And scientists have identified an unlikely culprit: inflowing warm water from the ocean's surface.
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This allowed them to see the formation of the black holes -- matter forming, gas inflowing, turbulence, condensing and the spinning motion.
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At the inoperational plant near the township of Sebokeng large steel funnels are clogged with toilet paper, diapers and tampons meant to have been removed from the inflowing wastewater.
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Using the special instruments attached to the Keck telescope in Mauna Kea, Hawaii, a team of scientists was able to image infrared light emitted by a form of hydrogen that originated from the inflowing water.
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As we can see, the scale of inflowing funds has rebounded rapidly since 2018, especially in April, the scale that overseas investors buy inland stocks through " Stock Connect" reached 40.49 billion yuan, hitting a new history peak and showing the increasingly attractive of A-share market to foreign countries.
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Not all ancient Martian lakes were fed by inflowing valley networks. CRISM discovered several craters on the western slope of Tharsis that contain "bathtub rings" of sulfate minerals and a kind of phyllosilicate called kaolinite. Both minerals can form together by precipitating out of acidic, saline water. These craters lack inflowing valley networks, showing that they were not fed by rivers - instead, they must have been fed by inflowing groundwater.
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Two Inlets Lake is a lake in Becker County, Minnesota, in the United States. Two Inlets Lake was named from two inflowing streams which meet at nearly the same point.
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Arterial spin labelling (ASL) has the advantage of not relying on an injected contrast agent, instead inferring perfusion from a drop in signal observed in the imaging slice arising from inflowing spins (outside the imaging slice) having been selectively saturated. A number of ASL schemes are possible, the simplest being flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) which requires two acquisitions of identical parameters with the exception of the out-of-slice saturation; the difference in the two images is theoretically only from inflowing spins, and may be considered a 'perfusion map'.
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The bay has been subject to pollution from the inflowing watercourses, shipping and port activity, the main water treatment plant for Dublin and sewage discharges at other points, and at times some of its bathing areas are unavailable.
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Commonly these shorelines consist of mud or sand flats (known also as tidal flats or abbreviated to mudflats) which are nourished with sediment from inflowing rivers and streams.Chapman, V. J. (1974). Salt marshes and salt deserts of the world. Phyllis Claire Chapman, Germany.
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This species is fished for human consumption, mostly using beach seines, it is also threatened by increased sedimentation of the inshore waters of Lake Tanganyika caused by erosion in the watersheds of the inflowing rivers. It is sometimes found in the aquarium trade.
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Salmo ciscaucasicus, the Caspian salmon, is a salmonid fish endemic to the Caspian Sea and its inflowing rivers.Salmo ciscaucasicus at www.fishbase.org. It was described in 1967 originally as a subspecies of Salmo trutta.Dorofeeva, E. A., 1967 Comparative morphological principles of taxonomy of East European salmons.
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Natural History Museum collection in London. The type locality is Lake Manyara in northern Tanzania. This shallow lake is a closed basin, with inflowing streams but no outflow. The water level varies between seasons and years, leading to marked fluctuation in salinity and alkalinity.
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Capoeta pestai, called the Eğirdir longsnout scraper or the Eğirdir barb, is a critically endangered freshwater fish species in the family Cyprinidae, found only in Turkey. It used to be common across Lake Eğirdir in central Anatolia, but survives only in one of the inflowing rivers.
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All ballast tanks were blown to bring U-73 to the surface as inflowing water exceeded pumping capacity. U-73 surfaced in darkness at 19:27 and men manned the heavy machine guns. The destroyers promptly detected her on radar and illuminated the submarine with searchlights.Sanders, January 1969, p.
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However, if the river water is lighter than the receiving water, as is typically the case when fresh river water flows into the sea, the river water will float along the surface of the receiving water as an overflow. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse.
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In the Kattegat, the salinity has a pronounced two-layer structure. The upper layer has a salinity between 18% and 26% and the lower layer – separated by a strong halocline at around – has a salinity between 32% and 34%. The lower layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Skagerrak, with a salinity on level with most other coastal seawaters, while the upper layer consists of inflowing seawater from the Baltic Sea and has a much lower salinity, comparable to brackish water, but still a great deal higher than the rest of the Baltic sea. These two opposing flows transport a net surplus of seawater from the Baltic to the Skagerrak every year.
