But addressing many diseases will require what's known as "in-vivo" treatment.
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"This shows that in vivo genome editing can cure disease," Wang said.
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The compound may have further in vivo activities so far unobserved, for one.
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But one challenge, among many, is whether this growth can happen in vivo.
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They also looked for molecular changes, and tested the ketamine's effect in vivo.
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The in-vivo use-case could accelerate the time it takes to conduct experiments or develop treatments.
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Disney researchers also put together a technique for capturing and simulating hair accurately by observing it in vivo.
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I don't think it's going to be controversial if the basic science and in vivo science is established.
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There's now evidence that they can be used to treat serious infections in live animals (in vivo) without being toxic.
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The researchers performed two different procedures, one ex vivo and one in vivo, connecting two segments of a pig's bowel.
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There have been more hydroxychloroquine Covid-19 experiments conducted in vitro, or outside living organisms, than in vivo to date.
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"On the question of whether CRISPR can be safely used in vivo, the stakes are high for many," the editorial read.
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By contrast, there are still plenty of technical challenges involved in editing cells directly inside a human body ("in vivo" treatment).
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But in a clinical trial, she finds herself relieved that her drug was tested in vivo, probably on cats and dogs.
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But it would be nice to be able to snatch an intriguing critter up and inspect it in vivo, wouldn't it?
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VIC's primary product is the MIRA ("miniaturized in vivo robotic assistant"), a two-pound robot designed for minimally invasive abdominal surgery.
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The opposite, "in vivo" exposure, is when the subject is actually exposed to their fears, and in this case; deployed into combat.
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Halfway between "in vivo" and "in vitro" exposure, the subject imagines the trauma scene but also represents it in physical or constructional behaviour.
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It's being able to couple that dataset with actual in vivo brain data that has the potential for any number of unforeseen consequences.
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Fresh even claims that during in-vivo testing, the mask improved participants' skin glow by 31% after just one use, and 49% after four weeks.
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Study author Feng Zhang says Cas123b's small size and precise targeting will enable it to be used for in vivo applications in primary human cells.
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"We're entering a time when we can genetically manipulate organs in vivo rather than manipulate cells in a dish and then transplant them," Urnov says.
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Next up, the researchers want to try out in vivo experiments, add sensors to the body, and redesign the robot so that it can move autonomously.
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This provisional application is based on positive results from both in-vivo and in-vitro studies designed to address the unique formulation requirements of companion animals.
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In fact, it might even be impossible because this magical fetus has mind-control abilities; it can manipulate and advocate for its continued viability in vivo.
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Despite the demonstrated softness of the module, further ex vivo and in vivo testing will be required to affirm the safety of the technology, the paper notes.
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Her book becomes a nifty twofer, a meditation on how four men and one woman experienced death both in vivo, so to speak, and in their art.
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Her familiarity with the way the songs work to advance character and story in vivo naturally informs her in vitro style, which is actorly to begin with.
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It has also consolidated its initial investments such as by buying Royal Dutch/Shell's stake in Vivo and Viva and its aviation business in Australia last year.
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BERLIN, April 17 (Reuters) - Concert ticketing firm CTS Eventim said on Tuesday it had bought a controlling stake in Vivo Concerti, an Italian promoter of concerts and musicals.
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" The metallic element cobalt and cobalt compounds that release cobalt ions in vivo -- or, inside the body -- are now classified as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.
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A systematic review published in 2014 examined the impact of cellphone radiation on sperm health, both in humans (in vivo) and on sperm in petri dishes (in vitro).
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Treatments that work on cells in laboratories (in vitro studies) don't always work in animals (in vivo studies), and those that work in animals don't always work in people.
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Our studies would also need to be repeated, in vitro and in vivo, before we could be sure Sofusbuvir has an effect in Zika virus treatment and is safe.
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Ancillary to this use, the tenant will require a clean room for microfabricated device integration, a small operating room for in vivo testing, and a small room to house rodents.
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Students from elementary to graduate school will appreciate the opportunity to handle faithful replicas and make their own observations as close to in vivo as they're ever likely to get.
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Although smartphone fingerprint ID systems are pretty secure, they're not immune to spoofing, which Hitachi claims is significantly more difficult to accomplish with VeinID since the veins are in vivo.
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Furthermore, cellulosic tissue engineering scaffolds derived from decellularized apple slices have shown the ability for mammalian cell attachment and proliferation and were found to be biocompatible when implanted subcutaneously in vivo.
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" Intellia Therapeutics said in a statement it has "observed no signs of this type of toxicity or cells transforming into cancer or tumors in Intellia's in vivo and ex vivo programs.
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But to someone studying how a certain protein acts in vivo, how it responds to certain medications or hormones, what internal processes govern its distribution, this could be a powerful tool.
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The baby was born via in vivo natural fertilization, which involves the eggs being incubated in the mother&aposs body, rather than externally, as is the case with in vitro fertilization.
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The company splits its pipeline between in vivo treatments, which edit genes inside a patient's body, and ex vivo projects, in which cells are removed, edited, and reinserted to treat disease.
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Its static foam target and simplified vector do not permit the complexities of the dynamic system that is two people engaged (one, admittedly, more than the other) in an in vivo stabbing.
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On the in vivo side, Intellia is in the midst of preclinical development with four candidates, and plans to pick one or two to advance into human trials within the next two years.
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A proof-of-concept study utilizing an in vivo mouse model for AML showed that these CAR-T cells were able to eliminate disease burden and significantly enhance survival as compared to control groups.
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"Still, this work serves to demonstrate a new approach to artificial reproduction that is, in principle, also applicable in vivo and would thus allow to avoid all complications that arise from [in vitro fertilization]."
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It had all of these positive associations: it had been used by these preeminent ancient Roman writers, it had a good ring to it as well because it fell into in vitro, in vivo, in fimo.
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In the early 20th century, US psychiatrists and psychologists splintered from the rest of medicine because—unlike heart disease and Alzheimer's disease, for example—mental illness was not clearly seen in the body in-vivo or postmortem.
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The point was to articulate "in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro" -- in the living body, outside the living body and in the test tube -- that ibuprofen has a direct effect on the testicles and so testosterone.
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Another study from Oncology Hematology also noted cannabis' anti-cancer effects, explaining how the plant's cannabinoids inhibited tumor growth in vitro, such as in a petri dish or test tube, and in vivo, or a living organism.
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"It's important to stress that one of the challenges for the research scientists is understanding what the various in vitro and in vivo screens mean," Lisa Hensley, a top NIH Ebola researcher wrote to CNN in an email.
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"AstraZeneca will select the transgenes to be encoded within the virus and will be responsible for further in-vivo pre-clinical development and, subject to option exercise, clinical development and commercialization of these novel oncolytic immunotherapies," Transgene said.
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Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, Dr. Mitra, who like her husband has a Ph.D., tests a chemical compound that zaps a mediator in the relay race toward cancer progression: the mutant form of the gene, called p53.
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It allows, for example, a therapist to take their patient to a plane, or a cave full of spiders, or a street corner where they were mugged ten years ago — all without the cost and danger of "in vivo" treatment.
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In vitro and in vivo studies have shown potent activity against S. pneumoniae as well as an extended spectrum of activity against community-acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), streptococci, haemophilus, enterococci, Mycobacterium avium and in animal models of malaria.
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She could use terms like in vitro to describe experiments in a test tube or dish and in vivo to describe experiments in living things, but she was stuck when she needed to describe the more poop-oriented parts of her research.
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What we know about all of the work we've done in vaccines is the early testing that we're doing, both in Vivo and in some animal models, tends to be predictive of ultimately what you're going to see in the human trials itself.
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Luke Dow completed his undergraduate and graduate work in Melbourne, Australia, before joining the laboratory of Scott Lowe in New York where he developed new approaches to interrogate gene function, specifically, the in vivo application of inducible shRNA and CRISPR-based genome editing tools.
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"Our data presents the first, to our knowledge, in-vivo evidence from actual users that e-cigarettes may cause significant harm that produce[s] a unique innate response in the human airways," lead author Mehmet Kesimer, a pathologist at the University of North Carolina, tells Tonic.
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The study, which was just approved by the FDA, will be the first in vivo protein replacement platform for the treatment of Hemophilia B. The company, in cooperation with Biogen, will also begin trials to determine if a similar technique can be used to boost hemoglobin in people with the blood disorder, beta thalassaemia.
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Falecalcitriol (INN) is an analog of calcitriol. It has a higher potency both in vivo and in vitro systems, and longer duration of action in vivo.
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Consequently, animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. In drug discovery, for example, verification of efficacy in vivo is crucial, because in vitro assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant in vivo (e.g., because such molecules cannot reach their site of in vivo action, for example as a result of rapid catabolism in the liver).
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There is significant evidence for Ste50p oligomerization in vivo.
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In vivo assessments can determine the general health of an organism (abnormal behavior, weight loss, average life span) as well as tissue specific toxicology (kidney, liver, blood) and inflammation and oxidative responses. In vitro experiments are more popular than in vivo experiments because in vitro experiments are more simplistic to perform than in vivo experiments.
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For finding the location of the ribosomal pause in vivo, the methods that have been used to find the ribosomal pause in vitro can be changed to find these specific locations in vivo.
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Ternatin is a mushroom heptapeptide that suppresses hyperglycemia in vivo.
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We are currently optimizing our protocol for in vivo profection.
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Amiloride cross the placenta and distributes into breast milk in vivo.
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Caliper's Discovery Alliances & Services division (CDAS) was created from the acquisitions of NovaScreen, a provider of in vitro & in vivo discovery services. The in vitro service arm of CDAS includes in vitro drug discovery and development solutions including more than 1000 screening assays that help define the mode of action, side effect profiles, selectivity, and other relevant activities of drug candidates. In vivo capabilities include: non- invasive in vivo optical imaging, OncoMouse studies, and in vivo compound evaluations for safety assessment and drug repositioning.
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It has been shown that cynaropicrin has anti-parasitic activities for various organisms (trypanosoma) both in vitro and in vivo. The compound is the first natural product that has in vivo potential against the T. brucei.
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No evidence of toxicity or side effects have been documented in vivo.
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The double prodrug ximelagatran turns into the active form melagatran in vivo.
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The biologically relevant active metabolites in vivo are the sulfoxide and sulfone.
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The enantiomers are configurationally unstable in vitro or undergo racemization in vivo.
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Her experimental approach to this means that she develops new approaches for revealing in vivo structurome. In particular her work on a high throughput method, Structure-seq to analyse one of the first two genome-wide in vivo RNA structure maps, this work was published in Nature in 2013. This paper "In vivo genome-wide profiling of RNA secondary structure reveals novel regulatory features" has been widely cited as a method for in vivo RNA structural analysis. This paper has been cited 489 times according to Google Scholar.
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No phenotype has been discovered, and the gene's in vivo function is unknown.
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CHPs can also be labelled with near-infrared fluorophores for in vivo fluorescent imaging.
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20, 761–767. respectively – strongly suggest the mutual occurrence of these mechanisms in vivo.
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There may be more interesting structures and functions yet to be discovered in vivo.
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FPL 14467 (p-dihydroxy-desglycine) is inactive in vivo and weak in binding NMDAR.
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Antrodia camphorate inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
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It is not yet certain if this mechanism is present in in vivo cells through the regulation of intracellular redox conditions, but it is suggested that glutathione (GSH) could be an in vivo regulator of the formation and cleavage of these disulfide bonds.
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The salivary glands have been described as an in vivo reservoir for HHV-6 infection.
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Consequently, it is not known if this locus expresses a protein or proteins in vivo.
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The sap of Q. amara shows in vivo significant activity against lymphocytic leukemia in mice.
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Dendrosome are reported to be completely nontoxic both in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Alternatively, the polymer chitosan possesses similar biological response, namely the promotion of osteogenesis in vivo.
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Along with decreased potency in vivo, blood levels do not correlate with AH-1058 activity.
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Multiphoton fluorescence (2PEF and 3PEF) is a useful mean of imaging the brain in-vivo.
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However, in vitro and in vivo environments have shown to have different inductive effects on precursor cells. The creation of the neurosphere assay is highly sensitive; it is still unclear as to the exact differing effects that environment produces, relative to the in vivo environment.
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ETT expression has been confirmed in human and animal cell lines and its functional transport of ergothioneine has been observed in preliminary studies in vivo. Although the effect of ergothioneine in vivo is an active area of research, its physiological role in humans is undetermined.
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Infection in mice using S. typhimurium showed similar results, validating the experimental model also in vivo.
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The current generation in-vivo- jetPEI uses bespoke poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) polymers as precursors.
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Recently, she became the first female wrestler from Maharashtra to take part in Vivo PWL 3.
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Vasorelaxant and hypotensive activity in vitro and in vivo in a murine model by intravenous infusion.
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The first direct evidence for in vivo persistence of intrinsic disorder has been achieved by in-cell NMR upon electroporation of a purified IDP and recovery of cells to an intact state . Larger-scale in vivo validation of IDR predictions is now possible using biotin 'painting' .
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In: Die neue Sichtbarkeit des Todes. eds. Thomas Macho and Kristin Marek, Berlin, with image documentation on Hans Danuser's In Vivo, Frozen Embryo Series, Strangled Body, Erosion. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 2008 p. 268. In the 1980s Danuser embarked on his cycle In Vivo, completing it in 1989.
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Cages for rat equipped with optogenetic led commutators which permit in vivo study of animal behavior during optogenetic stimulations. In vivo and in vitro recordings of individual CAMKII AAV-ChR2 expressing pyramidal neurons within the prefrontal cortex demonstrated high fidelity action potential output with short pulses of blue light at 20 Hz (Figure 1). Motor cortex In vivo repeated optogenetic stimulation in healthy animals was able to eventually induce seizures. This model has been termed optokindling.
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In summary, the four domains of MMP-23 may work synergistically to modulate immune responses in vivo.
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The EGF domain of the C-terminal of versican also binds the EGF-receptor molecule in vivo.
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Medicated salt projects can be considered as large scale in vivo experiments designed to select resistant parasites.
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The discrepancy may be related to the fact that DOC can be converted into progesterone in vivo.
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She worked as the head of legal department in Vivo Energy Ghana Limited from 2012 to 2016.
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Hydrolysis of these esters, either in-vivo or by using strong acids, forms 2-methyl-5-methoxybenzofuran.
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In contrast, studies conducted in living beings (microorganisms, animals, humans, or whole plants) are called in vivo.
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Inset, representative light- evoked single-unit response. Fig 2. Halorhodopsin (NpHR) rapidly and reversibly silences spontaneous activity in vivo in rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex. (Top left) Schematic showing in vivo green (532 nm) light delivery and single- unit recording of a spontaneously active CaMKllα::eNpHR3.0- EYFP expressing pyramidal neuron.
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Homologous recombination can be categorized as either in vivo or in vitro. In vitro homologous recombination mimics natural in vivo recombination. These in vitro recombination methods require high sequence homology between parental sequences. These techniques exploit the natural diversity in parental genes by recombining them to yield chimeric genes.
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Research has been conducted on in vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumor targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice for cancer therapy. Investigations are being done on the biodistribution of radio- labelled SWNTs in mice by in vivo positron emission tomography (PET), ex vivo biodistribution and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that SWNTs that are functionalized with phospholipids bearing polyethylene glycol (PEG) are surprisingly stable in vivo. The effect of PEG chain length on the biodistribution and circulation of the SWNTs was studied.
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Multiple injection mefway PET experiments can be used for the in-vivo measurement of 5-HT1A receptor density. Imaging studies of mefway on in vivo and ex vivo rat brains indicate that the substance binds to the known 5-HT1A receptor regions including the dorsal raphe. These findings support that the dorsal raphe is measurable in rat PET studies. Mefway (18F) undergoes in vivo defluorination in rodent brain and this phenomenon was effectively suppressed by cytochrome P450 inhibitor (i.e. fluconazole).
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A number of in vitro and in vivo models lend themselves to preclinical evaluation of novel pulmonary therapies.
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Preadipocytes display CD45− CD31− CD34+ CD29+ SCA1+ CD24+ surface markers can proliferate and differentiate to adipocytes in vivo.
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Both RU-56187 and RU-58841 appear to be prodrugs of cyanonilutamide (RU-56279) in vivo in animals.
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Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA in vitro and in vivo. Nat Protoc. 2012 Dec;7(12):2112-26.
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"In vivo laser Doppler holography of the human retina." Biomedical optics express 9, no. 9 (2018): 4113-4129.
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No toxic effects of stromatoxin have been recorded in vivo. injected stromatoxin in mice, but observed no neurotoxicity.
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In vivo studies in rodent animal models suggest that MCPyV STag alone can be sufficient to drive transformation.
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The unsubstituted template showed minor effect. Another template Neu5Ac2en (DANA) was tried under same conditions and showed good in vivo effect. With new crystal structure images of the enzyme and Neu5Ac complex emerging and Neu5Ac2en confirmed as an in vivo inhibitor, the focus was on making structure based DANA derivatives.
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The most common methods for the treatment of specific phobias are systematic desensitization and in vivo or exposure therapy.
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Microelectrode arrays can be divided up into subcategories based on their potential use: in vitro and in vivo arrays.
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This artifice seems to have worked, since cyclacillin is more active in vivo than its in vitro spectrum suggests.
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The treatment has been tested on various types of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo with positive results.
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Increased in vivo expression of C22orf31 in mature oocytes suggests that the gene plays a role in oocyte development.
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Doubled haploids can be produced in vivo or in vitro. Haploid embryos are produced in vivo by parthenogenesis, pseudogamy, or chromosome elimination after wide crossing. The haploid embryo is rescued, cultured, and chromosome-doubling produces doubled haploids. The in vitro methods include gynogenesis (ovary and flower culture) and androgenesis (anther and microspore culture).
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Teriflunomide is the main active in vivo metabolite of leflunomide. Upon administration of leflunomide, 70% of the drug administered converts into teriflunomide. The only difference between the molecules is the opening of the isoxazole ring. Upon oral administration of leflunomide in vivo, the isoxazole ring of leflunomide is opened and teriflunomide is formed.
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Video- rate imaging not only reduces motion artifacts, but also allows in vivo study of biological processes, even in hand-held mode. It also gives the operator real-time feedback essential for orientation and fast localization of areas of interest. center Fig. 3: Five-dimensional imaging of mouse brain perfusion in vivo.
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IDPs can be validated in several contexts. Most approaches for experimental validation of IDPs are restricted to extracted or purified proteins while some new experimental strategies aim to explore in vivo conformations and structural variations of IDPs inside intact living cells and systematic comparisons between their dynamics in vivo and in vitro.
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They are known to grow in grape-like clusters with an invasive phenotype resembling that of the cells in vivo.
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In Vivo is a novel by Mildred Savage. The novel was originally published in hardback by Simon & Schuster in 1964.
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This award is given to the best overall paper that deals with clinical based research or human in vivo research.
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Because in vivo hemolysis destroys red blood cells, in uncontrolled, chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia.
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This translocation mechanism has been observed by fluorescence microscopy both in vivo and more recently in vitro with purified components .
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Its inhibitory action has been shown in vivo in prostate and colon. It is secreted by all colon cancer cells.
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In vivo, hepatotoxic doses of isopropyl hydrazine, the precursor of the isopropyl radical, did not deplete sulfhydryl-group containing compounds.
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One recent study showed that Gemifloxacin possess anti-metastatic activities against breast cancer in vitro and in vivo (in mice).
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The BOMAB phantom consists of 10 high-density polyethylene containers and is used to calibrate in vivo counting systems that are designed to measure the radionuclides that emit high energy photons (200 keV < E < 3 MeV). Because many different types of phantoms had been used to calibrate in vivo counting systems, the importance of establishing standard specifications for phantoms was emphasized at the 1990 international meeting of in vivo counting professionals held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (Kramer and Inn 1991). The consensus of the meeting attendees was that standard specifications were needed for the BOMAB phantom. The standard specifications for the BOMAB phantom provide the basis for a consistent phantom design for calibrating in vivo measurement systems.
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In haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, in vivo TCD suppressed lymphocytes early on. However, the incidence rate of c ytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivations is elevated. These problems can be overcome by combining TCD haploidentical graft with post-HSCT cyclophosphamide. In contrast, both in vivo TCD with alemtuzumab and in vitro TCD with CD34+ selection performed comparably.
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Roorda A, Zhang Y, Duncan JL. "High-resolution in vivo imaging of the RPE mosaic in eyes with retinal disease". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 May;48(5):2297-303. As the loss of RPE cells represents the primary pathology of macular degeneration, this provides a possible future avenue for tracking RPE degradation in vivo.
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Multiphoton excitation in laser scanning fluorescence microscopy provides for high resolution, high signal-to-noise imaging in living cells and deep in turbid tissues in vivo and significantly reduces photodamage and minimizes image degradation due to scattering and autofluorescence. His laboratory at Cornell University continues to extend the frontiers of these technologies, now for example extending MPM and FCS to imaging molecular processes within the cellular nucleus for gene expression in vivo. Recently initiated is the development of technology for introduction of MPM into Medical Endoscopy for in vivo, in situ real time diagnostics.
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NovaScreen's services included in vitro compound profiling for safety assessment, drug discovery screening services for targets such as GPCRs, Kinases, Ion Channels, Transporters, Nuclear Receptors and customized assay development services. In August 2006, Caliper acquired Xenogen Corporation, a developer of in vivo optical imaging systems (IVIS systems) and its division, Xenogen Biosciences a CRO offering in vivo transgenic animal production, phenotyping, gene targeting and in vivo optical imaging services. At the end of October 2008, SOTAX—a tester and software developer of medical devices—acquired Caliper's Pharmaceutical Development & Quality Analysis (PDQ) Division for $15.8 Million.
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The MUGA scan is performed by labeling the patient's red blood pool with a radioactive tracer, technetium-99m-pertechnetate (Tc-99m), and measuring radioactivity over the anterior chest as the radioactive blood flows through the large vessels and the heart chambers. The introduction of the radioactive marker can either take place in vivo or in vitro. In the in vivo method, stannous (tin) ions are injected into the patient's bloodstream. A subsequent intravenous injection of the radioactive substance, technetium-99m-pertechnetate, labels the red blood cells in vivo.
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Although evidence for this mechanism exists, whether it is a mechanism acting in adult stem cells in vivo is still controversial.
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IN VIVO PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF FERULIC ACID AGAINST NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS IN THE GUINEA-PIG. Neuroscience, 169(4), 1575-1588.
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An additional study found that the proximal promoter is one of many thousand direct targets of transcription factor, Myc, in vivo.
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Since the structure of apremilast lacks the acidic chiral hydrogen it should not racemize in vivo, unlike thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide.
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Elevated NRP1 expression is also correlated with the invasiveness of non-small cell lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo.
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The researcher is therefore able to quantify biological targets and fluorescent agents to the picomole in vivo and in real time.
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The therapeutic use of trans-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes has been severely hampered by its low-level activity in vivo. The true catalytic potential of trans-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes may be recouped in vivo and therapeutic derivatives are likely to complement other nucleic acid hybridizing therapeutic strategies. Already there are hammerhead ribozymes which are close to clinical application.
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REP distributions are not weighted to give more importance to certain types of studies. Current focus of REPs is on in vivo studies rather than in vitro. This is because all types of in vivo studies (acute, subchronic, etc.) and different endpoints have been combined, and associated REP distributions are shown as a single box plot.
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It has demonstrated that phlorotannins can have anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, radioprotective and anti-HIV properties. However, in vivo studies on the effects of these compounds are lacking, most of the research having so far been done in vitro. Regarding anti-allergic property, there is in vivo study on the effect of these compounds.
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Molecular self-assembly is one of the few methods for creating biomaterials with properties similar in scale and chemistry to that of the natural in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM), a crucial step toward tissue engineering of complex tissues. Moreover, these hydrogel scaffolds have shown superiority in in vivo toxicology and biocompatibility compared to traditional macroscaffolds and animal-derived materials.
