm.
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Females are nocturnal, remained concealed during the day. Small pale green eggs are laid either as single or small groups, usually on young buds and tender leaves. Incubation lasts from 2–3 days according to the season, and emerge 1st instar larva. There are five larval instars, where the larval period may be 13–20 days.
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Both families locate a potential host by odour or from changes in the environment. Ticks have four stages to their lifecycle, namely egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Ixodid ticks have three hosts, taking at least a year to complete their lifecycle. Argasid ticks have up to seven nymphal stages (instars), each one requiring a blood meal.
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In addition, while a nymph moults it never enters a pupal stage. Instead, the final moult results in an adult insect. Nymphs undergo multiple stages of development called instars. This is the case, for example, in Orthoptera (crickets, grasshoppers and locusts), Hemiptera (cicadas, shield bugs, whiteflies, aphids, jassids, etc.), mayflies, termites, cockroaches, mantises, stoneflies and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies).
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Biston pustulata is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1896. It is found in Hainan in China, southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Sundaland. The larvae have been recorded feeding on Acacia mangium and Gliricidia species. They are robust and coarsely mottled pale green (although more bluish grey green in earlier instars).
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The larvae mainly feed on Helianthemum canum, but have also been recorded feeding on Helianthemum grandifloris, Helianthemum georgicum and Helianthemum nummularium. The first three instars mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a gallery on H. georgicum, while they only feed on the parenchyma of the leaves when feeding on H. nummularium.
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This style of age determination is in the process of being used to more accurately find the age of the instars and pupa; however, it is much more complicated, as there are more genes being expressed during these stages. The hope is that with this and other similar techniques a more accurate PMI can be obtained.
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During the first and second larval instars, the appearance is that of a pale yellow/translucent, flat scale which can be difficult to distinguish with the naked eye. During the fourth and final immature life-stage referred to as the "pupa", compound eyes and other body tissues become visible as the larvae thicken and rise from the leaf-surface.
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Oviposition, laying of eggs on the larval food plant, occurs only once a breeding season for the Palos Verdes blue. There are at least four larval instars, or stages of development. After 7 to 10 days the larvae emerge and crawl to the base of the food plant where they pupate. Pupae remain in diapause until emerging as adults.
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The Integripalpia are a suborder of Trichoptera, the caddisflies. The name refers to the unringed nature of maxillary palp's terminal segment in the adults. Integripalpian larvae construct portable cases out of debris during the first larval instar, which are enlarged through subsequent instars. These cases are often very specific in construction at both the family and genus level.
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Leafhoppers undergo direct development from nymph to adult without undergoing metamorphosis. On okra, eggs are mainly oviposited inside the tissue of leaf blades, but may also be laid in leaf stalks or in soft twigs. The eggs hatch in six or seven days. There are five nymphal instars, developing over a period of about seven days.
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Adults are on wing year-round with peaks from September to October and from February to April. They are attracted to flowers and mud-puddle. The larvae feed on Parinari capensis and Parinari curatellifolia. First instar larvae are yellowish leaf green with a black head, while second instars are pale leaf green with faint paler yellow-green mottling.
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The larval stage begins feeding on corn kernels and undergoes 3-4 instars before entering the pupa stage. This stage will often last for roughly 3 weeks. When ready to pupate, the larva fall to the ground and bury themselves. This may last 9–10 days before reemerging, but it can be longer if overwintering becomes necessary.
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Lucilia illustris is a member of the fly family Calliphoridae, commonly known as a blow fly. Along with several other species, L. illustris is commonly referred to as a green bottle fly. L. illustris is typically 6–9 mm in length and has a metallic blue-green thorax. The larvae develop in three instars, each with unique developmental properties.
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Chlordimeform is an acaricide (pesticide) active mainly against motile forms of mites and ticks and against eggs and early instars of some Lepidoptera insects. After the International Agency for Research on Cancer reported sufficient evidence that its major metabolite, 4-chloro-o-toluidine, was a carcinogen, its use has ceased and its registration has been withdrawn in most countries.
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Fifth instar caterpillar, shortly before pupating The caterpillar eats the leaves of the host plant. It will rest on a silk pad on a leaf, with the edges of the leaf folded over itself and held together with silk. The first three instars are brown. A large white spot, known as a saddle, is found on the abdomen.
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Females lay their white eggs singly on the leaves of Guatteria oliviformis and Guatteria tonduzii. The first instars of the caterpillar are gray-brown, with a saddle on the abdominal segments. The head is black, and the anal plate on the abdomen is yellow-green. The fifth instar is green with black spots on the thoracic segments.
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They move some of the excrement down into the tunnel, where the female lays her eggs in it. The grubs feed on the excrement for several instars until pupating. This species, like all dung beetles, are not pests, and play an important role in reducing fecal matter in the environment, thus reducing the number of disease spreading flies.
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Eggs of L. sativae measure approximately and are translucent and whitish. The larvae are legless grubs, with no head capsule. They are translucent at first, but become yellowish-orange in later instars. The pupae are oval and slightly flattened and vary in colour from yellowish-orange to a darker golden brown when the adults are nearly ready to emerge.
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When larvae have completed all three instars or become disturbed, they enter the pupal stage. Calliphorid flies disperse an average of before pupation and remain in the pupal stage for 3–20 (or more) days. The morphology of the puparia of C. livida is described as 25 globules occurring on the first abdominal segment on the bubble membrane.
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These spend several weeks in the water column, feeding on plankton. Over a series of moults, the larva passes through six naupliar instars before changing into a cypris larva, with a two-valved carapace. These larvae can survive weeks embedded in sea ice. The cypris larva does not feed but seeks out a suitable substrate for its adult life.
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Silk spun from the mouth helps the caterpillars hold on to smooth leaves and climb back to the plant when they fall. This silk has also been known to cause a euphoric high to those who consume it. After completing four instars, the caterpillars spin an open network cocoon. The pupal stage lasts from 17 to 23 days.
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In 3 to 4 weeks, the nymphs emerge and dig to the surface. They remain in a group, feeding together, becoming less gregarious as they develop. An individual usually progresses through six instars during development, but in low densities, some nymphs complete five. The first-instar nymph is up to 9 mm long and lacks wing structures.
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The development of the larvae is temperature-dependent, with a range of 35–60 days spent developing. There are, on average, four larval instars, which all tend to stay on the food-plant during development, eating the leaves of the plant onto which they hatched. The larvae are green and well camouflaged on their food plant.
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The postembryonic development consists of four larval stages (instars) and one pupa. The larvae of the first instar differ from other stages in both ethology and trophic regime. The larvae of most known asilids live in the soil or in the case of some taxonomic groups, in rotting organic material, usually wood and the bark of dead trees.
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P. pseudopallipes infects the nymphal stage of Lygus lineolaris between the end of July and the beginning of August. This usually occurs in fields of Erigeron, which act as a nectar source for the host. The P. pseudopallipes female will lay an egg in the hemolymph of the L. lineolaris nymph. There, three instars of P. pseudopallipes will develop.
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Dioryctria taiella is a species of snout moth in the genus Dioryctria. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1970 and is known from Afghanistan and Pakistan. The larvae feed on Arceuthobium oxycedri. Early instars bore into the aerial shoots, while mature larvae feed externally, mainly at the bases of the shoots and cause shoot mortality.
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Volatile constituents of larval osmeterial secretions in Papilio protenor demetrius. Journal of Insect Physiology, 26(1), 39-45. doi: 10.1016/0022-1910(80)90108-0 5th larvae secretion is mainly aliphatic acid and their esters, while the previous instars contain primarily mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Scientists suspect that these differences are associated with the colouration of the 4th larval ecdysis.
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Vuillaume, M., and Dattée, Y. (1980). Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, 121, 159-164. is thought to play a role in photoreception for the different instars for metering diapause. In adult P. brassicae butterflies the compound is thought to have a role in heat transfer,Allyn, A. C., Barbier, Michel, Bois- Choussy, Michèle, and Rothschild, M. (1981).
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The first two instars feed on the back of leaves, from the leaf margin and veins and then move to another leaf. The third instar larvae aggregate on the trunk, produce silk and become ball- shaped. They are reddish brown, with a dorsolateral white streak. Mature larvae pupate in a cocoon spun on branches or fallen leaves, or underground.
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Larvae begin to hatch in approximately two to fourteen days. The larvae have between five and seven instars. Newly hatched larvae feed on grain while more mature larvae feed on grain germ. The larvae are an off-white color, but can be pink, brown, or greenish are about 12 mm long and have prolegs for movement.
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Campoplegines are koinobiont endoparasitoids mainly of Lepidoptera and Symphyta but also of Coleoptera and Raphidiidae. Most attack weakly concealed larval hosts in early instars. Most species are solitary, but a few may be gregarious, with multiple parasitoid larvae emerging from the same host. Some members of this subfamily possess polydna viruses which are injected into the host during oviposition.
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In contrast with other mosquitoes, Anopheles larvae are horizontally situated directly underneath the water surface. As larvae, all Anopheles mosquitoes develop a head, thorax, and abdomen, but no legs. They have spiracles on their abdomen, which allows them to breathe at the water surface. After 4 larval instars, each succeeded by molting, they transform into pupae.
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Each instar - the period between molts - generally takes about 4–10 days. There are five instars before cocooning. At the end of each instar, a small amount of silk is placed on the major vein of a leaf and the larva undergoes apolysis, then ecdysis (molting), leaving the old exoskeleton behind. Sometimes the shed exoskeleton is eaten.
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Larval response to predators or other harmful factors are mainly defense or escape. Defense takes on multiple forms, as larvae thrash, bite and regurgitate when near predators. Such defensive behavior is mostly seen in larvae of the first three instars. Aggregation behavior can be explained by the early instar larvae's tendency to group together to defend themselves against predators.
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Several larvae enter the stem from a single hole. They initially feed on the inner stem tissues but eat into the lower larger part of the stem. Later instars keep feeding on tissue until only a single thin layer of tissue covers a circular hole in the stem above the water line. They overwinter in a rice stubble.
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Synanthedon scitula larvae are cream colored with a red head. They pass through six instars ranging in length from 1 millimeter to 15 millimeters or more at the last instar. Soon after hatching they burrow into the burrknot tissue or areas around bark scales. As the dogwood borer larvae feed red frass is pushed to the surface.
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The colors and patterns on jewel bugs can vary significantly between instars and even within adults of a species. Jewel bugs are also known to mimic the colors, patterns, and shape of other organisms for defensive purposes. An example is the yellow-spotted black Steganocerus multipunctatus which exhibits Müllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle Chiridopsis suffriani.
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Adult females lay blue eggs on the underside of leaves which turn white after 2–3 days, and hatch after 5 days. Nymphs progress through 5 instars or juvenile stages before reaching adulthood. It takes around 41 days after eggs are laid for bugs to mature to adulthood. In New Zealand, adults are most abundant in November and March.
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Females can lay up to 40 eggs and the number of larval instars range from 7–8 stages. The time it takes to become an adult varies from about eight months to a year. In addition, the adults can live around 2 to 6 weeks. This species varies in shape, size, color, and pattern of scales.
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Any adults which found themselves up north in the fall would have died by the first frost. Females lay an average of 400 eggs, which is unusually high for a noctuoid. The entirety of the damage done to cotton is done by the larvae. Young instars feed primarily the underside of the leaves, skeletonizing them as they feed.
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Newly hatched larvae are small, less than long, white worms. Corn rootworms go through three larval instars, pupate in the soil and emerge as adults in July and August. One generation emerges each year. Larvae have brown heads and a brown marking on the top of the last abdominal segment, giving them a double-headed appearance.
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Females have three developmental stages (instars), and males have five. They reproduce continuously year-round, with up to six generations per year. Eggs hatch very soon after they are laid, sometimes within minutes, and probably even occasionally while they are still inside the female. D. tomentosus carries its eggs on its body in a mesh of fibers.
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Desis marina reproduce yearly. Eggs are laid in the females retreat from September to January, with a recruitment period between March and April. All spiders are hatched by May. Egg development takes roughly two months and juveniles remain in the females retreat for another two months (The time required for the first two instars to develop).
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Later instars are pale green, although the eighth and ninth rings are yellow. When full-grown, the larvae are pale pea green, with a paler head and a dorsal stripe consisting of three white lines. The seventh, eighth and ninth rings yellow. Pupation takes place in a light green pupa, although some have a reddish stripe along the dorsal part of the abdomen.
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The moth has four larval instars. Upon hatching, larvae at first remain within bursting spruce buds. The first and second instar larvae feed inside the needles of the spruce, while the third and fourth instar larvae eat spruce shoots. This destroys the cortical tissue, leading to weakening shoots, tree height loss, and destruction of the crown of the tree over time.
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The female fly will produce a single larva at a time, retaining the larva internally until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a milk gland in the uterus of the female. After three larval instars, a white pre-pupa which immediately forms a hard dark puparium. The pupa is usually deposited where the deer slept overnight.
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The female fly will produce a single larvae at a time, retaining the larva internally until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a milk gland in the uterus of the female. After three larval instars, a white pre-pupa which immediately forms a hard dark puparium. The pupa is usually deposited where the deer slept overnight.
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The female fly will produce a single larva at a time, retaining the larva internally until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a milk gland in the uterus of the female. After three larval instars, a white pre-pupa which immediately forms a hard dark puparium. The pupa is usually deposited where the deer slept overnight.
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Later instars become pale glaucous, often varying, especially in the late fall brood, to dull salmon. Pupation takes place in a pupa with quite variable colour and markings. In the spring brood, it is commonly dull green, with indistinct yellow lateral stripes. In the fall brood, the dorsum is pale yellow or flesh color, with two fine indistinct mediodorsal lines of lilac color.
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Bulbinella hookeri - a host plant The larvae are polyphagous on grasses and herbs. They are hairy and are variable in colour, ranging from straw yellow to deep brown. The larvae appear to overwinter in the larval and pupal stages, the adults having only a very brief life span of approximately 21 days confined to the summer months. Early instars feed during warm periods.
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The first and second instar lack longitudinal stripes. The third, fourth, and fifth instar has three pairs of longitudinal dark stripes. The stripes on the third instar are considerably shorter than the fourth and fifth instar, while the stripes of the fourth and fifth instar are very similar causing difficulty for differentiating. The body color and length also varies between instars.
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They consume the epidermis and mesophyll and leave the venous skeleton of the leaf intact. The larvae then build their first communal nest by folding these consumed leaves and securing them with silken strands. The larvae are a bright green and mildly fuzzy when they hatch, but turn brown and less pubescent as they grow. There are in total six larval instars.
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The fully grown larva is green, fusiform and having small black spots. It has a pair of osmeterium and black spines on each thoracic segment, the third pair being orange yellow. A fourth pair is situated on the last segment. The caterpillars undergo five instars over a period of 15–16 days, during which many are attacked by parasitoid wasps.
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The posterior abdominal segments are much narrower and darker coloured and form a short tail which may be held in an elevated position. The number of instars and the length of the life cycle are not known, but in captivity, some larvae lived for over two years without feeding.Barber, H. S. 1905. Illustrations of an undetermined coleopterous larva. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
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523–524 The developmental stages between each moult (ecdysis) until sexual maturity is reached is called an instar. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After moulting, i.e. shedding their exoskeleton, the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again.
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They continue to molt throughout life, undergoing multiple instars after reaching sexual maturity, whereas all other insects undergo only a single instar when sexually mature. Apterygotes possess small appendages, referred to as "styli", on some of their abdominal segments, but play no part in locomotion. They also have long, paired abdominal cerci and a single median, tail-like caudal filament, or telson.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. Young larvae make a solitary tentiform mine on the lower surface of the food plant. The mine being quite similar to that in some Phyllonorycter species. In later instars, it leaves the mine, then rolls up the leaf from the tip towards the underside, thus making a triangular cone as in many Caloptilia species.
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Members of the colony go through a series of polymorphic instars throughout their lifetime. Cannibalism is found within the termite species in order to rid the colony of dead or injured individuals that may disrupt movement. Individuals warn colony members by creating sounds through convulsive movements that move their body up and down to strike the floor and ceiling of the nest.
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Subadult and adult instars of S. proteus. A: Juvenile/subadult instar, B: Subadult/adult instar. Strobilopterus was a large strobilopterid eurypterid, with adults of the species S. proteus measuring approximately 15 to 20 centimetres in length. The carapace of Strobilopterus was wide and semicircular in shape, with the lateral eyes lunate to crescentic with the palpebral lobe between the central and centrimesial sectors.
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They will then undergo three larval stages (instars), which on average will take eleven to twenty days, if the ambient temperature is eighty degrees Fahrenheit. In the fourth stage, the larvae leave the food source and will pupate. The pupal stage can last from six to twelve days. A single female fly can lay in upwards of two thousand eggs in its life.
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Their coloration is due to small black hairs growing from tubercles (small projections) all over their body. These larvae feed upon many common trees and shrubs including maple, birch, and apple. As the caterpillars grow larger into the second larval instar, they become yellow green. During the third, fourth, and fifth instars, The cecropia moth becomes rather large and bluish green.
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Initially the head is black. The larva in later instars becomes apple green, darker on the back, with three narrow yellow stripes on the seventh to tenth segments, and a buff line just above the legs from head to tail. The head is green with four round black spots on the crown, and two more smaller ones at the angle of the jaws.
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Early instars of the caterpillar are dull brown, but green individuals are also observed. Mature caterpillars are dark brown to reddish brown and show large eyespots. These are composed of a black pupil surrounded by a blue, then yellow ring. Between and below the eyespots are white markings, often described as looking like teeth, and resemble the teeth from a cartoon skeleton.
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Instars five to seven exhibit no particular distinguishing characters. In the 9th instar, the second pair of styli appears on the eighth abdominal segment in males; in female, these appear in the 11th instar. The genitalia first appear in the 8th nymphal instar, developing from two small lobes on the intersegmental membrane at the base of the cleft in the ninth sternum.
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They are mostly off-white in color, have brown heads, and develop through five to seven larval instars. When these larvae mature, they measure about 12–14 mm long. Larvae also have three sets of legs near the head and five sets of prolegs protruding from the abdomen. The legs help the larvae move over long distances in order to find pupation sites.
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Isa textula, the crowned slug moth or skiff moth is a moth of the family Limacodidae. It is found in North America from Minnesota, southern Ontario and Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, and Mississippi.Bug Guide The larvae feed on the leaves of various trees, including oak, cherry, maple, basswood, elm and beech. Early instars leave zigzagging tracks in the underside of leaves.
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The eggs are cream coloured and laid singly on young leaves of the larval plant. The larvae feed on Melodorum leichhardtii, Melodorum rupestre, Polyalthia nitidissima and occasionally Desmos wardianus. Early instars are pale green, with black spots and a black thorax and tail. The caterpillar later becomes green with brown or yellow spots, and reaches a length of up to 3.5 centimetres.
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Oviposition of Thereva cincta Knowledge of the biology of the Therevidae is limited and fragmented. The lifecycle is usually carried out in a single generation per year, although some European Therevidae have a cycle of two or more years. The overwintering stage is represented by the mature larva. The postembryonic development in known forms, five instars and pupation takes place in the spring.
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Like all Heteroptera, the Veliidae go through an egg, nymph and adult stage. They have four or five nymphal instars. Both the adults and nymphs live together gregariously, in loose communities and can often be found in large groups. Eggs are usually laid underwater, attached to the stream bed, rocks or plant material and held together by a gelatinous substance.
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Egg sacs have been observed through September, with later egg sacs containing fewer eggs/spiderlings. It is not known whether the later egg sacs are repeat layings by the same female. Females have been observed moving their egg sac around their web, carrying it under their abdomens, especially when disturbed. Spiderlings molt once in the egg sac prior to emerging as second instars.
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Metamorphosis occurs completely within the host egg. They are peculiar for insects which exhibit complete metamorphosis (holometabolism) in that they produce two distinct kinds of larval instars before pupation. In some fairyflies, such as Anaphes, the first instar is a highly mobile "mymmariform" larva. The second instar, however, is a completely immobile, sac-like larva without discernible segments, spines, or setae.
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As they grow, these larvae change in appearance, going through a series of stages called instars. Once fully matured, the larva develops into a pupa. A few butterflies and many moth species spin a silk case or cocoon prior to pupating, while others do not, instead going underground. A butterfly pupa, called a chrysalis, has a hard skin, usually with no cocoon.