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The Black Sea salmon (Salmo labrax) is a fairly small species of salmon, at about long on average and rarely reaching over . It inhabits the northern Black Sea coasts and inflowing rivers. There are anadromous, lacustrine and resident river populations. This fish is a close relative of the brown trout.
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Stanley's journey had four principal aims,Jeal, 2007 p. 164. to: # Explore Lake Victoria and its inflowing and outflowing rivers # Explore Lake Albert and its inflowing and outflowing rivers # Explore Lake Tanganyika, checking the direction of flow of the river Rusizi at the north end of the lake # Explore the Lualaba River downstream towards its outflow There was controversy among earlier explorers as to whether these lakes and rivers were connected to each other and the Nile. Richard Burton thought that Lake Victoria might have a southern inlet, possibly from Lake Albert, meaning that the source of the Nile was not Lake Victoria as Speke had argued. Samuel Baker thought that Lake Albert might have an inlet from Lake Tanganyika.
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The Techirghiol stickleback (Gasterosteus crenobiontus) was an endemic fish species, found in the streams inflowing to the coastal hyperhaline Lake Techirghiol in southern Romania. It was a freshwater benthopelagic fish, up to SL in length. It is considered extinct due to hybridization with the three- spined stickleback. The last known occurrence of the species was in the 1960s.
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The lips were once believed to be unable to function as a sucker while respiration continued, as the inflowing water would cause the system to fail; however, respiration and suction can function simultaneously. Inflowing water passing under the sucker is limited to a thin stream immediately behind each maxillary barbel; the maxillae in loricariids support only small maxillary barbels and are primarily used to mediate the lateral lip tissue in which they are embedded, preventing failure of suction during inspiration. To achieve suction, the fish presses its lips against the substrate and expands its oral cavity, causing negative pressure. Also, unlike most other catfishes, the premaxillae are highly mobile, and the lower jaws have evolved towards a medial position, with the teeth pointed rostroventrally; these are important evolutionary innovations.
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The tunnel was designed in such a way that inflowing water would be able to drain. From the railway station of Göschenen to the tunnel's vertex the train lines ascend at an angle of 6 ‰ and descend at 2 ‰ from vertex to the village of Airolo. The tunnel's length is indicated to be 14,998 meters, its vertex being at kilometre 80\.
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A generalized schematic of an activated sludge process. Activated sludge is a common suspended-growth method of secondary treatment. Activated sludge plants encompass a variety of mechanisms and processes using dissolved oxygen to promote growth of biological floc that substantially removes organic material. Biological floc is an ecosystem of living biota subsisting on nutrients from the inflowing primary clarifier effluent.
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It is most abundant in small rivers and large streams in the "barbel zone" where there are riffles and pools. It occurs along the banks of slow-flowing lowland rivers in large lake and even in mountain streams. Chub in lakes undertake spawning migrations into inflowing streams. The adult fish are solitary but the juvenile fish are sociable and occur in shoals.
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Semidetached binary stars are binary stars where one of the components fills the binary star's Roche lobe and the other does not. Gas from the surface of the Roche-lobe- filling component (donor) is transferred to the other, accreting star. The mass transfer dominates the evolution of the system. In many cases, the inflowing gas forms an accretion disc around the accretor.
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It then remains open until the tank drains and the flapper falls due to gravity. Another variation of this mechanism is the clapper valve, used in applications such firefighting and fire life safety systems. A hinged gate only remains open in the inflowing direction. The clapper valve often also has a spring that keeps the gate shut when there is no forward pressure.
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Atriolum robustum feeds on phytoplankton, zooplankton and minute pieces of detritus. Water gets drawn into the zooid through the buccal openings, the edible particles are then filtered out and the water current leaves the zooid through the atrial siphon. Sexual reproduction involves sperm being drawn into the body cavity with the inflowing water current and eggs being fertilised internally. The developing embryos are brooded at first.