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"Magnetoencephalography-directed surgery in patients with neocortical epilepsy" Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 4 (2002): 865-873. Research on in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy focuses on brain metabolismKreis, Roland, Thomas Ernst, and Brian D. Ross. "Development of the human brain: in vivo quantification of metabolite and water content with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 30, no.
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Taccalonolide A has been shown to more potent than paclitaxel in vivo, although the nature of the differences between in vitro and in vivo potency is not yet known. Taccalonolides A and E were potent against Pgp- expression Mam17/ADR synergeic cells in mouse models and were shown to be effective antitumor agents in doxorubicin and paclitaxel insensitive tumors.
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However, concerns remain over the use of silver in vivo. Considering the mechanism by which silver interferes with bacterial cell function, some fear that silver may have a similarly toxic effect on human tissue. For this reason, there has been limited use of silver coatings in vivo. Despite this, silver coatings are commonly used on devices such as catheters.
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Oseltamivir, the ethyl ester of GS 4071 was produced as a prodrug and is actively converted to the active drug in vivo.
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In vivo, mice showed 15-fold improvement in bacterial clearance when given pGSN, and no significant enhancement was found for NOS3-/- mice.
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Therefore, CBD increases the expression and activation of TRPV2, resulting in the inhibition of epileptic activity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Tryptamine is rapidly metabolized by MAO-A and MAO-B, and for this reason, has a very short in vivo half-life.
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Sahel, and M. Atlan. "In vivo laser Doppler holography of the human retina." Biomedical optics express 9, no. 9 (2018): 4113-4129.
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Recent scientific research on kurozu has revealed its anti-cancer properties in vivo on rats and in vitro on human cancer cells.
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The male flea dies after copulation. The female flea continues in vivo ectodevelopment, described in stages by the Fortaleza classification of tungiasis.
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Slit2 has been implicated in promoting angiogenesis in mice (both in vitro and in vivo), in the human placenta, and in tumorigenesis.
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Cells synthesize LifeAct-TagGFP2 in a short period of time at a cost-effective making it suitable as an in vivo marker.
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Kobayashi, Akira and Kazuhisa Sugiyama. "In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in a Patient with Keratopigmentation (Corneal Tattooing)." Cornea 2005; 24:2:238-240.
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Detailed studies on quasispecies dynamics in vivo have been performed with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus.
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He developed methods to measure free radical levels in vivo and to quantify the damage they cause to DNA. He has also researched dietary antioxidants. As of 2018, his research focuses on the role of free radicals and antioxidants in human disease, particularly Alzheimer's disease and other brain disorders. His interests include the characterisation of redox biomarkers for the identification of human diseases, molecular nutrition, the role of transition metal ions as promoters of radical reactions in vitro and in vivo, the development of drugs to prevent oxidative cell damage, the chemical nature of antioxidants in vivo, methods for the specific detection of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in vivo and their application to human disease, particularly stroke and neuro-degenerative diseases and ageing in humans and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Many PI3Ks appear to have a serine/threonine kinase activity in vitro; however, it is unclear whether this has any role in vivo.
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Harmol is a chemical compound classified as a β-carboline. It is readily formed in vivo in humans by O-demethylation of harmine.
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Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site.
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Moreover, certain compounds can undergo precipitation in their amorphous form in vivo, and they can decrease each other's bio-availability if administered together.
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Different experiments have shown the effects of the PR toxin on liver cells in culture (in vitro) and in the liver (in vivo).
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It has been shown that inactivation of amicyanin by gene replacement in vivo results in complete loss of ability to grow on methylamine.
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This is the first case of gene therapy being used in vivo in humans. The study was extended to six patients in 2018.
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The protein can homodimerize and bind DNA, but in vivo targets have not been identified. The gene expresses three alternatively spliced transcript variants.
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Doucet A., Overall C.M. Protease proteomics: revealing protease in vivo functions using systems biology approaches. Mol. Aspects Med. 29(5):339-58 (2008).
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These alternate to sEH pathways of EET metabolism ensure that blockade of sEH with drugs can increase EET levels only moderately in vivo.
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1996 Detection and identification of metabolites of microcystins formed in vivo in mouse and rat livers Chem. Res. Toxicol., 9(8), 1355- 1359.
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Nevertheless, favorable interactions between nearest neighbors of HP1 lead to limited spreading of HP1 and its marks along the nucleosome chain in vivo.
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An in vivo study. Spine, 1999 Jan 15;24(2): 163-8. 2\. Motomochi M, et al., Diagnosis of Abnormal Spine Motion with Cineradiography.
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This is followed by cordis ruptures which can cause mitral regurgitation and cardiac valvular diseases. \- With respect to Tnmd anti-angiogenic function in vivo, no major abnormalities in vessel formation and density were detected during tendon and retina development in the knockout mouse model. The latter finding is open for discussion because a study with recombinant tenomodulin has shown an obliterating vessel effect in retina when injected in vivo in the vitreous body. \- In ectopic tumour in vivo models, induced expression of TNMD in mouse melanoma cells resulted in suppression of tumour growth due to reduced vessel density.
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To sort out irrelevant effects, in vitro models mimic what was found with the in vivo model. Running these iterations helps find true causes and effects of TBI, which in turn helps future research mitigate these causes and effects. in vivo TBI models tend to use rats or mice, as they offer easy access to a living brain that can be analyzed.
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Additionally, for cDNA libraries, a system using the Lambda Zap II phage, ExAssist, and 2 E. coli species has been developed. A Cre-Lox system using loxP sites and the in vivo expression of the recombinase enzyme can also be used instead. These are examples of in vivo excision systems. In vitro excision involves subcloning often using traditional restriction enzymes and cloning strategies.
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Most, if not all, BRCA1 heterodimerizes with BARD1 in vivo. BARD1 and BRCA1 form a heterodimer via their N-terminal RING finger domains. The BARD1-BRCA1 interaction is observed in vivo and in vitro and is essential for BRCA1 stability. BARD1 shares homology with the two most conserved regions of BRCA1: the N-terminal RING motif and the C-terminal BRCT domain.
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His scope of research extended further including the visionary aim of producing diffusion tensor reconstructions of the beating heart. He and his group were the first to present 3D fibre images of the in- vivo heart of humans.Toussaint N, Sermesant M, Stoeck CT, Kozerke S, Batchelor PG. In vivo human 3D cardiac fibre architecture: reconstruction using curvilinear interpolation of diffusion tensor images.
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Sayre RM, Hughes SNG. Sun Protective Apparel: advancements in sun protection, Skin Cancer Journal, 1993, 8:41-47. Nicholas Lowe and R Sayre followed this up with in vivo research.Lowe NJ, Bourget T, Hughes S, Sayre RM. UV protection offered by clothing: An In Vitro and In Vivo Assestment of Summer Clothing Fabrics, Skin Cancer Journal, 1995; 10:89-96.
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In vivo supersaturation is the behavior of orally administered compounds that undergo supersaturation as they pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Typically these compounds have a weakly basic nature (pKa in the range of 5 to 8) and a relatively low solubility in aqueous solutions. In vivo supersaturation is a recent phenomenon that was first observed by Yamashita et al. in 2003.
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Many metabolites are chemically reactive and unstable, and thus prone to chemical damage. In general, any reaction that occurs in vitro under physiological conditions can also occur in vivo. Some metabolites are so reactive that their half-life in a cell is measured in minutes. For example, the glycolytic intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid has a half-life of 27 minutes in vivo.
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Evidence of retinal ganglion cell loss consistent with retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration has also been demonstrated in-vivo with optical coherence tomography in humans.
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Reagents are created for use in flow cytometry, proteogenomics, ELISA, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and in vitro or in vivo functional assays.
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The researchers are now looking at targeting latent HSV-1 genomes and are investigating in vivo model systems to assess the potential therapeutic application.
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Little is known about intracellular kinetics of thyroid hormones. However, recently it could be demonstrated that the crystallin CRYM binds 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine in vivo.
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It can be inferred that its in vivo metabolites may have stronger effects on the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or serotonin than quinupramine itself.
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Thus, using this approach, CTAB was identified as a potential apoptogenic quaternary ammonium compound possessing in vitro and in vivo efficacy against HNC models.
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MDMB-CHMICA's main metabolic reactions comprise mono-hydroxylations and hydrolysis of the carboxylic ester function. In total, 31 metabolites could be identified in vivo.
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This percentage actually changes very little when the concentration is varied. None of these findings have been confirmed in vivo in clinical studies yet.
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Absorption of topical permethrin is minimal. One in vivo study demonstrated 0.5% absorption in the first 48 hours based upon excretion of urinary metabolites.
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Studies from gene knockout mice and human diseases have also revealed critical in vivo roles for perlecan in cartilage development and neuromuscular junction activity.
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Veto- induced tolerance can be established in vitro and in vivo for both MHC class I and II as well as minor histocompatibility antigens.
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Youhimoto H, et al., Kinematic Evaluation of Atlantoaxial Joint Instability: An In Vivo Cineradiographic Investigation. Journal of Spinal Disorders 14, (1), 21-31. 5\.
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Vps34 is more accurately described as a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In vivo Vps34 can phosphorylate only phosphatidylinositol to form phosphatidylinositol (3)-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P).
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Estimates of the speed of rotation of the style in vivo vary significantly, and it is unclear if the style is rotated continuously or intermittently.
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Such material based systems would work most closely to smart biomaterial drug system delivery, while not allowing precise in vivo teleoperation of such engineered prototypes.
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Groom's work combines in vivo and 3D imaging methods with transcriptional analysis to discover how cellular interactions lead to tailored protection against diverse pathogenic infections.
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Covance reports that it offers Lead Optimization Non-GLP Toxicology, In Vivo Pharmacology, Nonclinical Imaging, Nonclinical Pathology, PK/TK Analysis and Reporting, and Immunology Services.
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In vivo, AGEs form pentosidine through sugar fragmentation. In patients with diabetes mellitus type 2, pentosidine correlates with the presence and severity of diabetic complications.
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Our results further highlight the fact that heteroclitic peptide-based immune interventions require careful evaluation to ensure that wildtype antigen specificity is maintained in vivo.
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Effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen pH on cellulolysis in vivo and dry matter digestion of various roughages.
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The aim of the study was the evaluation in vivo of the differences between the microcirculatory characteristics of the postburn scar and the healthy skin.
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Gold nanoparticles,M. Eghtedari, A. Oraevsky, J.A. Copland, N.A. Kotov, A. Conjusteau, M. Motamedi, "High Sensitivity of In Vivo Detection of Gold Nanorods Using a Laser Optoacoustic Imaging System", Nano Lett. 7 (2007) 1914-1918. silver nanoparticles,K.A. Homan, M. Souza, R. Truby, G.P. Luke, C. Green, E. Vreeland, S. Emelianov, "Silver Nanoplate Contrast Agents for in Vivo Molecular Photoacoustic Imaging", ACS Nano 6 (2012) 641-650.
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Some catastrophins affect catastrophe by binding to the ends of microtubules and promoting the dissociation of tubulin dimers. Different mathematical models of microtubule development are being developed to take into account in vitro and in vivo observations. Meanwhile, there are new in vitro models of microtubule polymerization dynamics, of which catastrophins take a part in, being tested to emulate in vivo behaviors of microtubules.
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Nucleotides can be synthesized by a variety of means both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, protecting groups may be used during laboratory production of nucleotides. A purified nucleoside is protected to create a phosphoramidite, which can then be used to obtain analogues not found in nature and/or to synthesize an oligonucleotide. In vivo, nucleotides can be synthesized de novo or recycled through salvage pathways.
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Collagen is synthesized as a soluble precursor, procollagen, which supports collagen self-assembly. Since collagen fibrils have almost 50 binding components in vivo, the definite requirement to generate fibrillogenesis in vivo is still cryptic. With acidic or saline solution, collagen can be extracted from tissues and rearrange into fibril by changing temperature or pH value. Experiments discovered attractive force between collagen monomers which helps the rearrangement.
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Nitesh Kumar (born 12 August 1997) is an Indian kabaddi player who currently plays for U.P. Yoddha in VIVO Pro Kabaddi league. Kumar is a Future Kabaddi Heroes programme graduate and was picked up by U.P. Yoddha in the Season 5 auction. In VIVO Pro Kabaddi Season 6, Kumar became the first player in league history to score 100 tackle points in a single campaign.
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In vitro safety pharmacology studies are focused on early hazard identification and subsequent compound profiling in order to guide preclinical in vivo safety and toxicity studies. Early compound profiling can flag for receptor-, enzyme-, transporter-, and ion channel-related liabilities of NCEs (e.g., inhibition of the human ether-a-go-go related gene protein (hERG)). Classically in vivo investigations comprise the use of young adult conscious animals.
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J. Theoretical Biology 222, 3 (2003), 323-330. Other approaches to cellular computing include developing an in vivo programmable and autonomous finite-state automaton with E. coli,Nakagawa, H., Sakamoto, K., Sakakibara, Y. Development of an in vivo computer based on Escherichia Coli. In LNCS 3892, pages 203-212, Springer, 2006 designing and constructing in vivo cellular logic gates and genetic circuits that harness the cell's existing biochemical processes (see for example Zabet NR, Hone ANW, Chu DF Design principles of transcriptional logic circuits . In Artificial Life XII Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems, pages 186-193.
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In vivo hepatic drug biotransformation studies have shown greater lymphocyte killing in subjects with a known history of serum sickness–like reactions than in control subjects.
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Stable complexes can be generated using different types of bi-, tri-, and tetradentate ligand systems, and their efficacy has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo.
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Helicases may process much faster in vivo than in vitro due to the presence of accessory proteins that aid in the destabilization of the fork junction.
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However, the secondary structure of such short RNA thermometers can be sensitive to mutation, as a single base change can render the hairpin inactive in vivo.
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It has also been used to study the σ2 activity of cocaine, and has been shown to produce anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo.
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Many MFS transporters are thought to be dimers through in vitro and in vivo methods, with some evidence to suggest a functional role for this oligomerization.
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A. Gjedde (June 1982). "Calculation of glucose phosphorylation from brain uptake of glucose analogs in vivo: A re-examination.". Brain Research Reviews 4 (2): 237–274. .
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The antiandrogenic potency of prorenone in vivo in animals is close to that of spironolactone. Similarly to spironolactone, prorenone is also a potent inhibitor of aldosterone biosynthesis.
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Two mRNA transcripts of the TXN2 gene differ by ~330 bp in the length of the 3′-untranslated region, and both are believed to exist in vivo.
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The chairside systems are designed to facilitate the 3D scanning of a preparation in vivo and produce the restoration (such as a Crown, Onlay, Inlay or Veneer).
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Later inverse stochastic resonance has been confirmed in Purkinje cells of cerebellum, where it could play the role for generation of pauses of spiking activity in vivo.
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Because of this, in vivo testing is the most effective way to determine the potential toxicity of nanomaterials and other agents that are believed to cause hypersensitivity.
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In addition, since contacts between CoA and protein facilitate the formation of favorable histone-protein contacts, it is likely that CoA binding precedes histone binding in vivo.
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B. trispora is a pathogen of tropical plants. In vivo pathogenicity testing using animal models suggests this fungus is not a cause of animal or human disease.
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The presence of villi is characteristic of C. coronatus. Growth of the fungus in vivo shows a histologic pattern similar to that seen in other Zygomycota infections.
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In addition, the recovery determined in vitro may differ from the recovery in humans. Its actual value therefore needs to be determined in every in vivo experiment.
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While a large body of translational evidence exists to support DAT hypofunction, in vivo evidence is limited to one study reporting reduced DAT binding in the caudate.
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When ADAR is downregulated by CREB the unedited miR-455-5p downregulates a tumor suppressor protein called CPEB1, contributing to melanoma progression in an in vivo model.
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Toxicity experiments may be conducted in vivo (using the whole animal) or in vitro (testing on isolated cells or tissues), or in silico (in a computer simulation).
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Matching the in vivo unstirred water layer thickness by individual-well stirring in microtitre plates. Pharm. Sci., 22: 365-374. blood–brain barrierDagenais, C. et al. (2009).
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Though the concept of stem cell niche was prevailing in vertebrates, the first characterization of stem cell niche in vivo was worked out in Drosophila germinal development.
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In 2018, Wang was elected as the member of National Academy of Engineering(NAE) for "inventions in photoacoustic microscopy enabling functional, metabolic, and molecular imaging in vivo".
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Mahadevan-Jansen joined the faculty at Vanderbilt University in 1996 and is currently Orrin H. Ingram Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Professor of Neurological Surgery. She founded the Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, where she works on optical diagnostics, surgical guidance, and neurophotonics. She is interested in translating optical technologies into in vivo diagnostic tools. Mahadevan-Jansen pioneered the use of in vivo Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive diagnostics cervical dysplasia.
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Recently some researchers succeeded to get the totipotent cells without the aid of SCNT. Totipotent cells were obtained using the epigenetic factors such as oocyte germinal isoform of histone. Reprogramming in vivo, by transitory induction of the four factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc in mice, confers totipotency features. Intraperitoneal injection of such in vivo iPS cells generates embryo-like structures that express embryonic and extraembryonic (trophectodermal) markers.
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Many secretomic studies are conducted in vitro with cell culture methods, but it is unclear whether the same proteins are secreted in vivo. More and more studies, especially those looking at the cancer secretome, are using in vivo methods to confirm the relevance of the results obtained in vitro. For example, proximal biological fluids can be collected adjacent to a tumor in order to conduct a secretomic analysis.
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Here is a list of in vitro examples and in vivo examples. In vivo methods of transfecting specific mouse cells utilize the same kinds of vectors as in vitro experiments, except that the vector is injected into a specific organ. Zhou et al. (2008) injected Ngn3, Pdx1 and Mafa into the dorsal splenic lobe (pancreas) of mice to reprogram pancreatic exocrine cells into β-cells in order to ameliorate hyperglycaemia.
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Photocurable adhesives are also used in the production of catheters, hearing aids, surgical masks, medical filters, and blood analysis sensors. Photopolymers have also been explored for uses in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cell encapsulation systems. Photopolymerization processes for these applications are being developed to be carried out in vivo or ex vivo. In vivo photopolymerization would provide the advantages of production and implantation with minimal invasive surgery.
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It has a reduced receptor binding activity compared to other ESAs and but retains in vivo activity due to an extended serum half-life. It has an in vivo half-life of around 135 hours (5.6 days) as compared to darbepoetin alfa which has a half life of around 21 to 70 hours, the half life of which is three times that of the naturally occurring erthropoietin in the body.
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Moreover, in vivo, there is a high diversity in gene expression profile between different populations of tissue macrophages. Macrophage activation spectrum is thus considered to be wider, involving complex regulatory pathway to response to plethora of different signals from the environment. The diversity of macrophage phenotypes still remain to be fully characterized in vivo. The imbalance of the macrophage types is related to a number of immunity-related diseases.
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Determining the impact of a nanoparticle on a living system is not straightforward. A multitude of in vivo and in vitro studies must be done to fully characterize reactivity. In vivo studies often use whole organisms such as mice or zebrafish to infer the interaction of the nanoparticle on a healthy human body. In vitro studies look at how nanoparticles interact with specific cell colonies, typically of human origin.
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Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is a form of behavior therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy designed to treat post-traumatic stress disorder. It is characterized by two main treatment procedures – imaginal and in vivo exposures. Imaginal exposure is repeated 'on-purpose' retelling of the trauma memory. In vivo exposure is gradually confronting situations, places, and things that are reminders of the trauma or feel dangerous (despite being objectively safe).
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Like 7,8-DHF, administration of R7 has been found to activate the TrkB in vivo in the mouse brain. Moreover, R7 was found to potently activate the TrkB and the downstream Akt signaling pathway upon oral administration, an action that was tightly correlated with plasma concentrations of 7,8-DHF. As such, R7 has shown in vivo efficacy as an agonist of the TrkB, including central activity, similarly to 7,8-DHF.
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Imaging agents have been developed which identify EGFR- dependent cancers using labeled EGF. The feasibility of in vivo imaging of EGFR expression has been demonstrated in several studies.
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Dental erosion In-vivo studies are advantageous in assessing erosion directly from the patient's mouth. There are numerous signs of dental erosion, including changes in appearance and sensitivity.
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They also play a significant role in biotechnological and clinical applications. Affitin use provides important and useful methods for in vivo and in vitro analysis of protein structure.
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TTC39B is expected to have a molecular binding function as well as a role in lipid regulation; the phenotype as well as the function in vivo is unknown.
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They concluded with relative certainty that the pyridine cross-links found in elastin were, in fact, due to an in- vivo Chichibabin pyridine synthesis of ammonia and allysine.
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Storici F., Resnick MA. (2006) The delitto perfetto approach to in vivo site-directed mutagenesis and chromosome rearrangements with synthetic oligonucleotides in yeast. Methods Enzymol. 409:329-45.
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In vitro and in vivo results show that Neuroaid makes cells more resistant against glutamate aggression, increases neurite outgrowth and connectivity as well as reduces the infarct volume.
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Sosne, G., et al., Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res, 2002. 74(2): p. 293-9.
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The first in vivo MPI results provided images of a beating mouse heart in 2009. With further research, this could eventually be used for real-time cardiac imaging.
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Carnosine is synthesized in vivo from beta-alanine and histidine. Since beta- alanine is the limiting substrate, supplementing just beta-alanine effectively increases the intramuscular concentration of carnosine.
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The Medical Center also contains the Biomolecular Imaging Center (BIC), which offers VA and affiliated MU researchers, state of the art molecular and anatomic in vivo imaging capabilities.
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Preclinical safety pharmacology integrates in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches.Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Principles of Safety Pharmacology. Editors: Pugsley, Michael K., Curtis, Michael J. (Eds.), 2015.
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This, in conjunction with a CCD camera and an adaptive optics system, can be used to visualize anatomical structures not otherwise visible in vivo, such as cone photoreceptors.
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Linker degradation can be predicted by the amount of D-aminoacids (the unnatural isomer) incorporated in the peptide chain, this restricts in vivo proteolysis to the central linker.
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Structurally, psoralidin is a coumestan derivative; it has an isopentenyl group at the second carbon position of coumestrol. Psoralidin is insoluble in water, making in vivo studies difficult.
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Although there has been some basic research on how sulforaphane might exert beneficial effects in vivo, there is no high-quality evidence for its efficacy against human diseases.
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CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to edit the DNA of organisms in vivo and to eliminate individual genes or even entire chromosomes from an organism at any point in its development. Chromosomes that have been successfully deleted in vivo using CRISPR techniques include the Y chromosome and X chromosome of adult lab mice and human chromosomes 14 and 21, in embryonic stem cell lines and aneuploid mice respectively. This method might be useful for treating genetic disorders caused by abnormal numbers of chromosomes, such as Down syndrome and intersex disorders. Successful in vivo genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 has been shown in numerous model organisms, including Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis spp.
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To date, few in-depth studies on the in vivo behavior of PAMAM dendrimers have been carried out. This could be in part due to the diverse behavior of PAMAMs depending on surface modification (see below), which make characterization of their in vivo properties largely case-dependent. Nonetheless, the fate and transport of unmodified PAMAM dendrimers is an important case study as any biological applications could involve unmodified PAMAM as a metabolic byproduct. In the only major systematic study of in vivo PAMAM behavior, injections of high levels of bare PAMAMs over extended periods of time in mice showed no evidence of toxicity up through G5 PAMAM, and for G3-G7 PAMAM, low immunogenicity was observed.