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The development of C. senex undergoes four larval instars. The larvae are typical Camponotus larvae: plump and hairy larvae that will spin a cocoon. They contain anchor-tipped dorsal hairs when mature, which may signals for a morphological adaptation to be hung inside the ant nest. They are the only ants apart from fire ants to present solenopsin alkaloids in their venom.
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The larvae of C. graminis have four instar stages, though the first instar may not possess the characteristics of the later instars. Larvae are brown, and dorsally convex with spiracles evident on eight segments. They usually have small, indistinct tubercles with very short setae. The head of each larva is a darker brown than the body and has six ocelli on each side.
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Larvae are not easily distinguished from the larvae of other tortricid leafrollers; only DNA testing is a certain identification method. The first larval instar has a dark brown head; all other instars have a light fawn head and prothoracic plate. Overwintering larvae are darker. First instar larvae are approximately 1.6 mm long, and final instar larvae range from 10–18 mm in length.
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The maggot then hatches and burrows through the surface of the host. After infection, Lespesia archippivora maggots go through three larval instars, exit their hosts as a late stage larva and hide under soil substrate. While residing inside its host, the maggot moves freely. After 3 days, the fly larva adheres itself close to a spiracle (breathing tube) of the infected caterpillar.
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The eggs are laid in groups of 2 to 4 under the host plant leaves. The eggs hatch in 7 to 8 days and after hatching, they feed on the underside of the leaves on the host plant. Caterpillars in Colorado and Wyoming are reddish brown with red spines, with third or fourth instars hibernating. The caterpillars feed on Viola species and willows.
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Each instar is green, though the first two instars do have some variation in which some larvae will have black underlying splotches on their dorsal side. The final instar grows to approximately to in length. This is a tree-dwelling species. Larvae stay on the same tree where they hatched until it is time to descend to the ground to make a cocoon.
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Very little is known of the life history of this species but it is likely to have four instars as in other members of the genus. It may feed on the hyphae of fungi growing in the leaf litter where it lives, or possibly on the living roots of plants.Morrison, H. 1925: Classification of Scale Insects of the Subfamily Ortheziinae. J. agric. Res.
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The larvae are mature at around 11 mm, and they are yellow-white to salmon brown, with markings of black and white or yellow- white. The lighter markings consist of a transverse rectangular bars on segments 6 to 11, and a narrow line along each side of the larvae. Early instars have visible black setae. The larvae are active feeders.
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The berothid then feeds on the paralyzed prey. The later instars feed in a similar manner and are able to paralyze multiple termites at the same time. Contact between the termite and the berothid is not necessary for subduing, and other insects present are not affected by the allomone. Adult berothid lacewings are not predatory and feed on nectar like most lacewings.
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The number of fertile individuals produced by colonies of N. corniger varies widely. Mature colonies with between 50,000 and 400,000 infertile workers generally produce between 5,000 and 25,000 alates. In some years large colonies do not produce a fertile brood. Alate nymphs develop through five instars and spend between 5 and 8 months within the colony before leaving to mate.
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Two kinds of control measures have been advocated since the 19th century. One aims at total pest population reduction, while the other is aimed at protection of the particular crop. , integrated pest management (IPM), an array of techniques and approaches to control pests, was recommended. Practices such as deep ploughing, mechanical destruction, and trap crops are also used to kill different instars.
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Later instars can live freely in a web on the leaf. Larval foodplants recorded include, on common fleabane (Pulicaria dysenterica) in the United Kingdom. In Australia on capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis), cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium) and golden everlasting (Xerochrysum bracteatum); and in Réunion on globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). De Prins, J. & De Prins, W. 2014.
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However, P. c-album larvae are observed basking during the two later instars. This may be explained by the resemblance that the later instar larvae have to bird droppings, which would limit predation despite increasing exposure to predators. Thermoregulatory behaviours may have a much more pronounced effect on later instar larvae but do not appear to affect the first three larval stages.
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The forewings vary from dusky brown to clay. Adults are on wing from late April to mid-June in one or multiple generations per year depending on the latitude. The larvae feed on the seeds of Antirrhinum, Gentiana, Gerardia, Iris, Orthocarpus, Penstemon, Physostegia, Solidago, Stachys, Teucrium, Tigridia, Verbascum, Verbena, Veronica, Sarracenia, Scrophularia and Scutellaria species. There are five larval instars.
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The nymphs remain in their nest for the first 2-3 weeks, guarded by the female. A newly hatched nymph has a blueish-white prothorax and legs. Later instars are grayish-black with white markings, and the last nymphal stage is similar to the adult and exhibits short wing pads. The whole lifecycle lasts for 1-3 years depending on the climatic conditions.
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Triungulin, later larval, and other instars of a Meloid beetle Ceroctis capensis, or spotted blister beetle. is diurnal and endemic to Southern Africa occurring in diverse habitats, and belonging to the Meloidae or Blister beetle family. It secretes a toxic liquid from its leg joints when roughly handled, blistering human skin. This species somewhat resembles Mylabris oculata, a member of the same family.
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Less than five percent of alfalfa plant bug eggs will hatch in the same year they are laid. A majority of the eggs will enter a period of diapause. This causes a decline in the reproductive activity of second-generation adults. The developmental process of A. lineolatus involves five nymphal instars, and between late June and October adults are seen.
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During the larval stage of some 40 days, the larva will increasingly modify the leaf of its food plant for protection. It hatches from an egg laid on the tip of a new leaf, which soon after eclosion is folded into a shelter. Later instars combine two and later several leaves to form the shelter, which ultimately protects the month-long pupal stage.
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The females in these subfamilies can weigh almost double that of the males, are larger in size, and have larger wings. The Saturniinae's eggs are oblong and are laid flat against each other in clusters. Once hatched, the larval period lasts about 78 days. They typically pass through five larval instars (excluding egg, pupa and adult), although some may have more.
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Larvae develop into the third instar after they reach eight days of age. They then bore an exit hole through the fruit and, at twelve to seventeen days of age, either pupate or enter diapause, a state of developmental dormancy, to overwinter in the stem of the senita and then emerge in a later flowering season. Unlike other lepidopterans, whose larvae undergo at least four instars, senita moth larvae have only three instars. This could be due to size limitations, where larvae that continue to grow past the third instar are too large to emerge from exit holes previously created by the larvae, the time constraint of larval growth needing to be completed before fruit matures completely, or possibly to keep the life cycle short so that multiple generations can be completed in a single flowering season.
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Adult females feed more on eggs and first instars than on later stages. They are strong fliers that will migrate to areas that contain high densities of whiteflies. D. pusillus is most effective at high whitefly densities. Since adult female beetles must feed on over 200 eggs per day in order to reproduce, it may be of limited benefit in greenhouses where whitefly populations are low.
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It measures 4.1-10.0 mm in length and is thinner than the female. The two sexes are colored similarly; however, the sexually mature male almost always has lighter, more reddish-coloured legs than the female. S. grossa spiders may shed up to six times (instars) before reaching maturity. According to Charles Hogue (Insects of the Los Angeles Basin, 1993), it reportedly preys on black widows.
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The caterpillar is black with yellow-orange spines and off-white spots Upon emergence, first-instar caterpillars (or larvae) eat their eggshells. The caterpillars from a clutch initially stay together, feeding in a small, unobtrusive web. Second or third instar caterpillars disperse into smaller groups. Then the third instars tend to feed and rest solitarily; they rest beneath dead leaves at night and during bad weather.
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The Gasteracantha fornicata grows through a progressive series of instars . After its series of transitions, its final adult form has a highly sclerotized skeleton and namesake spinal projections. The total body mass and appearance of the spider is subject to change throughout the lifetime. When resources are scarce or when rainfall is low, the spider is found to lose mass and become less vibrant in color. .
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The adult female deposits up to six hundred eggs into her ovisac over a period of one to two weeks. The eggs hatch ten days later and the crawlers, which resemble miniature versions of the adult female, disperse. There are four instars in the females and five in the males. The fifth instar male is a pupa in which the nymph undergoes metamorphosis into a winged adult.
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In northeastern Saskatchewan, adults overwinter in fields of red clover. The insects become active in late April and eggs are laid between early May and mid-July inside the clover shoots, leaves and stipules. The developing larvae pass through four instars and feed on the stipules, buds and inflorescences of the clover. Pupation occurs between late June and August, on the plants or on the ground beneath.
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A few days after being born, nymphs will leave their nest. They resemble adults in shape, except for their smaller size, and absence of wingpads. Also, while the number of abdominal segments varies in adults depending on sex, nymphs always have ten abdominal segments. They will continue to develop for five instars, which will generally last for 45 and 176 days, until they become adults.
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The adults are about in length and in width. Adults have four distinct black lines against a background color ranging from green to yellow, with an orange head and prominent, dark red eyes. Nymphs grow rapidly through five instars, with wing pads growing at each molt. Nymphs are a bright red color with black markings, except for the last instar which is bright orange.
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Predatory coccinellids are usually found on plants which harbour their prey. They lay their eggs near their prey, to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. In Harmonia axyridis, eggs hatch in three to four days from clutches numbering from a few to several dozen. Depending on resource availability, the larvae pass through four instars over 10–14 days, after which pupation occurs.
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The eggs are tiny, stalked, oval, and cream to yellow, darkening before they hatch. The first instar nymphs are yellowish or pinkish and flattened, but later instars are greenish to dark brown, with distinctive red eyes and developing wing buds. The edges of the buds bear three to five knobbed bristles. The nymphs are largely immobile and tend to be found on the underside of leaves.
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In its second instar it turns into a less triungulin-like form, and feeds again. It then turns into the Scarabaeoid form for two or more instars, depending on species. After that it adopts pre-pupal forms, pupates, and finally emerges as an adult beetle. A late instar of Papilio polytes is too big to resemble a bird dropping and simply is lightly camouflaged.
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D. speciosa then transitions to larvae stage (8.5 mm long at maturity, subcylindrical; chalky white; head capsule dirty yellow-light brown) where it requires seven, five, and four days for development of first, second and third instars, respectively or a total of 2-3 ½ weeks for complete larval development. The last stage larva constructs a small chamber in the soil and pupates within that chamber.
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Nymphs all hatch from the eggs around the same time and remain near the egg mass until moulting to the second nymph stage or 'instar'. Moulting results in the nymph shedding its outer exoskeleton, which it leaves behind on its host plant. The nymphs progress through five instars before a final moult to adult. Adults are capable of flight, while nymphs are restricted to dispersing through walking.
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Karner blue butterflies have two broods per year, following wild lupine (Lupinus perennis) phenology quite closely. Eggs laid by Karner blue butterflies in late summer overwinter and hatch in mid- to late April. Development from egg through four larval instars and pupation takes from 25 to 60 days. The average lifespan of adult Karner blue butterflies has been reported at between 3 and 5 days.
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Utah, October 2005 Mormon cricket eggs hatch mostly in the spring after they are laid, although in some areas eggs may take as many as five years to hatch. Hatching begins when soil temperatures reach . The nymphs pass through seven instars before reaching the adult stage, typically taking 60 to 90 days. Breeding begins within 10 to 14 days of reaching the adult stage.
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The larvae pass through three instars (developmental stages) while attached to the stomach. In the first instar, they are colored dark pink and are buried deep within mucosal folds of the stomach lining. In the second instar, the larvae are about 0.8 inches long, a paler shade of pink, and their spikes are more prominent. At this point only their front ends are imbedded into the folds.
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Encarsia perniciosi is an endoparasite, the female inserting its ovipositor into a scale, either male or female, and laying an egg inside. It can use any scale stage but prefers to use second instars. The wasp larva matures rapidly and pupates inside the body of its host. On emerging from the pupa, it chews through the scale test, leaving behind a mummified second or third instar scale.
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The armyworm has six instars as they grow to attain a length of about 35 mm. Larvae are green or blackish green with uniform light brown or reddish brown through the period of development. Each side has a broad yellowish stripe that has a dark spot on the first abdominal segment. Series of dark triangles are usually present dorso-laterally along the length of the body.
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Development time and lifespan show a negative correlation with temperature. Higher temperatures result in shorter development times in studies conducted on Heliothis virescens raised in a temperature controlled laboratory environment. In the larval stages, development time for the instars required anywhere between 2.6 and 10.1 days at 20 °C. When the temperature was increased to 25 °C instar development times ranged between 1.9 and 5.7 days.
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In general, G. groenlandica larvae are large (~300 mg) and densely coated in soft hair. While they are usually a distinctive tan-brown cast, their color may vary. They are characterized by a distinct hair tuft on their eighth abdominal segment, which has been described as a "rudimentary hair pencil". Later larval instars are notable for the color pattern of this dorsal hair tuft.
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The eggs hatch in about a week and the larvae moult four times, eventually reaching about 1.4 millimetres long. They are yellow when newly hatched but later instars are gray and slug-like. As they develop they become covered with a translucent yellowish oily secretion which turns black as faecal material adheres to it. This coating may provide protection from fire ants and other predators.
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The final instar larvae can be up to twice as large as the adult, and the second to fourth instars are known to be covered in thick, white waxy filaments. Length 2–6 mm. When alive the entire dorsal surface is covered by a secretion of very thick, white, waxy filaments, with longer filaments fringing the body margin. The ventral surface is devoid of waxy filaments.
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Z. angusticollis is a hemimetabolous, diploid species. Upon hatching from their egg, they are quite similar to adults except for their lack of genitalia. Their series of morphological instars allows them to increase in size until they reach their adult stage. Like all other termites, the dampwood termites live in eusocial colonies that contain workers, soldiers, nymphs (semi-mature young), and both male and female reproductive individuals.
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The early instars are brown with three white patches, one the: thorax, above the first pair of prolegs, and one on 8th and 9th segment of the abdomen. It is lined with black and white tubercles. The larva only feed on their food plants, citrus. Feeding usually takes place during the day and resting on the upperside of leaves during the night, resembling fresh bird droppings.
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All segments now possess scoli, some bearing white thick conical spines with black tips. The head is brown to pale brown, flattened and smooth, with a double row of long yellowish-white spines at the sides and a pair of black dorsal spines. The second to fifth instars all adopt a front-arched-rear-up posture when resting. After fourteen days, the final instar will pupate.
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In the last two instars, silk is used to draw the edges of the mine together. Many upper surface mines abort possibly because the larva is unable to draw the leaf edges upward. In lower surface mines the leaf tip is drawn back toward the petiole, lower right leaf. So much silk may be deposited within the mine that the lower leaf surface appears white.
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There are two generations per year with the moths active in spring and autumn. During their lifetime, which is around twelve days, females lay an average of one hundred eggs. The newly hatched larvae, initially live free under a rosette of leaves, before boring into the stem. The larvae pass through five instars and the older larvae tunnel in the crown, stem and roots.
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The eggs hatch in as little as 8 hours, but can take up to 48 hours. It takes 5 days for the larvae to pass through all 3 instars, while the pupal stage takes from 7 to 10 days. The life cycle can last from 15 to 30 days depending on the temperature, as the colder the temperature, the longer the lifecycle will last.
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Among the first to colonize, Calliphoridae species are found on the body almost immediately. As eggs hatch into the first larval stage, P. terraenovae begins feeding and increases in size, limited by its chitinous outer cuticle. As P. terraenovae larvae molt into the second instar, feeding intensifies: with larger and more developed mouthparts, second instars are able to break down tougher body tissues.Warren, Jodie-Ann.
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Most feed underground on fine roots, at least in early instars and some then feed internally in tunnels in the stem or trunk of their hostplants. Root-feeding larvae travelling through soil make silk-lined tunnels. Before pupating they make a vertical tunnel, which can be up to 10cm deep, with an exit close to the ground surface.H. Buser, W.Huber and R. Joos 2000 Hepialidae – Wurzelbohrer.
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The cycle takes two to seven days after the egg is laid to hatch. The larvae will develop through three instars on the carrion lasting for ten to thirty days. After that time period is up the third instar larvae will venture away from the detritus to pupate. Pupation takes fourteen to twenty one days and is the major part of metamorphosis where a grandiose change occurs.
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The eggs of stick insects have a coating of calcium oxalate which makes them survive unscathed in the digestive tract of birds. It has been suggested that birds may have a role in the dispersal of parthenogenetic stick insect species, especially to islands. The Phasmatodea life cycle is hemimetabolous, proceeding through a series of several nymphal instars. Once emerged, a nymph will eat its cast skin.
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Young larvae are pale orange with four pairs of black tentacles (filaments). Later instars develop a black and white pair of bands and several black bars on each abdominal segment. Full-grown larvae reach a length of . Euploea alcathoe adults are most common in the monsoonal wet season between December and May in Australia, and there may be several generations over the course of a year.
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The true armyworm larval stage lasts at least six instars but may extend to nine. The caterpillar grows from 4 to 35 mm within this stage. The larval stage lasts about 20 days in warmer weather and 30 days in cooler weather. When the larvae hatch, they feed on the foliage on which they were laid, but if disrupted, larvae release silk and fall into the soil.
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The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has not officially assessed the blue corporal's status, but the dragonfly is said to be common across its range. Like all dragonflies, it faces a variety of threats. As instars, blue corporals are preyed upon by fish; studies have shown that, in response, they tend to use cover more. Larval mortality ranges from 90–97% annually.
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Colonisation routes used by different instars and species of lotic, macroinvertebrate filter feeders. Marine and Freshwater Research 56: 815–824 The township of Taggerty receives their water directly from Little River. The river runs through the camping and picnic sites in the park, providing the potential of pollution to the river. Storm Creek intercepts with Little River near Cooks Mill, located in the Cathedral Range State Park.
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Pheropsophus aequinoctialis lays clutches of 25–60 eggs close to the burrows of mole crickets. The eggs are white and rectangular in outline, with rounded apices. The three instars (larval stages) which follow are white, with a cream head capsule, and darker colouration at the tips of the mouthparts. The first-instar larvae have long legs, and seek out the egg chambers within the mole cricket burrows.
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Camel cricket Most cave crickets have very large hind legs with "drumstick-shaped" femora and equally long, thin tibiae, and long, slender antennae. The antennae arise closely and next to each other on the head. They are brownish in color and rather humpbacked in appearance, always wingless, and up to long in body and for the legs. The bodies of early instars may appear translucent.
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The first instar has well-developed legs and is the only mobile immature life stage. The crawlers insert their mouthparts in the lower surfaces of the leaf when they find it suitable and usually do not move again in this stage. The next instars are flattened, oval, and scale-like. In the final stage, the pupal whiteflies are more convex, with large, conspicuously red eyes.
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Dysdercus suturellus is a true bug and does not undergo metamorphosis. The eggs are pale yellow and are laid singly or in small groups in sand, leaf or plant debris, and hatch in about a week. The nymphs pass through five instars (developmental stages) over the course of three to five weeks. The first instar lives underground after which the nymph climbs the host plant.
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The abdomen is grey, with a dark dorsal line. Males can make a hissing sound by rubbing parts of their body together. The larvae feed on Olea europaea, Ligustrum vulgare, Jasminum polyanthum, Campsis radicans, Tecoma stans, Lonicera japonica, Cotoneaster species, Antirrhinum majus and Clerodendrum paniculatum. Early instars are green (although there is a brown colour morph) with a strong nearly straight horn on the tail.
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Young larvae create a mine which consists of a large blotch with lobe- like extensions. Later instars create a dense spinning at the underside of the leaf which is connected to the blotch. Most frass is ejected out of the mine, but some is deposited in a broad line in the centre of the blotch. Often, several mines are found in a single leaf.
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When possible, larva will cannibalize the larva of smaller instars. A 1999 study showed that cannibalism only benefits the caterpillar when other food is scarce. Despite this, the caterpillars will cannibalize others whenever they can, even though it was found to decrease their own fitness in many cases. One known reason why cannibalism is detrimental to the fall armyworm is because of disease transmission to the cannibal.
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During the summer, populations of C. pilipes decrease in number. They are most abundant in the fall and winter, when seaweed is most likely to be washed on the beach. All larval instars remain in the seaweed, and larval aggregations tend to not be mixed in species. If seaweed is washed back to sea, the larval population can decrease significantly with the loss of the seaweed habitat.
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Eggs hatch into larvae after about one week; the young larvae feed on the leaves at night. They hide among the bracts of the flower bud and amongst leaves during the day. The larvae feed for about two weeks but, because of the long egg laying period, larvae may be present in the field for about six weeks in June or July. The larvae have four instars.