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Reducing inflowing heat reduces the loss of liquid nitrogen in storage. The requirements of storage prevent the use of pipelines as a means of transport. Since long-distance pipelines would be costly due to the insulation requirements, it would be costly to use distant energy sources for production of liquid nitrogen. Petroleum reserves are typically a vast distance from consumption but can be transferred at ambient temperatures.
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A salt marsh In ecology, a halosere is a succession in a saline environment. An example of a halosere is a salt marsh. In a river estuary, large amounts of silt are deposited by the ebbing tides and inflowing rivers. The earliest plant colonizers are algae and eel grass, which can tolerate submergence by the tide for most of the 12-hour cycle and which trap mud, causing it to accumulate.
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A tropical cyclone's primary energy source is heat from the evaporation of water from the surface of a warm ocean, previously heated by sunshine. The energetics of the system may be idealized as an atmospheric Carnot heat engine. First, inflowing air near the surface acquires heat primarily via evaporation of water (i.e. latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).
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At the westernmost point of the lake is U.S. Route 27/SR 25. Lake Harris' primary inflow is at its southwestern shore from the Palatlakaha River, which originates from the Clermont chain of lakes to the south. Other inflowing rivers include Helena Run, and outflow from many small springs in Yalaha. Lake Harris' depth is much greater than Lake Okeechobee to the south, with many deeper holes and ledges.
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Its main inflow is from the River Volga, there is no outflow and the evaporation of water makes it saline as dissolved minerals accumulate. The Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and Pyramid Lake in the western United States are further examples of large, inland saline water-bodies without drainage. Some endorheic lakes are less salty, but all are sensitive to variations in the quality of the inflowing water.
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Eutrophication is a serious problem for Lake Kasumigaura. Legislation was enacted in 1982 to help prevent it, including a ban on the use and sale of phosphate-containing synthetic detergents, and the control of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the effluent from factories. In order to help maintain the lake, dredging work is being carried out around the lake and at the estuaries of main inflowing rivers, such as Sakura River (桜川).
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The greatest southbound current occurs about one and a quarter hours before Bodø high tide, when the inflowing current reaches about seven knots. The speed of the current has a broad maximum being greater than six knots from three hours before Bodø high tide until half an hour after Bodø high tide. The greatest northbound current occurs about four and a half hours after Bodø high tide, when the outflowing current reaches over eight knots.
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Lake Suigetsu, one of Five Lakes of Mikata, is located in Wakasa Town, Mikatakaminaka District, Fukui Prefecture. It is a brackish water lake, with an area of 4.06 km², a perimeter of 9.85 km, and a maximum depth of 38.0 m, making it the largest among the five. It lacks directly inflowing river which can disturb the precipitate on the lake bottom. Because of this, the sediments annually form varve and then remain undisturbed.
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Sunnambu Canal is a water stream canal that runs in the northern part of Erode city. It was once a celebrated natural channel which supplied water for irrigation of lands in the surrounding areas it runs through. Being one of the minor tributaries to River Kaveri, the canal gets sourced by rain through smaller rivulets and the seepage from LBP Canal. It starts near Chithode and ends its travel by inflowing into River Kaveri near RN Pudur.
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Philosophical Magazine: 90. 2293-2308 More clay occurs beyond the end of the fans on the crater floors, and in some cases there is also opal. On Earth, the lowermost layers of deltas are called bottom set beds, and they are made of clays that settled out of inflowing river water in quiet, deep parts of the lakes. This discovery supports the idea that many fans formed in crater lakes where, potentially, evidence for habitable environments could be preserved.
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Location of Nordenskjöld Coast. Mundraga Bay (, ) is the 28.6 km wide bay indenting for 23 km Nordenskjöld Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. It is entered east of Fothergill Point and west of Cape Sobral. Local coastline is modified as a result of the Larsen A Ice Shelf disintegration and the subsequent retreat of the inflowing Darvari Glacier, Boryana Glacier, Desudava Glacier, Dinsmoor Glacier, Bombardier Glacier and Edgeworth Glacier in the 1990s and the early 21st century.