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A primary purpose of growing cells in 3D scaffolds and as 3D cell spheroids in vitro is to test pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of drugs and nanomaterials in preclinical trials. Toxicology studies have shown 3D cell cultures to be nearly on par with in vivo studies for the purposes of testing toxicity of drug compounds. When comparing LD50 values for 6 common drugs: acetaminophen, amiodarone, diclofenac, metformin, phenformin, and valproic acid, the 3D spheroid values correlated directly with those from in vivo studies. Although 2D cell cultures have previously been used to test for toxicity along with in vivo studies, the 3D spheroids are better at testing chronic exposure toxicity because of their longer life spans.
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Findings in vitro with Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines showed that loss of perlecan via transfection with an antisense construct led to decreased proliferation and migration of this highly metastatic cell type. These results are in contrast to in vivo results with the same Kaposi Sarcoma lines, which show that decreased perlecan leads to increased angiogenesis, which facilitates migration and thus is associated with increase in tumor grade. Antisense knockdown of perlecan in fibrosarcoma cell lines led to increased growth and migration both in vitro and in vivo. These findings of greater tumorigenesis in vivo are supported by data showing that the C-terminus of the perlecan protein acts as an endostatic module now known as endorepellin.
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The English microbiologist Professor Harry Smith and his colleagues in the mid-1950s found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with Bacillus anthracis were lethal for other animals, whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown in vitro were not. This discovery of anthrax toxin through the use of in vivo experiments had a major impact on studies of the pathogenesis of infectious disease. The maxim in vivo veritas ("in a living thing [there is] truth")Life Science Technologies, Cell Signaling: In Vivo Veritas, Science Magazine, 2007 is used to describe this type of testing and is a play on in vino veritas, ("in wine [there is] truth"), a well-known proverb.
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This protein associates with DPM1 in vivo and is required for the ER localization and stable expression of DPM1 and also enhances the binding of dolichol-phosphate to DPM1.
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438, pp. 145-154, 1988. Modeccin exhibits the same toxicity to hepatocytes (liver cells) in vivo as in vitro. It penetrates the hepatocytes and damages the 60s ribosomal subunits.
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Optical transparency was greater than 90%. Applications demonstrated include optogenetic activation of focal cortical areas, in vivo imaging of cortical vasculature via fluorescence microscopy and 3D optical coherence tomography.
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PrP has been reported to play important roles in cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling in vivo, and may therefore be involved in cell-cell communication in the brain.
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Kraft D & Kraft T (2010). Use of in vivo and in vitro desensitization in the treatment of mouse phobia: review and case study. Contemporary Hypnosis, 27 (3): 184-194.
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C. sporogenes is the only species of bacteria known to synthesize 3-indolepropionic acid in vivo at levels which are subsequently detectable in the blood stream of the host.
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Results from in vitro studies suggest that fatty acids, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids, have a bactericidal effect against H. pylori, but their in vivo effects have not been proven.
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The most common commercial reagents for transfection of siRNA are Lipofectamine and Neon Transfection. However it is not compatible with all cell types, and has low in vivo efficiency.
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A more complex use of reporter genes on a large scale is in two-hybrid screening, which aims to identify proteins that natively interact with one another in vivo.
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44 No.1. 2, 2008)Ingrid S. Surono, Usman Pato, Koesnandar and Akiyoshi Hosono. In vivo Antimutagenicity of Dadiah Probiotic Bacteria towards Trp-P1. (Asian-Aust. J. Animal Sci.
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In these conditions, developing a simple PD model of the dose–response relationship observed in vitro, and transposing it without changes to predict in vivo effects is not enough.
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In conclusion, we find that the diffusible fraction of cTnT is likely to be substantially larger in vivo than previously reported and likely affected by the local plasma flow.
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Bazinaprine (SR-95,191) is an experimental drug candidate. It is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) which is believed to be useful for the treatment of depression. The drug strongly inhibits type A monoamine oxidase, but only weakly inhibits type B. The effects of the drug are reversible in vivo, but not in vitro. In studies, the chemical has been shown to not interact in vivo with other neurotransmitter or drug receptor sites.
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Hydroxylation is the major and primary biotransformation of tebufenpyrad reported both in vivo and in vitro. Ethyl and tetra-butyl groups are the targets of hydroxylation. The alcohol groups are oxidized to carboxylic groups which can then be conjugated with other groups in vivo. In rodent studies it was shown that 80% of the pesticide was absorbed mainly in the digestive system within 24 hours, the major metabolites being the hydroxylated forms.
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Newly developed fluorescent proteins that absorb in the near-IR range (e.g. red fluorescent protein) allow imaging deep inside tissues.D. Razansky, M. Distel, C. Vinegoni, R. Ma, N. Perrimon, R.W. Koester, V. Ntziachristos, "Multispectral opto-acoustic tomography of deep-seated fluorescent proteins in vivo", Nat Photonics 3 (2009) 412-417.A. Krumholz, D.M. Shcherbakova, J. Xia, L.V. Wang, V.V. Verkhusha, "Multicontrast photoacoustic in vivo imaging using near-infrared fluorescent proteins", Scientific Reports 4 (2014) 3939.
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A hybrid approach between in vitro and in vivo has recently been used, called in situ, in which the organism is put under terminal anesthesia, and in vivo tests are performed with the muscle still attached to the organism. This ensures the muscle is kept at the right temperature and amply supplied with nutrients and oxygen by the blood, but the procedure is more difficult and some tests may not be possible.
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It has been widely reported the identification of bacteria by their volatile organic compound fingerprint. SESI-MS has proven to be a robust technique for the identification of bacteria from cell cultures and infections in vivo from breath samples, after the development of libraries of vapor profiles. Other studies include: In vivo differentiation between critical pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. or differential detection among antibiotic resistant S. aureus and its non-resistant strains.
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Therefore, urine screening tests are unreliable as a standard test for diagnosing CTD, particularly in females. A more reliable and sophisticated manner of testing for cerebral creatine concentrations is through in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). In vivo 1H MRS uses proton signals to determine the concentration of specific metabolites. This method of testing is more reliable because it provides a fairly accurate measurement of the amount of creatine inside the brain.
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In cancer research, colloidal gold can be used to target tumors and provide detection using SERS (surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy) in vivo. These gold nanoparticles are surrounded with Raman reporters, which provide light emission that is over 200 times brighter than quantum dots. It was found that the Raman reporters were stabilized when the nanoparticles were encapsulated with a thiol-modified polyethylene glycol coat. This allows for compatibility and circulation in vivo.
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In addition to the previously mentioned in vivo and in vitro experiments, other similar experiments have been performed. Alkylthiolate-AuNPs with trimethlyammonium ligand termini mediate the translocation of DNA across mammalian cell membranes in vitro at a high level, which is detrimental to these cells. Corneal haze in rabbits have been healed in vivo by using polyethylemnimine-capped gold nanoparticles that were transfected with a gene that promotes wound healing and inhibits corneal fibrosis.
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NEDD4 has been shown to interact with and ubiquitinate the tumour suppressor protein PTEN in vitro, resulting in PTEN proteasomal degradation or trafficking. The in vivo role of NEDD4 in PTEN regulation is less clear. There is some evidence from NEDD4 deficient mice that NEDD4 does not target PTEN for degradation or trafficking. However, in other in vivo models, and in many human cancer cell lines, NEDD4 does appear responsible for the degradation of PTEN.
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Upon oral administration of leflunomide in vivo, the isoxazole ring of leflunomide is opened and teriflunomide is formed. Teriflunomide is the only active metabolite of leflunomide, completely responsible for its therapeutic actions. It results from the reaction of isoxazole ring opening, which occurs in vivo. Teriflunomide then can interconvert between the E and Z enolic forms (and the corresponding keto-amide), the Z-enol being the most stable and therefore most predominant form.
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Edelfosine apoptosis-inducing abilities were studied with several types of cancer, among them multiple myeloma and non-small and small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. In vivo activity against human solid tumors in mice was shown against malignant gynecological tumor cells, like ovarian cancer, and against breast cancer. In vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated a “considerably higher” accumulation of Edelfosine in tumor cells than in other analyzed organs. It remained undergraded for a long time.
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The testing of other proposed mechanisms in vivo, particularly intron gain during DSBR, intron transfer, and intronization, is possible, although these mechanisms must be demonstrated in vivo to solidify them as actual mechanisms of intron gain. Further genomic analyses, especially when executed at the population level, may then quantify the relative contribution of each mechanism, possibly identifying species-specific biases that may shed light on varied rates of intron gain amongst different species.
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She combined in vivo optogenetics with microdialysis to stimulate genetically identified neurons and also detect the peptides that are released that might be mediating neural circuit changes and behavioral outputs.
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In academic contexts, a number of laboratories are working on delivery of PEGylated particles, which form serum protein coronas and chiefly exhibit LDL receptor mediated uptake in cells in vivo.
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Myers H.M. (ed.), Karger, Basel.Igarashi K., Lee I.K. and Schachtele Ch.F. (1989). Comparison of in vivo human dental plaque pH changes within artificial fissures and at interproximal sites. Caries Res.
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Herrington, D.A., Tzipori, S., Robins-Browne, R.M., Tall, B.D. and Levine, M.M., 1987. In vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides. Infection and immunity, 55(4), pp.979-985.
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Finally, fluoro-jade may find use in non-neuronal systems as investigators have reported its use to assess cell death in renal tubular epithelial cells, in vitro and in vivo.
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For example, a combination of alpha-amylase and cellulase was shown to degrade polymicrobial bacterial biofilms from both in vitro and in vivo sources, and increase antibiotic effectiveness against them.
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Importantly though, the human gastruloid model is not able to form a human embryo, meaning that is a non-intact, non-viable and non- equivalent to in vivo human embryos.
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Under the industry principles of the 3Rs, Covance also uses alternative test methods beyond animal testing (in vivo), which includes in vitro testing, non-testing methods (in silico) and analytics.
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The combination of cMet and Plk1 inhibition led to significant tumor regression in NSCLC in vivo models treated with clinically relevant drugs. Rigosertib is an experimental RAS/PI3K/PLK1 inhibitor.
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B. salamandrivorans differs from B. dendrobatidis primarily in the formation of germ tubes in vitro, the formation of colonial thalli with multiple sporangia in vivo, and a lower thermal preference.
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In vitro data implicate NEDD4-2 in the regulation of many other proteins, including several ion channels and transporters. However most of these results have not been validated in vivo.
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University of Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center on Vitamins These factors do not correlate with the antioxidant activity of vitamin E isomers, where tocotrienols show even much higher activity in vivo.
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Axelrod, D. (2008). Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy. In J. J. Correia & H. W. Detrich (Eds.), Biophysical Tools for Biologists, Vol 2: In Vivo Techniques (Vol. 89, pp. 169-221).
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Gambogic amide, a derivative of gambogic acid, selectively activates TrkA (but not TrkB and TrkC) both in-vitro and in-vivo by interacting with the cytoplasmic juxtamembrane domain of TrkA.
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Science 284:770–76 As noted for receptor-proteins, in vivo interactions among different growth factor responsible for gliogenesis and other cell fates produce very different roles than when isolated.
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Finally a dedicated software, interfaceable with record and verify systems used in the centers, was developed to obtain in vivo dosimetry results in less than 2 min after beam delivery
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Another proof of the cooperation and integration of the entire immune system has been shown in vivo, when TLR signaling was inhibited or disabled, NOD receptors took over role of TLRs.
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A comprehensive list of human and mouse genes regulating cold- induced thermogenesis (CIT) in living animals (in vivo) or tissue samples (ex vivo) has been assembled and is available in CITGeneDB.
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GPR65 enables tumor growth by sensing the acidic environment. It was found that overexpression of GPR65 prevents tumor cell death in acidic conditions in vitro and facilitates tumor growth in vivo.
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In vivo fluctuation of JH, JH acid, and ecdysteroid titer, and JH esterase activity, during development of fifth stadium Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem. 17, 989-996. Braun, R.P., Wyatt, G.R., 1995.
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Tenuifolin A-I Tenuifolins are bio-active terpenoids. Tenuifolins inhibit beta-amyloid synthesis in vitro. Tenuifolins have nootropic activity in vivo via acetylcholine esterase inhibition and increased norepinephrine and dopamine production.
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Vasicinone is a quinazoline alkaloid. It shows bronchodilatory activity in vitro but bronchoconstrictory activity in vivo. Vasicinone was shown to have an antianaphylactic action. It has been found within Peganum harmala.
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Several bacterial combinations are seen in vivo, the most common simultaneous infection being Pasteurella multocida. Treatment must be immediate and continuous. Antibiotics used include ceftiofur, tetracycline, synthetic penicillins, tylosin, and sulfonamides.
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Using polyimide as the substrate, Lacour rolled 2D gold microelectrodes and microchannels into 3D channel bundles to fit around axons. These 3D electrode channel devices fixed to polymer substrates not only provide an innovative tool for in vivo guided axon regeneration but also set the stage for in vivo electrode implants that can communicate with multiple groups of nerve fibers, one day possibly enabling effective communication between a prosthetic and the human body. Lacour later began to experiment with different substrates with which to build stretchable electronics that are more compatible with biological systems in vivo. Instead of using rigid, inorganic materials, like silicon, Lacour tested the viability of using pulsed lasers to create diamond-like carbon microstructures on polydimethylsiloxane.
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Recently, SELEX reactions have been developed where the target is whole cells, which are expanded near complete confluence and incubated with the oligonucleotide library on culture plates. Incubation buffer conditions are altered based on the intended target and desired function of the selected aptamer. For example, in the case of negatively charged small molecules and proteins, high salt buffers are used for charge screening to allow nucleotides to approach the target and increase the chance of a specific binding event. Alternatively, if the desired aptamer function is in vivo protein or whole cell binding for potential therapeutic or diagnostic application, incubation buffer conditions similar to in vivo plasma salt concentrations and homeostatic temperatures are more likely to generate aptamers that can bind in vivo.
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Chem-seq Workflow Chem-seq relies on the ability to create a biotinylated version of a small molecule of interest to allow for downstream affinity capture. Chem-seq can be carried out either In vitro or In vivo, although the results from each have proven to be highly similar. In vivo Chem-seq During In vivo Chem-seq, cultured cells in medium are treated simultaneously with either a biotinylated version of the small molecule under study or DMSO (as a control) and 1% formaldehyde for the crosslinking of DNA, proteins and small molecules. DNA is then extracted from the cells, sonicated and enriched for regions containing the biotinylated molecule of interest by incubation with streptavidin magnetic beads, which have a very high affinity for biotin.
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In pharmacology, IVIVE can be used to approximate pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD). Since the timing and intensity of effects on a given target depend on the concentration time course of candidate drug (parent molecule or metabolites) at that target site, in vivo tissue and organ sensitivities can be completely different or even inverse of those observed on cells cultured and exposed in vitro. That indicates that extrapolating effects observed in vitro needs a quantitative model of in vivo PK. Physiologically based PK (PBPK) models are generally accepted to be central to the extrapolations. In the case of early effects or those without intercellular communications, the same cellular exposure concentration is assumed to cause the same effects, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in vitro and in vivo.
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The GAS1 gene plays a significant role in kidney development. Conserved DNA binding motif, which is located in the Gas1 promoter, is directly bind by the WT1, and then the Gas1 mRNA is activated to transcript to the NPCs. The WT1 has been confirmed as a necessary part for expressing Gas1 in kidneys in vivo. Loss of function of GAS1 in vivo results in hypoplastic kidneys with reduced nephron mass due to premature depletion of NPCs.
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These techniques can be performed either in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro. Ex vivo techniques enable a more accurate count of the T cells in a graft and also has the option to 'addback' a set number of T cells if necessary. Currently, ex vivo techniques most commonly employ positive or negative selection methods using immunomagnetic separation. In contrast, in-vivo TCD is performed using anti-T cell antibodies or, most recently, post-HSCT cyclophosphamide.
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The ability to recapitulate spermatogenesis In vitro provides a unique opportunity to study this biological process through oftentimes cheaper and faster method of research than in vivo work. Observation is often easier in vitro, as the targeted cells are mostly isolated and immobile. Another significant advantage of in vitro research is the ease with which environmental factors can be changed and monitored. There are also techniques which are not practical or feasible in vivo which can now be explored.
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However, whether insemination takes place naturally or by artificial means, the pregnancy and the progress of it will be the same. Insemination may be called in vivo fertilisation (from in vivo meaning "within the living") because an egg is fertilized inside the body, this is in contrast with in vitro fertilisation (IVF). In plants, the fertilization process is referred to as pollination. It is the process of transfer of pollen grains from one anther to stigma of other plants.
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Fortunately, SAPNSs may breakdown naturally by peptidase activity. In addition, promising monitoring methods are being explored in order to monitor axon regeneration in vivo that would provide patients real-time feedback via manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI). In this way, these potential therapies could be monitored efficiently.Liang, Y.X.; Cheung, S.W.H.; Chan, K.C.W.; Wu, E.X.; Tay, D.K.C.; Ellis-Behnke, R.G. CNS regeneration after chronic injury using a self- assembled nanomaterial and MEMRI for real-time in vivo monitoring.
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Substrate-bound protein gradients to study haptotaxis. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 3] Both types are relatively easy to produce, but digital gradients give more accurate concentration calculations. Overall, the methods in use currently can be improved to mirror the in vivo environment more, as the resolution of the gradients is not as sharp in vitro as they are in vivo. Also, biological gradients have the ability to change geometry, which current models in vitro cannot mimic.
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These positions could be recapitulated in vitro using just purified histones and DNA, and detected in vivo, at developmentally regulated genes in mice. She also studied how linker histone H1 could influence nucleosome positioning and chromatin folding in vitro and in vivo. For these studies, she received her Ph.D. from Purdue University in 2003. Histone variants were the next logical step in teasing out how intrinsic variability in the chromatin fiber can encode a diversity of biological functions.
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The upper skeletal modification of vinblastine gave vinorelbine which shows comparable activity as that of vinblastine. Another analogue prepared was the difluoro derivative of vinorelbine which showed improved in vivo antitumor activity. It was discovered that fluorination at C-19' position of vinorelbine dramatically increased the in vivo activity. Most of the SAR studies involve the vindoline portion of bis-indole alkaloids because modification at C-16 and C-17 offers good opportunities for developing new analogues.
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Until recently it was believed that during muscle wasting (atrophy) muscle cells lost nuclei by a nuclear self-destruct mechanism called apoptosis, but recent observations using time laps in vivo imaging in mice do not support this model. Direct observation indicated that no nuclei are lost under such conditions,Bruusgaard JC & Gundersen K. (2008). In vivo time-lapse microscopy reveals no loss of murine myonuclei during weeks of muscle atrophy. J Clin Invest 118, 1450-1457.
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Moreover, cR10, a cyclic poly-arginine CPP, enabled the endocytose independent transduction of antigen binding proteins through the cellular membrane with immediate bioavailability. Thereby, the authors of the study were able to deliver fluorescent antigen binding proteins into cells facilitating live-cell immunostaining. However, very few in vivo studies have succeeded. In one study, in vivo delivery of TAT- or penetratin-crosslinked Fab fragments yielded varied organ distributions and an overall increase in organ retention, which showed tissue localization.
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Human breast carcinoma cells infused with metal nanoparticles in vitro have been shown to have an increase in morbidity with exposure to near infrared (NIR). Short term exposure in vivo (4–6 minutes) to NIR had undergone the same effect. Hirsch et al observed that extreme heating in tumours would cause irreversible tissue damage including coagulation, cell shrinkage and loss of nuclear straining. Results of their in vivo nanoshell therapy of mice revealed penetration of the tumor ~5mm.
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For exogenous susceptibility sources, the susceptibility value is theoretically linearly proportional to the concentration of the contrast agent. This provides a new way for in vivo quantification of gadolinium or SPIO concentrations.
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In a Scientific Reports paper, Roxbury et al. presents simultaneous imaging of 17 nanotube chiralities, including 12 distinct fluorescent species within living cells. The measurements were performed ex vivo and in vivo.
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IL-25 has potent antitumor activity in vivo in several human cancers including melanoma, breast, lung, colon, and pancreatic cancers, suggesting the potential clinical use of IL-17E as an anticancer agent.
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In the figure to the right, the crystal structure of the muscle-type M-CK monomer is shown. In vivo, two such monomers arrange symmetrically to form the active MM-CK enzyme.
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PrP can be induced to fold into other more-or-less well-defined isoforms in vitro, and their relationship to the form(s) that are pathogenic in vivo is not yet clear.
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Transgenic mice overexpressing IRS-1 develop metastatic breast cancer.The tumors demonstrate squamous differentiation which is associated with β-catenin pathway. IRS-1 interacts with β-catenin both in vitro and in vivo.
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This process is seen in vitro and it is not known whether this occurs in vivo. In vitro, the blastocyst rapidly collapses and slowly re-expands before hatching from the zona pellucida.
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Biegon A. In vivo visualization of aromatase in animals and humans. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 2016;40:42-51. . Without aromatase, the ION is unable to make estradiol, and cannot recover from injury properly.
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Amthamine is a histamine agonist selective for the H2 subtype. It has been used in vitro and in vivo to study gastric secretion, as well as other functions of the H2 receptor.
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John Philip "Trink" Trinkaus (23 May 1918, Rockville Centre, New York – 8 February 2003, Guilford, Connecticut) was an American embryologist and one of the world's leading experts on in vivo cell motility.
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A more recent in vivo study shows HHV-6A coinfection to dramatically accelerate the progression from HIV to AIDS in pigtailed macaques. HHV-6 has also been demonstrated to transactivate Epstein–Barr virus.
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Intravital microscopy with multi photon excitation is a technique to visualize genetically engineered cells directly in vivo. Multi step metastatic cascades can be visualized by labelling with unique fluorescent colour under fluorescence microscope.
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Although in vivo studies in rats confirmed the uterotonic activity of the purified peptide, it was another 20 years before the cyclic cystine knot motif and structure of the purified peptide were elucidated.
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Studies have reported in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer effects. A study published in Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine suggests that Purple Bamboo Salt may prevent the growth of oral cancers in mice.
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The Food and Drug Administration and other institutions have reviewed the issue and found no evidence to suggest toxicity in vivo. Platinum has been identified by the FDA as a "fake cancer 'cure'".
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In mammals, the first GECI to be used in vivo was GCaMP, first developed by Nakai and coworkers. GCaMP has undergone numerous improvements, and GCaMP6 in particular has become widely used throughout neuroscience.
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In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that translation of this mRNA initiates exclusively at a non-AUG (GUG) codon. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of this gene have been described.
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Both EG and ES are pluripotent in vitro, but only ES has proven pluripotency in vivo. Recent studies have demonstrated that it is possible to give rise to primordial germ cells from ES.
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The expression of SERPINA9 is restricted to germinal center B cells and lymphoid malignancies. SERPINA9 is likely to function in vivo in the germinal center as an efficient inhibitor of trypsin-like proteases.
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Surprisingly, however, the primary mode of action in vivo is now thought to be via stimulation of the vagus nerve, thereby down-regulating inflammatory pathways via the recently discovered cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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This is consistent with the peptide acting as a chemokine inhibitor up-steam of TNF-α productsion and anti-inflammatory in vivo. The cyclic peptide NR58-3.14.3 was shown to be a powerful anti-inflammatory agent in vivo inhibiting inflammation in a number of disease models such as atherosclerosis, ischemia, lung disease, surgical adhesions, endometriosis and pulmonary graft-versus-host disease. It has been suggested that blockage of chemokine function using these molecules should not have a detrimental toxicological effect.
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Unlike most common sources of neurotoxins which are acquired by the body through ingestion, endogenous neurotoxins both originate from and exert their effects in-vivo. Additionally, though most venoms and exogenous neurotoxins will rarely possess useful in-vivo capabilities, endogenous neurotoxins are commonly used by the body in useful and healthy ways, such as nitric oxide which is used in cell communication.Iadecola 1998 It is often only when these endogenous compounds become highly concentrated that they lead to dangerous effects.