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She oviposits eggs into the immature stages of the potato aphid. Like other haplodiploid insects, she can control the sex of her offspring by laying a fertilized (female) egg or an unfertilized (male) egg. There is a trend for A. nigripes to preferentially allocate unfertilized male eggs to the earlier, smaller instars of aphids. Later stage instar aphids are predominantly used as hosts for female offspring.
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Later instars spend the night feeding on leaves and hide in the day on the lower part of the tree trunk. The larvae do not consume freshly unfurled growth. Males have five instar stages while females have six, each lasting five or six days. The pupae may be concealed behind flakes of bark or be loosely tied with silk and hidden among the foliage.
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The larvae of spongillaflies look rather bizarre. Similar to those of some osmylids (Osmylidae) at first glance, they have spindly legs on a bulky thorax, long antennae, and flexible, threadlike mouthparts. However, the second and third instars carry seven pairs of jointed, movable tracheal gills beneath their plump abdomen. These gills are possessed by no other extant insect family, and readily distinguish them from osmylid larvae.
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Sheep keds live for typically four to six months, and may produce from 10 to 20 larvae. The female fly produces a single larva at a time, retaining the larva internally until it is ready to pupate. The larva feeds on the secretions of a "milk" gland in the uterus of the female. After three larval instars, the white prepupa immediately forms a hard, dark puparium.
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The carpet beetle larvae start to feed as soon as they hatch. They are carrot shaped and heavily covered with setae, especially on their posterior end. The number of instars differ from 5–11 and in some cases reach up to 20. Larvae of the black carpet beetle Attagenus megatoma may grow up to 1/2 inch (12 mm) and be yellow to brown in color.
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Older instars move vertically and feed on the younger, fresher foliage near the bolls and sometimes on the bolls themselves. Depending on latitude, two to eight generations could have occurred in the United States each year. This made them an especially dangerous pest, as they fed year-round in some locations. In especially bad years, the larvae destroyed over a third of cotton crops.
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Ornate pit scales have three instar stages in the females and five in the males. In the United States, where a few species of Cerococcus have been studied, there is a single generation each year and the eggs overwinter inside the female test. They hatch in the spring and emerge through a small hole at the back. These first instars are ambulatory and disperse around the host plant.
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After hatching out of their eggs, young slipper lobsters pass through around ten instars as phyllosoma larvae — leaf- like, planktonic zoeae. These ten or so stages last the greater part of a year, after which the larva moults into a "nisto" stage that lasts a few weeks. Almost nothing is known about the transition from this stage to the adults, which continue to grow through a series of moults.
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Insects of all stages of development are collected. These stages can be in the form of eggs, larva (of which the largest instars are the most important for identification) pupa and adults. Half of these insects will be preserved and the other half will be reared to adults for analysis in the lab. Information on other insects found in the area that are known to be predaceous is documented.
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Some insects, such as the grasshopper Oeanthus longicauda, are capable of removing Asian swallowtail larvae out of their eggs before they hatch. During the first and second larval instars, their main predators are ants (particularly Lasius niger), spiders, and various other bugs. Asian swallowtail caterpillars may also be parasitized by wasps, such as Trogus mactator and Pteromarus puparum, during development. These wasps ultimately kill the larvae after pupation.
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The horn on the head is formed of two pieces and is very small in the early instars at first, looking like two knobs in 1st instar. As specimens grow, they overlap and appear to be a single large, horn though they are not fused. The adults are not so cryptic and have bright green wings with dark brown splotches. Females form four to ten oothecae, usually on thin branches.
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All hemispherical scale insects are female, and breeding occurs by parthenogenesis. The eggs are pinkish-beige, oblong and about long. Up to a thousand eggs are laid, and they remain concealed under the scale husk, the parent dying soon after they are laid. The eggs hatch into first instars known as "crawlers", the only mobile phase in this species, which leave the shelter of the mother's scale to disperse.
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Pure neem oil has been found to be the most effective antifeedants by the third instar. Pure neem oil and azatrol are most effective feeding deterrent for the second and fourth instars of southern armyworm. Although these products worked in laboratory experiences, it was found that the magnitude of the negative effect on the larval mortality and pupal ecdysis varied considerably among neem-derived insecticides tested.Hail Shanna, John Capinera, Nawaf Freihat.
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During later instars, larvae have variable colors ranging from greenish to pinkish, or even a dark red or maroon with a broad brown head capsule. Whitish dorsal and ventral bands run down the length of its body, along with a broad lateral band that is generally brown in color. Larvae also have black thorn-like microspines. Starting from the third or fourth instar, cannibalistic behavior can be observed.
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After the first and second instars, nymphs form aggregations known as bands; these tend to disperse by the fifth instar. Late- instar bands travel up to 500 m per day. Drier country has large bands congregating that are visible from the air, while in the agricultural regions, bands tend to be smaller. After its final moult—6 to 8 weeks after egglaying—the adult locust is called a fledgling.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as upper epidermal and tortuous-linear, and later becomes a blister-like blotch. The leaf roll made by the larva of the late instars is conical or trigonal, always rolled up from the tip of the leaf or leaflet on the lower side. The cocoon is situated on the edge of a living leaf around the leaf roll.
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The larvae work their way through the host plant (typically maize), by beginning to feed on the underside, or whorl, of the leaves. Younger instars typically feed on the tassel of the plant, and then move on to feed in the ear. There they feed on the silk and kernels of the corn plant. Later instar stages begin to make their way into the plant by feeding on stalks.
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Hypotheses have been made to try and explain this shift in behavior. In general, caterpillar feeding behavior is shaped by the joint effects of phylogenetic history, larval nutritional ecology, size or appearance, and defensive ecology. Such behavior shifts can be found in other species. For instance, the larvae of many swallowtails begin as cryptic mimics of bird droppings but then switch to aposematism or aggressive mimicry in later instars.
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The first of the non-feeding instars never issues from the cuticle of the previous (feeding) instar. The second non-feeding stage is a fully legged, with rudimentary feeding structures and a functional spinneret. Upon issuing from the mine, this instar spins a cocoon that is elaborately decorated with clusters pearly bubbles that are extruded from its anus and then individually attached to the exterior of the cocoon.
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Larvae hatch in late May or early June and begin to feed on corn roots. Newly hatched larvae are small, less than long, white worms. They go through three larval instars, pupate in the soil and emerge as adults in July and August, with one generation per year. Larvae have brown heads and a brown marking on the top of the last abdominal segment, giving them a double-headed appearance.
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The female lays eggs inside the leaf tissues of a susceptible plant, creating small puncture holes. The developing larva feeds on the leaf tissue, creating a tunnel between the upper and lower surfaces as it advances. This starts small but gets wider as the larva increases in size. After three instars, the larva cuts a slit, usually in the upper leaf surface, and falls to the ground where it pupates.
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The larvae feed on various Euphorbiaceae species, including Endospermum medullosum, E. myrmecophilum, and Omphalea queenslandiae. These plants contain poisons which might protect the larvae from predation. The various instars have colours varying from green with a black band, to black with white bands and a red thorax, to red with black bands and orange legs. Pupation takes place in a cocoon made in a crevice or between dead leaves.
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Newly hatched E. tiaratum nymphs are ant mimics and resemble the insects in whose nest they are born. Their aposematic pattern—orange head, white collar, the rest black—mimics the ant genus Leptomyrmex and makes them appear toxic. Although most adult stick insects are notoriously slow, these nymphs are speedy, active, and quickly make their way to the trees. Their locomotion slows when they moult into their second and subsequent instars.
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The newly hatched nymph feeds on the plant for two of its instars, then falls off the plant to complete its other two instar stages. The insect damages the plant in several ways. The major damage is caused by the adult ovipositing in the plant tissue. The plant is also injured by feeding, which leaves holes and areas of silvery discoloration when the plant reacts to the insect's saliva.
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During the first larval instars, caterpillars feed on leaves and it is not until the second or third instar that they enter the pods. The evolutionary benefits of this strategy are not understood. When caterpillars metamorphose into adult moths, they carry the alkaloids with them, which continue to protect them during the adult stage. PAs render the bella moth unpalatable to many of its natural enemies like spiders and insectivorous bats.
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The larvae are moderately sized, ranging from 10 to 14 millimeters long. The larva feeds on dead or necrotic tissue for 3 to 10 days, depending on temperature and the quality of the food. During this period the larva passes through three larval instars. At a temperature of 16 °C, the first larval instar lasts about 53 hours, the second about 42 hours and the third about 98 hours.
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Biston betularia caterpillars on birch (left) and willow (right), demonstrating twig mimicry and effective countershading. In Great Britain and Ireland, the peppered moth is univoltine (i.e., it has one generation per year), whilst in south-eastern North America it is bivoltine (two generations per year). The lepidopteran life cycle consists of four stages: ova (eggs), several larval instars (caterpillars), pupae, which overwinter live in the soil, and imagines (adults).
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The second tarsal segment is half as long as the first. Males in the genus have broad anal cerci and a split subgenital plate. The genus is thought to have originated in Africa and then speciated in the New World after a dispersal event that took place 6 to 7 million years ago. The solitary phase insects (or solitaria morph) are greenish in early instars, while older adults are greyish.
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As it grows, it needs to moult (shed its exoskeleton). Its hard cuticle splits and its body expands, while the new exoskeleton is still soft. The stages between moulting are called instars and the desert locust nymph undergoes five moults before becoming a winged adult. Immature and mature individuals in the gregarious phase form bands that feed, bask, and move as cohesive units, while solitary-phase individuals do not seek conspecifics.
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The pupae resemble adults of any caste, except that their legs and antennae are held tightly against the body. They appear white, but over time, the pupae turns darker when they are almost ready to mature. Four larval instars have been described based on distinctive morphological characters. The larvae of the minor and major workers are impossible to distinguish before the final instar, when size differences become apparent.
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Larvae develop through four stages, or instars, after which they metamorphose into pupae. At the end of each instar, the larvae molt, shedding their exoskeletons, or skin, to allow for further growth. First-stage larvae are about 1 mm in length; fourth-stage larvae are normally 5–8 mm in length. The process from egg-laying to emergence of the adult is temperature dependent, with a minimum time of seven days.
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Larval instars 1-4 fed externally on the host, while instar 5 rapidly consumed the entire host body. Before pupating, the larvae built a separate pupal case from silk within the trichopteran pupal case. The wasp pupal case included a 1.5 cm silk ribbon which extended into the water, probably to act as a plastron. Adults emerged in the spring, after the water temperature had reached 10 degrees C.
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Like all odonates, the blue corporal is predatory. As larval instars, they prey primarily on midge and mayfly larvae; they are also known to take ostracods and cladocerans, though these make up only a very small percentage of their diet. As adults, they hunt flying insects, taking primarily small flies, beetles and leafhoppers. They are "sally hunters", making quick, short flights after prey from a perch on or near the ground.
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Nauplius larva of Elminius modestus Nauplius larva of a barnacle with fronto- lateral horns A fertilised egg hatches into a nauplius: a one-eyed larva comprising a head and a telson, without a thorax or abdomen. This undergoes six moults, passing through five instars, before transforming into the cyprid stage. Nauplii are typically initially brooded by the parent, and released after the first moult as larvae that swim freely using setae.
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Their eggs are greenish white to cream, becoming tan as they age. The larvae's dark head can be seen a day or two before hatching. First instar larvae, 3–4 mm long, have dark brown bilobed heads, while four subsequent instars, 6–12 mm long, have green bilobed heads, and green bodies with raised white ridges along the sides. The chrysalis are 10.5–15.5 mm long, suspended with the head down.
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Additional legs and body segments develop with each molt, during which the animals construct a protective spherical cocoon or molt chamber out of soil. Larvae go through seven developmental stages (instars) before reaching adulthood. In males, the single pair of reproductive structures (gonopods) begin to develop in the 4th instar, before which male and females have equal numbers of walking legs, and after which males have one fewer pair.
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Life cycle Despite being covered in spikes, gulf fritillary larva are not a stinging caterpillar, thus they cannot sting you. The spikes are soft to the touch and serve the purpose of scaring predators. Gulf Fritillary Caterpillar, Central Florida, December 2017 In appearance, the larvae are dark orange with small black spines protruding outward from the body. The larval stages of gulf fritillaries include five instars, each with a varying timeframe.
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The caterpillars in earlier instars form tubes from the leaves of Conium maculatum by rolling the leaves together using a secreted webbing material. Older caterpillars make tubes from the flowers and seed heads as well as the leaves. Abandoned tubes can regularly be found on the poison hemlock plant because, if disturbed or attacked, the caterpillar will wriggle free of the tube and onto the ground as a predation defense mechanism.
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Following hatching, larvae feed on the reproductive structures of the plant and usually develop through four to six instars. Initially, the young larva feed together, and this stage is their most destructive stage. Through maturation, older larvae become aggressive and cannibalistic, leaving one or two larvae per feeding site (See Interfamilial Predation). They usually have orange heads, black thorax plates, and a body color that is primarily black.
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Illustration The adult moths are 32 to 40 mm wing tip to wing tip, with a brown or gray forewing, and a white hindwing. There is slight sexual dimorphism, with males having more patterns and a distinct white spot on each of their forewings. The first larval instar is light colored with a larger dark head. As they develop through instars, they become browner with white lengthwise lines.
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On hatching, the first instar larvae feed on growing shoot tips and may kill them. Later instars feed on stems and leaves leaving the upper cuticle of the leaf intact. When the density of the larvae is high enough, the plant can be completely defoliated. After feeding for about three weeks and undergoing further moults, the larvae move down the plant to pupate in the soil or leaf litter.
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The eggs take about four days to hatch. The young larvae feed on the underside of the leaf on which they hatch before moving on to other parts of the plant. They pass through five instars over a period of about twelve days, burrowing into the centre of the plant after about four days. If the apical meristem is damaged, multiple heads may be produced or the plant may die.
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Leaf after leaf is collectively devoured by this group till they pass through the first few instars of the larval stage. However growth amongst these caterpillars is not even due to the varying amount of food that each is able to get. Accordingly, their development is staggered, they pupate only when they are ready and the brood emerges over a period of time. The larva is not very lively.
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Development of Pediculus humanus humanus (body lice), which is similar to that of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) Head lice, like other insects of the order Phthiraptera, are hemimetabolous. Newly hatched nymphs will moult three times before reaching the sexually- mature adult stage. Thus, mobile head lice populations contain members of up to four developmental stages: three nymphal instars, and the adult (imago). Metamorphosis during head lice development is subtle.
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The only visible differences between different instars and the adult, other than size, is the relative length of the abdomen, which increases with each molt. Aside from reproduction, nymph behavior is similar to the adult. Nymphs feed only on human blood (hematophagia), and cannot survive long away from a host. The time required for head lice to complete their nymph development to the imago depends on feeding conditions.
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An adult female can lay between 45 and 250 eggs that usually hatch within three to 17 days. The larvae have a caterpillar-like appearance, with a yellowish coloration to the body and a brown head. The larval period can last as long as 10 weeks, but can be as short as two weeks. Following the larval instars is the pupal period, which can last one to three weeks.
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Third instars are 11–16 mm, fourth 16–30 mm and fifth instar 30–50 mm. When a late instar larva is startled, it lifts its head and inflates the thorax, revealing the eyespots on the meta-thorax. If disturbed further, it everts red osmeterium from behind the head. Early instar larva tends to use osmeterium right away when disturbed, and osmeterium of the first instar is yellowish.
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The larvae have five instars, four molts. Then the insect makes a hole in the pod wall and comes out, making a cocoon in the ground. This take place when the pods become mature and the plants become dry (from the end of July and up to the first ten-day period of September). Young caterpillars (not fifth instar) that did not finish their feeding can diapause, but eventually they perish.
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The moth flies from May to July; the larvae remain from July to September. There is one generation per year. The larvae go through five instars; the final instar is black at the ends, with a yellow or orange middle section, which in some populations has black spots. The larvae feed on the leaves of poplar and willow, but also feed on alder, basswood, birch, maple and oak.
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During growth, D. fallai goes through 10 nymphal stages (9 nymphal instars). The ovipositor becomes visible at the third instar and size differences between the sexes is noticeable at the sixth instar. There is considerable variation in the time that each individual spends at each nymphal instar, ranging from 3 to 13 weeks. Nymphs that hatch in summer or spring will become adults 11 to 13 months later.
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Diagram illustrating the life cycles of Greenhouse whitefly and its parasitoid wasp Encarsia formosa Tomato leaf with whitefly nymphs (white) parasitized by E. formosa (black). Females deposit 50-100 eggs individually inside the bodies of nymphs or pupae of the host species. The wasp larvae develop through four instars in about two weeks at optimum temperatures. Parasitized greenhouse whitefly pupae turn black in about 10 days, while parasitized sweet potato whiteflies turn amber brown.
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In the third and fourth instars the larva, with tissue- feeding mouthparts, feeds on the remaining tissues within the blotch-mine. When fully grown, it leaves the mine through an exit hole to pupate. In this stage the mine is tentiformed, with a strong longitudinal wrinkle on the lower side. Pupation takes place inside a whitish, boat-shaped cocoon which is usually located on the lower surface of the leaf near the apex.
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Females lay small white eggs one at a time on larval host plants, usually members of the milkweed subfamily Asclepiadoideae. The egg hatches into a black caterpillar with transverse white stripes and yellow spots, and three pairs of long, black filaments. The caterpillar feeds on the host plant and sequesters chemicals that make it distasteful to some predators. It then goes through six instars, after which the larva finds a suitable spot to pupate.
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These 'teeth' are lost after two instars when there is no longer a close association with the mother. . Parental care among cockroaches, where offspring are fed on bodily secretions, is not rare, and has been recorded in Perisphaerus, Trichoblatta, Pseudophoraspis, Phlebonotus, Gromphadorhina, Solganea, Cryptocercus and Blattella, whereas biparental care is found only in wood-eating cockroaches - wood is low in nutrients and is made assimilable by micro-organisms in the adult gut.
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Mature C. quinquefasciatus females fly at night to nutrient-rich standing water to lay eggs. The larvae feed on organic material in the water and require between five and eight days to complete their development at 30 °C. The larvae pass through four larval instars, and towards the end of the fourth instar, they stop eating and undergo moulting to give rise to pupae. After 36 hours at 27 °C, adults emerge.
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BCSO Identification - Entomology - Blowfly Life Cycle Climatic factors, such as temperature, are known to influence egg-laying and development of instar-larvae. In warmer weather the life cycle can last a little less, and in cooler temperatures the life cycle takes a little longer. Knowing the duration between the three instars and pupa stage and post-feeding larval dispersal can be useful to determine the post mortem interval in a criminal case.
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The larvae shelter during the day in the nest of the host ant, and emerge at night, sometimes simultaneously, to feed on the host plant. The first two instars feed on the leaf surfaces, while the third and fourth begin to consume the leaf margins. The larvae are much larger than the ants, which always accompany them. The ants may stroke them slowly with their antennae, and often feed at their honey-glands.
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This structure, made from host tissue, protects them from the immune defences of the host. Larvae go through four more instars, and in each moult the older cuticle separates but is not discarded ("apolysis without ecdysis"), so multiple layers form around the larvae. Male larvae pupate after the last moult, but females directly become neotenous adults. The colour and shape of the host's abdomen may be changed and the host usually becomes sterile.
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Haliplids live in the aquatic vegetation around the edges of small ponds, lakes, and quiet streams. Adults are omnivorous, eating insect eggs, small crustaceans, hydrozoan polyps, and algae, while the larvae eat only algae. The species of Peltodytes deposit eggs on the surface of aquatic plants, while Haliplus chews out a cavity in the plants for their eggs. There are three instars, and pupation takes place on land in a chamber constructed by the larva.
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S. exempta undergo six larval instars that altogether can last between 14 and 22 days depending on the temperature and vegetation in the environment. Fully grown sixth-instar larvae are 25–33 mm long. The larvae display density- dependent polyphenism where the appearance of the individual depends on the population density in which it was reared. The terms gregaria and solitaria were given to the caterpillars raised in groups and in solitude, respectively.
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The species show a general behavioral mechanism to minimize predation and parasitism. The oviposition of the eggs on the underside of the leaves, and nocturnal foraging of larvae decrease exposure to predators and other parasitoids. The final instars of the larvae also exhibit chemical defenses. When threatened, they regurgitate a droplet of brownish-green fluid. This fluid is assumed to be distasteful to predators, and has been described as having a ‘bitter’ and ‘nutty’ flavor.