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Aurora trout are generally without spots, the colouration grading from a magenta hue on the back to a bright, nearly fluorescent orange along the belly, especially in mature males. The life history of the fish is essentially identical to that of the brook trout. Adults average about 0.5 to 1.5 kg, although individuals up to 4 kg are known. The aurora trout occupied a very restricted range, probably occurring in only two lakes, Whitepine and Whirligig, and their inflowing streams.
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The WWF defines the ecoregion as inhabiting mainland coasts and islands the Georgia Depression, a glacially depressed area dominated by the Salish Sea and numerous inflowing rivers. This differs from the Strait of Georgia/Puget Lowland ecoregion defined by the CEC in that it explicitly excludes the lowlands along the east coast of Vancouver Island. The WWF considers these lowlands a part of the neighbouring Central Pacific coastal forests ecoregion. The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks.
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M.L. Schwartz, editor. pp. 981. Accessed via Springerlink database October 13, 2009. Simple tidal prism models stated the relationship of river discharge and inflowing ocean water as Prism=Volume of ocean water coming into an estuary on the flood tide + Volume of river discharge mixing with that ocean water; however, there is some controversy as to whether traditional prism models are accurate. The size of an estuary's tidal prism is dependent on the basin of that estuary, the tidal range and other frictional forces.
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A rainbow trout taken on an articulated leech pattern, Bristol Bay Region, Alaska Fishing for trout in lakes requires different tactics. A canoe, pontoon boat or a float tube allows an angler to cover a lot more water than waders. Trout may congregate in cooler water near an inflowing stream or an underwater spring and may be lured to bite on a streamer fly. An often successful tactic is to pull a streamer such as a woolly bugger using clear sinking line, behind the watercraft.
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The lake is shallow (less than deep) from the shoreline to a distance of approximately , whereupon the depth drops off precipitously. The edge of Lake Ogawara is very near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, and the sand bar guarding its mouth has been breached numerous times by storms and typhoons, thus accounting for the brackish water of the lake. There are four inflowing rivers, all coming from the Hakkōda Mountains. The only outflow is the Takase River, which drains the lake to the Pacific Ocean.
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In theory it would be possible to integrate a system of hydrodynamic equations with variable boundary conditions over a very long period sufficient for inflowing water particles to exit the lake. One could then calculate the traveling times of the particles using a Lagrangian method. However, this approach exceeds the detail available in current hydrodynamic models and the capacity of current computer resources. Instead, residence time models developed for gas and fluid dynamics, chemical engineering, and bio-hydrodynamics can be adapted to generate residence times for sub-volumes of lakes.
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The north slope of the Knoll is a popular site for cowslip. Milldown Burn flows into the southern part of the Bay and is its main inflowing water source, rising on Coldingham Moor and running for 6 km through the village of Coldingham before reaching the Bay. On the north side of the bay stands The Kip, an eight-metre- high sea stack which stands on dry land at low tide. At the southern extremity of the bay are the 30-metre-high grassy cliffs of Yellow Craig.
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The vast majority of specimens are of oceanic origin, including marginal seas broadly open to adjacent ocean, especially the Tasman Sea and Sea of Japan, but also the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea (Roper et al., 2015), among others. A handful are known from the far western Mediterranean Sea (#380, 427, 469, and 508), but these records do not necessarily indicate that the Mediterranean falls within the natural range of the giant squid, as the specimens may have been transported there by inflowing Atlantic water (Roper & Shea, 2013:111).
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Lagoons with no connection to the open ocean and significant inflow of fresh water, such as the Lake Worth Lagoon in Florida in the middle of the 19th century, may be entirely fresh. On the other hand, lagoons with many wide inlets, such as the Wadden Sea, have strong tidal currents and mixing. Coastal lagoons tend to accumulate sediments from inflowing rivers, from runoff from the shores of the lagoon, and from sediment carried into the lagoon through inlets by the tide. Large quantities of sediment may be occasionally be deposited in a lagoon when storm waves overwash barrier islands.