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These authors have shown that hPG80 expression is strongly increased in colorectal cancer cells cultured under conditions where CSCs are enriched. They then showed that hPG80 was able to regulate CSCs frequency (survival and self-renewal) in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, Prieur and al. demonstrated that when a neutralizing antibody is added to a cell culture or when human colorectal cancer cells implanted mice are treated in vivo with such an antibody, CSCs frequency is decreased in the same proportions.
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To better understand the in vivo stability of peptide conjugated CB-TE2A and Cu-TETA, cross-bridged monoamides were synthesized and tested for their biodistribution. CB-TEAMA, CB-MeTEAMA and CB- PhTEAMA were all produced. Retention in nontarget tissues such as the liver make full characterization of the peptide difficult, so molecules which clear those organs are necessary. The results showed that CB-TE2A did in fact have good biodistribution and in vivo stability as well as all cross-bridged complexes.
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Lastly AH-1058 displays a greater selectivity for cardiac tissue over verapamil and atenolol with the same level of potency as verapamil in vitro.Dohmoto H, Takahara A, Uneyama H, et al. Cardiac calcium blocking effects of the cyproheptadine derivative AH-1058 in isolated guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 2003; vol 91:163-166 AH-1058 studies have been limited to in vitro and in vivo canine and guinea- pig models, with a greater potency displayed in vitro than in vivo.
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As previously stated, a neurite growing in vivo is surrounded by thousands of extracellular signals which in turn can be modulated by hundreds of intracellular pathways. It is therefore not surprising that it is not yet understood what determines neurite fate in vivo. It is known that 60% of the time the first neurite that protrudes from the cell body will become the axon. 30% of the time, a neurite not destined to become the axon protrudes from the cell body first.
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By 1967 pneumococcal transformation had been shown to occur in vivo naturally, and it was further shown that treatment with streptomycin during dual infection by two pneumococcal strains could increase transformation—and virulence—while for the first time pneumococcal transformation was shown to occur in the respiratory tract. In 1969 it was shown in vivo that during drug treatment of a host, pneumococci could acquire genes from antibiotic-resistant streptococci, already in the host, and thereby the pneumococci could become resistant to erythromycin.
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Therefore, it is critical that any in vitro or bioinformatic assumptions about splicing regulation are confirmed in vivo. Minigenes are used to elucidate cis-regulatory elements, trans-regulatory elements and other regulators of pre-mature RNA splicing in vivo. Minigenes have been applied to the study of a diverse array of genetic diseases due to the aforementioned abundance of alternatively spliced genes and the specificity and variation observed in splicing regulation. The following are examples of minigene use in various diseases.
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In vitro was among the first attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze natural occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in vivo experimentation allowed testing to occur in the original organism or environment. To bridge the dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodologies, in situ experimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitro to become coalesced with the natural environmental compositions of in vivo experimentation.
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Grapes contain certain polyphenol compounds, although none has been shown to be an antioxidant in vivo. It is difficult to evaluate the physiological effects of specific natural phenolic antioxidants, since such a large number of individual compounds may occur even in a single food and their fate in vivo cannot be measured. Other more detailed chemical research has elucidated the difficulty of isolating individual phenolics. Because significant variation in phenolic content occurs among various brands of tea, there are possibleC.
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Compared to melphalan, melflufen exhibits significantly higher in vitro and in vivo activity in several models of human cancer. A preclinical study, performed at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, demonstrated that melflufen induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cell lines, even those resistant to conventional treatment (including melphalan). In vivo effects in xenografted animals were also observed, and the results confirmed by M Chesi and co-workers – in a unique genetically engineered mouse model of multiple myeloma – are believed to be predictive of clinical efficacy.
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Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. PCA extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa protected against chemically induced liver toxicity in vivo. In vitro testing documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of PCA, while liver protection in vivo was measured by chemical markers and histological assessment. PCA has been reported to induce apoptosis of human leukemia cells, as well as malignant HSG1 cells taken from human oral cavities, but PCA was found to have mixed effects on TPA-induced mouse skin tumours.
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The neuroprostanes are prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of essential fatty acids (primarily docosahexaenoic acid) without the direct action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The result is the formation of isoprostane-like compounds F4-, D4-, E4-, A4-, and J4-neuroprostanes which have been shown to be produced in vivo . These oxygenated essential fatty acids possess potent biological activity as anti-inflammatory mediators inhibiting the response of human macrophages that augment the perception of pain .
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In one study, it is suggested that cyclobuxine has an anti-inflammatory activity, by reducing prostaglandin production and leukocyte migration (in inflammatory exudates, both in vitro and in vivo) in a dose-dependent manner. This effect may be explained by a reduction in the availability of arachidonic acid due to simultaneous inhibition of both pathways of arachidonic acid oxygenation.Lee, J.H. and e. al., Effects of cyclobuxine D on the biosynthesis of prostaglandins in vitro, prostaglandins production and leukocyte migration in vivo.
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The absorption of proteins for particles in physiological fluids can greatly affect the subsequent medical performance of particles in vivo. Nonspecific protein adsorption can be controlled in vivo by modifying the nanoparticle surface with a non-toxic, biocompatible protein possessing tolerable antigenic properties such as albumin. The high recognition ability of proteins can enable high delivery efficiency. Protein-polymer particles have potential to deliver drugs to specific regions of the body using the inherent biorecognition property at the protein interface.
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An in-vitro in-vivo correlation (IVIVC) has been defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in-vitro property of a dosage form and an in-vivo response". Generally, the in-vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in-vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) also defines IVIVC as "the establishment of a relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced from a dosage form, and a physicochemical property of the same dosage form". Typically, the parameter derived from the biological property is AUC or Cmax, while the physicochemical property is the in vitro dissolution profile.
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That same year, Maurice F. Wilkins, A. Stokes and H.R. Wilson, reported the first X-ray patterns of in vivo B-DNA in partially oriented salmon sperm heads. The development of the first correct double helix molecular model of DNA by Crick and Watson may not have been possible without the biochemical evidence for the nucleotide base-pairing ([A---T]; [C---G]), or Chargaff's rules. Although such initial studies of DNA structures with the help of molecular models were essentially static, their consequences for explaining the in vivo functions of DNA were significant in the areas of protein biosynthesis and the quasi- universality of the genetic code. Epigenetic transformation studies of DNA in vivo were however much slower to develop despite their importance for embryology, morphogenesis and cancer research.
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Fagot, B.I., & Patterson, G.R. (1969). An in vivo analysis of reinforcing contingencies for sex role behaviors in the preschool child. Developmental PsychologyLamb, M.E. & Roopnarine, J.L. (1979). Peer influences on sex role development in preschoolers.
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In in vivo human brain, MEDI calculated QSM showed similar results compared to COSMOS without statistically significant difference. MEDI only requires a single angle acquisition, so it is a more practical solution to QSM.
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Other parameters instead are suggested as a tentative dosage, such as half-lives in plasma and urine in various test species and human, receptor binding in vitro, or pharmacodynamic data in vivo in animals.
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A variety of assays are generally used to evaluate a tissue engineered muscle construct including immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, electrical stimulation and resulting peak-to-peak voltage, scanning electron microscope imaging, and in vivo response.
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This award is given to the paper that best exemplifies clinically relevant hypothesis-driven basic science research (hard or soft tissue biology, in vitro research, laboratory or "bench-type" research, or in vivo animal).
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And it is apparent that explanatory evidence, such as in vitro evidence and even in vivo evidence from clinical trials with tight exclusion criteria, often does not help enough, by itself, with that task.
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Brooks, S. C., Horn, L., Pack, B. A., Rozhin, J., Hansen, E., & Goldberg, R. (1980). Estrogen metabolism and function in vivo and in vitro. In Estrogens in the Environment (Vol. 5, pp. 147-167).
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Furthermore, brain slices show glutamate receptors are ubiquitously expressed in both developing and mature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vivo. Because of this, glial glutamate receptors are thought to be vital for glial cell development.
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The synthetic fungicide acibenzolar-S-methyl induces SAR in the crop plants to which it is applied. It is a propesticide — converted in-vivo into 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole-7-carboxylic acid by methyl salicylate esterase.
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The MRI temporal data undergoes spatial decomposition, followed by temporal filtering and frequency-selective amplification – and can allow one to visualize in vivo tissue and vascular motion that is smaller than the image resolution.
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Agaritine has been shown to test positive as a mutagen in the Ames test and mutagenize DNA in the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. It has also been shown to covalently bind to DNA in vivo.
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Studies have shown that TFM is also efficacious in vivo. Furthermore, TFM has limited toxicity to mammalian cells, which do not have MGL. Therefore, TFM only exhibits toxic effects on pathogens that contain MGL.
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Yoo, "Evaluation of Ultrasound Synthetic Aperture Imaging Using Bidirectional Pixel-based Focusing: Preliminary Phantom and In-vivo Breast Study," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 2716-2724, 2013.K.-S.
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Molecular agents has been also used to detect specific features, such as stent fibrin accumulation to detect unhealed intravascular stent in vivo at increased risk of thrombosis and enzymatic activity related to artery inflammation.
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Some research on the migration of inflammatory cell into spinal has been studied. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies show inflammation induced by CNS injury causes distinct cystic cavitations created by astrocyte migration.
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Domain (amino acids 373 to 403). This protein is found ubiquitously in vivo in significant quantities and can be detected in all fluid compartments. During acute phase inflammatory response, DBP levels tend to increase.
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The in vivo half time degradation of protein C inhibitor in plasma is found to be 23 hours, whereas the half time degradation of protein C inhibitor and protein C complex is 20 minutes.
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Godin, B., Touitou, E., Rubinstein, E., Athamna, A., Athamna, M. (2005) A New Approach for Treatment of Deep Skin Infections by An Ethosomal Antibiotic Preparation: An In Vivo Study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 55: 989-994.
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Techniques created by Torrey Pines Institute include individual compounds arrays, mixture-based synthetic combinatorial libraries, positional scanning deconvolution, biometrical analysis, libraries from libraries, small molecule and heterocyclic compounds, and direct in-vivo testing of mixtures.
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On the other hand, algorithmic cooling can be operated in room temperature and be used in MRS in vivo, while methods that required lower temperature can be used in biopsy, outside of the living body.
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These could be used for in vivo imaging or grafting to analyse lineage during embryogenesis. In 2011 together with Laurence Tiley Sang demonstrated that she could genetically modify chickens to confer resistance to avian influenza.
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Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998;63(4):399-406 Like GroES, gp31 forms a stable complex with GroEL chaperonin that is absolutely necessary for the folding and assembly in vivo of the bacteriophage T4 major capsid protein gp23.
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Conversion of pathogenic Th17 cells in vivo at the conclusion of an inflammatory disease process by TGF-β results in the generation of Treg17 like cells. There is also conservation across species of Treg17 cells.
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A method for establishing attenuation coefficients with which actual HU values can be derived from CBCT HU values was published in 2010 and further research is currently under way to perfect this method in vivo.
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Further refinements of the method have enabled detection of 5-HT, HA, norepinephrine, adenosine, oxygen, pH changes in vivo in rats and mice as well as measurement of dopamine and serotonin concentration in fruit flies.
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Since 2013, the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, based on a prokaryotic viral defense system, has also allowed for the editing of the genome, and mutagenesis may be performed in vivo with relative ease.
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This response is likely a result of the interconnections of layer V pyramidal cells. Increases in extracellular potassium in seizures are seen in deeper layers. These responses are accurate reflections of in-vivo animal models.
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These gradients are useful in gaining understanding of the basics of haptotaxis, but because of the complex and fluid nature of these gradients, a deeper understanding of the in vivo condition is difficult to ascertain.
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In all respects 5-hydroxytryptoline and 5-methoxytryptoline showed greater pharmacological activity than the tryptoline and methtryptoline. Although the in vivo formation of tryptolines has been a matter of controversy, they have profound pharmacological activity.
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Kasbar in 2000, and then Dunn and Dunn in 2006, recognized that the precepts of ABA, most notably the very controlled or "discrete" presentation of desired information could be more effectively taught using the video medium rather than in vivo (Dunn and Dunn, 2006).A comparison of video modeling with in vivo modeling for teaching children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 537-552. Dunn, L. M., & Dunn, D. M. Using this method, retention of the information taught is greatly increased.
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Lenalidomide has been used to successfully treat both inflammatory disorders and cancers in the past ten years. There are multiple mechanisms of action, and they can be simplified by organizing them as mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, lenalidomide has three main activities: direct anti-tumor effect, inhibition of angiogenesis, and immunomodulation. In vivo, lenalidomide induces tumor cell apoptosis directly and indirectly by inhibition of bone marrow stromal cell support, by anti-angiogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic effects, and by immunomodulatory activity.
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Controlled studies in healthy men have shown that a nontoxic 0.43 mg oral dose administered in several portions over a 3-day interval caused average maximum depressions of 22 and 30%, respectively, in plasma and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase levels. A single acute 0.5 mg dose caused mild symptoms of intoxication and an average reduction of 38% in both measures of acetylcholinesterase activity. Sarin in blood is rapidly degraded either in vivo or in vitro. Its primary inactive metabolites have in vivo serum half-lives of approximately 24 hours.
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It will be the world's first in vivo study of a CRISPR-based human gene editing therapy, where the editing takes place inside the human body. The first injection of the CRISPR-Cas System was confirmed in March 2020. This marks the first instance of genome editing within an adult human in the context of a scientific study. The very first in-vivo human genome editing however likely took place outside of academia in the context of a self- administered therapy by Biophysicist Josiah Zayner, PhD.
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To test whether the proteins interacted in vivo, they did a series of transgenic experiments on Arabidopsis. A two-hybrid screening method with HA (haemagglutinin)-tagged FKF1 and tandem affinity purification (TAP)-tagged GI system was used to show that GI and FKF1 formed a complex in vivo. Additionally, they saw that this complex positively regulated daytime transcription of constans (CO), a gene promoting flowering in plants. Their results led to a model of how FKF1 and GI complex regulated flowering in response to photoperiods in Arabidopsis.
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When investigating mammalian CNS activity, slice preparation has several advantages and disadvantages when compared to in vivo study. Slice preparation is both faster and cheaper than in vivo preparation, and does not require anaesthesia beyond the initial sacrifice. The removal of the brain tissue from the body removes the mechanical effects of heartbeat and respiration, which allows for extended intracellular recording. The physiological conditions of the sample, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, or pH of the extracellular fluid can be carefully adjusted and maintained.
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Many of the studies so far have been performed in vitro, providing only a prediction of what may happen not a real-time representation of what is happening in the cells. Recent studies in 2016 have been done to demonstrate TATA-binding activity in vivo. Core promoter-specific mechanisms for transcription initiation by the canonical TBP/TFIID-dependent basal transcription machinery has recently been documented in vivo showing the activation by SRF-dependent upstream activating sequence (UAS) of the human ACTB gene involved in TATA- binding.
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Fear of mice may be treated by any standard treatment for specific phobias. The standard treatment of animal phobia is systematic desensitization, and this can be done in the consulting room (in vivo), or in hypnosis (in vitro). Some clinicians use a combination of both in vivo and in vitro desensitization during treatment. It is also helpful to encourage patients to experience some positive associations with mice: thus, the feared stimulus is paired with the positive rather than being continuously reinforced by the negative.
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For the in vivo exposure, the clinician works with the client to establish a fear and avoidance hierarchy and typically assigns exposures to these list items as homework progressively. The therapist may also record the session and ask the patient to continue to complete in vivo exercises on their own time with the help of the recording. Both components work by facilitating emotional processing so that the problematic traumatic memories and avoidances habituate (desensitize) and are better tolerated.Kazi, A.; Freund, B. & Ironson, G. (2008).
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Both selection and screening can be performed in living cells (in vivo evolution) or performed directly on the protein or RNA without any cells (in vitro evolution). During in vivo evolution, each cell (usually bacteria or yeast) is transformed with a plasmid containing a different member of the variant library. In this way, only the gene of interest differs between the cells, with all other genes being kept the same. The cells express the protein either in their cytoplasm or surface where its function can be tested.
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Behavior of nanomaterials are dominated by long ranged non-bonding interactions. Electrochemical processes that occur throughout the brain generate an electric field which can inadvertently affect the behavior of some nanomaterials. Molecular dynamics simulations can mitigate the development phase of nanomaterials as well as prevent neural toxicity of nanomaterials following in vivo clinical trials. Testing nanomaterials using molecular dynamics optimizes nano characteristics for therapeutic purposes by testing different environment conditions, nanomaterial shape fabrications, nanomaterial surface properties, etc without the need for in vivo experimentation.
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Tansey has been dedicated to exploring the role of TNF in disease and following the potential to inhibit its actions to ameliorate pathological inflammation in disease. Since TNF had been implicated in pathology, Tansey explored a method to sequester TNF in vivo to act as an inhibitor of TNF function. Tansey and her team developed a variant TNF protein that formed heterodimers with TNF in vivo rendering TNF unable to signal through TNF receptors. They found that this appeared to abrogate TNF pathology in animal models.
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Automated patch clamping is beginning to replace manual patch clamping as a method to measure the electrical activity of individual cells. Different techniques are used to automate patch clamp recordings from cells in cell culture and in vivo. This work has been ongoing since the late 1990s by research labs and companies trying to reduce its complexity and cost of patch clamping manually. Patch clamping for a long time was considered an art form and is still very time consuming and tedious, especially in vivo.
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Fox GB, Pan JB, Esbenshade TA, Bitner RS, Nikkel AL, Miller T, Kang CH, Bennani YL, Black LA, Faghih R, Hancock AA, Decker MW. Differential in vivo effects of H3 receptor ligands in a new mouse dipsogenia model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2002 Jun;72(3):741-50. Gbahou F, Rouleau A, Morisset S, Parmentier R, Crochet S, Lin JS, Ligneau X, Tardivel-Lacombe J, Stark H, Schunack W, Ganellin CR, Schwartz JC, Arrang JM. Protean agonism at histamine H3 receptors in vitro and in vivo.
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Latent EBV in B cells can be reactivated to switch to lytic replication. This is known to happen in vivo, but what triggers it is not known precisely. In vitro, latent EBV in B cells can be reactivated by stimulating the B cell receptor, so reactivation in vivo probably takes place when latently infected B cells respond to unrelated infections. In vitro, latent EBV in B cells can also be reactivated by treating the cells with sodium butyrate or 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.
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The involvement of these intracellular signaling domains improve T cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, resistance to apoptosis, and in vivo persistence. Third generation CARs combine multiple co-stimulatory domains, such as CD28-41BB or CD28-OX40, to augment T cell activity. Preclinical data show the third-generation CARs exhibit improved effector functions and better in vivo persistence as compared to second‐generation CARs. Fourth generation CARs (also known as TRUCKs or armored CARs) further add factors that enhance T cell expansion, persistence, and anti‐tumoral activity.
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They found that fast-spiking interneurons had amplified gamma oscillations when driven at frequencies between 8 and 200 Hz through optogenetic manipulation. They further showed this was not the case for pyramidal neurons, whose neural activity is amplified at low frequencies. Overall, they showed that network activity states can be driven in vivo using cell-type specific optogenetics. Following this paper, Cardin and a team of researchers developed a protocol to both stimulate neurons optogenetically and record evoked activity in vivo using electrophysiological preparations.
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Kandler then decided to transfer their techniques to measuring phosphorylation rates in vivo to photosynthesis studies in Chlorella. So, in 1950, he was the first to present experimental evidence for the light-dependent formation of ATP (photophosphorylation) in vivo in intact Chlorella cells. In 1954, Daniel I. Arnon discovered photophosphorylation in vitro using isolated chloroplasts and mentioned Kandler's pioneering work. Kandler's early publications on light-dependent formation of ATP led the Rockefeller Foundation to offer him a one-year research fellowship in the USA.
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Additionally, electroporation can be used to increase permeability of cells during in Utero injections and surgeries. Particularly, the electroporation allows for a more efficient transfection of DNA, RNA, shRNA, and all nucleic acids into the cells of mice and rats. The success of in vivo electroporation depends greatly on voltage, repetition, pulses, and duration. Developing central nervous systems are most effective for in vivo electroporation due to the visibility of ventricles for injections of nucleic acids, as well as the increased permeability of dividing cells.
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However, before this drug is used in the clinic, it must progress through a series of in vivo trials to determine if it is safe and effective in intact organisms (typically small animals, primates, and humans in succession). Typically, most candidate drugs that are effective in vitro prove to be ineffective in vivo because of issues associated with delivery of the drug to the affected tissues, toxicity towards essential parts of the organism that were not represented in the initial in vitro studies, or other issues.
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J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 3, 1-7 (1983). of the intensity data Reyes-Aldasoro, C. C. et al. Estimation of apparent tumor vascular permeability from multiphoton fluorescence microscopic images of P22 rat sarcomas in vivo.
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Vasicine (peganine) is a quinazoline alkaloid. It is found in Justicia adhatoda, after which it is named. It is additionally found in Peganum harmala. Vasicine has been compared to theophylline both in vitro and in vivo.
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The enhancement of antitumour immune response by immunomodulators is capable of stimulating reticuloendothelial and T-cell-mediated tumour destruction. The effect of tuftsin on augmentation of cellular cytotoxicity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.
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In vitro work is not without its own challenges. For example, one loses the natural structure provided by the in vivo tissue, and thus cell connections which could be important to the function of the tissue.
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In vivo mechanics of maximum isometric muscle contraction in man: Implications for modelling-based estimates of muscle specific tension. In Herzog W. (Ed). Skeletal muscle mechanics: from mechanisms to function. Wiley & Sons Ltd, p.267-288.
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Myelin basic protein has been shown to interact in vivo with proteolipid protein 1, and in vitro with calmodulin, actin, tropomyosin, tubulin, clathrin, 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and multiple molecules of the immune system.
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The microbiology core examines in vivo functions using genetic techniques and metabolomics to complement in vitro functions determined by the Bridging Projects. The data and dissemination core maintains a public database for experimental data (EFI- DB).
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Walker DK, Alabaster CT, Congrave GS, et al. Significance of metabolism in the disposition and action of the antidysrhythmic drug, dofetilide. In vitro studies and correlation with in vivo data. Drug Metab Dispos 1996; 24:447.
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As a consequence, many sophisticated techniques including Ames Assay, in vitro and in vivo Toxicology Tests, and Comet Assay have been developed to assess the chemicals' potential to cause DNA damage that may lead to cancer.
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Coumestrol has been shown to decrease bone resorption and promote the mineralization of bone in vitro and in vivo; daily injections of coumestrol were shown to reduce bone loss in rats who had undergone an ovariectomy.
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Tian Y. et al "Characterization and in vivo pharmacological rescue of a Wnt2-GATA6 pathway required for cardiac inflow tract development." Developmental Cell 16 February 2010 18(2) p275 - 287 pm =2846539 Accessed 19 November 2012.
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Baker eventually helped discover the sequential steps that each enzyme and protein performed in order to start DNA replication in vivo. Baker performed this research during the time it took to get her master's and Ph.D.
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In vivo data provide evidence of the neuroprotective effects of oral hydroxytyrosol (HTyr) intake. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have identified mitochondria as one of the targets of the protective effects of hydroxytyrosol in the brain . Moreover, a recent study of the effect of hydroxytyrosol treatment in vivo in adult mouse, showed that hydroxytyrosol increases the number of new neurons of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (one of the two major neurogenic niches in the brain that continues to produce neurons throughout life) by enhancing their survival without effect on the proliferation of stem and progenitor cells . Notably, however, in aged mice hydroxytyrosol increases not only the survival of new neurons and improves their integration into memory circuits, but also strongly increases the proliferation of stem and progenitor cells and reduces aging markers such as lipofuscin and Iba-1 .