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The newly emerged larva is up to about 0.7 millimeters in length, not counting the two long, thin caudal setae, which are twice the length of the body. The new larva is cream-colored with a light brown, well- developed head. By the second and third instars, there are four caudal setae. The fourth instar larva is around 5 millimeters long including the caudal setae, which are about as long as the body.
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As males have never been found, the species is thought to be parthenogenetic, although this has only been demonstrated in spiders kept under laboratory conditions. Individuals were reared from eggs and kept alive on a diet of springtails until they died. After hatching, they passed through three juvenile stages (instars), each lasting about a month and followed by a moult during which they increased in size. Adults lived on average about six months.
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M. callizona are multivoltine, holometabolous insects with 5 larval instars, on average taking roughly 58 days to progress from egg to adult.Salas, J., Frank, J.H. (2001). Development of Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on pineapple stems. Florida Entomologist 84: 123-126 All life stages of M. callizona can be found on an individual host plant, where adult females chew slices in leaves near optimal feeding sites and proceed to lay individual eggs within the fresh slices.
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Final instars (75 mm in length) come in two patterns: one has brown bands such that there are ten large pale green spots on the back and an eyespot on the rear. This form may mimic grapes. Others are completely brown, with a wood-grain patterning, and with the rear eyespot (Wagner 2005). In the final instar the knob looks a lot like a vertebrate eye, down to the white reflection spot.
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The species is mostly univoltine, but the presence of some large larvae and pupae during most months indicated some variation. The larva of the species have been found on plants in the genus Gutierrezia, including Gutierrezia solbrigii and Grindelia chiloensis. They have seven instars and are about 24 mm long when fully grown. The larvae enter the plant at the base of the twigs or leaves or sometimes bore directly into the crowns.
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There are five larval instars and when the larvae are fully developed, they create individual pupal chambers in the frass and pupate. The total development time varies with temperature and may be one to three years. The new adults may stay under the bark, mining new tunnels and creating new brood chambers, or they may emerge into the open air. Several females may mine the same area and their excavations may coalesce.
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Third instars are common by September. As temperatures begin to fall in autumn the larvae begin to dig down into the soil up to 30 cm to hibernate. From late-April to May the larvae which have survived winter return to the surface to feed, moving to down again in late- May to early-June to pupate. Prior to pupating a larva will void its gut and the abdomen becomes very translucent.
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The life cycle of Hydrotaea rostrata has been studied in the field of forensic entomology. Mature flies seek out decay, preferably in material that has been dead for an extended amount of time. Masses of maggots, which are often characteristic of other species of flies, are not typical of H. rostrata. The larvae of this species progress through three stages, or instars, which are then followed by the formation of a pupa.
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When the fourth instar Rhodnius had its corpora allata removed, both contained a third instar level of JH and hence one proceeded to instar four, and the other remained at this instar. Generally, the removal of the corpora allata from juveniles will result in a diminutive adult at the next moult. Implantation of corpora allata into last larval instars will boost JH levels and hence produce a supernumary (extra) juvenile instar etc.
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Life cycle of C. latifrons The life cycle of Calliphora latifrons is similar to many other domestic flies, and is dependent on temperature. The eggs, which are yellowish or white in color, are deposited by the female into mostly moist, solid organic matter and are approximately 0.04 in long. The egg hatches after about 27 hours, and is prone to desiccation. The eggs hatch into a larva, or maggot, which passes through three instars.
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Eggs are laid on the leaves of the larval host plant, into which first instar larvae mine and subsequently complete five instars, reaching a length of 13–14 mm when mature. Larvae are light yellow-green in color with a brownish-yellow head. After reaching maturity, fifth instar larvae emerge from the host plant and spin a cocoon, on the host plant or nearby. Cocoons are white in color, pupa reddish-brown.
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Females lay eggs on the tops of the leaves of one of their preferred host plants. This is because the first larval instars are unable to move from plant to plant, so the mother must select an appropriate plant to support them. One egg is lain at a time, as opposed to in clutches. The small egg (1–1.5 mm) is brownish colored, but appears more orange due to a special orange colored secretion.
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The sex ratio of blow fly eggs is usually 50:50, but one exception is females from two species of the genus Chrysomya (C. rufifacies and C. albiceps), which are either arrhenogenic (laying only male offspring) or thelygenic (laying only female offspring). Hatching from an egg to the first larval stage takes about eight hours to one day. Larvae have three stages of development (instars); each stage is separated by a molting event.
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Green bottle fly found in Lodi, California. The life cycle of Lucilia sericata is typical of flies in the family Calliphoridae. After the female deposits the egg, it hatches into a larva that passes through three instars as it grows, then enters prepupal and pupal stages (which can eclose quickly or overwinter depending on temperature) before emerging into the adult stage or imago. To start, the female lays a mass of eggs in carrion.
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Silphidae are one of several families of forensic importance in the order Coleoptera. They are a very important tool in determining a post-mortem interval by collecting Silphid progeny from the carcass, and determining the developmental rate. Based on the number of instars and the larval development stage, a time of death can be estimated. This is very useful in medicocriminal entomology, the emphasis on utilizing arthropods as evidence to aid in solving crimes.
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Eggs will be expelled whether or not they have been fertilized. The chigoe flea eggs’ average length is 604 μm and the just hatched larvae, in their first instar, have an average length of 1,500 μm. At the second and last instar (T. penetrans is unique among the fleas in that it only has two, instead of three, instars.) the larvae decrease in size to 1,150 μm after growing to at least 2,900 μm.
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Chaoborus spends the majority of its life in the larval stage. In this larval stage, there are 4 growth instars before reaching adulthood. Most Chaoborus species are univoltine, or live for only one year, though some populations have been recorded as having a two-year generation time. Timing of pupation depends on local environmental conditions, though generally occurs after any ice has thawed and temperatures in the water begin to rise again.
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The larvae pass through four instars over the course of three to four weeks, before selecting an upright position and pupating, with the final larval skin remaining attached to the pupa, the long hairs protruding. In cooler climates, the larvae may diapause over winter. Adults emerge from the pupae after about one to two weeks. The whole cycle takes thirty to sixty days unless the larvae diapause, when it may take four or five months.
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Eggs Egg development is slowed by temperatures below 15°C and under arid atmosphere conditions. The ideal conditions for development are warm and humid, characteristic of southern climates. Stimulation from moisture and heat (often from the host passing by the egg) will cause the egg to hatch and the larva to be rubbed onto the host. Larval Instars Once on the host, the larvae enter through the nose, mouth, eyes, anus or any open wound.
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The juveniles of J. evagoras are gregarious and exhibit aggregation behavior. Eggs are laid in clusters, and then larvae and pupae remain close together even after hatching. Young larvae in particular tend to aggregate more often in the presence of attendant ants, while older larvae are generally not influenced by the ants. However, fifth instars may decide to pupate near other individuals if there is a low density of ants on the host plant.
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To reproduce, the male and female P. marginemaculatus by exhibiting ritualized displays in a stereotyped sequence. Males deposit a spermatophore which the female retrieves to fertilize eggs. After a few weeks to months, she exudes a brood sac containing from 12 to 20 eggs. These develop over a three-month period, and after hatching the female will then carry the first instars on her back for about ten days until they molt.
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This insect occurs on all the main islands of Hawaii.Koa BugSpecies Profile for Koa shield bug (Coleotichus blackburniae) They are found on `a`ali`i (Dodonaea viscosa) bushesInsects of Hawaii: Coleotichus blackburniae (Koa bug) and koa (Acacia koa) trees. A cluster of instars Also found on Formosan Koa (Acacia confusa) which is native to Southeast Asia. It has been commonly used in Hawaii as an ornamental landscape tree that has been deemed invasive.
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The nymphs resemble fully grown adults except for size and the absence of wings. Nymphs usually undergo four to five successive stages of moltings (ecdysis), increasing in size and becoming more adult-like with each stage until the final molting. The stages are individually known as instars, with the earliest stage (just after hatching) being known as the first nymphal instar. Nymphs may also differ significantly from adults in colors and patterns exhibited.
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188, 394-397 The enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of JH diol is JH diol kinase (JHDK), which was first characterized from the Malpighian tubules of early fifth instars of M. sexta.Grieneisen, M.L., Kieckbusch, T.D., Dorman, G., Latli, B., Prestwich, G.D., Schooley, D.A., 1995Characterization of the juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) and juvenile hormone diol phosphotransferase (JHDPT) from Manduca sexta Malpighian tubules. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 30, 255-270Maxwell, R.A., Welch, W.H., Schooley, D.A., 2002.
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Nitrogen is very important nutrient for larval development, especially during the first two instars, so larvae prefer food plants with higher nitrogen content. Higher nitrogen intake correlates with larger larval biomass and faster development, both of which are favored because they decrease larval vulnerability to predation. Additionally, a lack of sufficient nitrogen intake during early development leads to decreased ability to digest and utilize food throughout the rest of the insect's life.
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Notonecta maculata instars tend to survive better in an environment where these elements are in a relatively simple state, and will not survive as well when these factors in the environment are more complex, although their survival rate in a complex environment increases as it goes through instar stages. N. irrorata release two kairomones, n-tricosane and n-heneicosane, that repel the oviposition of Culiseta longiareolata mosquitoes in ponds that N. irrorata inhabits.
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The almond moth thrives best in warm, humid environments. The ideal temperature range for development is 30-32 degrees Celsius (86-90 degrees Fahrenheit), and the ideal humidity range is 70-80%. In optimal conditions, it takes about three and a half days for eggs to hatch, and the larvae go through five instars over a period ranging from 17–37 days. The pupal stages lasts around seven days in optimal temperature and humidity.
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Small, colorful dots - yellow or magenta - may line the sides of the fourth and fifth instars. The larvae may take on a reddish-brown color just prior to cocooning. Fifth-instar larvae descend to the ground and use silk to bind dead leaves around the cocoon. The imagoes (winged, sexually mature), often referred to as 'adult moths,' emerge from the pupae with the wings small, crumpled and held close to the body.
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This mantis > species is rare in captivity, and only experienced breeders will have these > available/have reared them successfully in the past. Choeradodis Stallii - > Tropical Shield Mantis Nymphs of this species are born with a bright red color distinguishing them from other Choeradodis spp. Even at early instars, they display somewhat of a hood. Each time the larvae moult, they grow more greenish and their hood grows larger, until they reach adulthood.
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Additional instars have been found in other acridid species that display sexual dimorphism in which females are larger than males such as C. parallelus. C. brunneus females on average are 3 to 4 times larger than males. The occurrence of the additional instar most likely reflects the habitat the C. brunneus females occur. Females with the additional instar have only been found to occur in the region of East Anglia in Britain.
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This is interesting considering the amount of sunless days that Otago has, compared to Taranaki. The two-year life cycle includes a three-step larval stage. Eggs were found in January where they "…spent their first winter as 1st or 2nd instar larvae and their second winter as 3rd instars." They are given a better chance of enduring their complete life cycle over two years where the conditions meet most of their need.
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Females communicate to males by clicking their wings, a signal that they are ready for mating. After mating, females lay eggs in dead branches of small trees or shrubs; using an ovipositor to slit branch and insert eggs. Later, the eggs hatch and nymphs drop to the soil and quickly burrow and feed on the roots of plants. There are five instars in which nymphs grow in size by shedding their skins underground.
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There is no set number of instars the larvae will go through, some species can have as many as ten or eleven. The larval stage usually lasts for two to three years, but in some species can extend for six years. The final larval instar, the prepupal stage, creates a cell in which the insect pupates. The pupa is fully capable of movement, and often leaves its cell for another location before the adult emerges.
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Mayfly nymph, dorsal view, showing the paired gills and three projections on the abdomen; wing buds are visible on the thorax. Immature mayflies are aquatic and are referred to as nymphs or naiads. In contrast to their short lives as adults, they may live for several years in the water. They have an elongated, cylindrical or somewhat flattened body that passes through a number of instars (stages), molting and increasing in size each time.
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During decomposition of a carcass, the beetles leave their nests to feed on the carrion. As the last succession of insects to appear on the carcass, both larvae and adults can be found feeding on the dry remains. At the site of the carcass, an impregnated female digs small, vertical columns underneath the carcass to lay her eggs, allowing the larvae to locate food after hatching. Trogidae usually have three to five instars.
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After hatching, early instars bore into the leaf sheath and causing longitudinal yellowish-white patches as a result of feeding. Then it invades the stem of the rice plant and stays in the pith to feed on the inner surface of the stem wall. These are not externally visual as symptoms. Severe feeding causes a deep circular cut through the parenchyma tissue showing deadhearts at the vegetative stages and whiteheads at the reproductive stages.
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Young larvae are dingy white, with a tinge of green. Later instars are pale glaucous to dull salmon. The Pupa varies in colour and marking: in the spring brood, it is commonly dull green, with indistinct lateral yellow stripes; in the fall brood, the dorsum is pale yellow or flesh color, with two fine, indistinct, medio-dorsal lines of lilac color. The pupa is quite active and irritable, striking about in all directions when meddled with.
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The rosy maple moths preferentially lay their eggs on maple trees, and sometimes nearby oak trees. Since the larvae remain on the same tree upon which they hatched, most larvae feed on the underside of maple leaves or oak leaves. In early instars, the larvae feed together in groups, but beginning in the third or fourth instar the caterpillars begin to feed individually. The larvae eat the entire leaf blade and are capable of consuming a few leaves each.
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Various species of Ergasilidae parasitise hosts in various habitats, mostly freshwater, but some attack marine species, especially euryhaline fishes such as mullet. Because the best-known species are adapted to attack the gill filaments of the fishes, Ergasilidae are known by common names such as gill lice. However, some species have been found infesting, and presumably causing, external skin lesions of fish. Immature instars and mature males of Ergasilidae are fairly typical free-living planktonic copepods.
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Trombidiidae, known as red velvet mites, true velvet mites, or rain bugs, are arachnids found in soil litter known for their bright red color. Red velvet mites are active predators as grown adults but as early instars are often parasites on insects and some arachnids. They are sometimes mistaken for spiders. The pattern of stages is shared with that of other members of the Prostigmata: egg, pre-larva, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph and adult (male or female).
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Eggs on underside of squash plant's leaf Squash bug eggs on the underside of yellow crookneck squash leaves Nymphs of several instars, on squash Anasa tristis of the family Coreidae is a major pest of squash and pumpkins, found throughout North America, and is a vector of the cucurbit yellow vine disease bacterium.Arnold, 2001 These bugs can emit an unpleasant odor when disturbed. It is commonly known as the squash bug but shares this name with certain other species.
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In northern Florida, the predominant parasite of H. virescens on tobacco plants was Cardiochiles nigriceps, a parasitoid wasp. Adults of this parasitoid were found on the vast majority of tobacco plants, before any tobacco budworm eggs or larvae were found on it. Once tobacco was removed from the plots, parasitism by C. nigriceps declined. C. nigriceps generally oviposit its eggs onto small Heliothis virescens larvae; eggs hatch either at later instars or at the prepupae stage.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. In early instars the larva makes a tentiform blotch-mine on the lower side of the leaf. When the leaf tissue has been consumed within the mine, the larva leaves the mine and migrates towards the edge of the same leaf or another, which it cuts off from the edge towards the midrib. This cut off edge is rolled up to form a cone on the underside of the leaf.
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Often, there are numerous small tears in the mine that may or may not be sealed over by the larva with a thin webbing of silk. The last two instars mine deeply into the parenchyma, causing discoloration which is visible from above. Mature mines may have an abundance of minute creasing over the lower leaf surface. On Bumelia celastrina, the mine begins as a narrow track that follows a leaf edge or snakes about the lamina.
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During each bout of feeding, the caterpillars emerge from the tent, add silk to the structure, move to distant feeding sites en masse, feed, and then return immediately to the tent where they rest until the next activity period. The exception to this feeding pattern occurs in the last instar, when the caterpillars feed only at night. The insect has six larval instars. At the last stage, the caterpillars disperse and each constructs a cocoon in a protected place.
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The larval stage of the beetle typically goes through two instars, the second instar is the longest stage of its entire development, taking up 39% of the overall development time. It takes 5.1 days +/- 0.1 on average for the first instar to develop into the second. The larval form of the insect will range in length from three millimeters to several centimeters. They have a membranous body with a limited amount of sclerotization around the head.
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In the next two years as more eggs hatch, the king and queen have a small colony, including a soldier and probably a dozen or so nymphs. Each termite has seven instars, which are different developmental stages after which they shed their skin and assumed different body forms. It can take about a year for the termite to go from egg to maturity. With time the females undergo physogastry – where the ovaries enlarge and the abdomen swells.
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With sufficient soil moisture eggs will swell in the first eight days to 2.1 mm in diameter, becoming nearly spherical. The eggs hatch within in 14 to 18 days at temperatures of 70 to 75 degrees F. The resultant larvae are 4.5 mm long. They move to the soil surface to begin feeding on roots and other organic matter. Under ideal conditions the larvae grow rapidly, up to 22–25 mm when maturing as third instars.
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The eggs will then hatch into larvae that will go through three instars (stages). Each one of these stages is separated by a molt. During a molt, the larvae shed its outer layer in order to accommodate for new growth that comes with increased consumption of food needed for energy stores. The first instar typically lasts for approximately 20 hours, while the second instar lasts for 16 hours followed by the third instar for 72 hours.
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Secondary control of the JH titre found in the haemolymph of the developing insect is metabolic inactivation of JH by JH-specific esterase and juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. During ecdysis the form of the old cuticle laid down before the next moult is controlled by the JH level in the insect. JH maintains a juvenile state. The level gradually decreases during the development of the insect, allowing it to proceed to successive instars with each molt.
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Definitive diagnosis can only occur with positive identification of the larvae. This involves radiologic imaging (preferably MRI, which can reveal larval migration tracks and in some cases the larvae themselves), as well as surgical exploration during which larvae can be removed and examined for identification. Identification of exact species is often impossible, as the instars of the various Cuterebra and Trychoderma spp. exhibit significant resemblance, but identification as a Cuterebra botfly is sufficient for diagnosis as cuterebriasis.
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Caterpillars linked together into a "train" Many caterpillars display feeding behaviors which allow the caterpillar to remain hidden from potential predators. Many feed in protected environments, such as enclosed inside silk galleries, rolled leaves or by mining between the leaf surfaces. Some caterpillars, like early instars of the tomato hornworm and tobacco hornworm, have long "whip-like" organs attached to the ends of their body. The caterpillar wiggles these organs to frighten away flies and predatory wasps.
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The caterpillars spin silk from their mouth with an '∞' motion of the head as they walk, this keeps them from falling from the smooth surface of the leaves. The silk also permits them to climb back to the plant should they fall. Strong rain makes them fall despite the silk. There are four instars, and the caterpillar stage lasts from two months in the warm season to two and a half to three months in the cold season.
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The life cycle of Speyeria zerene begin when the pink-tan colored eggs hatch. Females lay these eggs on the dried stems and debris of the blue violet (Viola adunca). The larvae, which have spikes on their backs and are dark in color, emerge in the spring. The larvae grow in six stages of development (instars) and feed on the violet until it is time for the larvae to pupate, which they do on the violet.
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Fire ants have been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies. In Lycaena rubidus, the larvae secrete a fluid that is high in sugar content. Fire ants bring the larvae back to the nest, and protect them through the pupal stage in exchange for feeding on the fluid. In Eurybia elvina, fire ants were observed to frequently construct soil shelters over later instars of larvae on inflorescences on which the larvae are found.
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Insects recorded visiting flower spikes include the European honey bee and ants. The swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) eats new shoots that grow from lignotubers after bushfire. One field study found 30% of seeds were eaten by insects between bushfires. Insects recovered from inflorescences include the banksia boring moth (Arotrophora arcuatalis), younger instars of which eat flower and bract parts before tunneling into the woody axis of the spike as they get older and boring into follicles and eating seeds.
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Plant pesticides, fly ash and lime have also shown promise as a natural pesticide. Another method utilized to suppress the population of O. arenosella is the augmentative release of pupal parasitoids. T. embryophagum, Trichogramma, Goniozus nephantidis and Bracon brevicornis are all known parasitoids of the species, and work by parasitizing the larvae at various instars. G. nephantidis and B. brevicornis both parasitoid wasps, parasitize third to seventh instar larvae, leading to the eventual shrivelling and death of the organism.