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The asymmetry of the shapes of the inflow and the outflow is a consequence of the viscosity of water, whereas the boat would be able to operate in an ideal fluid. Furthermore, as they pass through the exhausts, the inflowing and the outflowing water carry the same momentum (in opposite directions), relative to the boat. The important difference is that the momentum of the outflow is expelled, whereas the momentum of the inflow is soon transferred to the boat. The sucking/blowing asymmetry does make the boat more efficient, even if it's not the principle on which it operates.
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Aeration is provided by the rotating action, which exposes the media to the air after contacting them with the wastewater, facilitating the degradation of the pollutants being removed. The degree of wastewater treatment is related to the amount of media surface area and the quality and volume of the inflowing wastewater. RBC's regularly achieve the following effluent parameters for treated waste water: BOD5: 20 mg/L, Suspended Solids: 30 mg/L and Ammonia N: 20 mg/L. They consume very low power and make little noise due to the slow rotation of the rotor (2-5 RPM).
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Bangladesh has an enormous excess of surface water during the summer monsoon (June to October) and relative scarcity towards the end of the dry season in April and May. Internal renewable water resources are about 105 km3 per year, while inflowing transboundary rivers provide another 1,100 km3 annually (average 1977–2001). Bangladesh heavily depends on the flow of the Brahmaputra, Meghna and Ganges river basins that originate in India, Nepal and China. Whereas deforestation and flood control in the upstream catchment areas increase the flood peaks in Bangladesh, water withdrawals and water diversions may result in water shortages in the dry season.
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In 2014, Collazo-Llorens was recognized with a fellowship from the Arcus Center for Social Justice Leadership to undertake practice-based research resulting in a temporary site-specific text-based wall installation for the newly completed ACSJL. It featured a collection of sampled text appearing to enter the building through the windows, as if voices from the community—often unheard, marginalized, unaddressed or ignored—were inflowing into this space dedicated to social justice.From an unpublished grant proposal. She also received a grant from the Pollock-Krasner Foundation whose program has provided since 1985 “assistance to individual visual artists of established ability.
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Originally recorded only in Lake Pedder and inflowing streams, after the construction of the Huon-Serpentine dam in 1972 (the "new" Lake Pedder), its range expanded initially into Lake Gordon and Wedge River. However, by 1980 it had become very rare and no new specimens have been captured in the wild since 1996. Introduced trout are implicated as a major factor in the decline of this species. The species survives in two translocated populations outside its original range, one at Lake Oberon in the Western Arthurs mountain range and one at a modified water supply dam near Strathgordon.
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The X-ray emission is fueled by the accretion of matter from the distended atmosphere of the blue giant falling through the inner Lagrangian point, L1. The overflowing gas probably forms an accretion disc and ultimately spirals inwards and falls onto the neutron star, releasing gravitational potential energy. The magnetic field of the neutron star channels the inflowing gas onto localized hot spots on the neutron star surface where the X-ray emission occurs. The neutron star is regularly eclipsed by its giant companion every 2.1 days; these regular X-ray eclipses last approximately 1/4 the orbital period.
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Others join before it dissipates into marsh on the south- eastern edge of Fleet Pond.Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 map A second stream begins on Greendane Copse, a little to the north-west of the reservoirs. It is culverted under a sports ground, and then reappears until it reaches Aldershot Road, beyond which it crosses housing estates in Church Crookham and Fleet, largely in culvert, but with short open sections. In Oakley Park, it is exposed again, and has an inflowing stream, an overflow on the Basingstoke Canal, and passes under the A323 road and Albany Road to reach the north end of the park.
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The Sudd stretches from Mongalla to just outside the Sobat confluence with the White Nile just upstream of Malakal as well as westwards along the Bahr el Ghazal. The shallow and flat inland delta lies between 5.5 and 9.5 degrees latitude North and covers an area of south to north and east to west between Mongalla in the south and Malakal in the north. Its size is highly variable, averaging over . During the wet season it may extend to over comprising 13% of the country, depending on the inflowing waters, with the discharge from Lake Victoria being the main control factor of flood levels and area inundation.