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Fluorescent nanodiamonds combine the advantages of semiconductor quantum dots (small size, high photostability, bright multicolor fluorescence) with biocompatibility, non-toxicity and rich surface chemistry, which means that they have the potential to revolutionize in vivo imaging application.
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Cromer D, Grimm AJ, Schlub TE, Mak J, Davenport MP. Estimating the in-vivo HIV template switching and recombination rate. AIDS. 2016 Jan;30(2):185-92. Doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000936. PMID:26691546 This recombination exhibits HNI.
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This opened gates to design and synthesis of biochemical controllers since the expressive power of CRNs is equivalent to a Turing machine. Such controllers can potentially be used in vivo for applications such as preventing hormonal imbalance.
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Structures similar to Type3SS injectisomes have been proposed to rivet gram negative bacterial outer and inner membranes to help release outer membrane vesicles targeted to deliver bacterial secretions to eukaryotic host or other target cells in vivo.
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Myrosinase releases glucose and breakdown products, including isothiocyanates. These highly reactive compounds are potent inducers of Phase II enzymes in vitro. Isothiocyanates also inhibit mitosis and stimulate apoptosis in human tumor cells, in vitro and in vivo.
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RhbA was found to be transcriptionally upregulated following contact of A. fumigatus with human endothelial cells, and strains with targeted mutation of the rhbA gene showed decreased growth on poor nitrogen sources and reduced virulence in vivo.
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Nature Methods has issued two editorial notes on the paper. Nonetheless, off- target rates are consistently found to be more frequent in vivo compared to cell culture experiments, and are thought to be particularly common in humans.
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Studies of the purT variant of GAR transformylase in E.coli found that the reaction proceeds through a formyl phosphate intermediate. While the in vitro reaction can proceed without THF, overall the in vivo reaction is the same.
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Fumagillin is also investigated as an inhibitor of malaria parasite growth.Xiaochun Chen et al. "Fumagillin and Fumarranol Interact with P. falciparum Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 and Inhibit Malaria Parasite Growth In Vitro and In Vivo". Chemistry & Biology, Vol.
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In addition, he is one of very few psychoaestheticians who has been able to study the creative process in vivo – in his experimental study of portraiture.Konečni, V. J. (1991). Portraiture: An experimental study of the creative process.
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Initially named "ORP1" for its response to in vivo retinal oxygen levels (designated ORP1 for 'oxygen-regulated protein-1'), this gene was subsequently linked to autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and was renamed RP1 for 'retinitis pigmentosa 1'.
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The International Journal of Pharmaceutics is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering physical, chemical, biological, microbiological, and engineering studies related to the conception, design, production, characterization, and evaluation of drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo.
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Human STIM2 is post-translationally modified in vivo, such as maturation by cleavage of N-terminal S/ER signaling peptide (14 aas), glycosylation and variable degrees of phosphorylation, but the phosphorylated sites are still unknown (Fig. 1).
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Additional in vitro and in vivo studies of omadacycline metabolism, disposition, and drug interactions show that omadacycline is metabolically stable (i.e., it does not undergo significant biotransformation) and neither inhibits nor interacts with metabolizing enzymes or transporters.
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An autapse is a chemical or electrical synapse from a neuron onto itself. It can also be described as a synapse formed by the axon of a neuron on its own dendrites, in vivo or in vitro.
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However, multiple in vivo studies conducted in hairless mice following topical application of padimate O have demonstrated no carcinogenic effects and that padimate O reduces the number of and delays the appearance of UV-induced skin tumors.
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In response to DNA damage, SIRT2 was also found to deacetylate H3K56 in vivo. Finally, SIRT2 negatively regulates the acetyltransferase activity of the transcriptional co- activator p300 via deacetylation of an automodification loop within its catalytic domain.
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10R,17S-dihydroxy-7Z,11E,13E,15Z,19Z-docosapentaenoic acid (10R,17S-diHDPAEEZ) has been found in inflamed exudates of animal models and possesses in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity almost as potently as PD1.
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Mono-quaternary aminosteroids produced with deacylation in position 17 on the other hand are generally weak muscle relaxants. In the development of atracurium the main idea was to make use of Hofmann elimination of the muscle relaxant in vivo. When working with bisbenzyl-isoquinolinium types of molecules, inserting proper features into the molecule such as an appropriate electron withdrawing group then Hofmann elimination should occur at conditions in vivo. Atracurium, the resulting molecule, breaks down spontaneously in the body to inactive compounds and being especially useful in patients with kidney or liver failure.
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Hypothesis about RELA acetylation suggests acetylation aids its subsequent recognition by transcriptional co- activators with bromodomains, which are specialized in recognizing acetylated lysine residues. Lysine 122 and 123 acetylation are found to be negatively correlated with RELA transcriptional activation. Unknown mechanisms mediate the acetylation of RELA possibly using p300/CBP and p300/CBP factor associated coactivators under TNFα or phorbol myristate acetate (PMF) stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. RELA is also under the control of deacetylation via HDAC, and HDAC3 is the mediator of this process both in vivo and in vitro.
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However, those studies compared CTLA-4 positive cells, which are predominantly regulatory cells and are at least partially activated, with CTLA-4 negative naive T cells. The disparity of these cells in multiple regards may explain some of these results. Other groups who have analyzed the effect of antibodies to CTLA-4 in vivo have concluded little or no effect upon motility in the context of anergic T-cells. Antibodies to CTLA-4 may exert additional effects when used in vivo, by binding and thereby depleting regulatory T cells.
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CD47 knockdown acutely increases mRNA levels of c-Myc and other stem cell transcription factors in cells in vitro and in vivo. Thrombospondin-1 is a key environmental signal that inhibits stem cell self-renewal via CD47. Thus, CD47 antagonists enable cell self-renewal and reprogramming by overcoming negative regulation of c-Myc and other stem cell transcription factors. In vivo blockade of CD47 using an antisense morpholino increases survival of mice exposed to lethal total body irradiation due to increased proliferative capacity of bone marrow-derived cells and radioprotection of radiosensitive gastrointestinal tissues.
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Heterologous expression of gas vesicles in bacterial and mammalian cells enabled their use as the first family of acoustic reporter genes. While fluorescent reporter genes like green fluorescent protein (GFP) had widespread use in biology, their in vivo applications are limited by the penetration depth of light in tissue, typically a few mm. Luminescence can be detected deeper within the tissue, but have a low spatial resolution. Acoustic reporter genes provide sub-millimeter spatial resolution and a penetration depth of several centimeters, enabling the in vivo study of biological processes deep within the tissue.
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The author of that article measured the 1-dimensional velocity of the flow of particles, which blazed away in coherence gating measurements. Scientists continue to find ways to measure 2-dimensional velocity, and the first result was reported in 1997, where it reported using spectrogram in doing in vivo DOCT.Z. Chen, T.E. Milner, D. Dave, J.S. Nelson, Opt. Lett. 22, 64 (1997) The same disadvantages occur when using the spectrogram method to do in vivo tissue structure and flow velocity imaging, as spectral-domain OCT is limited to fast imaging.
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Higher interferon stimulated gene expression associated with IFNL4 indicate that this protein does have in vivo antiviral effects, but, at least for HCV infection, other manifestations seem to override those influences. While most interferon stimulated genes have antiviral effects, some may enhance viral replication. IFNL4 induces expression of USP18 and ISG15, which interfere with the function of IFN-α, although it is not clear that this occurs in vivo during HCV infection. SOCS1, another negative regulator of the immune response to viral infections, may also be induced by IFNL4.
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Yang et al. demonstrated the viability of graphene for photothermal therapy in 2010 with in vivo mice models.Yang K, Zhang S, Zhang G, Sun X, Lee S-T, Liu Z, Graphene in mice: Ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy, Nano Letters, 2010, 10 (9), 3318- 3323 An 808 nm laser at a power density of 2 W/cm2 was used to irradiate the tumor sites on mice for 5 minutes. As noted by the authors, the power densities of lasers used to heat gold nanorods range from 2 to 4 W/cm2.
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In living tissue, cells exist in 3D microenvironments with intricate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and complex transport dynamics for nutrients and cells. Standard 2D, or monolayer, cell cultures are inadequate representations of this environment, which often makes them unreliable predictors of in vivo drug efficacy and toxicity. 3D spheroids more closely resemble in vivo tissue in terms of cellular communication and the development of extracellular matrices. These matrices help the cells to be able to move within their spheroid similar to the way cells would move in living tissue.
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In vivo studies in mice and rats showed that a topically administered SEGRAM inhibited peroxidase activity and formation of oedema, both indicators of anti-inflammatory activity, comparably to prednisolone. Systemic administration in mice or rats indicate that SEGRAMs can diminish acute infections, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and colitis. In vivo evidence on whether particular SEGRAMs can elicit similar effects than classic glucocorticoid in cancer pathologies is currently lacking. Current preclinical tests show that the SEGRAMs available so far would elicit fewer side effect or at least less grave side effects than classic glucocorticoids would.
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Both chemoenzymatic glycorandomization and neoglycorandomization use free reducing sugars and unprotected aglycons and are thereby a notable advance over classical glycosylation methods. A notable advantage of the enzymatic approach is the use of the corresponding genes encoding for the permissive kinases, nucleotidyltransferases and/or glycosyltransferases for in vivo synthetic biology applications to afford in vivo glycorandomization. However, it is important to note the enzymatic platform is dependent upon the permissivity of the enzymes employed. In contrast, the main hurdle to chemoselective neoglycorandomization is installation of the alkoxylamine handle.
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OX40 binds TRAF2, 3 and 5 as well as PI3K by an unknown mechanism. TRAF2 is required for survival via NF-κB and memory cell generation whereas TRAF5 seems to have a more negative or modulatory role, as knockouts have higher levels of cytokines and are more susceptible to Th2-mediated inflammation. TRAF3 may play a critical role in OX40-mediated signal transduction. CTLA-4 is down-regulated following OX40 engagement in vivo and the OX40-specific TRAF3 DN defect was partially overcome by CTLA-4 blockade in vivo.
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Ligation-mediated PCR is an alternative method to footprint in vivo. Once a cleavage agent has been used on the genomic DNA, resulting in single strand breaks, and the DNA is isolated, a linker is added onto the break points. A region of interest is amplified between the linker and a gene-specific primer, and when run on a polyacrylamide gel, will have a footprint where a protein was bound.Dai S, Chen H, Chang C, Riggs A, Flanagan S. (2000) Ligation-mediated PCR for quantitative in vivo footprinting.
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By using Raman microspectroscopy, in vivo time- and space-resolved Raman spectra of microscopic regions of samples can be measured. Sampling is non-destructive and water, media, and buffers typically do not interfere with the analysis. Consequently, in vivo time- and space- resolved Raman spectroscopy is suitable to examine proteins, cells and organs. In the field of microbiology, confocal Raman microspectroscopy has been used to map intracellular distributions of macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids and polymeric inclusions, such as poly-β- hydroxybutyric acid and polyphosphates in bacteria and sterols in microalgae.
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The activities and structures of proteins may be examined in vitro, in vivo, and in silico. In vitro studies of purified proteins in controlled environments are useful for learning how a protein carries out its function: for example, enzyme kinetics studies explore the chemical mechanism of an enzyme's catalytic activity and its relative affinity for various possible substrate molecules. By contrast, in vivo experiments can provide information about the physiological role of a protein in the context of a cell or even a whole organism. In silico studies use computational methods to study proteins.
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Three different compounds of tetraazacyclododecane ligands with methanephosphonate functional groups were synthesized and tested for their in vivo stability. These were all labeled with 64Cu and then studied for their biodistribution in rat organs (liver, kidney, blood and bone). 64Cu-DO2P demonstrated the most efficient clearance through the blood, liver and kidney of all the ligands tested and had similar uptake and clearance in those organs as did Cu-TETA. The 64Cu-DO2P ligand had the highest in vivo stability and thus makes it a strong candidate for copper radiopharmaceuticals.
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Fluorescent dyes bind to calcium and allow in vitro imaging of calcium activity which correlates directly with insulin release. A final tool used in beta-cell research are in vivo experiments. Diabetes mellitus can be experimentally induced in vivo for research purposes by streptozotocin or alloxan, which are specifically toxic to beta cells. Mouse and rat models of diabetes also exist including ob/ob and db/db mice which are a type 2 diabetes model, and non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) which are a model for type 1 diabetes.
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With that intention I returned to Bell Labs and started a biophysics department which attracted a wonderful group of scientists, where we studied biomolecules and developed in vivo methods of following by NMR the biochemical pathways of stable isotopes. Members of this Department subsequently went on to exciting developments, on their own, which earned one Nobel Prize, Kurt Wuthrich, the invention of fMRI by Seiji Ogawa, and of neural nets by John Hopfield.” (2019 Oral History). They extended NMR in vivo and filled many important positions in academia, industry and government.
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Animal studies to determine the effect of gabaculine on GABA levels in the brain were heavily conducted around the 1970s. These in vivo studies involved mostly the use of mice that underwent intravenous administration of this drug. Each of these studies concluded that gabaculine has a great potential to increase the GABA levels in the brain of these mice in a time dependent manner. Along with determining the effect of GABA levels, in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the ability of gabaculine to inhibit convulsions in mice.
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The organism had not been moved to another (perhaps more convenient) location such as an aquarium. This phrase in situ when used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean something intermediate between in vivo and in vitro. For example, examining a cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed by experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments).
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During her PhD, Moghaddam worked on improving graphite electrodes for in vivo electrochemical experiments studying cationic primary neurotransmitters. In 1986, Moghaddam published a first author paper in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences describing her improvements of the in vivo voltammetry method for applications in neuroscience. Moghaddam then published another first author paper highlighting her findings, using potassium-selective microelectrodes, that extracellular potassium concentrations vary across brain regions. In 1987, Moghaddam completed her dissertation in which she simultaneously recorded the extracellular levels of both ions and neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain.
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400px Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for disease diagnosis such as cancer metastasis and inflammation, using different metal chelates. Metal chelates increase the contrast signal between normal and diseased tissues by catalyzing the relaxation of water protons in their proximities. Typical examples are Gd3+ low-molecular-weight chelates, and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). In vivo administration of these agents allows the labeling of tumor cells; or cells can be labeled in vitro with contrast agents and then they can be injected and monitored in vivo by using MRI techniques.
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Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds, bronchitis, skin disorders, heart ailments, general weakness, fever, infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies. Recently, the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potentials of α-santalol and sandalwood oil were demonstrated in Swiss Albino mice. Additionally, different in vitro and in vivo parts of the plant have been shown to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, possibly attributed to sesquiterpenoids, shikimic acid, etc.
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There is very limited evidence that the TPST genes are subject to transcriptional regulation and tyrosine O-sulfate is very stable and cannot be easily degraded by mammalian sulfatases. Tyrosine O-sulfation is an irreversible process in vivo.
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The requirement for the FokI enzyme limits application in vivo, at least for use in "cells of higher organisms". . Also available here: It should also be pointed out that the 'software' molecules can be reused in this case.
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The serum amyloid P component (SAP) is the identical serum form of amyloid P component (AP), a 25kDa pentameric protein first identified as the pentagonal constituent of in vivo pathological deposits called "amyloid". APCS is its human gene.
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Currently there is intense interest in developing techniques for in vivo histology (predominantly using MRI), which would enable doctors to non-invasively gather information about healthy and diseased tissues in living patients, rather than from fixed tissue samples.
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It should be borne in mind, however, that this scenario may be an oversimplification. In view of the increasing number of different chemoattractants that are being discovered, the physiology of chemotaxis in vivo might be much more complex.
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"Coronary Optical Frequency Domain Imaging (OFDI) for in Vivo Evaluation of Stent Healing: Comparison with Light and Electron Microscopy." European Heart Journal 31, no. 14 (July 2010): 1792–1801. . and examined novel catheter-based approaches of stroke prevention.
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The genetic code expansion described above is in vivo. An alternative is the change of coding in vitro translation experiments. This requires the depletion of all tRNAs and the selective reintroduction of certain aminoacylated-tRNAs, some chemically aminoacylated.
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Charge-switchable nanozymes were developed. Site-selective RNA splicing nanozyme was developed. A nanozymes special issue in Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics was published. Mn3O4 nanozymes with ROS scavenging activities have been developed for in vivo anti-inflammation.
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This indicates that neural activity is critical to new dendrite formation.Groc L PZ, Gustafsson B, et al. In vivo blockade of neural activity alters dendritic development of neonatal CA1 pyramidal cells. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2002;16:1931–1938.
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CAD can also be enhanced in order to increase certain types of cancer cells to chemotherapy. This has been shown to be specifically helpful in the treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) in vitro and in vivo.
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Concentrations of virodhamine in the human hippocampus are similar to those of anandamide, but they are 2- to 9-fold higher in peripheral tissues that express CB2. Virodhamine lowers body temperature in mice, demonstrating cannabinoid activity in vivo.
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Fayol-Messaoudi, D. et al. (2007). "The Lactobacillus plantarum strain ACA-DC287 isolated from a Greek cheese demonstrates antagonistic activity in vitro and in vivo against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium". Journal of Applied Microbiology 103 (3), 657–665. . .
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Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. It was originally identified as a direct regulator of topoisomerase 2a, but this has subsequently been disproven. Uhrf1 has been extensively studied in vivo using zebrafish.
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When used in vivo in a mouse model of ischaemic stroke, PFKFB3 inhibitor alleviates motor discoordination and brain infarct injury 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase catalyzes in vivo ATP-dependent synthesis of ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. In mutated Escherichia coli that had a disrupted nucleoside diphosphate kinase, adenylate kinase performed dual enzymatic functions. ADK complements nucleoside diphosphate kinase deficiency.
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The effects of PARP on the mode of cell death in different skin cell types may determine the severity of vesication in vivo, and thus have implications for the design of PARP inhibitors to reduce sulfur mustard pathology.
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So far, there have only been eight specific mammalian enzymes discovered that can methylate H3K36 in vitro and/or in vivo, all of which have identical catalytic SET domains but, different preferences for Lys36 residues in different methylation states.
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To make mature elastin fibres, the tropoelastin molecules are cross-linked via their lysine residues with desmosine and isodesmosine cross-linking molecules. The enzyme that performs the crosslinking is lysyl oxidase, using an in vivo Chichibabin pyridine synthesis reaction.
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An in vivo study in rats showed that oral administration of vicine resulted in only small reductions in glutathione concentrations and no mortality. Intraperitoneal administration however, led to a rapid decrease in glutathione followed by death because of anoxia.
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By incubating KaiC together with KaiA and KaiB, as well as ATP, the temperature compensation aspect of the KaiABC clock was proved. Additionally, such circadian periods seen in kaiC in vivo mutants were also observed in in vitro strains.
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Similar techniques have attracted considerable interest from researchers studying cancer and cardiovascular disease.Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Figueiredo JL, et al., Osteogenesis associates with inflammation in early-stage atherosclerosis evaluated by molecular imaging in vivo. Circulation 116, pp. 2841-50.
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Complementary chimeric isoforms reveal Dscam1 binding specificity in vivo. Neuron 74:261–68 Self-avoidance ensures that dendritic territories are covered completely and yet non-redundantlyHoang P, Grueber WB. 2013. Dendritic self-avoidance: protocadherins have it covered. Cell Res.
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Mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) inhibitors were also found. Three hundred thousand compounds were tested against the SHMT enzyme, producing 24 hits. Among those hits, a subclass was followed with in vivo screening and compounds were promoted to field trials.
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Cucurbitacin can also inhibit VEGFR2-mediated Jak-STAT3 and MAPK signaling pathways. Anti-angiogenesis property of cucurbitacin E was demonstrated in vitro but also in vivo in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane and in a mouse corneal angiogenesis model.
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Drug resistance to didanosine does develop, though slower than to zidovudine (ZDV). The most common mutation observed in vivo is L74V in the viral pol gene, which confers cross-resistance to zalcitabine; other mutations observed include K65R and M184V .
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The Clostridium botulinum bacteria are the cause of botulism. Vegetative cells of C. botulinum may be ingested. Introduction of the bacteria may also occur via endospores in a wound. When the bacteria are in vivo, they induce flaccid paralysis.
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Novobiocin induces the in vivo cleavage of active gene sequences in intact cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 261, 10359-10365.Villeponteau, B., Lundell, M., and Martinson, H.G. (1984). Torsional stress promotes the DNAase I sensitivity of active genes.
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Signal, 6 p. rs2 (2013). and cancer.Doucet A., Butler G.S., Rodríguez D., Prudova A., Overall C.M. Metadegradomics: toward in vivo quantitative degradomics of proteolytic post-translational modifications of the cancer proteome. Mol. Cell. Proteom. MCP, 7 1925–1951 (2008).
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Such conditional lineage tracing has proved to be extremely useful to efficiently and specifically identify vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and VSMC-derived cells and has been used to test effects on VSMC and VSMC- derived cells in vivo.
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This method is the most widely used in drug discovery today. Differently than the classical (forward) pharmacology, with the reverse pharmacology approach in vivo efficacy of identified active (lead) compounds is usually performed in the final drug discovery stages.
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Positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) have been used to compare the efficiency of these in vivo imaging for detecting lesions at an early stage and to evaluate the response to chemotherapy.
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By activating the neosynthesis of extracellular matrix macromolecules, palmitoyl pentapeptide-4 provides an anti-wrinkle effect. Studies (in vitro and in vivo) demonstrating the anti-wrinkle efficacy of this peptide have been conducted and published by Sederma and by independent organisations.
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Doublecortin was found to bind to the microtubule cytoskeleton. In vivo and in vitro assays show that Doublecortin stabilizes microtubules and causes bundling. Doublecortin is a basic protein with an iso- electric point of 10 typical of microtubule-binding proteins.
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The products of this gene lack a dibasic cleavage site found in other tachykinin proteins. Consequently, the nature of the cleavage products generated in vivo remains to be determined. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
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Alternatively, it can first undergo metabolization by MAO and then by COMT; in both cases, the resulting 3O-methyl-N-demethyladrenalone is conjugated to sulfate or glucuronide and excreted by the kidney. No reduction to epinephrine has been observed in vivo.
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CCL18 has a plethora of functions that have been characterized in vitro and in vivo. Strangely, CCL18 seems to play a part in both activation of the immune system and the induction of tolerance and homeostasis at steady-state conditions.
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Its activation in vivo requires the attachment of a lipoic acid prosthetic group at Lys59 of the mature protein. The matrix protein sequence is highly conserved and chicken H-protein has 85.6% amino acid sequence similarity to the human form.
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Narici M.V., Landoni L., Minetti A.E. (1992). Assessment of human knee extensor muscles stress from in vivo physiological cross-sectional area and strength measurements. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 65(5):438–444. Maganaris C.N., Baltzopoulos V. (2000).
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The coagulation cascade. In vivo, factor XII is activated by contact to polyanions. Activated platelets secrete inorganic polymers, polyphosphates. Contact to polyphosphates activates factor XII and initiates fibrin formation by the intrinsic pathway of coagulation with critical importance for thrombus formation.
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When DNA is compacted into the solenoid structure can still be transcriptionally active in certain areas. It is the secondary chromatin structure that is important for this transcriptional repression as in vivo active genes are assembled in large tertiary chromatin structures.
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Essential oils to control Alternaria altenatain vitroand in vivo. Food Control18: 1126-1130Tyagi, AK., Malik, A., Gottardi, D.,(2012b). Essential oil vapour and negative air ions: A novel tool for food preservation. Trends in Food Science & Technology Volume26:99 –113.
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Moussa et al. (1996–97) studied the in vivo toxicity of C60 after intra-peritoneal administration of large doses. No evidence of toxicity was found and the mice tolerated a dose of 5 g/kg of body weight. Mori et al.
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However, this model does not take into effect the diffusion of oxygen or signalling factors which may play a role in embryonic vascular remodelling. These models consistently reproduce most aspects of the vasculature seen in vivo in several different specialized cases.