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The most typical examples of such organisms are the parasitoidal Hymenoptera, Diptera, Strepsiptera, and some other insects, as well as the copepod Monstrilloida. Usually such insects are holometabolous, which preadapts them for such a life history because it implies that their larval stage of life is distinct from the adult stage. There are however many other ranges of protelean organisms, such as early instars of certain species of mites that attack other Arthropoda.Welbourn, W. C. and O .
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All triatomine nymph instars and adults are haematophagous and require the stability of a sheltered environment, where they aggregate. Most species are associated with wild, nesting vertebrates and are named "sylvatic" triatomines. These live in ground burrows with rodents or armadillos, or in tree dwellings with bats, birds, sloths, or opossums. Few species (5%) live in human dwellings or in the surroundings of human houses (peridomicile) in the shelters of domestic animals, these are named "domestic" species.
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Cabbage looper larvae are a type of cabbage worm, green in color with a white stripe on the side. After hatching, they are white and hairy, but eventually turn green and lose the hair, leaving only a few bristles. They are identified by their looping behavior, in which they arch their body in a loop when they crawl. Larvae are generally 3–4 cm long, and can have four to seven instars within 9–14 days.
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The eggs are laid in clusters of up to 130 on the bark of mahogany trees in the genus Khaya such as the East African mahogany (Khaya anthotheca). The eggs are glossy and globular, about in diameter, and hatch in about six days. The larvae are solitary and move up the tree to feed on the foliage. The early instars feed on mature leaves by night, skeletonising them, and hide on the underside of the leaves by day.
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It is possible to separate five post-larval instars in both sexes. The last two being mature as they are in lithobiomorphs. Matures females may be aged by counting the number of whorls of sperm in their seminal receptacles. Since the cast receptacular linings remain intact with their openings facing the receptacular duct, sperm passing up this duct are likely to find their way into the old linings and will therefore become arranged in a number of whorls.
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In Australia, C. scylla has been recorded on various species of Senna, including S. didymobotrya, S. leptoclada and S. surattensis. In Singapore, host plants include Senna obtusifolia, Cassia fistula, and especially Senna pallida. The eggs are milky white and spindle shaped, and are usually laid singly on a leaf of the host plant. The eggs hatch after 1.5–2 days, and the caterpillars grow through five instars over 11–13 days, to reach a final length of .
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On hatching the larvae attach themselves to the host and begin to feed on its haemolymph which eventually results in the death of the host. The newly hatched larvae are about 0.28mm long and 0.11mm wide, they go through four instars and reach .14 mm long and 0.59 mm wide in their fourth instar. In the later stages of its growth the larval T. radiata will have totally excavated the body cavity of the host nymph.
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Lateral view After the adults have mated, the female lays eggs on the undersides of leaves of the host tree, usually near a fork in the veins. When the eggs hatch, the juveniles stay close together at first, only moving onto a new leaf at the fourth instar stage. They puncture the epidermis of the leaf with their mouth parts and suck sap. There are five instars, after which the nymphs undergo incomplete metamorphosis to become adults.
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SFS gives out awards annually to its members, including naming members as SFS Fellows. Recent SFS Fellows include Emily Bernhardt, Lucinda Johnson, Jennifer Tank, Valeria Souza, R. Jan Stevenson, Nancy Grimm, Mary Power, N. LeRoy Poff, Matt Whiles, Jeremy Monroe, Alan Covich, and Richard Hauer. The Instars mentoring program supports underrepresented groups in freshwater science. Students who are accepted into the program as mentees are assigned a graduate student mentor who helps them network at the Annual Meeting.
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Though several fossilised instars of Jaekelopterus howelli are known, the fragmentary and incomplete status of the specimens makes it difficult to study its ontogeny in detail. Despite this, there are some noticeable changes occurring in the chelicerae, telson and metastoma. Four of the J. howelli specimens studied by Lamsdell and Selden (2013) preserve the chelicerae in enough detail to allow for study of the denticles. Two of these chelicerae were assumed to come from juveniles and two were assumed to be from adults.
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During the development of morphological features while in the embryo, or embryogenesis, a cluster of cells grow underneath the ectoderm which later in development, after the lateral ectoderm has grown dorsally to form wind imaginal disc. An example of wing bud development in the larvae, can be seen in those of White butterflies (Pieris). In the second instar the histoblast become more prominent, which now form a pocket-like structure. As of the third and fourth instars, the histoblast become more elongated.
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The histoblast is developed near a large trachea, a cross-section of which is shown in, which represents sections of these parts of the first, second, third and fourth instars respectively. At the same time the tracheoles uncoil, and extend in bundles in the forming vein-cavities of the wing-bud. At the molt that marks the beginning of the pupal stadium stage, they become functional. At the same time, the larval tracheoles degenerate; their function having been replaced by the wing tracheae.
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It cuts the leaf from the edge towards the midrib. The part cut off is rolled up from the edge to form a cone on the underside of the leaf, then the larva continues to feed inside the cone. The larva passes two instars within this cone, or may changes the leaf to make another cone. When fully grown, the larva forms a whitish, spindle-shaped cocoon inside the cone, which has a small, round, semitransparent window on the side near the base.
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Feeding pattern of early instar Larvae can be found from April to June, with early instars initially feeding within a developing bud, perforating the leaf. As the bud opens, the leaf expands to show the distinctive feeding pattern. Later they feed in a spinning on another leaf. Field maple (Acer campestre) is also eaten and larvae have been found on greater stitchwort (Stellaria holostea), which indicates it will eat herbaceous plants if dislodged from its normal feeding place on elm.
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The mature female wasp seeks out adult female ladybirds, although they will sometimes oviposit into a male adult or larval instar. One egg is planted in the host's soft underbelly. The wasp larva hatches after 5–7 days into a first instar larva with large mandibles and proceeds to remove any other eggs or larvae before beginning to feed on the ladybird's fat bodies and gonads. The wasp larva inside the ladybird goes through four larval instars in 18–27 days.
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If only a few maggots are present, they can be removed by hand. Special techniques in removal include flushing the area with water to remove the maggots or using a delicate brush to retrieve young instars. For the health of the victim, all maggots should be removed, if possible. Although the maggots are often those that feed only on dead tissue and are probably not harming the human or animal, many species will feed on living tissue and cause damage.
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The different larval instars are fairly uniform in appearance. They have pinkish grey bodies with a maroon line down the dorsum, flanked by bluish green and regular reddish brown markings on the sides. The head is dark with yellow markings, while the neck and anal shields are likewise dark, but with a broad, yellow median line. The well-developed honey-gland is located on the seventh segment, and retractile white tubercles with protective spines are located on the eighth segment.
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This can be done by boiling the maggots, and then placing them in a 70% alcohol or 50% isopropyl alcohol. A sample of living specimens approximately 100 of each size or distinguishable species, should be kept in a maggot rearing container. It is important to keep the species and sizes separate to prevent cannibalism. Since 1st and 2nd instars can be delicate it may be necessary to remove them with a brush in the same manner discussed with the eggs.
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Redback spiderlings Spiderlings hatch from their eggs after about 8 days and can emerge from the egg sac as early as 11 days after being laid, although cooler temperatures can significantly slow their development so that emergence does not occur for months. After hatching they spend about a week inside the egg sac, feeding on the yolk and molting once. Baby spiders appear from September to January (spring to early summer). Male spiders mature through five instars in about 45–90 days.
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This bundle, located just above the anus, is called the supra-anal organ. All instar stages of the larva have the organ, and there is a specific number of hairs in it at each instar. The vibration of the organ is an antipredator adaptation that helps to repel predators such as pseudoscorpions (Chelifer sp.) and the parasitoid wasp Laelius pedatus. After progressing through six to thirty instars over 2 to 3 months, the larva pupates for 2 or 3 weeks.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. Young larvae mine directly into the middle layer of the parenchymal tissue of the leaf or leaflet. The mine made by the larvae of the first three instars is irregularly large blotchy or wide linear, and inter-parenchymal, with a few weak wrinkles on both the upper and lower surfaces. In the fourth instar, the larvae leave the mine for another leaf or leaflet, and roll it from the tip towards the underside.
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The underwings have a strong yellow band and in flight, the moth buzzes, appearing like a bee. The forewings are violet grey when fresh and have a "barklike pattern of swirling black lines" according to David Beadle and Seabrooke Leckie. At rest, they raise their abdomens and are well camouflaged on tree bark, looking like a broken branch (Wagner 2005). Early instars are a pale greenish white, with at first a horn, but later a brown knob near the hind end.
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Diamphidia nigroornata Adult females of Diamphidia nigroornata lay their eggs on the stems of Commiphora species and coat the eggs with their faeces which harden into a protective covering. As the larval instars develop, the pellets of their own faeces remain attached to their backs and posteriors.Chaboo CS, Grobbelaar E, Larsen A, Fecal Ecology in Leaf Beetles: Novel Records in the African Arrow-Poison Beetles, Diamphidia Gerstaecker and Polyclada Chevrolat (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) (2007) The Coleopterists Bulletin: Vol. 61, No. 2 pp.
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The later instars are green with irregular white, yellow or brown markings that run diagonally up/back from the bottom edge of the thorax to the 4th and 6th segments. After about four weeks, the larva may have reached a length of and be ready to pupate. The larvae are sometimes parasitised by other parasitic insects. Like other swallowtail butterflies, when disturbed, the caterpillar erects its bright red osmeterium from behind the head, releasing the smell of citrus, to drive predators away.
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Obscure mealybugs lay eggs all year long, and during winter, under the bark of trees and vines (though there is no true dormancy). These overwintering populations include individual mealybugs from all stages of development, but are dominated by eggs and first instars; overwinter mortality for young nymphs is high, but a few individuals (normally the ones quickest to hatch) will survive and feed on the first spring leaves. Mortality in non-overwintering generations is greatly decreased.Hamlet (2005), pp. 5–6.
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The larvae however, develop more slowly when compared to the larvae of the flies that arrive with S. nudiseta. Pupatation occurs even later with the larvae of the later arriving fly species. One more image of Synthesiomyia nudiseta The life cycle of S. nudiseta from egg to adult lasts anywhere between 22–30 days and includes 3 instars. The species survives best in room temperature and warm environments, the optimal range for survival is anywhere from 25-31 degrees Celsius.
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Newly hatched larvae will remain on a single plant, as they are not very mobile. After the 5th instar, they are more mobile and can move to another plant. Larvae dispersion appears to occur in a random fashion, so in order for the larvae to be successful, the plants need to be close together for them to find another plant. Intraspecific competition between larvae generally doesn't occur between the 1st and 2nd instars because they do not consume a lot.
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Calliphorid flies have three larval instars lasting 421 days in all. Larvae in the genus Calliphora can be characterized by being round in cross section, slightly raised posterior spiracles which are surrounded by 10 or more tubercles, complete peritremes, and an accessory oral sclerite. C. vicina, a close relative to C. livida, has larval growth estimated to be at . The minimum developmental temperature is approximately and 4700 accumulated degree hours (ADH) are required for development from the moment the egg hatches to pupation.
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The mating of S. monstrosus is short as they are compromised while mating and are susceptible to an attack by another member of their species, being that they are carnivorous. The life cycle of S. monstrosus includes 9 instars and takes roughly one year to complete. Eggs are laid at the bottom of the females burrow at an average depth of 14.05 cm and on average 23.10 eggs were laid. The females lay eggs where a newly hatched nymph can access food easily.
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The surface of hind intestine and rectum is greatly increased by deep longitudinal folds, presumably extracting water from the faeces. The hypopharynx is flanked by a pair of large salivary glands which open into its lumen. The mid-intestinal cells of early instars are already as differentiated as in mature stages, and the gizzard is of the same form, although with fewer serrations and hairs on the teeth. The malpighian tubules are relatively large until approximately the twelfth larval instar.
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Females lay up to 50 eggs which hatch after 2–5 days. Each generation lasts up to 10 days in the summer and up to 20 days in the winter, but it is active throughout the year. The animal goes through 4 pre-imaginal instars before reaching maturity. As well as the direct damage caused by this species, the hollows caused in affected fruit encourage infestation by other pests including the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri and the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae.
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Chapter 3. PTTH also stimulates the corpora allata, a retrocerebral organ, to produce juvenile hormone, which prevents the development of adult characteristics during ecdysis. In holometabolous insects, molts between larval instars have a high level of juvenile hormone, the moult to the pupal stage has a low level of juvenile hormone, and the final, or imaginal, molt has no juvenile hormone present at all.Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. 6.3 Process and Control of Moulting in The Insects: An Outline of Entomology.
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Other types of insect hibernacula include self-spun silk hibernacula, such as those made and used by spruce budworms as they moult and overwinter in their second instars. An example is the eastern spruce budworm which creates hibernacula after dispersing during its first instar then overwinter before emerging from the hibernacula in early May. Woolly bear caterpillars overwinter as caterpillars and grow to be isabella tiger moths. They use plant debris as makeshift hibernacula, to protect themselves from extreme elements.
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After dispersal, first-instar caterpillars create hibernacula preferably inside flower bracts and beneath bark scales. They then molt to the second instar without feeding and overwinter as second-instar larvae in diapause. The second-instar larvae emerge in early May and disperse to feed on seed, pollen cones, flower bracts, and needles at host trees, preferably the balsam fir. In June and July, larvae in third to sixth instars feed on current-year shoots then old foliage after the shoots are depleted.
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In unfavorable climatic periods, froghoppers can survive in the form of eggs. Eggs are white with an orange spot; this spot becomes darker and larger if the egg is fertilised, approximately 1mm long and 0.3mm wide. The larvae, also called nymphs, hatch after about 20 days and develop through five stages, known as instars. The larvae are well known for the self-generated foam nests which can be observed during spring in meadows (especially on cuckoo flowers, Cardamine pratensis, and broom, Genista, species).
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They tend to be lively and capable of active leaping and flight. The immature instars of some species camouflage themselves extremely effectively by gluing sand grains and similar particles to their backs, and so do the adults of a few species. They are not conspicuous and most species are physically small and occur patchily and in small numbers; these factors make them difficult to study and partly explain why there is a poverty of detailed knowledge of the biology of most species.
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Adult asparagus miners emerge in mid-May in the northern United States, and seek out recently planted asparagus fields that have gone to fern, which may be especially vulnerable to infestation by the fly. First generation adults peak in abundance during mid-June. After mating, females lay eggs at the base of asparagus stems at the soil surface level or just below. Upon hatching, maggots undergo three larval instars or stages before pupating underneath the stem of the asparagus plant.
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Pupation occurs after caterpillars reach a size threshold that is attained more quickly when caterpillars forage in groups. This is particularly important since delayed development to threshold increases the risks of predation and food depletion. However, as larvae proceed into the later instars, they become increasingly independent and by the fifth instar rarely form aggregations. This ontogenetic change in gregariousness results from an increase in the costs of maintaining grouping due to changes related to predation, thermoregulation, silk production, and foraging.
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This is called the "wheel" position. Eggs are laid in water or on vegetation near water or wet places, and hatch to produce pronymphs which live off the nutrients that were in the egg. They then develop into instars with approximately 9–14 molts that are (in most species) voracious predators on other aquatic organisms, including small fishes. The nymphs grow and molt, usually in dusk or dawn, into the flying teneral immature adults, whose color is not yet developed.
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C. textor nests can be found across a number of tree species in Brazil, and they're dominant species wherever they're found. These ants will aggressively defend their nests whenever disturbed, while workers will produce a fairly loud hissing sound through tapping inside their nest with their abdomens. They undergo four larval instars during their development, and will pupate inside a cocoon. The last larval instar, mature larvae produce the silk used in spinning their nests, being held from behind by other workers.
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Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families, incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant. These can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armor.
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Mating Adult females lay eggs singly on the undersides of host plant leaves. In the first two instars, the caterpillar is dark brown, almost black, with an irregular white band at its middle. After that, it becomes more green at each successive molt until, in the fifth (last) instar, it is predominantly green, with markings in black, orange, and light blue. Its major food plants are members of the carrot family, Apiaceae (including fennel), and also some members of the citrus family, Rutaceae.
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Adult female redbanded thrips live for about a month, during which time they lay up to fifty eggs which are produced by parthenogenesis. Each egg is deposited into the underside of a leaf, and covered by a drop of fluid which hardens into a protective black disc. After about four days, the eggs hatch into nymphs which have two instars. The nymphal period lasts for about nine days and is followed by two non-feeding stages, a pre-pupal and a pupal stage.
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The G. fuscipes larva in passes through three instars as it grows up to when the fully grown larva is dropped by a female fly. The larva has a mouth at the anterior end and two spiracles at the posterior end. Rather unusually, the larva spends most of its time and does all its feeding within the mother's body. Apart from food stored in the egg, the food supply for the three larval instar stages comes from the mother's milk gland.
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Older larvae feed on several species of softwood that younger larvae avoid, including cottonwood, hemlock, Atlantic white cypress, and pine and spruce species native to the east. The gypsy moth avoids ash trees, tulip-tree, American sycamore, butternut, black walnut, catalpa, flowering dogwood, balsam fir, cedar, American holly, and mountain laurel and rhododendron shrubs, but will feed on these in late instars when densities are extremely high. Larvae will climb up any object in their path in search of food.
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The larva completes five instars before pupating, developing over a period of around 10 to 12 weeks. The first instar larva has a black body with many hairs, and a dull black head. As the larva feeds on its host plant S. lanceolatum, it sequesters in its body sarmentosin from the plant, causing the larva to become distasteful to predators. Conspicuous yellow markings appear on the body after the second instar, warning off predators, as the larva stores higher levels of sarmentosin.
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There are four larval instars, and at the end of the 4th instar, the larvae will pupate. Adult mosquitoes will emerge between July and September in the United States . The life cycle of O. triseriatus is closely related to temperature and humidity, and this mosquito is very resistant to lower temperatures, allowing for successful diapause throughout the winter in the southern United States . In northern areas, only the eggs will survive the winter, but in more southern areas, overwintering eggs and diapausing larvae can coexist.
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There are five of these sub-stages in the life cycle of T. gerstaeckeri, called its five nymphal instars. The time of development for all stages is longer when temperatures are dropped. The average development time of egg through fifth instar for T. gerstaeckeri at 27 degrees Celsius is 213.9 days; with the temperature range from 18 to 30 degrees Celsius these same stages took an average of 361.9 days to develop. The highest percentage of nymphs molted when their blood meals were from mammals, particularly squirrels.
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C. perturbans complete four aquatic larval instars while pupal development ranges from a few hours to a few weeks depending on the climate present. If the climate consists of cold weather, this could lengthen the larval period several months. The pupal stage can range from a few hours to several weeks, depending on the climate of the environment. Approximately twenty-four hours after the adult is released from the pupal case, the wings have completed the hardening process and are fully expanded, enabling it to fly.
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Under typical conditions, these eggs hatch after a day, and remain in the female's brood pouch for around three days (at 20 °C). They are then released into the water, and pass through a further 4–6 instars over 5–10 days (longer in poor conditions) before reaching an age where they are able to reproduce. The asexually produced offspring are typically female. Towards the end of the growing season, however, the mode of reproduction changes, and the females produce tough "resting eggs" or "winter eggs".
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Eggs hatch only in the presence of water, and the larvae are obligately aquatic, linear in form, and maintain their position and mostly vertical attitude in water by movements of their bristly mouthparts. To swim, they lash their bodies back and forth through the water. During the larval stage, the insect lives submerged in water and feeds on particles of organic matter, microscopic organisms or plant material; after several instars it then develops into a pupa. Unlike the larva, the pupa is comma-shaped.
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Adult D. brevis overwinter hiding in cracks and crevices. In the spring, the adult female lays its eggs on suitable host trees near the developing buds while in the summer it inserts the eggs into plant tissues such as the midribs of leaves. The eggs hatch in two to three weeks and then pass through five nymphal instars. At , nymphal development takes about 25 days in the laboratory, and during this period, up to 400 eggs and nymphs of the pear psyllid (Psylla pyri) are consumed.
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The adult female Oriental migratory locust deposits a number of egg pods in the ground over the course of a few weeks. The sites selected include soft soils such as volcanic ash, alluvial soils and sand. Each pod contains between fifteen and a hundred eggs and most females lay from two to seven pods during the breeding season. The eggs hatch 10 to 24 days later and the nymphs develop through 5 or 6 instars, taking between 26 and 61 days to fully develop.