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Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 18th century, the Anacostia River was a fast-flowing and relatively silt-free river with very few mudflats or marshes. White settlers cleared much of the surrounding forest for farmland, however, and extensive soil erosion led to a heavy load of silt and effluent in the Anacostia. The construction of the Pennsylvania Avenue, Benning, and other bridges and the diversion of inflowing streams to agricultural use also slowed the river's current, allowing much of the silt to settle and be deposited. Between 1860 and the late 1880s, large mudflats ("the Anacostia flats") formed on both banks of the Anacostia River due to this deforestation and runoff.
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The behavior of the reverse sprinkler is qualitatively quite distinct from that of the ordinary sprinkler, and one does not behave like the other "played backwards." Most of the published theoretical treatments of this problem have concluded that the ideal reverse sprinkler will not experience any torque in its steady state. This may be understood in terms of conservation of angular momentum: in its steady state, the amount of angular momentum carried by the incoming fluid is constant, which implies that there is no torque on the sprinkler itself. There are two counterbalancing forces: the pressure differential pushing on the back of the nozzle, and the inflowing water impacting on the opposite side.
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Views over Lake Tana The Island Church on Lake Tana A local tour guide demonstrates how a stone is struck to signal meal times at a monastery on Zege Peninsula Beginning of the Blue Nile river by its outlet from Lake Tana A resort hotel on Lake Tana in Bahir Dar Lake Tana was formed by volcanic activity, blocking the course of inflowing rivers in the early Pleistocene epoch, about 5 million years ago. The lake was originally much larger than it is today. Seven large permanent rivers feed the lake as well as 40 small seasonal rivers. The main tributaries to the lake are Gilgel Abbay (Little Nile River), and the Megech, Gumara, and Rib rivers.
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With a gold standard such as the one that was widely in effect from about 1871–1914, exchange rates are fixed so generally there is no currency appreciation or depreciation (except within a very narrow band, relating to the cost to ship gold between countries). So if one country enjoys a trade surplus, this results in it enjoying a net inflow of gold from its deficit trading partners. The automatic balancing mechanism is then for the surplus nation's money supply to be expanded by the inflowing gold. This will tend to lead to inflation or at least to the nations citizens having more money to spend on imports, and hence the surplus will be corrected.
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The old type, also known as the , is a one- piece suit with the part obscuring the pubic area connected from behind coming to the front with the surrounding fabric of the top covering the front piece seams; this results in a hole close to the belly button. The suit is sewn on the left and right sides. Due to elasticity, the body size is flexibly adapted and the inflowing of the chest can cause water leakage through the gap near the navel, which reduces water resistance. In the region of the buttocks, there is another seam, which often has the shape of an upside-down U, which causes significant visible wrinkles in the upper part.
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Arterial spin labeling (ASL), also known as arterial spin tagging, is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to quantify cerebral blood perfusion by labelling blood water as it flows throughout the brain. ASL specifically refers to magnetic labeling of arterial blood below the imaging slab, without the need of gadolinium contrast, which is the first of its kind in terms of perfusion imaging. A number of ASL schemes are possible, the simplest being flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) which requires two acquisitions of identical parameters with the exception of the out-of-slice saturation; the difference in the two images is theoretically only from inflowing spins, and may be considered a 'perfusion map'. The technique was developed by John Detre, Alan P. Koretsky and coworkers in 1992.
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Farmers soon found themselves troubled by frequent floods in the Sacramento Valley and a general lack of water in the San Joaquin Valley. The Sacramento River, which drains the northern part, receives between 60–75% of the precipitation in the Valley, despite the Sacramento Valley covering less area than the much larger San Joaquin Valley, drained by the San Joaquin River, which receives only about 25% of the rainfall. Furthermore, cities drawing water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta faced problems in dry summer and autumn months when the inflowing water was low. In order to continue to sustain the valley's economy, there needed to be systems to regulate flows in the rivers and equally distribute water among the north and south parts of the valley.
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One of the most important features of chemostats is that microorganisms can be grown in a physiological steady state under constant environmental conditions. In this steady state, growth occurs at a constant specific growth rate and all culture parameters remain constant (culture volume, dissolved oxygen concentration, nutrient and product concentrations, pH, cell density, etc.). In addition, environmental conditions can be controlled by the experimenter. Microorganisms growing in chemostats usually reach a steady state because of a negative feedback between growth rate and nutrient consumption: if a low number of cells are present in the bioreactor, the cells can grow at growth rates higher than the dilution rate as they consume little nutrient so growth is less limited by the addition of limiting nutrient with the inflowing fresh medium.