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Optical coherence tomography. Spie Milestone Series MS. 1998;147:324-7. It actually has greater axial resolution than AOSLO.Romero-Borja F, Venkateswaran K, Roorda A, Hebert T. "Optical slicing of human retinal tissue in vivo with the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope".
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Reverse migration is the phenomena in which some neutrophils migrate away from the inflammation site, against the chemokine gradient, during inflammation resolution. The activation of in vivo inflammatory pathways (such as hypoxia- inducible factor, HIF), altered this behavior of reverse migration.
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Knockdown of NBR2 attenuates energy stress-induced AMPK activation, resulting in unchecked cell cycling, altered apoptosis/autophagy response, and increased tumour development in vivo. It is now appreciated that NBR2, a former junk gene, plays critical roles in tumor suppression.
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Platensimycin is an experimental drug in preclinical trials involving MRSA in a mouse model. Platensimycin is an effective antibiotic in vivo when continuously administered to cells. Efficacy is reduced when administered by more conventional means. Clinical trials have been delayed.
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The modified CRISPR-Cas9 system can then be administered to bacterial pathogens using plasmids or bacteriophages. This approach has successfully been used to silence antibiotic resistance and reduce the virulence of enterohemorrhagic E. coli in an in vivo model of infection.
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Valnoctamide (INN, USAN) has been used in France as a sedative-hypnotic since 1964. It is a structural isomer of valpromide, a valproic acid prodrug; unlike valpromide, however, valnoctamide is not transformed into its homologous acid, valnoctic acid, in vivo.
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AUTEN-67 is an autophagy-enhancing drug candidate that increases autophagic flux in cell lines and in vivo models. It hampers the progression of neurodegenerative symptoms in a Drosophila model of Huntington's disease. It is developed by Velgene Biotechnology Ltd.
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The oxidized form also exposes more hydrophobic areas and possesses a larger cleft to facilitate substrate binding. P4HB has been shown to dimerize in vivo via noncatalytic bb' domains. Formation of dimer blocks substrate- binding site and inhibits P4HB’s activity.
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The affinity of estetrol for the ERs is about 0.3% (rat) to 6.25% (human) of that of estradiol, and its in vivo potency in animals is about 2 to 3% of that of estradiol. Estetrol shows high selectivity for the ERs.
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Peroxynitrous acid (HNO3) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It is the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite (ONOO−). It has a pKa of approximately 6.8. It is formed in vivo from the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitrogen monoxide (ON•) and superoxide ().
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Deacetylasperulosidic acid is an iridoid compound found in a few medicinal plants, such as Morinda citrifolia. Some in vitro and in vivo bioactivities of deacetylasperulosidic acid include anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-mutagenic, anti-clastogenic, and hepatoprotection.
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Modular in-vivo bioreactor for tissue engineering. Conference: Wound Healing Society Meeting. # Carlisle P., Silliman D., Talley A., et al. 2014. Localized Low Dose rhBMP-2 Is Effective at Promoting Bone Regeneration in a Pre-Clinical Mandibular Segmental Defect Model.
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Subsequent studies from originators and proponents of the excitatory GABA theory have questioned these results, but the truth remained elusive until the real effects of GABA could be reliably elucidated in intact living brain. Since then, using technology such as in- vivo electrophysiology/imaging and optogenetics, two in-vivo studies have reported the effect of GABA on neonatal brain, and both have shown that GABA is indeed overall inhibitory, with its activation in the developing rodent brain not resulting in network activation, and instead leading to a decrease of activity. GABA receptors influence neural function by coordinating with glutamatergic processes.
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For this reason, many researchers have been content to sacrifice animals at different time points and study brain tissue with traditional histological methods. Compared to an in vivo longitudinal study, many more animals are needed to obtain significant results, and the sensitivity of the entire experiment is cast in doubt. As stated earlier, the problem is not reluctance by researchers to use in vivo imaging modalities, but rather a lack of suitable ones. For example, although optical imaging provides fast functional data and oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin analysis, it requires a craniotomy and only provides a few hundred micrometres of penetration depth.
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Class I PI3Ks catalyze the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) into phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) in vivo. While in vitro, they have also been shown to convert phosphatidylinositol (PI) into phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) into phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2), these reactions are strongly disfavoured in vivo. The PI3K is activated by G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors. Class I PI3Ks are heterodimeric molecules composed of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit; they are further divided between IA and IB subsets on sequence similarity.
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PF-670462, developed by Pfizer, is a well-characterized inhibitor of both CK1ε and CK1δ that has been shown to lengthen the period of circadian rhythms when administered in vitro to rat fibroblasts and COS cells, and to mice in vivo. PF-4800567, also developed by Pfizer, is a specific inhibitor of CK1ε. However, its ability to lengthen circadian rhythms is weaker than that of PF-670462 in both the in vitro rat fibroblasts and in vivo mice models. The mechanisms of inhibition of PF-670462 and PF-4800567 differ between the two molecules as well.
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Much of the research that has been done HMGN proteins have been done in vitro, while there is relatively little on the in vivo function and roles of HMGN proteins. Due to these proteins being predominantly found in higher eukaryotes, the use of microorganisms and other lower eukaryotes has deemed insufficient to determine the in vivo roles of HMGN proteins. A study was done with knockout mice to see the effect if any that HMGN proteins play on a full organism level. This resulted in the mice showing increasing sensitivity to UV radiation when having less than normal levels of HMGN(2).
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Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that PhIP is a potent mutagen and can induce tumors of multiple sites in animal models. PhIP was positive in bacterial (Ames) test and induced chromosomal abnormalities in human and Chinese hamster cells in vitro. PhIP has also formed DNA adducts in vivo in both rats and monkeys.a b Carthew, P., DiNovi, M., & Setzer, W. (2010).Application of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic Example: CAS No: 105650-23-5 PhIP (2-amino-methyl-6-penylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine).
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Although research in vitro indicates polyphenols are good antioxidants and probably influence the ORAC value, antioxidant effects in vivo are probably negligible or absent. By non-antioxidant mechanisms still undefined, flavonoids and other polyphenols may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute, EFSA and the USDA, dietary polyphenols have little or no direct antioxidant food value following digestion. Not like controlled test tube conditions, the fate of polyphenols in vivo shows they are poorly conserved (less than 5%), with most of what is absorbed existing as chemically modified metabolites destined for rapid excretion.
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Models for physical properties and bioactivity of phosphate opal glasses. Glastechnische Berichte, 61(10):300-305. In general, a great number of elements can be dissolved in glasses. The effect of Al2O3, B2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, Li2O, K2O, CaF2 and TiO2 on the in vitro or in vivo properties of certain compositions of bioactive glasses has been reported.Andersson, Ö.H., Liu, G., Karlsson, K.H., Niemi, L., Miettinen, J. & Juhanoja, J. (1990) 'In vivo behaviour of glasses in the SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-Al2O3-B2O3 system', Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 1(4): 219-227.
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Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry mostly detects stable interactions and thus better indicates functional in vivo PPIs. This method starts by purification of the tagged protein, which is expressed in the cell usually at in vivo concentrations, and its interacting proteins (affinity purification). One of the most advantageous and widely used method to purify proteins with very low contaminating background is the tandem affinity purification, developed by Bertrand Seraphin and Matthias Mann and respective colleagues. PPIs can then be quantitatively and qualitatively analysed by mass spectrometry using different methods: chemical incorporation, biological or metabolic incorporation (SILAC), and label-free methods.
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Alternatively, an in vivo experiment can be performed where an animal is infected with a pathogen, and this pathogen allowed time to grow in that host before a sample of it is removed from the host and passed to another host. This process is repeated for a certain number of hosts; the individual experiment determines this number. When serial passage is performed either in vitro or in vivo, the virus or bacterium may evolve by mutating repeatedly. Identifying and studying mutations that occur through serial passage often reveals information about the virus or bacterium being studied.
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With the vast knowledge about in-vivo PGC specification collected over the last few decades, several attempts to generate in-vitro PGCs from post-implantation epiblast were made. Various groups were able to successfully generate PGC-like cells, cultured in the presence of BMP4 and various cytokines. The efficiency of this process was later enhanced by the addition of stem cell factor (SCF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and BMP8B. PGC-like cells generated using this method can be transplanted into a gonad, where the differentiate, and are able to give viable gametes and offspring in vivo.
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IL-2 cannot accomplish its role as a promising immunotherapeutic agent due to significant drawbacks which are listed above. Some of the issues can be overcome using IL-2 ic. They are composed of IL-2 and some of its monoclonal antibody (mAb) and can potentiate biologic activity of IL-2 in vivo. The main mechanism of this phenomenon in vivo is due to the prolongation of the cytokine half-life in circulation. Depending on the clone of IL-2 mAb, IL-2 ic can selectively stimulate either CD25high (IL-2/JES6-1 complexes), or CD122high cells (IL-2/S4B6).
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This is a list of antioxidants naturally occurring in food. Vitamin C and vitamin E - which are ubiquitous among raw plant foods - are confirmed as dietary antioxidants, whereas vitamin A becomes an antioxidant following metabolism of provitamin A beta-carotene and cryptoxanthin. Most food compounds listed as antioxidants - such as polyphenols common in colorful, edible plants - have antioxidant activity only in vitro, as their fate in vivo is to be rapidly metabolized and excreted, and the in vivo properties of their metabolites remain poorly understood. For antioxidants added to food to preserve them, see butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene.
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An Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensor has the ability to generate an electrochemical signal in response to specific target binding in vivo The signal is measured by a change in Faradaic current passed through an electrode. E-AB sensors are advantageous over previously reported aptamer- based sensors, such as fluorescence generating aptamers, due to their ability to detect target binding in vivo with real-time measurements. An E-AB sensor is composed of a three-electrode cell: an interrogating electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. A signal is generated within the electrochemical cell then measured and analyzed by a potentiostat.
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One of the first evidences of in vivo horizontal mitochondrial gene transfer was found in a transmissible canine venereal tumor (CTVT), highly adapted cancer transmitted during mating of feral dogs. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial sequences revealed that CTVT cells periodically acquire mitochondria from its host and ensure overcoming high mutation rate that would promote the accumulation of deleterious mutations in their own mitochondria and long-term survival. Transfer of intact mitochondria can contribute to tissue repair in vivo. Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) injected into mice with acute lung injury transfer their mitochondria to lung alveoli cells and protect them against injury.
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While previous studies have indicated MetAP2 catalyzes the removal of N-terminal methionine residues in vitro, the function of this enzyme in vivo may be more complex. For example, a significant correlation exists between the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of MetAP2 and inhibition of cell growth, thus implicating the enzyme in endothelial cell proliferation. For this reason, scientists have singled out MetAP2 as a potential target for the inhibition of angiogenesis. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that MetAP2 copurifies and interacts with the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), a protein that is necessary for protein synthesis in vivo.
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Because BIK1 is a possible regulator of the FLS2-BAK1 complex, it is speculated that in vitro, BAK1 phosphorylates BIK1, which then phosphorylates both FLS2 and BAK1. However, in vivo, BIK1 is not phosphorylated until about 5-10 minutes after the addition of FS2, and the peak phosphorylation occurs just after the phosphorylation of the FS2-BAK1 complex. It is speculated that BIK1 activation might be enhanced through transphosphorylation by BAK1 rather than by FLS2 because FLS2 more likely serves as a scaffold protein for the arrangement of the BAK1-FLS2 complex. This hypothesis will require more testing in vivo.
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And Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), a naturally occurring cannabinoid, modulate the effects of THC via direct blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors, thus behaving like first-generation CB1 receptor inverse agonists, such as rimonabant. CBD is a very low-affinity CB1 ligand, that can nevertheless affect CB1 receptor activity in vivo in an indirect manner, while THCV is a high-affinity CB1 receptor ligand and potent antagonist in vitro and yet only occasionally produces effects in vivo resulting from CB1 receptor antagonism. THCV has also high affinity for CB2 receptors and signals as a partial agonist, differing from both CBD and rimonabant.
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In 2008, Akassoglou accepted a position as an Associate Investigator at the Gladstone Institutes of Neurological Disease, maintaining an Adjunct Professorship in Pharmacology at UCSD. Akassoglou is also a Professor of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences and she now Directs the Gladstone Center for In Vivo Imaging Research. Her lab focuses on in vivo imaging to observe the behavior of immune and glial cells in the CNS during their interactions with blood proteins. Akassoglou's work has made changes to the way the field understands the interactions between the immune system, vascular system, and the brain.
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The in vivo bioreactor (IVB) is a regenerative medicine paradigm where bone is grown in vivo. The IVB has basic elements: # Creation of a confined environment in vivo that is adjacent to a tissue locality rich in pluripotent cells, # Injection of a Hydrogel Biomaterial with the appropriate physicochemical and biophysical characteristics in this confined environment so as to predictably alter the signaling environment or trigger a process within this confined environment leading to recapitulation of developmental processes and de novo formation of a functional tissue mass, and # The harvest of the tissue from the confined site and transplantation of this tissue into another site within the patient, leading to a complete autologous tissue engineering strategy. An example of the implementation of the IVB approach was in the engineering of autologous bone by injecting calcium alginate in a sub- periosteal location. The periosteum is a membrane that covers the long bones, jawbone, ribs and the skull.
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Confirmation that a substance possesses anticarcinogenic activity requires extensive in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigation. Health claims for anticarcinogens are regulated by various national and international organizations like the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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In 2010 she moved to the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, where she worked with John Rothwell for half a year, before joining Andrew Maudsley at the University of Miami. There she became interested in in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Zanoterone has been found to not significantly inhibit mating performance or fertility in adult male rats at high dosages for an extended period of time. It has been found to act as an inducer of the enzyme CYP3A4 in vivo in rats.
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There is a single base substitution which blocks the gain-of- function phenotype, indicating the acquisition of novel functions by misexpressed miRNAs which bring about unscheduled cell proliferation in vivo. This is reflective of a microRNA potential in the promotion of tumour formation.
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The expression of WNT16B in the tumor microenvironment attenuates the effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy in vivo, promoting tumor cell survival and disease progression. This implies a mechanism by which cycles of genotoxic therapy might enhance subsequent treatment resistance in the tumor microenvironment.
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The authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support the use of pyruvate for weight loss. There is also in vitro as well as in vivo evidence in hearts that pyruvate improves metabolism by NADH production stimulation and increases cardiac function.
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Although from a biochemical point of view demethylation of amines is possible, Nt-methylation is considered irreversible as no N-terminal demethylase has been described to date. Histone variants CENP-A and CENP-B have been found to be Nt-methylated in vivo.
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It is also stimulated by agonists and arachidonic acid. Conversely, assembly of the complex can be inhibited by apocynin and diphenylene iodonium. Apocynin decreases influenza-induced lung inflammation in mice in vivo and so may have clinical benefits in the treatment of influenza.
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Additionally, gliotoxin acts as an inhibitor of farnesyl transferase. It noncompetitively inhibits the chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20S proteasome. In vivo gliotoxin displays anti-inflammatory activity. It was investigated as an antibiotic and antifungal in the 1940s and as an antiviral agent.
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Conservation activities may include in situ conservation programmes supporting the maintenance of breeds in their normal production environments (i.e. on farms, ranches or in pastoralist herds or flocks) FAO. 2013. In vivo conservation of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines.
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Metronidazole (Flagyl), which is used to treat certain parasitic infections as well as pseudomembranous colitis, causes similar effects to disulfiram. Coprine (which is an amino acid found in certain coprinoid mushrooms) metabolizes in vivo to 1-aminocyclopropanol which causes similar effects as well.
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Delitto Perfetto is a two step method for in vivo mutagenesis. In the initial step, the CORE cassette is inserted in the region of interest by homologous recombination. Subsequently, the CORE cassette is replaced with DNA containing the mutation of interest. Figure 1.
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Hyperglycemic action may be caused by danazol, chlorpromazine, glucocorticoids, progestogens, or β-2 agonists. Its hypoglycemic action may be potentiated by phenylbutazone, alcohol, fluconazole, β-blockers, and possibly ACE inhibitors. It has been found that rifampin increases gliclazide metabolism in humans in vivo.
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These systemic-level observations seem to align with the observation that PAMAM dendrimers are not extremely cytotoxic overall; however, more in-depth studies of the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PAMAM are required before a move toward in vivo applications can be made.
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Neomycin C transaminase (, neoN (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2-oxoglutarate:neomycin C aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : neomycin C + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons 6-deamino-6-oxoneomycin C + L-glutamate The reaction occurs in vivo in the opposite direction.
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Glomerulosa cells are found in the Zona glomerulosa, which is the most superficial region of endocrine cells in the adrenal cortex. Corticosterone is the precursor molecule to the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, one of the major homeostatic modulators of sodium and potassium levels in vivo.
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Other factors must stimulate the BTC to increase transcription levels. One such example of a BTC stimulating region of DNA is the CAAT box. Additional factors, including the Mediator complex, transcriptional regulatory proteins, and nucleosome-modifying enzymes also enhance transcription in vivo.
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Dietary melanoidins themselves produce various effects in the organism: they decrease Phase I liver enzyme activity and promote glycation in vivo, which may contribute to diabetes, reduced vascular compliance and Alzheimer's disease. Some of the melanoidins are metabolized by the intestinal microflora.
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This structure resists degradation via hydrolysis and enzymes, which are common methods of degradation in vivo. This bioconjugation layer protects quantum dot optical properties in a wide range of pH (1-14), salt conditions (0.01-1.0M), and even after 1.0M hydrochloric acid treatment.
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Macroconidia, when present, are smooth-walled and narrowly club-shaped, although most isolates lack macroconidia. Growth is inhibited in the presence of certain sulfur-, nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds. Isolates of T. rubrum are known to produce penicillin in vitro and in vivo.
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Cryogenic electron microscopy showed that BtubA/B forms microtubules in vivo, and suggested that these microtubules comprise only five protofilaments, in contrast to eukaryotic microtubules, which usually contain 13. Subsequent in vitro studies have shown that BtubA/B forms four-stranded 'mini-microtubules'.
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This study also demonstrated a protective role of Aptx in vivo and suggested that the loss of Aptx function results in progressive accumulation of DNA breaks in the nervous system, triggering hallmarks of systemic premature aging (see DNA damage theory of aging).
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Hyperpolarzied carbon-13 MRI is currently being developed as a potentially cost effective diagnostic and treatment progress tool in various cancers, including prostate cancer. Other potential uses include neuro-oncological applications such as the monitoring of real-time in vivo metabolic events.
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CHS is noncompetitively inhibited by flavanoid pathway products such as naringenin and chalcone naringenin. Despite lack of direct evidence in vivo, flavonoids are believed to accumulate in the cytosol to a level that blocks CHS activity to avoid toxic levels in plants.
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Scientific understanding of bone regeneration in vitro is limited. Thus, in vivo assays have been explored. One such assay is the “gold standard” assay, created by A.J. Friedenstein. His test utilizes diffusion chambers (open system) in which he implanted MSCs into immunodeficient mice.
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The precise biochemical activity of these compounds, that gives them their insecticidal activity, has not yet been elucidated. The most likely hypothesis is that benzoylphenyl ureas interrupt the in vivo synthesis and transport of specific proteins required for assemblage of polymeric chitin.
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Similar to many proteins, C22orf31 is found to be highly expressed in the testes. Analysis of in vivo mature oocytes has revealed increased levels of C22orf31 while promoter analysis has identified transcription factors for C22orf31 that are active during myeloid cell differentiation.
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Also, high organ specificity allows for the reduction of the injected activity, and thus the exposure to radiation, in the patient. The radiopharmaceutical must be kinetically inert, in that it must not change chemically in vivo en route to the target organ.
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A compound's toxicological property has been linked to metabolic pathways, which often differ in various species. For that reason the correlation between toxicity and metabolism has been observed to obtain a clear insight into cellular metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Using in vivo lineage tracing techniques, Lgr5+ cells were found to contribute to the nephron, specifically to the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. Thus, Lgr5+ cells can potentially be a marker for renal stem and/or progenitor cells.
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Repeated administration of receptor agonists may result in receptor internalization and/or a reduction in receptor protein signalling. The inverse agonist MK-9470 makes it possible to produce in vivo images of the distribution of CB1 receptors in the human brain with positron emission tomography.
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For instance, cross-linking at the epitope could impede antibody binding. Finally, significant differences have been observed between cross-linking sites in vivo in living cells and in vitro. Therefore, CLIP results may not necessarily reflect RNA-protein binding site interactions within the cell.
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Compared with adult stem cells, DFAT cells show unique advantages in abundance, isolation and homogeneity. Under proper induction culture in vitro or proper environment in vivo, DFAT cells could demonstrate adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic potentials. They could also exhibit perivascular characteristics and elicit neovascularization.
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For instance, primary pancreatic cancer show higher sulfated HSPGs indicating a lack of Sulf1, but upon metastasis sulfation of HSPGs is reduced. Corroborating patient data were mouse tumor in vivo studies of Sulf1 overexpressing Panc-1 cells showing decreased growth, but increased local invasiveness.
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Experimental visualization techniques use broad-band light (e.g., direct visualization, speculoscopy, cervicography, visual inspection with acetic acid or with Lugol's, and colposcopy) and electronic detection methods (e.g., Polarprobe and in-vivo Spectroscopy). These techniques are less expensive and can be performed with significantly less training.
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Herring, S. W., & Mucci, R. J. (1991). In vivo strain in cranial sutures: the zygomatic arch. Journal of morphology, 207(3), 225-239. Transitional feeding changes can be observed by examining cross sectional morphology of a suture in taxa of the fish-tetrapod transition.
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Klebsiella bacteria tend to be rounder and thicker than other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They typically occur as straight rods with rounded or slightly pointed ends. They can be found singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Diplobacillary forms are commonly found in vivo.
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Patients with missense mutations in HUWE1 share clinical features with patients with a duplication of HUWE1. This suggests both increased and decreased HUWE1 function could be associated with intellectual disability, but evidence from an in vivo model system supporting or refuting this possibility remains absent.
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Delitto perfetto () is a genetic technique for in vivo site-directed mutagenesis in yeast. This name is the Italian term for "perfect murder", and it refers to the ability of the technique to create desired genetic changes without leaving any foreign DNA in the genome.
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The mechanisms underlying most herb-drug interactions are not fully understood. Interactions between herbal medicines and anticancer drugs typically involve enzymes that metabolize cytochrome P450. For example, St. John's Wort has been shown to induce CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo.
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Dichloroacetylene has mutagenic effects on Salmonella typhimurium. The maximum safe concentration of dichloroacetylene in air is 0.1 parts per million. It is unsafe to store dichloroacetylene in close proximity to potassium, sodium, or aluminum powder. Like trichloroethylene, dichloroacetylene is metabolized to DCVC in vivo.
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Rocío Sancho, Concepción Lucena, Antonio Macho, Marco A. Calzado, Magdalena Blanco-Molina, Alberto Minassi, Giovanni Appendino and Eduardo Muñoz. "Immunosuppressive Activity of Capsaicinoids: Capsiate Derived from Sweet Peppers Inhibits NF-kappaB Activation and is a Potent Anti-inflammatory Compound in Vivo." Eur. J. Immunol.
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In vivo gene delivery of AP-2 alpha suppressed spontaneous intestinal polyps in the Apc(Min/+) mouse. AP-2 alpha also functions as a master regulator of multiple transcription factors in the mouse liver. In melanocytic cells TFAP2A gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
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As with other nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the α3β4 receptor is pentameric [(α3)m(β4)n where m + n = 5]. The exact subunit stoichiometry is not known and it is possible that more than one functional α3β4 receptor assembles in vivo with varying subunit stoichiometries.