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C. rufifacies could have an impact in distorting post mortem intervals by eliminating primary maggots on a corpse, due to its facultatively predatory nature during the second- and third-instar larval stages. The facultatively predatory instars feed on other dipteran larvae as alternative food sources, especially in conditions where limited food supplies exist. Even undernourished larvae can successfully pupate and become healthy adults. Further altering of the post mortem interval can occur due to cannibalism, which occurs when the second-instar larvae consume the first-instar larvae.
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These volatiles act as chemical cues to attract predators and parasitoids of the herbivore feeding on the plant as a defensive measure. Female T. rapae are attracted to these signals and use them to identify the location of Delia larvae. Once attracted to the infested crops, T. rapae females may use antennal searching, ovipositor probing, or vibrotaxis to locate the Delia larvae buried within the plant and lay their eggs within them. Trybliographa rapae may parasitize any of the three larval instars of Delia.
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The emergence of A. bilineata is synchronized with the egg laying of Delia species since the first instars of A. bilineata may overwinter within the host pupae in order to emerge as adult in the warmer weather of spring. Competition occurs between A. bilineata and T. rapae, which has been shown to be harmful to both specimens, but particularly T. rapae. Aleochara bipustulata is another species of rove beetle that is a predator to Delia spp. however much smaller than that of A. bilineata.
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The nymphs then gather in large numbers around the base of new growth on the branches and feed. There are five stages (instars) of nymph: the first instar resembles a black spider with red eyes and white belly, while the second gains the red abdomen of the adult and has a more elongated body. Eurymela distincta has been recorded from Sydney and Bombala, New South Wales, Nunawading, Victoria, and Hobart, Tasmania. Adults generally hibernate over winter, though may come out on warm sunny days.
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In the second instar, the tubercles lack spines, the 4th tubercles are light red and on the other segments they are the same colour as the body. In the third instar, there is a white to pink saddlemark on the 4th segment. In the fourth and fifth instars, the ground colour is ashy grey to brown, the saddlemark on the 4th segment is white and the tubercles on the 4th segment are white. There may be saddlemarks on the 5th segment and the 6th segment.
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Wing buds of a nymph Immature termites on the sexual, or reproductive, line are called nymphs and can be distinguished from workers by the presence of wing buds. Under natural conditions, the work that they do in the nest is negligible compared to that done by workers. They can feed themselves, but there is debate over how long (over how many instars) they retain this ability. Alates (from the Latin ālātus, "having wings") are winged, sexually mature adults that are capable of dispersal and outbreeding.
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The time of development between instars to pupae to adult differs depending on temperatures. The mean duration of development, at constant pressure and 25 °C, between oviposition and hatching is 1.83 days. From first to second instar, approximately 2.92 days pass. About 6.17 days pass between the second and third instar, and 8.0 days between the third instar and the post-feeding stage. The wandering maggot takes around 9.67 days to reach the pupal stage. Lastly, emergence of this blowfly occurs about 15.83 days after pupation.
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The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather honeydew secretions. Large blue (Phengaris arion) caterpillars trick Myrmica ants into taking them back to the ant colony where they feed on the ant eggs and larvae in a parasitic relationship. Cryptic countershaded caterpillar of a hawkmoth, Ceratomia amyntor Caterpillars mature through a series of developmental stages known as instars. Near the end of each stage, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, mediated by the release of a series of neurohormones.
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It is thought the beetle, which as an adult feeds on the foliage of the plant, and its early instars, which eat the roots, derive a measure of protection from predators by incorporating toxins from the plant into their bodies, thereby becoming distasteful, much as the monarch butterfly and its larvae do. They feed by opening veins in the milkweed plant, decreasing the beetles' exposure to latex-like sap. When startled, the beetles make a shrill noise. When interacting with another beetle, they make a 'purring' noise.
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Diamphidia nigroornata Adult females of Diamphidia femoralis Gerstaecker and Diamphidia nigroornata (Stål) lay their eggs on the stems of Commiphora species and coat the eggs with their faeces which hardens into a protective covering. As the larval instars develop, the pellets of their own faeces remain attached to their backs and posteriors.Chaboo CS, Grobbelaar E, Larsen A, Fecal Ecology in Leaf Beetles: Novel Records in the African Arrow-Poison Beetles, Diamphidia Gerstaecker and Polyclada Chevrolat (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) (2007) The Coleopterists Bulletin: Vol. 61, No. 2 pp.
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Larval shape The larva of L. trifolii are unique from those of many other flies in their shape, as the body of L. trifolii larva does not taper at the head end. The larva are uniform in thickness at both their anterior and posterior ends but additionally have a pair of spiracles at the posterior end. They do not have legs and are initially clear in color, but gradually become yellow as they mature. The larval instars are differentiable by the lengths of the body and mouthparts.
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The beetles in this genus have ectoparasitic larvae, the first instar being a mobile planidium, which is adapted to locate suitable hosts. Later instars have a more typical beetle-grub morphology and are typically found under tree bark, feeding on cerambycid and buprestid woodboring beetle grubs. The final larval instar spins a silken cocoon in which to pupate: an unusual character among beetles. Which part of the larva secretes the silk has not been determined, and it could come from the mouth or from anal glands.
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Adults live for 55–110 days; after an initial feeding period of four weeks, females deposit up to seven egg packets at intervals. Each packet contains 30–70 eggs. The female inserts its ovipositor into the leaf stalk of the host plant to deposits the egg packet; the egg cases are large, measuring an average of . The eggs hatch after 25–30 days, and the nymphs feed on the leaves of the plant for about seven weeks, passing through six or seven instars, and causing much damage.
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S. analis prefers the nests of Colletes but has also been found in nests of bees of the genus Andrena. Only one triungilin is found per cell, if two occur then one kills the other. A few days layer, the triongulin metamorphoses into the secondary larva, developing a soft, thick body enabling it to float on the honey while it feeds on it. It continues to grow and after two instars it emerges as an obese larva which looks like a large white grub.
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Gynaephora is a genus of "tussock moths", also known as the Lymantriinae, within the family Erebidae. They are mainly found in the Holarctic in alpine, Arctic and Subarctic regions, and are best known for their unusually long larval development period. The life-cycle of Gynaephora groenlandica was once believed to take fourteen years, but subsequent studies reduced it to seven, still a very slow development rate that is extremely rare in the Lepidoptera. The caterpillars have five instars, with each instar lasting a year.
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These give rise to the first summer generation, in which final instar larvae mature between January and mid February. Second generation larvae reach maturity during March and April, and the adults from this generation provide third generation eggs. Normally, the rate of larval development is slowed considerably during the winter, particularly when temperatures approach freezing; thus the majority of larvae over-winter in the prolonged early juvenile phases of the second third, and fourth instars. During this period they normally feed on herbaceous plants.
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Pages 453-472 of: Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control (Van der Geest, L. P. S. and Evenhuis, H. H., eds) Vol 5. Elsevier Amsterdam . Early instars feed on tissue beneath the upper epidermis (surface layer) of leaves, while protected under self-constructed silken webs on the undersurface of leaves. Larger larvae migrate from these positions to construct feeding niches between adjacent leaves, between a leaf and a fruit, in the developing bud, or on a single leaf, where the leaf roll develops.
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Exuviae from a molt may seem like ghost insects. Russell R. Kirt Prairie, Illinois This large milkweed bug is a hemimetabolous insect, meaning it grows in stages called instars and goes through incomplete metamorphosis exhibiting small changes throughout development such as coloration changes, development of wings and genitalia. O. fasciatus begins as an egg and experiences four nymphal stages over 28–30 days before moulting to adulthood.Leslie, J.F., (1990) Geographical and genetic structure of life history variation in milkweed bugs (Hemiptera:Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus). Evolution 44(2):295-304.
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This insect is often used as a model organism and reared for laboratory experiments due to the insect being easy to rear and handle, short developmental time, few instars and a high fecundity.Liu, P., Kaufman, T.C. (2009) Morphology and husbandry of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Animal Behaviour 86(3): 651-657. The phylogenetic placement of O. fasciatus is ideal to use as an outgroup to make comparisons to more derived holometabolous insects, acting as a valuable organism for the study of evolutionary patterns.
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Once hatched, the larval stage of the Hercules beetle may last up to two years in duration, where it will go through 3 metamorphosis stages, also known as instars. The larvae have a yellow body with a black head. The larvae can grow up to in length and weigh more than 100 grams. In laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1°C, the first instar stage lasts an average of 50 days, the second stage an average of 56 days, and the third an average of 450 days.
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Six stages (instars) of development, from newly hatched nymph to fully winged adult Romalea microptera grasshoppers: female (larger) is laying eggs, with male in attendance. In most grasshopper species, conflicts between males over females rarely escalate beyond ritualistic displays. Some exceptions include the chameleon grasshopper (Kosciuscola tristis), where males may fight on top of ovipositing females; engaging in leg grappling, biting, kicking and mounting. The newly emerged female grasshopper has a preoviposition period of a week or two while she increases in weight and her eggs mature.
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Larval colours can vary from dull grey to brown, but contain black anterior setae. The black mountain ringlet larvae have five instars which take about a month each in pleasant summer temperatures, but can take up to eight months if it occurs over winter. For this reason the butterfly can stay in its larval stage for up to two years and can be found almost year-round in an instar stage. It was reported that, the small grass, Poa colensoi was a food source for these larvae.
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Mating pair of Clitarchus hookeri'Clitarchus hookeri are hemimetabolous, meaning that the nymphs grow through a series of six instars before a final moult into their adult stage. Adults are found during the summer months and are mostly active at night. During the day they hide among the branches of their host trees, before emerging at sunset to feed and mate. Females hang off the edge of branches feeding on the leaves of their host plant and signalling to males by releasing a mix of volatile chemicals.
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The adult Profenusa thomsoni is black and about in length and fly-like in appearance. The whitish larva has short legs, dark markings on the first segment of the thorax, and two black spots on each of the second and third segments. It develops inside a leaf blade, the egg usually being laid close to the midrib and the larva hollowing out a "blotch"-shaped cavity. There are six instars, the last stage taking place on the ground as the larva searches out a place to pupate.
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There are numerous NPVs, many of which were isolated from the cabbage looper or the alfalfa looper. NPVs vary in infectivity and virulence. For example, the AcMNPV isolates are more infectious than the TnSNPV isolates in the first instar, while the TnSNPV isolates produced more occlusion bodies, protein structures that protect the virus and increase long term infectivity. TnSNPVs are their most lethal during the third and fourth instars; they have detrimental effects such as delayed development, reduced egg production, and fewer hatched eggs.
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The larvae of both C. macellaria and C. hominivorax have cylindrical bodies tapering anteriorly with 10 or more robust spines around the spiracular area, incomplete peritremes, an indistinct or absent button, and bands of small spines on each segment. The C. hominivorax larvae have distinctly pigmented tracheal trunks. C. macellaria larvae do not have pigmented tracheal trunks; they have spines in a V shape on the anal protuberance and no oral sclerite. The mature third instars of both species' larvae can reach a length of 17 mm.
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The adult is defined as a sexually mature female or male, and has four pairs of legs. These similar stages (or instars) are in a sequence known as an incomplete metamorphosis. The potential reproductive capacity of a female mite is low compared to ticks because the eggs are large relative to the small female. However, the survival of larvae laid on their hosts or in nests of their hosts is high, and the life-cycle is short, so mite populations can expand rapidly under favorable conditions.
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The larva lives largely underground, and feeds on similar prey to the adult and has the same well-developed mandibles. It adopts the same display with open jaws and raised tail when threatened. The larva goes through three stages of growth (instars), the final stage ranging from 20 to 26 mm in length. Around 150 days old, the larva pupates for about 35 days and emerges as an adult with its final colouring, fully formed except for the wings which cannot be folded neatly beneath the elytra for several hours.
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Later instars are darker in colour and the third instar female exhibits wing pads for the first time. There are five times as many adult females as there are adult males but parthenogenesis has not been observed in this species.Life history studies on some Florida insects of the genus Archipsocus (Psocoptera) The adults are darker in color than the nymphs and are about three millimetres long.Beneficials in the Garden Not all adults have wings, but when they do, these are transparent and held in a tent- like position above the body.
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After hatching, the first instar is active and predatory and kills with its mandibles any other eggs or larvae it finds inside the cell, including those of its siblings, if present. The subsequent instars are more similar to those of other bees and focused mainly on feeding on the provisions before pupation. Little information is available regarding the plants that the adult Sphecodopsis prefers visiting. Where a floral record has been made, based on limited observations of only two species, the plant genera noted are Grielum, Helichrysum, Senecio, and Hemimeris.
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In the third and fourth instars, the larva which has been transformed into tissue-feeding type, feeds on the remaining tissues within the blotch-mine. The tissues are consumed by the fourth instar larva, thus the upper epidermis of the mining part is completely separated from the lower and turns pale or deep brown in colour. The fully matured mine is slightly contorted by larval silken threads into a tentiform one. The fifth instar larva leaves the mine and migrates to another leaf, which is usually located more distally on the branch.
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There are four instars in larval period, the first two are of sap-feeding type with a flat head, and the last two are of tissue-feeding type with a round head and a cylindrical body as in Aristaea species. First instar larva mine the lower layer of spongy parenchymal tissues and makes a short linear mine along the vein. A short time after it broadens the mine into a blotch. In the second instar, it continues to make a blotch-mine, which finally occupies a more or less full area between two branching veins.
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In these stages the mine occupies a thin layer just above the lower epidermis of the leaf and is whitish-green in colour. In the third and fourth instars, the larva feeds on the upper layers of the tissue within the blotch-mine made during the preceding instar. At the same time, it wrinkles up the lower epidermis of the leaf to form a tentiform mine. After the consumption of the tissues within the mine, the larva leaves the mine through a round exit hole to form a cocoon.
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The last larval instar lives in the cold winter months of June to August and is inactive and overwinters until warmer spring weather occurs. Because of individual variations in the duration of the larval instars, pupae too may overwinter. Cocoons are attached to wood and will only rarely be under stones if there is no other ground cover. Although the females are flightless and tend to stay in their cocoon to bred and lay eggs, some females, after they pupate, have been show to leave and move a short distance from their nest.
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This of course depends on air temperature and the ability of larvae to feed on carrion, until consuming enough calories to progress through the instar stages and pupate. Once this is achieved, third instars travel away from the corpse, usually into shallow soil and pupate. During this time, the larval skin which was initially milky white actually shrinks and hardens to form a dark brown puparium. This stage may last as long as 12 days, while some adults emerge in seven to eight days, again depending on temperature.
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Essentially all beetles lay eggs, though some myrmecophilous Aleocharinae and some Chrysomelinae which live in mountains or the subarctic are ovoviviparous, laying eggs which hatch almost immediately. Beetle eggs generally have smooth surfaces and are soft, though the Cupedidae have hard eggs. Eggs vary widely between species: the eggs tend to be small in species with many instars (larval stages), and in those that lay large numbers of eggs. A female may lay from several dozen to several thousand eggs during her lifetime, depending on the extent of parental care.
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With regard to coloration, the fifth instars show marked difference in their ground colour: some being more brownish and some more greyish. Pupa: The process of pupation takes about half a day and resulted in a greenish spindle-shaped pupa, well- camouflaged among the pointed leaves of the host plant. Initially, they are semi-transparent but later they become more opaque. The pupa has veins and lines similar to that of the leaves of the host plant, all veins ending at the pointed lower end of the pupa.
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Females mature through seven–eight instars in about 75–120 days. Males live for up to six or seven months, while females may live between two and three years. Laboratory tests have shown that redbacks may survive for an average of 100 days, and sometimes over 300 days without any food, those starved at 10 °C faring better than those kept without food at 25 °C. Spiders are known to reduce their metabolic rates in response to starvation, and can distend their abdomens to store large amounts of food.
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The later instars are nocturnal and leave their nest for foraging to remote sites an hour or two after sunset. They feed gregariously on the leaves of the host plant until the early hours of morning, and return to the nest before sunrise. The caterpillars in general spin silk whenever they walk, thus the trails that are commonly used are much thicker and stronger than trails that are less- frequented. When presented with alternate trail pathways, there is a strong preference to select for newer and stronger trails.
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Mothers lay their eggs in circular deposits on the abaxial (lower) side of leaves; eggs are "attached at a slight angle and covered with frass". The species goes through five instars in its life cycle, and the fifth instar and adult form were included as figures in Fink (1915). The developmental process from egg to adult takes about 20 days, the nymphal stage taking about 10 days. Fink noticed that the nymphs have spines, though he was not entirely sure why (more recent work has shed light on their function).
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The larvae develop in three stages, or instars. In the first instar, it is difficult to determine the dispersion of the spines due to some segments not being pigmented. The second through ninth segments each have a full set of spines as anterior borders. However, the color starts to change in the eighth and ninth segments: segment 8 has lighter colored spines and the ninth segment's spines are practically void of color. The spines are reduced to one or two rows in segment 9, but segment 10 has several rows that are lightly colored.
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Webs are progressively enlarged and much messier looking than those of tent caterpillars (which occur only in spring and have shorter hairs and very little yellow on their bodies); also, webs from the fall webworm are concentrated to the tips of the branches, whereas the tent caterpillar webs are largely found in the unions. Larvae feed inside the tents until the late instars. Very young larvae feed only on the upper surfaces of leaves; later, they consume whole leaves. The larval stage lasts about four to six weeks.
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Females lay their eggs in either developing and healthy fruits or in mature and rotten fruit (like the A. suspensa). The vast majority of species use their ovipositor to deposit the eggs in the edible part of the fruit (either the epicarp or mesocarp), and some species such as A. hamata and A. intermedia lay the eggs in the seed. Eggs can be laid in one or a group of eggs per oviposition, and it could vary among species. After the egg hatches inside the fruit, larvae complete three larval instars.
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On Ellesmere Island the females typically lay their eggs in a mass on or in their cocoon, although they sometimes lay their eggs on the ground or on vegetation around the cocoon. This species spends the vast majority of its life as a late larval instar; its early larval and adult stages represent only 6% of its full life cycle. It is the later instars which experience multiple annual periods of diapause. During this dominant stage of their lives (from the third to sixth instar phases), G. greenlandica moult annually.
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The only study done on L. hochenwartii so far showed that, as is the case in most specialised cave Leptodirini, females lay a small number of relatively large eggs which take a long time to develop. The number of larval instars is reduced to only one, and the larvae do not feed before moulting. The maximum period of activity of adults is still unknown. As usual in troglobites, environmental stability and the absence of sunlight have brought about the loss of circadian rhythm, whereas seasonal rhythm is affected by rainfall patterns.
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The juveniles ride on the female's back and undergo their first molt at eight days of age. A study of captive scorpions revealed the length of their life cycle. The juveniles progress through instar stages, sometimes dying of complications with the molting process. The female reaches maturity in roughly 300 days, after seven instars, but the males mature at different rates. Some reach sexual maturity in the sixth instar, at about 235 days of age, while some are not mature until the seventh instar, around 281 days old.
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There are four longitudinal rows of round spots – two dorsal and two lateral rows on each side. All the spots in the lateral rows and those on the first two segments and the last three segments are yellow. There is a pair of small tentacles on the second segment and a pair of tubercles on the twelfth segment. In the third and fourth instars the basic morphology remains the same except that the caterpillar grows in length and thickness, the tentacles elongates and the white spots gradually turn yellow on all segments.
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The instars are separable by examining the posterior spiracles, or openings to the breathing system. The larvae use proteolytic enzymes in their excreta (as well as mechanical grinding by mouth hooks) to break down proteins on the livestock or corpse on which they are feeding. Blow flies are poikilothermic – the rate at which they grow and develop is highly dependent on temperature and species. Under room temperature (about 20 °C), the black blow fly Phormia regina can change from egg to pupa in 150–266 hours (six to 11 days).
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Later instar nymphs have a pair of orange spots in the middle of the upper surface of abdomen, and wing pads in later instars are marked with orange. The species is polyphagous, and has been recorded feeding on a variety of native and introduced plants such as eucalypts, wattles, orchard trees such as citrus, and cultivated crops including grape, pawpaw, cowpea, tomato, beans, acacia and green gram. Although it is a minor pest of citrus and wattles it is considered a helpful biological control agent against the weed Mimosa pigra.
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Timema eggs are soft, ellipsoidal, and about two mm long, with a lid-like structure at one end (the operculum) through which the nymph will emerge. Timema females use particles of dirt, which they have previously ingested, to coat their eggs. The eggs of many stick insects, including Timema, are attractive to ants, who carry them away to their burrows to feed on the egg's capitulum, while leaving the rest of the egg intact to hatch. The emerging nymph passes through six or seven instars before reaching adulthood.