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Rings formed through collision processes are believed to be transient features of the affected galaxies, lasting only a few ten to hundred million years (a relatively short timeframe considering some mergers can take 1+ billion years to complete) before disintegrating, reforming into spiral arms, or succumbing to further disturbance from gravitational influence. Intergalactic medium accretion This method has been inferred through the existence of Hoags object, along with UV observations of several other large and ultra-large super spiral galaxies and current formation theories of spiral galaxies. UV-light observations show several cases of faint, ring-like and spiral structures of hot young stars that have formed along the network of cooled inflowing gas, extending far from the visible luminous galactic disc. If conditions are favorable, a ring can form in the place of a spiral structure.
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Since the Sudd area consists of various meandering channels, lagoons, reed and papyrus fields and loses half of its inflowing water through evapotranspiration in the permanent and seasonal floodplains, the complex hydrology has many primary and secondary effects. A major feature of the area, even if not completed and not functional, is the Jonglei Canal, planned to bypass waters from the Sudd to avoid evaporation losses and increase the amount of water discharged at the outlet of the Sudd. From 1961 to 1963, a great increase in the inundated area occurred when the level of Lake Victoria rose and the outflow increased. The total area of the Sudd is related to the amount of water reaching Bor from Albert Nile and from torrents or seasonal watercourses that can add substantial amounts to the flow in the upstream end of the Sudd.
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Afterwards it is on west course, the direction of the inflowing Fornsbach, whose length here exceeds hers. Its broad valley floor below the slopes, which are still wooded at medium altitude, now offers space for more important traffic routes. Accompanied by the L 1066 and the railroad line Waiblingen-Schwäbisch Hall-Hessental, it passes the Wahlenmühle, Hausen and the Lutzensägmühle, and after passing the alpine pasture settlement on its right, where once the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes crossed its valley, it finally flows into the core town of Murrhardt; the city is the largest settlement on its upper reaches. On the western edge of its old town the Dentelbach from the north, further down the valley the Hörschbach from the south, at the edge of its settlement and shortly before the western city limits the Harbach flows through the hamlet Harbach again from the north.
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While the northern section owes its smoothness to the removal of local gravels and sands from a formerly uneven surface by the action of degrading rivers and their inflowing tributaries, the southern section owes its smoothness to the deposition of imported gravels and sands upon a previously uneven surface by the action of aggrading rivers and their outgoing distributaries. The two sections are also alike in that residual eminences still here and there surmount the peneplain of the northern section, while the fluviatile plain of the central section completely buried the pre-existent relief. Exception to this statement must be made in the southwest, close to the mountains in southern Colorado, where some lava-capped mesas (Mesa de Maya, Raton Mesa) stand several thousand feet above the general plain level, and thus testify to the widespread erosion of this region before it was aggraded.
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The Tolka has many tributaries, the first major one being the Castle Stream at Dunboyne. There are at least fourteen infalls within Dublin City boundaries (the count is complicated by connections with the Wad River system). Dublin City Council area tributaries include the East and West Pinkeen Streams, and another waterway in semi-rural Dublin, then the Scribblestown Stream (visible from Abbotstown to past Dunsink), the Finglaswood (or Mount Olivat) Stream from around Cappagh, the Finglas River (joined by a stream from St. Margaret's Road), the Claremont Stream which joins the Tolka near Bon Secours Hospital, the Cemetery Drain (so-called as it runs near Glasnevin Cemetery) before joining the Tolka just past the Botanic Gardens, the Hamstead Stream (from the area now occupied by Hamstead Park and DCU), inflowing somewhat downstream of Mobhi Bridge, and a small stream from around St. Patrick's Teacher Training College, Drumcondra. The last few tributaries connect to the tidal part of the Tolka, or its estuary, but have been confused by the merging of natural watercourses and city drainage lines.
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