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In India, T. repens is considered a folk medicine against intestinal helminthic worms, and an experimental in-vivo study validated that the aerial shoots of T. repens bear significant anticestodal properties.Yadav, A. K. 2004. Anticestodal activity of Trifolium repens extract. Pharmaceutical Biology 42: 656-658.
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In vivo sympathetic outflow within the myocardium is probably best described by the time honored description of the sinoatrial tree branching out to Purkinges fibers. Parasympathetic inflow within the myocardium is probably best described by influence of the vagus nerve and spinal accessory ganglia.
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Based in the different response to the electromagnetic pulses that different substances present, an MRS scanner is able to identify chemical substances in the brain. This is important because N‐acetylaspartate is a marker of axonal damage that can be now identified in-vivo.
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Notably, neither Sas2 nor Esa1 can acetylate nucleosomal histones in vitro as a free enzyme. This happens to be the case as well for Sas3, which is observed to acetylate H3K9 and H3K14 in vivo as well as lysine residues on H2A and H4.
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While this helps us understand how connexins may be moved into a gap junction formation plaque the composition of the plaque itself is still somewhat sketchy. Some headway on the in vivo composition of the gap junction plaque is being made using TEM FRIL.
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No recordings have been made from MOC fibres in humans. because invasive in vivo experiments are not possible. In other primate species however, it has been shown that about 50-60% of MOC fibres are crossed (Bodian and Gucer, 1980; Thompson and Thompson, 1986).
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Nanozyme for metal-free bioinspired cascade photocatalysis was reported. A tutorial review on nanozymes was published by Chemical Society Reviews. Cascade nanozyme reactions to convert CO2 into valuable resources was reported. Renal clearable peroxidase-like gold nanoclusters were used for in vivo disease monitoring.
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Mullen, C.A., Snitzer, K., Culver, K.W., Morgan, R.A., Anderson, W.F., Blaese, R. M.: Molecular analysis of T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency: long-term expression in vivo of genes introduced with a retroviral vector. Hum. Gene Ther. 7:1123-1129, 1996.
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Robin Angus Silver is Professor of Neuroscience and a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow at University College London. His laboratory studies neurotransmission and artificial neural networks by combining in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches with quantitative analysis and computational models developed in silico.
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By inhibiting the H4 receptor, asthma and allergy may be treated.InterPro: IPR008102 Histamine H4 receptor The highly selective histamine H4 antagonist VUF-6002 is orally active and inhibits the activity of both mast cells and eosinophils in vivo, and has antiinflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects.
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During in vitro studies, the molecule showed an increased affinity for the specific 10 base pair sequence CTACTACTTG. However, in vivo studies have yet to confirm this phenomenon. Professor Martin Semmelhack of Princeton University was the first person to propose the NADPH reduction pathway.
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Do You Need To Talk About It? Prolonged Exposure for the Treatment of Chronic PTSD. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(1), 70–7 BAO While systematic desensitization may use these other types of exposure, flooding uses in vivo exposure, actual exposure to the feared stimulus.
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It is highly poisonous. Active ingredients are extracted from it for use in pharmaceutical industry. It is also a plant used in Chinese traditional medicine. Its extract has been found to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo in mice and in vitro in human cells.
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Typhoidal Salmonellae induce their own phagocytosis by host macrophages in vivo, and inhibit digestion by lysosomal action, thereby using macrophages for their own replication and causing macrophage apoptosis. Macrophages can digest more than 100 bacteria before they finally die due to their own digestive compounds.
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Specific expression of Tpr-Met in terminally-differentiated skeletal muscle causes muscle wasting in vivo and exerts anti-differentiation effects in terminally differentiated myotubes. Constitutive activation of MET signaling has been suggested to cause defects in myogenic differentiation, contributing to rhabdomyosarcoma development and progression.
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In vivo, triggering the HLA-DR-TIRC7 pathway in lipopolysaccaride (LPS) activated lymphocytes using soluble HLA-DRα2 leads to inhibition of proinflammatory as well as inflammatory cytokines and induction of apoptosis. These results strongly support the regulatory role of TIRC7 signalling pathway in lymphocytes.
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First it involves the in vivo chemical mutagenesis of the gene of interest via EMS. Next, the treated gene is isolated and cloning into an untreated expression vector in order to prevent mutations in the plasmid backbone. This technique preserves the plasmids genetic properties.
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Prior to co- expressing the protein with DsbA and DsbC, the soluble expression in vivo was very low due to improper disulfide bond formation. Protein obtained from this co-expression system was also reported to have 20 times the thrombolytic activity than previously reported.
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For example, high energy metabolites such as ATP and PEP are alkyl phosphates, as are nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Alkyl phosphates are also important medicinally, for example the HIV drug AZT is inactive until it becomes an alkyl phosphate in vivo.
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The compound is a pyridazine derivative that modifies the splicing of SMN2 messenger RNA, resulting in up to a 2-fold increase in the concentration of the functional SMN protein in vivo. Nusinersen, the first drug approved to treat SMA, works in a similar way.
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Specifically, the bacterium gains antibiotic resistance against ciprofloxacin from overexpression of glutamate racemase in vivo. GAPDH localized to the surface of pathogenic mycobacteriea has been shown to capture and traffic the mammalian iron carrier protein transferrin into cells resulting in iron acquisition by the pathogen.
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During the analysis of the host defence discovery of temperature sensitive (ts) ts TMV coat proteins of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)Jockusch, H. (1964). In vivo- und in vitro-Verhalten temperatursensitiver Mutanten des Tabakmosaikvirus. Z Vererbungsl. 1964 Dec 30;95:379-82. Jockusch, H. (1966).
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The latex of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, has been shown to convert tyrosine into the alkaloid morphine and the bio-synthetic pathway has been established from tyrosine to morphine by using Carbon-14 radio-labelled tyrosine to trace the in-vivo synthetic route.
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Number and spatial distribution of nuclei in the muscle fibres of normal mice studied in vivo. J Physiol 551, 467-478. To support this large volume, the muscle cells are one of the very few in the mammalian body that contain several cell nuclei.
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This property allows the generation of slow waves due to an oscillation between two stable points. It is important to note that in in vitro, mGluR must be activated on these neurons to allow a small Ik leak, as seen in in vivo situations.
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Urokinase receptor and fibronectin regulate the ERK (MAPK) to p38(MAPK) activity ratios that determine carcinoma cell proliferation or dormancy in vivo. Mol Bio Cell. 12, 863 – 879. One example that has been extensively researched is the balance between the ERK pathway and p38 pathway.
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The current consensus theory about the origin of Nε-trimethyllysine in mammals is that mammals utilise lysosomal or proteasomal degradation of proteins containing Nε-trimethyllysine residues as starting point for carnitine biosynthesis.Bremer, J. Biosynthesis of carnitine in vivo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1961, 48, 622–624.
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Also supporting this mechanism are observations of o-toluidine-induced DNA damage (strand breaks) in cultured human bladder cells and bladder cells from rats and mice exposed in vivo to o-toluidine. Figure 1: Metabolism of o-(methyl-14C)-toluidine hydrochloride in the rat.
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She was appointed to Lund University as an Associate Professor in 1987. Here she studies microvascular and endothelial dysfunction. She designed quantitative in vivo investigation of the microcirculation in humans and animals in Brazil. She used a bat wing, demonstrating a longitudinal distensibility gradient.
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CRISPR-Cas9 CRISPR gene editing is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified. It is based on a simplified version of the bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral defense system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing existing genes to be removed and/or new ones added in vivo (in living organisms). The technique is considered highly significant in biotechnology and medicine as it allows for the genomes to be edited in vivo with extremely high precision, cheaply and with ease.
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GM-CSF, G-CSF and IL-6 allow the in vitro generation of MDSC that retain their suppressive function in vivo. In addition to CSF, other cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10, VEGF, PGE2 and IL-1 have been implicated in the development and regulation of MDSC. The myeloid- differentiation cytokine GM-CSF is a key factor in MDSC production from bone marrow, and it has been shown that the c/EBPβ transcription factor plays a key role in the generation of in vitro bone marrow-derived and in vivo tumor- induced MDSC. Moreover, STAT3 promotes MDSC differentiation and expansion and IRF8 has been suggested to counterbalance MDSC-inducing signals.
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Magnetic vehicles started being used for drug delivery purposes of chemotherapeutic agents around 1960–1970. MTCs composition has varied over the years and differed between in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Dr. Widder synthesized albumin microspheres in the 1970s encasing Adriamycin, a chemotherapeutic drug, and used magnetite as the susceptible magnetic component to the external magnetic field. One of the first in vivo experiments using magnetic vehicles performed in humans was done by John F. Alksne and his associates in the 1960s, using carbon-coated iron and applied an external magnetic field in order to occlude intracranial aneurysms, which was considered a successful therapeutic once the X-ray results were analyzed.
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More importantly, the frequent occurrence of the sequence motif within an H-NS binding region that can re-enforce the cooperative protein-protein interactions, and the unusually long length of the binding region are consistent with the spreading of the protein. Whether the filament formation or DNA bridging is prevalent in vivo depends on the physiological concentration of magnesium inside the cell. If the magnesium concentration is uniformly low (< 5 mM), H-NS would form rigid nucleoprotein filaments in vivo. Alternatively, if there is an uneven distribution of magnesium in the cell, it could promote both DNA bridging and stiffening but in different regions of the nucleoid.
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Drug discrimination studies showed that 5-methyl-MDA substitutes for MDA, MMAI, and LSD, but not amphetamine, suggesting that it produces a mix of entactogen and hallucinogenic effects without any stimulant effects. 5-Methyl- MDA acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) with IC50 values of 107nM, 11,600nM, and 1,494nM for serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine efflux. It is over 5 times more potent than MDA in vitro assays, with a suitable active dose possibly in vivo being around 15–25 mg. Subsequent testing in vivo, however, has found that it is not as potent as once thought and is active at at least 100 mg.
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Experiments using electron-dense markers have discovered that functional components of the blood–brain barrier are the endothelial cells that compose the vessel itself. These endothelial cells contain highly impermeable tight junctions that cause the blood vessels of the brain to exhibit none of the “leakiness” found in arteries and veins elsewhere in the body. Through both in vivo and in vitro experiments the astrocytic foot processes of the glia limitans were shown to induce the formation of the tight junctions of the endothelial cells during brain development. The in vivo experiment involved harvested rat astrocytes that were placed into the anterior chamber of a chick-eye or on the chorioallantois.
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CuAAC and SPAAC are both common click reactions which are often interchangeable in click chemistry. It is well known that intracellular Cu(I) is cytotoxic, which means CuAAC is not as common as SPAAC click reactions for research leading to in-vivo applications. The researchers for this study decided to use CuAAC, despite the purpose of this research to have in-vivo applications, for a few reasons. First, the likelihood for copper to be bound by the 4RepCT^{3Aha} protein is low due to the presence of only 2 glutamic acid residues and no histidine residues (two residues with a high affinity for Cu(I)).
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The primary and most efficient cross-presenting cells are dendritic cells, though macrophages, B lymphocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells have also been observed to cross present antigens in vivo and in vitro. However, in vivo dendritic cells have been found to be the most efficient and common antigen presenting cells to cross present antigens in MHC I molecules. There are two dendritic cells subtypes; plasmacytoid (pDC) and myeloid (mDC) dendritic cells. pDCs are found within the blood and are able to cross present antigens directly or from neighboring apoptotic cells, but the main physiological significance of pDCs is the secretion of type I IFN in response to bacterial infections.
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In papyro (literally, "in/on paper") is a cod Latin term for experiments or studies carried out only on paper, for example, epidemiological studies that do not involve clinical subjects, such as meta-analysis. The term is similar to phrases such as in vivo, in vitro, or in silico. Like the latter, in papyro has no actual Latin meaning and was constructed as an analogue to the more popular and longstanding biological sciences terms (vivo and vitro). In papyro is mutually exclusive from in vitro and in vivo, but overlaps with in silico – that is, a study carried out through computer/abstract simulations can also be considered in papyro.
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Though positive neuroscience is only beginning to be recognized as an emerging field, empirical research of optimal or exceptional brain functioning has been conducted at least as far back as the 1970s. Early work was confined to the use of lesion studies, and thus was only very case- specific. Human electroencephalography, first practiced in 1920, was applied to the study of creativity in the early 1970s. As in vivo brain imaging has become more sophisticated, investigations of positive neuroscience phenomena have incorporated multiple functional neuroimaging techniques (functional magnetic resonance imaging and Positron Emission Tomography) and structural imaging (Diffusion MRI, voxel-based morphometry, in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy).
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Additional insights regarding RLC phosphorylation in beating hearts have come from in vivo studies. Adult mice expressing a non-phosphorylatable cardiac RLC (TG-RLC(P-)) exhibited significant decreases in load-dependent and load-independent measures of contractility. In TG-RLC(P-), the time for the heart to reach peak elastance during ejection was elongated, ejection capacity was decreased and the inotropic response to dobutamine was blunted. It is also clear that ablation of RLC phosphorylation in vivo induces alterations in the phosphorylation of other sarcomeric proteins, namely cardiac myosin binding protein C and cardiac troponin I. Moreover, RLC phosphorylation, specifically, appears to be necessary for a normal inotropic response to dobutamine.
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The neural tube itself is the initial groundwork of the vertebrate CNS and the floor plate is a specialized structure and is located at the ventral midpoint of the neural tube. Evidence supporting the notochord as the signaling center comes from studies in which a second notochord is implanted near a neural tube in vivo leading to the formation of an ectopic floor plate within the neural tube. Sonic hedgehog is the secreted protein which mediates signaling activities of the notochord and floor plate. Studies involving ectopic expression of SHH in vitro and in vivo result in floor plate induction and differentiation of motor neuron and ventral interneurons.
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Following the death of President Beth Garrett, Kotlikoff served as acting President of Cornell for several months, until the appointment of Hunter Rawlings as interim President.Michael I. Kotlikoff faculty page – Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineVeterinary College Dean Michael Kotlikoff Named Provost By ANNIE BUI,Aug 22, 2015 Cornell Daily Sun Kotlikoff's laboratory works on cardiovascular biology and heart repair, and he leads an NHLBI Resource (CHROMus - the Cornell Heart,Lung,Blood Resource for Optogenetic Mouse Signaling) developing combinatorial mouse resources for in vivo biology. His laboratory reported development of the first mouse strain expressing genetically encoded Ca2+ sensing molecules and the first in vivo recording of heart cell Ca2+ signaling.
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The ability to produce the LSPR without Cadmium is useful other labeling techniques like lateral flow immunoassay, which the fluorescence produced by various nanoparticles like carbon nanoparticles, fluorescent dyes, and quantum dots for in vivo biological labeling. In vivo labeling, it important for absorption and emission to occur in the near-infrared region to minimize the light absorption/diffusion by molecules relevant to biological systems and since cadmium free quantum dots are non toxic and ability for the frequency to tuned to the near-infrared region. The low toxicity of the cadmium free quantum allows for more research to be done in biological systems.
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The self-assembly mechanism of these PAs is a combination of hydrogen-bonding between beta-sheet forming amino acids and hydrophobic collapse of the tails to yield the formation of cylindrical micelles that present the peptide epitope at extremely high density at the nanofiber surface. By changing pH or adding counterions to screen the charged surfaces of fibers, gels can be formed. It has been shown that injection of peptide amphiphile solutions in vivo leads to in situ gel formation due to the presence of counterions in physiological solutions. This, along with the complete biodegradability of the materials, suggests numerous applications in in vitro and in vivo therapies.
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The only hypothesized mechanism of recent intron gain lacking any direct evidence is that of group II intron insertion, which when demonstrated in vivo, abolishes gene expression. Group II introns are therefore likely the presumed ancestors of spliceosomal introns, acting as site-specific retroelements, and are no longer responsible for intron gain. Tandem genomic duplication is the only proposed mechanism with supporting in vivo experimental evidence: a short intragenic tandem duplication can insert a novel intron into a protein-coding gene, leaving the corresponding peptide sequence unchanged. This mechanism also has extensive indirect evidence lending support to the idea that tandem genomic duplication is a prevalent mechanism for intron gain.
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Electrophysiological recording and stimulation can take place either across the network or locally via an MEA, and the network development can be visually observed using microscopy techniques. Moreover, chemical analysis of the neurons and their environment is more easily accomplished than in an in vivo setting.
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A vaccine to provide protection against Duck circovirus has not been approved for use, though research to create one has occurred. Experimental DNA vaccines encoding the DuCV capsid protein were found to provide protection in vivo, as well as inactivated vaccines that were tested on Muscovy ducks.
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Proxibarbital (Ipronal) is a barbiturate derivative synthesized in 1956. It has anti-anxiety properties and in contrast to most barbiturates almost without hypnotic action. It was also used in the treatment of migraine headaches in a similar manner to butalbital. Valofane isomerises to Proxibarbal in vivo.
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It is therefore presumed that UNC93A is a transporter protein. UNC93A is closely related to UNC93B1 and MFSD11. UNC93A is affected by amino acid deprivation in cell cortex cultures and starvation in in vivo samples. It is expressed in neurons, with staining close to the plasma membrane.
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However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties in vivo is that they must first be defined with a Dietary Reference Intake level to enable accurate food labeling, a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to be antioxidant nutrients.
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17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol is a positional isomer of 17α-ethynyl-3α-androstanediol, and is a metabolite of this compound in vivo via metabolic inversion of the position of the C3 hydroxyl group. It may be involved in the biological activity of 17α-ethynyl-3α-androstanediol.
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MPP+ is produced in vivo from the precursor MPTP. The process involves two successive oxidations of the molecule by monoamine oxidase B to form the final MPP+ product. This metabolic process occurs predominantly in astrocytes in the brain. Metabolism of MPTP to MPP+ in cerebral astrocytes.
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The clinical use of this antibiotic class has been restricted due to the low water solubility, low activity against gram-negative bacteria, and toxicity in vivo of this class of antibiotics.A. Maxwell, The interaction between coumarin drugs and DNA gyrase. Mol. Microbiol. 9 (1993), pp. 681–686.
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The 2013 Men's South American Volleyball Club Championship was the fifth official edition of the men's volleyball tournament, played by seven teams over 8–12 May 2013 in Vivo Arena in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The winning team qualified for the 2013 FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship.
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A hybrid scaffold is a skin substitute based on a combination of synthetic and natural materials. Examples of hybrid scaffolds are HYAFF® and Laserskin®. These hybrid scaffolds have been shown to have good in-vitro and in-vivo biocompatibilities and their biodegradability is controllable.
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Antigen KI-67 is a nuclear protein that is associated with cellular proliferation. Altering Ki-67 expression levels did not significantly affect cell proliferation in vivo. Ki-67 mutant mice developed normally and cells lacking Ki-67 proliferated efficiently. Furthermore, it is associated with ribosomal RNA transcription.
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Traditionally, either one of these 2 sites was claimed as its location. However, this claim is based upon the study's dissection of 52 cadavers, and may not reflect the live in vivo anatomy. Some sources state that it is at the layer of the transversalis fascia.
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Metabolic labeling of glycans can be used as a way to detect glycan structures. A well known strategy involves the use of azide-labeled sugars which can be reacted using the Staudinger ligation. This method has been used for in vitro and in vivo imaging of glycans.
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The LEAFY protein has two conserved domains: the DNA binding domain, a Helix-Turn-Helix motif buried inside a unique 7-helix fold and a Sterile Alpha Motif. It binds DNA as a dimer and its binding site has been identified both in vivo and in vitro.
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Some studies have postulated that polydactyly, syndactyly and cleft hand have the same teratogenic mechanism. In vivo tests showed that limb anomalies were found alone or in combination with cleft hand when they were given Myleran. These anomalies take place in humans around day 41 of gestation.
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In mammalian cells in vitro, citrinin did not induce DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative DNA damage or sister chromatids exchanges but induced micronuclei, aneuploidy and chromosomal aberrations. In vivo it induced chromosome abnormalities and hypodiploidy in the bone marrow of mice. This indicates that citrinin is mutagenic.
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In vivo, adrenochrome is synthesized by the oxidation of epinephrine. In vitro, silver oxide (Ag2O) is used as an oxidizing agent.MacCarthy, Chim, Ind. Paris 55,435(1946) In solution, adrenochrome is pink and further oxidation of the compound causes it to polymerize into brown or black melanin compounds.
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Marusich EI, Kurochkina LP, Mesyanzhinov VV. Chaperones in bacteriophage T4 assembly. Biochemistry (Mosc). 1998;63(4):399-406 Like GroES, gp31 forms a stable complex with GroEL chaperonin that is absolutely necessary for the folding and assembly in vivo of the bacteriophage T4 major capsid protein gp23.
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Cyanonilutamide (developmental code name RU-56279) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen which was never marketed. Both RU-56187 and RU-58841 appear to be prodrugs of cyanonilutamide in vivo in animals. It has relatively low affinity for the androgen receptor but nonetheless shows significant antiandrogenic activity in animals.
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Some of the substances require conversion into active substances in vivo (e.g., cyclophosphamide). Cyclophosphamide is one of the most potent immunosuppressive substances. In small dosages, it is very efficient in the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other autoimmune diseases.
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This type of addition of spines occurs in a specific pattern, meaning that spines added after one task will not cluster with spines after an alternative task.Fu, M. et al. Repetitive motor learning induces coordinated formation of clustered dendritic spines in vivo. Nature 483, 92–95 (2012).
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Neamine transaminase (, glutamate---6'-dehydroparomamine aminotransferase, btrB (gene), neoN (gene), kacL (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name neamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : neamine + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons 6'-dehydroparomamine + L-glutamate The reaction occurs in vivo in the opposite direction.
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An rrn BOXA sequence confers full antitermination activity against Rho-dependent but not against intrinsic terminators. BOXA also increases the rate of transcription elongation by RNAP. Point mutations in BOXA induce premature transcription termination. rrn antitermination requires NusB in vivo, as shown by a NusB depletion experiment.
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A recent study found that this resistance is due to expression of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). Fluorescently labeled eribulin has been used to study the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics at single cell level in vivo. A new synthetic route to the drug was published in 2009.
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In mice, I-RTX induces dose- dependent hypothermia in vivo. A statistically significant difference was reported at doses > 0.1 μmol/kg. The maximal effect was found with a dose of 1 μmol/kg, 60 to 100 minutes after administration. No lethality has been reported in this study.
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Repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and galactosamine, glycosaminoglycans (CS- GAGs), are covalently coupled to the protein core CSPGs. CSPGs have been shown to inhibit regeneration in vitro and in vivo, but the role that the CSPG core protein vs. CS-GAGs had not been studied until recently.
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For example, scanning instruments, although requiring fewer costly detector elements, are inefficient when the background is varying because, unlike IFS, the exposure of the signal and background are not made at the same time. For bio-medical science, in vivo studies also require simultaneous data collection.
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Particle size and surface area influence the release of a drug from a dosage form that is administered orally, rectally, parenterally, and topically. Higher surface area brings about intimate contact of the drug with the dissolution fluids in vivo and increases the drug solubility and dissolution.
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A major advantage of DamID over ChIP seq is that profiling of protein binding sites can be assayed in a particular cell type in vivo without requiring the physical separation of a subpopulation of cells. This allows for investigation into developmental or physiological processes in animal models.
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This modeling technique helps identify the distribution of specific species of mosquito, some of which are more susceptible to viral infection than others. Beyond distribution, rising temperatures can decrease viral incubation time in vivo in vectors increasing the viral transmissibility leading to increases in infection rates.
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Internet claims for individual chemicals, or compound synergies, such as preventing dental cavities (speculative but unproven effect of the alkaloid trigonelline with in vitro bacterial attachment research, but missing in vivo research on any health effects), preventing kidney stones, or negative effects, also have been avoided.
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Metabolic labeling of glycans can be used as a way to detect glycan structures. A well known strategy involves the use of azide-labeled sugars which can be reacted using the Staudinger ligation. This method has been used for in vitro and in vivo imaging of glycans.