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Once established inside the hosts, the larvae feed on them, passing through second and third instars before pupation occurs. Larval development for tachinids may take between one and three weeks to complete, and the death of the host does not usually occur until the final stage, when the fly is ready to emerge for pupation. As such, Senostoma are considered koinobiont parasitoids, as they co-exist with a living, functional host during development and avoid feeding on vital organs or other critical tissues until it is necessary for their continued growth.
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Musso (1983) described the feeding behavior of the larvae of Machimus rusticus and its evolution during postembryonic development : in particular, the larvae of the first instar does not feed on insects, those of the second instar feed on secretions by larvae of beetles (and may cause death), while the larvae of the third and fourth instars actually behave like predators. In short, the feeding behavior of larval asilids can configure as intermediate between predation and ectoparasitism. An asilidae fly with captured housefly. Much better known and described in detail is the behavior of adults.
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Larvae have the typical scarabaeiform characteristics, C-shaped bodies generally a creamy white. They feed on roots in the soil, often deep beneath the host plant. Details of the larval stage are only known for some species; they have nine or more instars, and may take up to 13 years to mature. After a late summer pupation, adults of both sexes dig their way to the surface, emerging around the onset of the fall/winter rainy season typical of, for instance, California's climate; some species are active as late as early spring.
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The color of the larvae also varies from greenish to beige, brown, or gray, with most larvae having dark, circular spots that extend over the entire body. From the first instar to the third instar, the head capsule will appear black, but later instars have a light brown head capsule with various black sculpturation. At the first instar, the head capsule is 0.19–0.23 mm wide, growing to 1.23–2.21 mm by the last instar. The length of whole larvae is at the first instar and at the last instar.
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5th instar setae and red coloration As larvae, E. lanestris exhibits a number of characteristics in their behavior, as well as their anatomy, that provide them protection from predators. These predator defense mechanisms include larvae's synchronous foraging behavior, which decreases individual risk of predation when they leave the safety of their tent. By traveling in large groups, individual caterpillars become more difficult to be singled out by predators. Additionally, the development of red coloring and setae containing a chemical irritant during later instars allows for additional protection from predation.
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Ommatospila narcaeusalis, adult Rhectothyris gratiosalis, adult Syllepis hortalis, adult Recorded food plants of Hydririni larvae are predominantly Sapindaceae: Allophylus psilospermus, A. racemosus, Paullinia bracteosa, P. costaricensis, P. faginea, P. fuscescens, P. grandifolia, P. turbacensis, Serjania atrolineata, S. mexicana, S. rhombea, S. schiedeana, S. valerioi, and Urvilea ulmacea. A single case of feeding on the Fabaceae, Senna obtusifolia is recorded for a Costa Rican specimen of Lamprosema, and the young larvae of Hydriris ornatalis feed on the leaf undersides of Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) and related plants, whereas older larval instars skeletonize the leaves.
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These are laid in batches each having two neat rows of seven eggs, on the underside of leaves and on the stems of the host plant, or sometimes on weeds. The eggs take six to twenty eight days to hatch and the nymphs moult five times while they feed on the leaves, stems and ears of cereal crops for the next twenty to forty five days. They grow fastest at an air temperature of . The second and third instars have a pale abdomen and dark head and thorax.
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The thorax bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. The wings are long, veined, and membranous, narrower at the tip and wider at the base. The hindwings are broader than the forewings and the venation is different at the base. The veins carry haemolymph, which is analogous to blood in vertebrates and carries out many similar functions, but which also serves a hydraulic function to expand the body between nymphal stages (instars) and to expand and stiffen the wings after the adult emerges from the final nymphal stage.
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Its vapour alone can kill them. Some birds select nesting material rich in anti-microbial agents that may protect themselves and their young from harmful infestations or infections. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) preferentially select and line their nests with wild carrot (Daucus carota); chicks from nests lined with this have greater levels of haemoglobin compared to those from nests which are not, although there is no difference in the weight or feather development of the chicks. Laboratory studies show that wild carrot substantially reduces the emergence of the instars of mites.
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Caterpillar Pupa The moth is up to long, with shiny, bright brown forewings with thin, silvery white stripes. The hindwings are dark grey with long fringes. Each female moth lays between 20 and 40 eggs singly on the upper surface of leaves, and once these hatch 2–3 weeks later, the larvae develop through five feeding phases (or instars) and two prepupal (spinning) phases before the pupal phase. The first stage creates a small cavity (or mine) parallel to a vein in the leaf and is "sap-sipping" rather than "tissue- feeding".
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By the third instar, the larva creates a mine approximately 8mm in diameter; this is further expanded by later instars until one mine can cover several square centimeters. The larva starts to pupate around four weeks after the egg hatches and, except when hibernating as a pupa in the mine, the adult emerges around two weeks later. In severe infestations, the mines of individuals can merge and almost the entire leaf area may be utilised. When this occurs it may lead to high moth mortality as the larvae compete for space and food.
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Adult male and nymph shown from dorsal and ventral views Like other Coreidae the dock bug has an annual life cycle consisting of an egg followed by five successive nymphal instars before becoming an adult. It overwinters as an adult and copulates in the typical heteropteran back-to-back position, laying large brown eggs between late May and early July. The eggs take around 3 to 4 weeks to hatch. The young nymphs will feed on leaves and stems while the older nymphs, like the adults, feed on seeds.
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To avoid predation despite its conspicuous appearance, the larva develops strong spines along its body. The larvae have a continuous white marking along their backs to mimic bird droppings. In its final instar, the white colouration disappears but the spines persist. Three possibilities describing why spines may develop during later instars are as follows: smaller larvae cannot sustain the spines, larger larvae benefit more from spines as their predators shift from invertebrates to vertebrates, or because an effective spine pattern cannot be achieved upon the surface area of the smaller larvae.
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In some species the egg is possibly laid into the tunnel of the host if the host itself can not be reached, and the orussid larva itself crawls to the host. On its way to the host it may gnaw through the wood shavings left by the host. It has been disputed whether this material contributes to the nutrition of the larva. At least in Guiglia schauinslandi, the larva lives externally for its first two instars and then enters the putrid(?) liquid in the dead host, where it remains until the adult emerges.
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Planidia and larva of a parasitoid wasp of the Perilampidae Meloid beetle Meloid beetle in opportunistic phoresy on a male solitary bee, Andrena carlini, awaiting contact with a female, whose nest they then could invade. A planidium is a specialized form of first-instar insect larva, seen in a few families of insect species that have parasitoidal ways of life. Planidial instars generally are flattened, highly sclerotized, have functional legs or other means of locomotion, and are quite mobile. In some species planidia have eyes, in others not.
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The Mo sawfly deposits eggs under the epidermis of the leaf, in two rows on either side of the midrib. The incubation period depends on the temperature – it may range from 3 days at 28 °C to 26 days at 16 °C. As the eggs develop, they increase in size, as do the eggs of other sawflies, by absorbing water from the leaf. The larvae pass through five instars in the male and six in the female. The larval period ranges from about 17 days at 24 °C to 32 days at 19 °C.
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These winged soybean aphids begin the spring migration to their secondary host, soybean. Soybean aphids go through approximately 15 generations on soybean, all of which are primarily composed of apterous females produced through viviparous parthenogenesis. Each generation passes through 4 instars and can range from 2 to 16 days in length, with higher temperatures increasing development and decreasing generation time. Soybean plants Feeding by soybean aphids injures soybean by interfering with photosynthetic pathways—more specifically, biological mechanisms responsible for restoring chlorophyll to a low energy state are impaired.
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At or more, the eggs start to develop immediately, the nymphs hatching after approximately 40 to 85 days (again depending on the temperature). At colder conditions, the eggs enter diapause, which is a delay in development and can result in the eggs remaining buried for up to five years (mostly two to three). After hatching, which occurs around May, the nymphs go through six or seven instars before attaining sexual maturity, and live for four to six months after that. Saga pedo is also uncommon in that it mostly reproduces asexually, with parthenogenesis.
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Springtails moult throughout their life and in this species, feeding and reproductive instars alternate. When circumstances are adverse (dry conditions, low temperatures), the reproductive phases can be postponed until conditions improve, at which time the start of reproductive activity is synchronised across the population; this is a successful strategy, the population surge allowing this species to make the most of the available resources. Orchesella cincta has a high metabolic rate and a high fertility rate and is more mobile than many species; it is more likely to spread into new habitats such as the foliage of plants and crevices in trees.
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Caterpillar on Asteraceae plant Local folklore of the American Northeast and the American South hold that "woolly bears" (or "woolly worms" in the South) help humans predict the weather, similar to the groundhog. The forthcoming severity of a winter may be indicated by the amount of black on the Isabella tiger moth's caterpillar—the most familiar woolly bear in North America. More brown than black is said to mean a mild winter, while more black than brown is supposed to mean a harsh winter. However, the relative width of the black band varies among instars, not according to weather.
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The larvae of the common brimstone undergo five instars, initially having a length of 1.7 mm in the first instar and reaching up to 34.9 mm in length when fully grown. The caterpillars have a green colouration with white hairs and dark tubercules across its length. When they first hatch, they move to the top side of the leaves and eat them, leaving characteristic hole patterns in their host plants. During the day, they feed and then rest in the open, lying still on the midrib of leaves, where their colouration makes them difficult to distinguish.
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Ticks pierce the skin of their hosts with specialized mouthparts to suck blood, and they survive exclusively by this obligate method of feeding. Some species of mites may be mistaken for larval ticks at infestations on animal hosts, but their feeding mechanisms are distinctive. All ticks have an incomplete metamorphosis: after hatching from the egg, a series of similar stages (instars) develops from a six-legged larva, to eight-legged nymph, and then a sexually developed, eight- legged adult. Between each stage is a molt (ecdysis), which enables the developing tick to expand within a new external skeleton.
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Females lay eggs in clusters of between 30 and 200 which adhere to surfaces with a gelatin-like glue. These hatch between four and ten days later into near- microscopic white caterpillars which immediately begin to feed. They will also spin mats under which to feed without being readily noticed and from which they will partially emerge at night or under dark conditions to acquire food. Development to the next stage takes place through between five and 45 instars typically over the course of between one month and two years until the pupal stage is reached.
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Dark brown frass is plastered on the central part of the lower wall of the mine-gallery. In the first four instars the larva is flat and of the sap-feeding type, while in the last instar it is cylindrical and of the tissue-feeding type, but never feeds on the tissue consisting of lower parenchyma cells. At full maturity it cuts a semicircular hole at a corner of the mine through the upper epidermis, and then leaves the mine through the hole to pupate. It spins an oval or ellipsoidal cocoon at an edge of the contracted leaf.
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The horn fly undergoes complete metamorphosis, and has four major stages of development: The first stage is the egg, which is laid in fresh feces, and hatches quickly. The resulting larval (maggot) stage, which consists of three larval instars (wingless), develops quickly and can last as little as four days. This is followed by the still immature pupa stage (also wingless) which lasts around six to eight days and finally the mature, winged adult stage. Generational time may be as little as 10 days under ideal conditions, but under less favorable circumstances can average between 14 and 18 days.
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Calliphoridae eggs, like C. mortuorum eggs, usually hatch twenty-four to forty-eight hours after being laid. These specimens, once hatched, undergo three instars in their larval stage, which can take anywhere from four to twenty-one days. Another three to fourteen days account for the blow fly’s pre-pupae stage, and, finally, the pupae stage can take an additional three to twenty days. Depending on certain variables, a forensic entomologist can pinpoint which stage of development a C. mortuorum is in, and how long it and the carcass it is feeding on have been there.
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After copulation, the female may remove or eat the spermatophore; males may attempt to prevent this with various ritualised behaviours. The female may mate on several occasions with different males. Various instars of Gryllus assimilis, by Robert Evans Snodgrass, 1930 Most crickets lay their eggs in the soil or inside the stems of plants, and to do this, female crickets have a long, needle-like or sabre-like egg-laying organ called an ovipositor. Some ground-dwelling species have dispensed with this, either depositing their eggs in an underground chamber or pushing them into the wall of a burrow.
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Morphologically speaking, adult Delia flies resemble the common housefly and species possess subtle differences in size, colouring, and location and length of bristles throughout the body. Furthermore, male and female flies experience minor sexual dimorphism. The larvae of Delia have three larval instar stages, and the morphology of the larval tubercles and spiracles are used to differentiate between species. As the larvae of Delia flies attach and feed on various plant parts, each of their three larval instars have a specialized respiratory system to facilitate survival within the aqueous and acidic environment of the putrefying host plant.
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Aleochara bilineata is a rove beetle within the Staphylinidae family. The adult specimens are a dominant predator of the eggs and larvae of D. radicum, D. platura, D. floralis, and D. planipalis. Additionally, the first instar larvae of A. bilineata are ectoparasites of the Delia pupae. Female A. bilineata will oviposit near the roots of the cruciferous crops, where Delia larvae are most likely to be found, and once the eggs hatch, the parasitic instars will chew an entrance hole on the vulnerable puparial wall wherein it will feed on the pupae within and undergoes two more instar stages before pupating.
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Isothiocyanates are chemical compounds that can be toxic to pathogenic fungi which can result in inhibition of germination and growth. Studies have suggested that isothiocyanates can cause fungicidal activity by directly interacting with the fungal spores or indirectly through a three- trophic-level interaction mediated by the host insect. Studies of laboratory experiments have observed that Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus are all pathogenic to the second and third larval instars of D. radicum and D. floralis. Metarhizium anisopliae affects larvae directly exposed during application and larvae that came into contact with the fungus in the soil post-application.
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Many G. groenlandica caterpillars perish during development due to parasitoids, namely the tachinid fly Exorista thula and the ichneumonid wasp Hyposoter diechmanni. Exorista thula was described from Ellesmere Island in 2012 and is a solitary parasitoid; on the island it killed roughly 20% of the third and fourth instars of its host. Despite occurring together with the closely related Gynaephora rossii here, Exorista thula is only known to attack G. groenlandica, whereas Chetogena gelida is host specific to G. rossii. In general, more than two thirds of Gynaephora are killed by parasitoids, and parasitism in G. groenlandica causes more than 50% mortality.
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The white- bodied larvae of L. coeruleiviridis develop in three stages, called instars. In each instar, the larva grows larger and larger. Its only function in this stage is eating until the final growth stage to adult fly. The marked differences between each instar are seen in the spiracles of the maggot on the posterior end. During the first instar, the larva has “Y-V” shaped spiracles. The second instar can be characterized by the shape of the spiracles increasing in size as well as number in that the “Y-V” orientation becomes 2 distinct slits on each side.
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Larval behaviour: The first and second instars of the larva show the strange behaviour of 'silk diving' – the caterpillar simply falls down, when alarmed, and hangs on its own silk thread – a protective, predator-avoidance strategy shown by some of the Nymphalids but unknown in any of the danaids. As the caterpillar matures, however, they seldom show this behaviour. (There was no nipping of the midrib before feeding.) Pupa: Pupa is green with shining silvery and black spots. It hangs freely from the underside of a leaf or twig, appearing very similar to that of plain tiger Danaus chrysippus.
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Larvae of the question mark butterfly, like all lepidopteran larvae, mature through a series of stages called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, in which the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva moults the old cuticle, and the new cuticle expands, before rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.
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Among the clonal population of these aphids there may be a number of distinct morphs and this lays the foundation for a possible specialisation of function, in this case, a defensive caste. The soldier morphs are mostly first and second instars with the third instar being involved in Eriosoma moriokense and only in Smythurodes betae are adult soldiers known. The hind legs of soldiers are clawed, heavily sclerotised and the stylets are robust making it possible to rupture and crush small predators. The larval soldiers are altruistic individuals, unable to advance to breeding adults but acting permanently in the interests of the colony.
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Not all lycaenid butterflies need ants, but about 75% of species associate with ants, a relationship called myrmecophily. These associations can be mutualistic, parasitic, or predatory depending on the species. In some species, larvae are attended and protected by ants while feeding on the host plant, and the ants receive sugar-rich honeydew from them, throughout the larval life, and in some species during the pupal stage. In other species, only the first few instars are spent on the plant, and the remainder of the larval lifespan is spent as a predator within the ant nest.
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The first instars of most species of scale insects emerge from the egg with functional legs, and are informally called "crawlers". They immediately crawl around in search of a suitable spot to settle down and feed. In some species they delay settling down either until they are starving, or until they have been blown away by wind onto what presumably is another plant, where they may establish a new colony. There are many variations on such themes, such as scale insects that are associated with species of ants that act as herders and carry the young ones to protected sites to feed.
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Eclosion of Papilio dardanus After about five to seven instars, or molts, certain hormones, like PTTH, stimulate the production of ecdysone, which initiates insect molting. The larva starts to develop into the pupa: body parts specific to the larva, such as the abdominal prolegs, degenerate, while others such as the legs and wings undergo growth. After finding a suitable place, the animal sheds its last larval cuticle, revealing the pupal cuticle underneath. Depending on the species, the pupa may be covered in a silk cocoon, attached to different types of substrates, buried in the ground, or may not be covered at all.
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Eggs are laid in suitable dry materials, and if kept in the temperature range , hatch in about a week. There are normally six instars, and some mature larvae enter an active diapause, especially in cooler habitats, and may remain in the larval state for two years. Non-diapausing larvae pupate near the surface of the foodstuff about seven weeks after the eggs were laid; the pupation period lasts about four days, and the new adults rest for two to seven days before emerging from the last larval skin. Longevity for males is nine days at and several weeks under cooler conditions.
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The eggs hatch in about a week and the white, legless larvae eat their way through the stem tissues, creating tunnels up to in length. Having passed through five or six instars over a period of up to 106 days, the larvae pupate in the stem, with the adults emerging about twelve days later. There is a single generation each year and the adults overwinter inside the dead potato haulms or the stems of other members of the Solanaceae such as Solanum carolinense. Few enemies of this weevil have been identified, but it is sometimes parasitised by the braconid wasp, Nealiolus curculionis and less frequently by the chalcid wasp, Eurytoma tylodermatis.
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Chrysalis of orange oakleaf In the Himalayas, the butterfly is multivoltine and flies from April to October. Kehimkar (2009) records the butterfly on the wing in India from April to December. In Chongqing one generation has been recorded as taking about 50 days from egg to imago. The egg period lasted about 6 days, the larval period 36 days, and involved 5 to 6 instars (usually 5) and with the pupation lasting about 10 days. The caterpillars bred successfully at temperatures of and relative humidity of 48 to 98%. The larval period could be reduced from 36 days in natural conditions to 16.8 to 23 days in captive breeding.
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The larval stage is broken up into three instars; and, each instar has 12 segments. The first instar is about 1.87 to 2.13 mm in length, and has complete anterior spinal bands on segments 2 through 8 and complete posterior bands on segments 7 through 11. Also, the skeleton of this instar has a lateral plate on which the narrowest portion is smaller than the length of the mouth hook; this is the same for the second instar. The second instar, however, is 2.74 to 3.75 mm in length, and has complete anterior spinal bands on segments 2 through 9 and complete posterior segments on segments 8 through 11.
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The female lays an average of 210 eggs and a recorded maximum of 368 eggs near fresh corpses and often during daylight hours. After the eggs have been laid, the first-instar larva of the insect emerges from the egg about 26 hours later at a temperature of 29 °C. A total of three larval instars are involved in the lifecycle of the species, and the entire larval development stage takes 2.5 days at a temperature of 29 °C. The larvae are capable of regulating their body temperature by moving to a different position in the maggot mass to maintain a preferred developmental temperature.
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C. rufifacies has been used successfully in maggot therapy to treat patients with osteomyelitis, a microbial infection of the bone. C. rufifacies can be a vector for enteric pathogens in countries such as India and Australia, specifically, if it enters homes due to its attraction to feces, fruits, meats, and refuse. Multiple pathogens such as Bacillus bacteria, roundworms, and pinworms have been recovered from the alimentary canal and feces of C. rufifacies. The late instars of the species are beneficial medically by acting as predators of maggots of pathogen-transmitting and myiasis-producing flies; thus, the larvae can be used as beneficial and effective biological control agents.
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Female moths "lay" their eggs by scattering them during flight; up to 10,000 eggs are released at once. Larvae then hatch from the eggs in the leaf litter on the forest floor and begin tunnelling, in search of suitable host roots. The number of instars and the period of the larval stage is yet unknown, with field observations suggesting a larval stage of more than eighteen months. An adult Abantiades latipennis, possibly a female, photographed in Austins Ferry, Tasmania The phytophagous larvae of A. latipennis feed primarily on the root systems of two species of tree, Eucalyptus obliqua (messmate stringybark) and Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash).
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Modern mayflies have eliminated all the instars between imago and nymph, except the single instar called subimago, which is still not (at least not in the males) fully sexually mature. The other flying insects with incomplete metamorphosis (Exopterygota) have gone a little further and completed the trend; here all the immature structures of the animal from the last nymphal stage are completed at once in a single final moult. The more advanced insects with larvae and complete metamorphosis (Endopterygota) have gone even further. An interesting theory is that the pupal stage is actually a strongly modified and extended stage of subimago, but so far it is nothing more than a theory.
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Neonetic reproductives can experience two different phenotypes, one with wings and one without. If neonetics are winged they will fly away from the parental colony, pair up and form a new colony, but if they are wingless they will remain within the parental colony. The different developmental routes taken by these two morphs are usually dependent upon food availability in the colony, or varying levels of parasitism within the colony. The caste into which any particular nymph will develop begins to become apparent among the late instars; at this time, potential reproductives will begin to show an increase in the size of the gonadal region.
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P. apterus was the subject of an unexpected discovery in the 1960s when researchers who had for ten years been rearing the bugs in Prague, Czechoslovakia attempted to do the same at Harvard University in the United States. After the 5th larval instar, instead of developing into adults, the bugs either entered a 6th instar stage, or became adults with larval characteristics. Some of the 6th instars went on to a 7th instar, but all specimens died without reaching maturity. The source of the problem was eventually proven to be the paper towels used in the rearing process; the effect only happened if the paper towels were made in America.
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The bright colours of both the larvae and the moths act as warning signs, so they are seldom eaten by predators. An exception is among different species of cuckoo which eat hairy and poisonous caterpillars including cinnabar moth larvae. Females can lay up to 300 eggs, usually in batches of 30 to 60 on the underside of ragwort leaves. When the caterpillars (larvae) hatch they feed on and around the area of the hatched eggs but as they get bigger and moult (instars) they mainly feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant, and can be seen out in the open during the day.
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Additional species seen in The Banksia Atlas survey include white-eared honeyeater (Lichenostomus leucotis), white-plumed honeyeater (Lichenostomus penicillatus), crescent honeyeater (Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera), noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), and species of friarbird for B. ericifolia var. ericifolia and brown honeyeater (Lichmera indistincta), tawny- crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops) and black-faced cuckoo-shrike (Coracina novaehollandiae) for B. ericifolia var. macrantha. Insects recovered from inflorescences include the banksia boring moth (Arotrophora canthelias), younger instars of which eat flower and bract parts before tunneling into the rachis as they get older and boring into follicles and eating seeds. This tunneling itself damages the architecture of the spike and prevents seed development.
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However, these planarians are a serious threat to native snails and should never be used for biological control. A study in La Plata, Argentina, shows the potential for planarians such as Girardia anceps, Mesostoma ehrenbergii, and Bothromesostoma evelinae to reduce populations of the mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. The experiment showed that G. anceps in particular can prey on all instars of both mosquito species yet maintain a steady predation rate over time. The ability of these flatworms to live in artificial containers demonstrated the potential of placing these species in popular mosquito breeding sites, which would ideally reduce the amount of mosquito-borne disease.
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Depending on their species, planidial larvae either wait for a passing host or actively seek one out. In many species the planidia depend on phoresy to gain access to the actual host life stage. For instance they may ride on the adult form of the host or on an intermediate vector that might carry them to where their later instars might feed till they are ready for pupation. Typically such a planidium then enters the body of the host larva, but some of the species attack host eggs -- for example some Meloidae feed on the subterranean egg pods of grasshoppers and locusts, and Mantispidae feed on egg purses of spiders.
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Once the host worm begins to decompose and is no longer useful to the larvae, the larvae can either leave to find another host or move to a less decomposed section further down on its host worm. If a first instar larva decides to move to another host, it must penetrate its new host quickly in order to survive. Towards the end of the first instar stage and into the second and third instar stages, the larvae are able to survive longer separations from their hosts. Usually, the first and second instars act as internal parasites while the third instar can parasitize the host and feed on the surface of the host.
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Many of these larvae retract their heads into their thorax. Life cycle of stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, showing eggs, 3 larval instars, pupa, and adult Some other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the Nematocera and the Brachycera. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots, but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general.
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Gypsy moth larvae prefer oak trees, but may feed on many species of trees and shrubs, both hardwood and conifer. In the eastern US, the gypsy moth prefers oaks, aspen, apple, sweetgum, speckled alder, basswood, gray, paper birch, poplar, willow, and hawthorns, amongst other species. The gypsy moth avoids ash trees, tulip-tree, cucumber tree, American sycamore, butternut, black walnut, catalpa, flowering dogwood, balsam fir, cedar, American holly, and mountain laurel and rhododendron shrubs, but will feed on these in late instars when densities are extremely high. Older larvae feed on several species of softwood that younger larvae avoid, including cottonwood, hemlock, Atlantic white cypress, and pine and spruce species native to the east.
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Although physical characteristics and sizes at various instars have been used to estimate fly age, a more recent study has been conducted to determine the age of an egg based on the expression of particular genes. This is particularly useful in determining developmental stages that are not evidenced by change in size; such as the egg or pupa and where only a general time interval can be estimated based on the duration of the particular developmental stage. This is done by breaking the stages down into smaller units separated by predictable changed in gene expression. Three genes were measured in an experiment with Drosophila melanogaster: bicoid (bcd), slalom (sll), and chitin synthase (cs).
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The sex ratio is usually dominated by females and males may form only one-fifth of the total population. The females are diploid and are produced by fertilised eggs while the males are haploid and are produced from unfertilised eggs. D. fuscipennis are poor fliers and search for their hosts by flying slowly through forested areas and find their prey cocoons on the surface layer of the soil and within the crowns of young trees with cocoons in the leaf litter having the highest rates of parasitism. The larvae hatch about 5 days after laying and go through five instars, each lasting a day or so, each differing in shape and morphology.
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Each female will do this up to three times in her life, sometimes more than one at a time. Some females get lost returning to their brood and start caring for another individual clutch as they are not able to distinguish between their own young and another’s. The young will go on to dig their own nest for molting taking anywhere from 4 to 50 days to reach the next instar, repeating to a total of 6 instars before adulthood. Once adults, the individuals will live for only 2–3 months, and begin courting immediately. This is done by a feeling of antennae, and mutual grabbing of each other’s abdomens with their forceps until copulation occurs.
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If the insects seem to be on the path of their normal development, the corpse likely has been undisturbed. If, however, the insect shows signs of a disturbed life cycle, or is absent from a decaying body, this suggests post mortem tampering with the body. Because L. sericata is one of the first insects to colonize a corpse, it is preferred to many other species in determining an approximate time of colonization, and thus time of death of the victim. Developmental progress is determined with relative accuracy by measuring the length and weight of larvae at various instars while taking into account the temperature, which can affect development time to a large extent.
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Many of the methods in determining stages of development are subjective. However, recent studies have found a more precise way of determining the stage of development of Silphid larvae by measuring the maximum cranial width and other heavily sclerotized areas of the larvae instead of measuring just the length, which is subject to change with each larva, particularly in O. inaequale and N. surinamensis, which are more robust and have greater variations of length. The most accurate instar identification is possible by using distinct morphological features that are instar specific and cannot be affected by the size of the specimen. Although this is possible only for few species with described larvae of all instars such as Thantophilus rugosus.
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Microscopically, the eggs differ from most other coccinellid eggs in that they have a more definite reticular pattern of sculpting on the chorion; in most Coccinellidae, the chorion is externally smooth. The larvae differ in appearance from those of other Coccinellidae in that they are covered with bands of spiny projections. A larva generally passes through five instars in a period of four to five weeks, after which it will anchor itself to a suitable surface, usually in a protected spot on the plant, where it changes its skin once more, forming a typical coccinellid pupa, from which it emerges as a beetle imago after several days. Many species have just one or perhaps two generations in a year.
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The larval stage of C. macellaria is referred to by the common name of secondary screwworms; this is due to the presence of small spines on each body segment that resemble parts of a screw. The larval stage of C. macellaria immediately follows the egg stage and is typically broken down into three substages or instars. Upon hatching, the larve appear a cream color, have cylindrical bodies with 10 or more spines around the spiracular area, possess incomplete peritremes (an indistinct or absent button), and have bands of small spines on each segment. C. macellaria, unlike like C. hominivorax, do not have pigmented tracheal trunks; instead, they have V-shaped spines on the anal protuberance.
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Wing pads become visibly prominent as the fourth instar emerges. Finally, in the fifth instar, the wing pads cover half of the abdomen—with the wings being transparent—and the body is light brown in colour but darkens via sclerotization. Additionally, in the fifth instar, the dorsum of the thorax appears red in colour, the tergum of the abdomen a dull white, the dorsal abdominal segment a deep orange colour, and overlapped hemi-elytra covers over the abdomen with its distal end containing a triangular blackish-brown colouration. The less-matured first, second and third instars tend to group close to each other and remain in proximity of their hatch site for feeding.
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Rice leafroller's egg is close to elliptic , flat shape, about 1 mm long, the first birth is milky white, then become yellow- brown, there will be a black spot before hatching. Larva has 5 instars generally, the larva body length of mature stage is about 15-18 mm. Larva has a brown head, the thorax and abdomen were green at first, then become yellowish-green, and were reddish brown when they were mature. There were two spiral-shaped black lines at the posterior margin of the tergum of the front thorax and 8 distinct small black circles at the tergum of the middle and posterior thorax, among which there were six leading edges and two trailing edges.
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They are more derived and specialized than the cockroach nymph, a comparable and characteristic hemimetabolan example. More recently, an increased focus on the hormonal control of insect metamorphosis has helped resolve some of the evolutionary links between hemi- and holometabolan groups. In particular, the orchestration of the juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids in molting and metamorphosis processes has received much attention. The molecular pathway for metamorphosis is now well described: periodic pulses of ecdysteroids induce molting to another immature instar (nymphal in hemimetabolan and larval in holometabolan species) in the presence of JH, but the programmed cessation of JH synthesis in instars of a threshold size leads to ecdysteroid secretion inducing metamorphosis.
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The eggs take between 49 and 248 days to hatch, with an average of 115. The nymphs feed on terrestrial plants for the first few weeks before climbing trees to feed on the foliage. Males have six instars while females have seven, each stage lasting about seven weeks, but they both mature at about the same time. There is a parasitic tachinoid fly that attacks this grasshopper and there are a number of natural predators which feed on it, including skinks, blue monkeys and birds, but these were not sufficient to control the insects in the outbreak areas and sticky bands were wrapped around the tree trunks and insecticide was used on the ground at egg-laying sites.
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Sao hirsuta Trilobites grew through successive moult stages called instars, in which existing segments increased in size and new trunk segments appeared at a sub-terminal generative zone during the anamorphic phase of development. This was followed by the epimorphic developmental phase, in which the animal continued to grow and moult, but no new trunk segments were expressed in the exoskeleton. The combination of anamorphic and epimorphic growth constitutes the hemianamorphic developmental mode that is common among many living arthropods. Trilobite development was unusual in the way in which articulations developed between segments, and changes in the development of articulation gave rise to the conventionally recognized developmental phases of the trilobite life cycle (divided into 3 stages), which are not readily compared with those of other arthropods.
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The head is pale brown. There are five instars. Larva of Epermenia aequidentellus found on wild carrot (Daucus carota) have a dark dorsal line and a black head. The larvae feed on various Apiaceae species, including ground elder (Aegopodium podagraria), garden angelica (Angelica archangelica litoralis), angelica (Angelica sylvestris), bur-chervil (Anthriscus caucalis), chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), celery (Apium graveolens), lesser water-parsnip (Berula erecta), caraway (Carum carvi), Chaerophyllum hirsutum, rough chervil (Chaerophyllum temulum), cowbane (Cicuta virosa), hemlock (Conium maculatum), wild carrot (Daucus carota), giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), lovage (Levisticum officinale), water dropwort (Oenanthe species), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), Peucedanum species, burnet- saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga), moon carrot (Seseli libanotis), Silaum species, Sison amomum, great water-parsnip (Sium latifolium) and hedge parsleys (Torilis species).
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The first instar larvae are gregarious and consume the surface layer of the needles but later instars spread out through the foliage and consume the whole needle. They feed on both old and young pine needles; heavy infestations can seriously defoliate the tree and isolated clumps of white pine can be killed. When the larvae are fully developed, they descend to the ground where they make cocoons among the leaf litter; in these they overwinter as non-feeding prepupae, pupating in the spring and emerging as adults a few weeks later. Several parasitic wasps attack the larvae of this sawfly, and the egg parasitoid Closterocerus cinctipennis was found to be 90% effective in controlling an outbreak of the pest in Crawford County, Wisconsin.
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Symmorphus bifasciatus is a tube-nesting wasp, utilising existing cavities including the hollow stems of plants and the disused plant galls of Cynips kollari, where the female wasp constructs a number of cells, separated from each other by walls made of clay. S. bifasciatus hunts for the larvae of the leaf beetle Phyllodecta vulgatissima, which are immobilised by stinging and carried back to the nest by the mandibles and forelegs to supply the cells. Once there is sufficient food in the cell, usually between 10 and 17 grubs which are tightly packed, the female lays an egg in the cell. The egg hatches in two or three days after laying, while the larvae mature in one or two weeks undergoing a probable five instars.
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Mexican bean beetle "Mummy" (larva parasitized by Pediobius foveolatus) Pediobius foveolatus wasps Managing Mexican bean beetle using Pediobius foveolatus can be difficult due to its sensitivity to cool, wet weather, and the need for a release date to line up with the phenology of Mexican bean beetle larvae. Ideally, Pediobius foveolatus is released at both one and two weeks after first instar Mexican bean beetle larvae are discovered in beans. Pediobius foveolatus wasps reproduce most successfully within the older and larger beetle larvae; if older, larger Mexican bean beetle instars are present when Pediobius foveolatus is released, they will be without a host. Pediobius foveolatus is also sensitive to cold and wet weather, and are unlike to survive when released in these conditions.
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Remarkable examples of convergent evolution are certain species of the Neuropteran family Myrmeleontidae, largely Myrmeleon, the so-called ant lions, and the Dipteran family Vermileonidae, in particular the genera Lampromyia and Vermilio, the so-called worm lions. Both of them are regarded with interest for their habit of constructing conical pit traps in fine sand or dust, at the bottom of which they await prey that has fallen in. Both throw sand to interfere with any attempts on the part of the prey to escape. Myrmecophagy takes more forms than just eating adult ants; the later instars of caterpillars of many butterflies in the family Lycaenidae enter the nests of particular species of ants and eat the ants' eggs and larvae.
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Based on one study in South Korea, G. liparidis affects A. rumicis in its first, second, third, and fourth instar. The same study also discovered that the second-instar larvae were apparently the best food source for this parasitoid, as the second-instar larvae had the highest mortality rate in comparison to the other three larval stages. As the G. liparidis continuously grows and utilizes the resources produced internally by A. rumicis larvae, the feeding habits of these larvae change as well. On average, parasitized larvae consume more plant material than those not parasitized; the second instar larvae tend to consume the most food in comparison to the first, third, and fourth instars, supporting the idea that most G. liparidis feed most efficiently on the second instar larvae of A. rumicis.
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This behaviour appears to be advantageous from an evolutionary stand point as this is an opportunistic behaviour and can increase fitness.Santana, A.F.K., R.C. Zago & F.S. Zucoloto. 2011. Effects of sex, host-plant deprivation and cannibalistic behavior of wild Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55: 95-101. In general, the development time for eggs ranges from 4–5 days in field conditions and 3.4 days in laboratory conditions. The developmental time for the larvae and pupae ranges between subspecies from 11.0– 17.4 days for the first five instars for A. m. orseis, and 6.1– 9.56 days for A. m. monuste. Pupation can be from 5.9 to 10 days long, and adults can live from 4.3 – 5 days for males and 8–10 days for females.
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The brown Arctic has five larval instars, beginning with the pinkish brown first instar displaying darker magenta longitudinal lines and paired thin pink protrusions on its posterior. The larvae becomes darker as it matures, and the final larval instar has a bifurcated head and ranges in color from pink to light brown, with a black dorsal and dorsolateral stripe, short paired protrusions on its posterior, and small erratic setae over its entire body and head. The larvae feed on grasses, including Festuca idahoensis in Washington, Carex in Colorado, and Danthonia spicata, Oryzopsis pungens, and Phalaris arundinacea in eastern Canada. They remain in the larval stage for about two years, hibernating as the first or second larval instar during the first winter, and as the third, fourth, or fifth instar during the second winter.
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Although the function is unknown, there are a multitude of these cells found in the ventral ganglia of the nerve cord. Neurosecretory cells, found in clusters in the medial and lateral parts of the brain, control corpora allata activity by producing juvenile hormone during the larval or nymphal instars, the phase between periods of molting in insects. The production of this hormone inhibits the insect during the conversion to maturity and reactivating once the fully-grown adult is prepared for reproduction. The 3rd International Symposium on Neurosecretion at the University of Bristol discussed the intracellular structure of the neurosecretory cells and the migration path to the target organs or vascular fluid areas by neurosecretory granules. More is being discovered on the identification of granules in hormones and the linking of their development with the organism’s physiologic state.
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The eggs are laid containing mature first instars, the female having incubated the eggs within her reproductive system until ready to hatch, a mode of reproduction known as ovolarviparity, more generally known as ovoviviparity. Deposition usually occurs on the ground and the eggs may hatch within seconds or a few minutes of being laid, whereupon the larvae hunt for a host beetle by burrowing into the soil. Other tachinids lay eggs directly onto potential hosts or food plants and therefore enjoy a higher success rate of infection; the number of eggs produced by Senostoma females is consequently higher than for some other genera, numbering somewhere between 1000 and 3000. The labrum of the larval mouthparts is sharp and functions as a cutting device, with which they penetrate the integument of the selected host, possibly helped by enzymes in their saliva.
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This could be a trait from the common ancestor of all flyers. An early terrestrial insect would have no need for paired outgrowths from the body before it started to live in the trees (or in the water, for that matter), so it would not have any. This would also affect the way their offspring looked like in the early instars, resembling earlier ametabolous generations even after they had started to adapt to a new way of living, in a habitat where they actually could have some good use for flaps along their body. Since they matured in the same way as thysanurans with plenty of moultings as they were growing and very little difference between the adults and much younger individuals (unlike modern insects, which are hemimetabolous or holometabolous), there probably wasn't much room for adapting into different niches depending on age and stage.
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In eastern Wyoming the hatching of the eggs of D. carolina may begin in early June or it may be delayed until late June. As oviposition occurs in late summer it is probable that the development of the nymph in the egg take place during the following spring. The nymphs emerge from the eggs over a period of at least two weeks to develop within a habitat of grass and weeds interspersed with patches of bare ground. In some areas, however, hatching may be extended over several weeks so that as many as four different instars coexist together. The nymphal period may be 40 days at an altitude of 4,700 feet and 55 days at an altitude of 6,100 feet in Wyoming. Laboratory reared nymphs kept at a constant temperature of 25 °C complete development in 52 days and 26 days at a constant temperature of 30 °C.
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Thorax porcellana Saussure is a species of epilamprid cockroach occurring in Sri Lanka and India. Both sexes are fully winged, but only the male takes flight, and then rarely and on short flights."Cockroaches - Ecology, Behaviour, and Natural History" - Bell, Roth & Nalepa (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007) Louis M. Roth speculated in 1981 that the arched tegmina found in Phoraspis and Thorax were similar to that of Phlebonotus pallens and would suggest similar maternal care. The Indian entomologist S. Bhoopathy confirmed in 1998 that this ovoviviparous species carries some 30-40 hatchling nymphs for their first two instars in a special recess under the domed forewings on the dorsum of the mother. During their stay of about 7 weeks they drink a pinkish liquid secreted from between the tergites of their mother’s abdomen. They also use their relatively long, sharp, mandibular tooth-like processes to pierce the mother’s cuticle and feed directly on her haemolymph.
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