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PM20D1 has also been implicated in neurological diseases. PM20D1 expression is increased both in vitro and in vivo following neurotoxic insults. Forced overexpression of PM20D1 in the hippocampus results in improved learning performance in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease whereas PM20D1 knockdown increases amyloid plaque load.
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Sexual methods of directed evolution involve in vitro recombination which mimic natural in vivo recombination. Generally these techniques require high sequence homology between parental sequences. These techniques are often used to recombine two different parental genes, and these methods do create cross overs between these genes.
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In vascular remodeling, Pcsk6 was found to induce smooth muscle cell migration in response to PDGFB by activating MMP14. When Pcsk6 was knocked out, the intimal hyperplasia response to in vivo carotid ligation was lowered. Other: This gene is thought to play a role in tumor progression.
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Several studies in cell and invertebrate models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) suggested potential neuroprotective effects of SIRT2 inhibition, in striking contrast with other sirtuin family members. In addition, recent evidence shows that inhibition of SIRT2 protects against MPTP-induced neuronal loss in vivo.
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Temperatursensitive Mutanten des Tabakmosaikvirus. I. In vivo-Verhalten. Z Vererbungsl. 98, 320-343Jockusch, H. (1966). Temperatursensitive Mutanten des Tabakmosaikvirus. II. In vitro-Verhalten. Z Vererbungsl. 98, 344-362 Relationship between the structural stability and amino acid replacements of mutant TMV coat proteins (collaboration with H.-G.
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This result is true for both the small and large intestine. This research has shown that Alg-PAAS(1:2) could be a potentially effective microcapsule matrix in probiotic drug delivery. This capsule enhanced the survival of the probiotic when traveling both in-vitro and in-vivo.
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For example, photographs of electrophoresis gels, blots, autoradiographs, cell cultures, histological tissue cross sections, animals, plants, in vivo imaging, etc. Color photographs can be accepted in utility and design patent applications if the conditions for accepting color drawings and black and white photographs have been satisfied.
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Metabolic labeling of glycans can be used as a way to detect glycan structures. A well known strategy involves the use of azide-labeled sugars which can be reacted using the Staudinger ligation. This method has been used for in vitro and in vivo imaging of glycans.
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Ivacaftor is extensively metabolised in humans. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that ivacaftor is primarily metabolised by CYP3A. M1 and M6 are the two major metabolites of ivacaftor in humans. M1 has approximately one-sixth the potency of ivacaftor and is considered pharmacologically active.
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Lowe NJ, Bourget T, Hughes S, Sayre RM. UV protection offered by clothing: An In Vitro and In Vivo Assetment of Summer Clothing Fabrics, in Sunscreens: Development, Evaluation, and Regulatory Aspects. Lowe NJ, Shaath NA Pathak MA (eds). 2nd ed Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1996, 619-629.
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Several studies have indicated that the proteolytic activity of APC contributes to the observed cytoprotective properties of APC, but variants that are proteolytically inactive also are able to regulate formation of PAR-activators thrombin and factor Xa and express cytoprotective properties in vitro and in vivo.
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UV visible spectrum of protocatechuic acid Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid. It is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. It has mixed effects on normal and cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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It causes increase in colony formation and is in agreement with a proliferative activation ('triggering') of the basal cell population from the normally quiescent Go state found in intact tracheal epithelium. The results also suggest that the polyacetates are good candidates for tumor promoters in vivo.
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Current ongoing research by the Mayo Clinic laboratories includes the examination of AuNPs as messengers to deliver reagents capable of manipulating the angiogenic response in vivo. Current angiogenic inhibitors used today which are approved by the USFDA to treat cancer is Ayastin, Nexavar, Sutent and Affinitor.
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1999, Watanabe et al. 2010). DNA damage was also observed in rats and mice exposed in vivo to o-toluidine (Robbiano et al. 2002, Sekihashi et al. 2002) and even large scale chromosomal damage was observed in yeast and mammalian cells exposed to o-toluidine in vitro.
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Flutrimazole is a wide-spectrum antifungal drug. It is used for the topical treatment of superficial mycoses of the skin. Flutrimazole is an imidazole derivative. Its antifungal activity has been demonstrated in in vivo and in vitro studies to be comparable to that of clotrimazole and higher than bifonazole.
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These medications can cause adverse effects and some types have the potential to cause addiction. Developing alternative treatments is therefore desirable. In vivo studies show potential of using H3R antagonists in ADHD to aid in attention and cognitive activity by elevating release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine.
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Using this architecture, kernel sizes of 3 × 3, 4 × 4, and 5 × 5 were tested, with the largest kernel size of 5 × 5 yielding the best results. After training, the performance of the motion correction model was tested and performed well on both simulation and in vivo data.
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The laminin molecules are named according to their chain composition. Thus, laminin-511 contains α5, β1, and γ1 chains. Fourteen other chain combinations have been identified in vivo. The trimeric proteins intersect to form a cross-like structure that can bind to other cell membrane and extracellular matrix molecules.
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The proteins for Ufm1 conjugation (Uba5, Ufc1 and Ufm1) are all conserved in animals and plants (but not yeast) suggesting important roles in multicellular organisms. The exact role of Ufm1 modification in vivo is not yet known, but the primary target appear to be uL24/RPL26 in human cells.
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Pyrrolysine is synthesized in vivo by joining two molecules of L-lysine. One molecule of lysine is first converted to (3R)-3-methyl-D- ornithine, which is then ligated to a second lysine. An NH2 group is eliminated, followed by cyclization and dehydration step to yield L-pyrrolysine.
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Quantitative susceptibility maps obtained from in vivo human brain imaging also showed high degree of agreement with previous knowledge about brain anatomy. Three orientations are generally required for COSMOS, limiting the practicality for clinical applications. However, it may serve as a reference standard when available for calibrating other techniques.
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Bao X, Focke M, Pollard M, Ohlrogge J. 2000. Understanding in vivo carbon precursor supply for fatty acid synthesis in leaf tissue. Plant Journal 22, 39–50. The typical length of fatty acids produced in the plastid are 16 or 18 carbons, with 0-3 cis double bonds.
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By the late 1980s, several studies also tested optical properties of biological tissues at different wavelengths to produce spectra.B. C. Wilson, W. P. Jeeves, and D. M. Lowe, “In vivo and post mortem measurements of the attenuation spectra of light in mammalian tissues,” Photochem. Photobiol., vol. 42, pp.
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Thus, these nanoscale graphene sheets require a laser power on the lower end of the range used with gold nanoparticles to photothermally ablate tumors. In 2012, Yang et al. incorporated the promising results regarding nanoscale reduced graphene oxide reported by Robinson et al. into another in vivo mice study.
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Malaysia Siddique MI, Katas H, Iqbal Mohd Amin MC, Ng SF, Zulfakar MH, Buang F, Jamil A. Minimization of Local and Systemic Adverse Effects of Topical Glucocorticoids by Nanoencapsulation: In Vivo Safety of Hydrocortisone-Hydroxytyrosol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci. 2015 Oct 8. doi: 10.1002/jps.24666.
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The Department of Chemical Biology focusses on the visualization and manipulation of biological activities in live cells. The in vivo localization and quantification of protein activities, metabolites and other important parameters has become a central quest in biology, but the majority of cellular processes remain invisible, to date.
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The following is a proposed mechanism by Koivomagi et al. of the in vivo cascade to promote Sic1 phosphorylation and degradation. In late G1, Sic1 is inhibiting the Clb5-Cdk1 complex, simultaneously inhibiting its own degradation. The phosphorylation cascade proceeds by Cln2-Cdk1 phosphorylation of the T5 priming site.
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The direct Coombs test, also referred to as the direct antiglobulin test (DAT), is used to detect if antibodies or complement system factors have bound to RBCs surface antigens in vivo. The DAT is not currently required for pre- transfusion testing but may be included by some laboratories.
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One of the features of impalefection is spatially resolved gene delivery that holds potential for such tissue engineering approaches in wound healing as gene activated matrix technology. Though impalefection is an efficient approach in vitro, it has not yet been effectively used in vivo on live organisms and tissues.
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ChIP-chip is one of the most popular usages of tiling arrays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation allows binding sites of proteins to be identified. A genome-wide variation of this is known as ChIP-on-chip. Proteins that bind to chromatin are cross-linked in vivo, usually via fixation with formaldehyde.
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A single amphetamine dose combines the neutral sulfate salts of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, with the dextro isomer of amphetamine saccharate and D/L-amphetamine aspartate monohydrate. The prescription analgesic tramadol is also a racemate. In some cases (e.g., ibuprofen and thalidomide), the enantiomers interconvert or racemize in vivo.
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This agonistic effect could be due to metabolization whereby I-RTX would be deiodinated, converting it into RTX with its respective characteristics. In vivo, I-RTX showed analgesic activity in the capsaicin pain test. I-RTX thus is able to block TRPV1 mediated nociceptive and neurogenic inflammatory responses.
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In simulacra is a Latin phrase meaning "within likenesses." The phrase is used similarly to in vivo or ex vivo to denote the context of an experiment. In this case, the phrase denotes that the experiment is not conducted in the actual subject, but rather a model of such.
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The Frozen Embryo Series, made in 1990s, a follow-up of In Vivo, also prefigured two ongoing works, The Erosion Project and Entscheidungsfindung – Decision taking.Beat Stutzer. Hans Danuser’s Lettered images, in: Flurina Paravicini et al. (eds.), Hans Danuser – The Counting Out Rhymes Project über Entscheidungs Findung / Decision Taking.
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The microfilaria is a miniature adult, and retains the egg membrane as a sheath, and is often considered an advanced embryo. It measures 280 μm long and 25 μm wide. It appears quite structureless in vivo, but histological staining makes its primitive gut, nerve ring, and muscles apparent.
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MS2 biotin-tagged RNA affinity purification (MS2-BioTRAP) is one in vivo method of identifying protein-RNA interactions. Both the RNA that tagged with MS2 and the MS2 protein tag were expressed, and then, the affinity interaction was used to help the process of identifying protein-RNA interactions.
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The authors further demonstrated that the number of IL-10 secreting immunosuppressive Langerhans cells, and the amount of IL-10 produced in lesions, corresponded with the severity of histopathology and HPV viral load, providing evidence of an active immunosuppressive mechanism employed by HPV that targets Langerhans cells in vivo.
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Group II introns are a large class of self-catalytic ribozymes and mobile genetic elements found within the genes of all three domains of life. Ribozyme activity (e.g., self-splicing) can occur under high-salt conditions in vitro. However, assistance from proteins is required for in vivo splicing.
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"Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 leads to preferential cardiac transduction in vivo". Circulation Research. 99:e3–e9. AAVs also produce less of an immune response than alternative viral vehicles, such as adenoviruses. AAVs have been studied in multiple patients and have not been known to cause human disease.
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Paradoxical intention and exposure in vivo in the treatment of psychogenic nausea: report of two cases. Behavioural Psychotherapy 13, 69–75. and exposure to cues of vomiting,Hunter PV, Antony MM (2009). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of emetophobia: the role of interoceptive exposure. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 16, 84–91.
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The sex, age, and race of the patient, and such things as the barometric pressure and ambient humidity will change slightly the required ablation. The formula was derived based on creating a theoretical lenticular surface in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) model, and modified by testing on in vivo animal tissue.
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The Buehler test is an in vivo test to screen for substances that cause human skin sensitisation (i.e. allergens). It was first proposed by Edwin Vernon Buehler in 1965Buehler E.V. (1965). Delayed contact hypersensitivity in the guinea pig. Archives of Dermatology, 91, 171 and further explained in 1980.
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Creating chemically stable short oligonucleotides was the earliest challenge in developing ASO therapies. Naturally occurring oligonucleotides are easily degraded by nucleases, an enzyme that cleaves nucleotides and is ample in every cell type. Short oligonucleotide sequences also have weak intrinsic binding affinities, which contributes to their degradation in vivo.
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Ethanol extracts derived from roots of C. auriculatum are being studied for use in anti-cancer medicine; one preliminary study found extracts to have some cytotoxic effects on certain human tumor cell lines. The tests were conducted, both in vitro and in vivo, on both human subjects, and mice.
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His research focused on the development of imaging assays to monitor fundamental cellular/molecular events in living subjects with an emphasis on the detection and management of cancer. A particular interest of his research and lab was early cancer detection including combining in vivo and in vitro diagnostics.
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NSP2, is a rotavirus nonstructural RNA-binding protein that accumulates in cytoplasmic inclusions (viroplasms) and is required for genome replication. NSP2 is closely associated in vivo with the viral replicase. The non- structural protein NSP5 plays a role in the structure of viroplasms mediated by its interaction with NSP2.
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Some believe that the long-term use of L-dopa will compromise neuroprotection and, thus, eventually lead to dopaminergic cell death. Though there has been no proof, in-vivo or in-vitro, some still believe that the long-term use of dopamine agonists is better for the patient.
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Several methods can help to quantify the concentration of abscisic acid in a variety of plant tissue. The quantitative methods used are based on HPLC and GC, and ELISA. Recently, 2 independent FRET probes have been developed that can measure intracellular ABA concentrations in real time in vivo.
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Examination of the in vitro and in vivo estrogenic activities of eight commercial phthalate esters. Toxicol Sci. 46 (2), 282-93 In vitro-experiments do show a weak potential of BBP to have an influence on estrogen-mediated gene expression. This is because phthalates like BBP are mimicking estrogens.
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The Proceeding National Academy of Sciences USA. 1997, 94: 1200-1205. #Soussan, P., Garreau, F., Zylberberg, H., Ferray, C., Brechot, C., and Kremsdorf, D. In vivo expression of a new hepatitis B virus protein encoded by a spliced RNA. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000. 105(1): 55-60.
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In vitro, glutathione reductase is inhibited by low concentrations of sodium arsenite and methylated arsenate metabolites, but in vivo, significant Glutathione Reductase inhibition by sodium arsenate has only been at 10 mg/kg/day. Glutathione reductase is also inhibited by some flavanoids, a class of pigments produced by plants.
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Ketoconazole has also been found to decrease levels of endogenous corticosteroids, such as cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone, as well as vitamin D. Ketoconazole has been found to displace dihydrotestosterone and estradiol from sex hormone-binding globulin in vitro, but this was not found to be relevant in vivo.
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Some of the muscles exhibiting twitching include the bilateral gastrocnemii, quadriceps femoris, biceps brachii, and right masseter. In vivo electrophysiological studies suggest at least some dysfunction of the muscle cell membrane. In the examined muscles, no abnormal insertional activity or fibrillation potentials were noted. Nerve conduction studies were normal.
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This method has been used to create targeted in vivo mutagenesis in yeast. This method involves the fusion of a 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase to tetR DNA-binding domain. This has been shown to increase mutation rates by over 800 time in regions of the genome containing tetO sites.
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It is stable at acidic pH, but is unstable in alkaline solutions. Thiamine, which is a persistent carbene, is used by enzymes to catalyze benzoin condensations in vivo. Thiamine is unstable to heat, but stable during frozen storage. It is unstable when exposed to ultraviolet light and gamma irradiation.
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Kissenpfennig, A. et al., « Dynamics and function of Langerhans cells in vivo: dermal dendritic cells colonize lymph node areas distinct from slower migrating Langerhans cells », Immunity, 22, 2005, p. 643-654Guilliams, M. et al., « Unsupervised High-Dimensional Analysis Aligns Dendritic Cells across Tissues and Species », Immunity, 45, 2016, p.
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Hepatitis C has shown been suggested to regulate miR-122 through be a ceRNA mechanism when overexpressed in Huh-7.5 cells. It however still remains to be shown whether Hepatitis C can reach the high titers necessary in vivo in order to modulate gene expression through a ceRNA mechanism.
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U. S. A. 98, 4569– 4574 (2001). inability to recognize complex interactions, lack of biologically compartmentalization, and failure to account for post- translational modifications necessary for protein-protein interactions hamper their usefulness.Doucet A., Overall C.M. Protease proteomics: revealing protease in vivo functions using systems biology approaches Mol. Aspects Med.
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A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonism Reverts the Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction Induced by Sleep Restriction. PLOS ONE, Volume 11, Issue 11.Gołembiowska, K., Wardas, J., Noworyta-Sokołowska, K., Kamińska, K., & Górska, A. (2013). Effects of adenosine receptor antagonists on the in vivo LPS-induced inflammation model of Parkinson's disease.
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Spenser's research is focused on the interface between dietary phytochemicals and brain function. His initial work focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal death in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. He could show that flavonoids and other polyphenols act as signalling molecules and not antioxidants in vivo.
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JHU37160 and JHU37152 have been marketed commercially as novel DREADD ligands, active in vivo, with high potency and affinity for hM3Dq and hM4Di DREADDs. Diihydrochloride salts of DREADDs ligands that are water-soluble (but with differing stabilities in solution) have also been commercially developed (see for aqueous stability).
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Submissions must meet three criteria to merit consideration by the SAB: 1) the probe is published, 2) it has been deposited into a public database such as PubChem (the Portal can now deposit submitted probes to PubChem on behalf of its users), and 3) there are data supporting its validation in a cellular and/or in vivo model system. Probes that do not meet these criteria are not sent to the SAB for review but are retained in the database. Probes that meet all three criteria are reviewed. SAB members review each probe submission, including the publication reporting the probe, and rate the probe for its use in cellular and/or in vivo model systems (e.g.
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Virophysics has large overlaps with other fields. For example, the modelling of infectious disease dynamics is a popular research topic in mathematics, notably in applied mathematics or mathematical biology. While most modelling efforts in mathematics have focused on elucidating the dynamics of spread of infectious diseases at an epidemiological scale (person- to-person), there is also important work being done at the cellular scale (cell-to-cell). Virophysics focuses almost exclusively on the single-cell or multi-cellular scale, utilizing physical models to resolve the temporal and spatial dynamics of viral infection spread within a cell culture (in vitro), an organ (ex vivo or in vivo) or an entire host (in vivo).
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Cell-based in vivo therapies may provide a transformative approach to augment vascular and muscle growth and to prevent non-contractile scar formation by delivering transcription factors or microRNAs to the heart. Cardiac fibroblasts, which represent 50% of the cells in the mammalian heart, can be reprogrammed into cardiomyocyte-like cells in vivo by local delivery of cardiac core transcription factors ( GATA4, MEF2C, TBX5 and for improved reprogramming plus ESRRG, MESP1, Myocardin and ZFPM2) after coronary ligation. These results implicated therapies that can directly remuscularize the heart without cell transplantation. However, the efficiency of such reprogramming turned out to be very low and the phenotype of received cardiomyocyte-like cells does not resemble those of a mature normal cardiomyocyte.
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Evidence was also generated in cell culture-based analyses, which show reduced CK1-specific kinase activity after activation of cellular Chk1, and increased activity of CK1 after treatment of cells with the PKC-specific inhibitor Gö-6983 or the pan-CDK inhibitor dinaciclib. These findings indicate, that site-specific phosphorylation mediated by Chk1, PKCα, and CDKs actually results in reduced cellular CK1-specific kinase activity. However, robust in vivo phosphorylation data are missing in most cases and biological relevance and functional consequences of site-specific phosphorylation remains to be investigated for in vivo conditions. Moreover, phosphorylation target sites within the kinase domain have not been extensively characterized yet and are object to future research.
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Protein expression in levitated cultures shows striking similarity to in vivo patterns. N-cadherin expression in levitated human glioblastoma cells was identical to the expression seen in human tumor xenografts grown in immunodeficient mice, while standard 2D culture showed much weaker expression that did not match xenograft distribution as shown in the picture below. The transmembrane protein N-cadherin is often used as an indicator of in-vivo-like tissue assembly in 3D culturing. alt=text In the picture above, distribution of N-cadherin (red) and nuclei (blue) in human brain cancer mouse xenograft (left, human brain cancer cells grown in a mouse brain), brain cancer cells cultured by 3D magnetic levitation for 48 h.
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With his team, Dubertret demonstrated that cellular behavior is different in vivo and in vitro. He reconstructed, in vitro, the cellular environment met in vivo. With Eugène Bell, from MIT, he developed the concept of organogenesis in vitro and developed a human skin model composed of dermis and epidermis with normal or pathologic cells.Saiag P., Coulomb B., Lebreton C., Bell E., Dubertret L. : Psoriatic fibroblasts induce hyperproliferation of normal keratinocytes in a skin equivalent model in vitro. Science 8 Nov 1985; 230(4726): 669–72Bell E., Sher S., Hull B., Merrill C., Rosen S., Chamson A., Asselineau D., Dubertret L., Coulomb B., Lapiere C., Nusgens B., Neveux Y. : The reconstitution of living skin.
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3-Indolepropionic acid (IPA), or indole-3-propionic acid, is a potent neuroprotective antioxidant, plant auxin, and natural product in humans that is being studied for therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease. It is endogenously produced by human microbiota and has only been detected in vivo when the species Clostridium sporogenes is present in the gastrointestinal tract. , C. sporogenes, which uses tryptophan to synthesize indole and subsequently IPA, is the only species of bacteria known to synthesize IPA in vivo at levels which are subsequently detectable in the blood plasma of the host. IPA is an even more potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals than melatonin, the most potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals that is synthesized by human enzymes.
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In lab analyses Allamanda species have yielded several chemical compounds, including iridoid lactones such as allamandin, plumericin, and plumierides. Plumericin particularly was demonstrated to be a highly potent NF-κB inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, while its structurally related derivatives plumierdin, plumeridoid C, and allamandicin did not have activity.Fakhrudin N, Waltenberger B, Cabaravdic M, Atanasov AG, Malainer C, Schachner D, Heiss EH, Liu R, Noha SM, Grzywacz AM, Mihaly-Bison J, Awad EM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Rollinger JM, Bochkov V, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM. Identification of plumericin as a potent new scaffold inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway with anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol.
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Increasing the mole percent of PEG on the surface of the liposomes by 4-10% significantly increased circulation time in vivo from 200 to 1000 minutes. PEGylation of the liposomal nanocarrier elongates the half-life of the construct while maintaining the passive targeting mechanism that is commonly conferred to lipid-based nanocarriers. When used as a delivery system, the ability to induce instability in the construct is commonly exploited allowing the selective release of the encapsulated therapeutic agent in close proximity to the target tissue/cell in vivo. This nanocarrier system is commonly used in anti-cancer treatments as the acidity of the tumour mass caused by an over- reliance on glycolysis triggers drug release.
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Kode Technology has been used for the in vitro modification of murine embryos, spermatozoa, zebra fish, epithelial/endometrial cells and red blood cells to create cellular quality controls systems, serologic kits (teaching), rare antigen expression, add infectious markers onto cells, modified cell adhesion/interaction/separation/immobilisation, and labelling. It has also been intravascularly infused for in vivo modification of blood cells and neutralisation of circulating antibodies and in in vivo imaging of circulating bone marrow kodecytes in zebrafish. Kode FSL constructs have also been applied to non-biological surfaces such as modified cellulose, paper, silica, polymers, natural fibers, glass and metals and has been shown to be ultra-fast in labelling these surfaces.
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Through its acquisition of Xenogen Corporation in 2006, Caliper is now a developer of in vivo biophotonic imaging technology, which allows for real-time, non-invasive exploration of genes, proteins, pathogens, and tumor cells in living animals. Caliper offers a complement of patented biophotonic and fluorescent imaging technologies, as well as genetically modified animal programs. Caliper's imaging product lines include a suite of IVIS imaging systems - many measuring both bioluminescence and fluorescence, in vivo imaging reagents, specialized light producing animal models, and genetic modification programs for pharmaceutical and biotechnology research and development. In a recent Japanese study, the IVIS imaging system was used to evaluate the binding affinity and RNA interference (RNAi) of LMWC/siRNA complexes.
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Whole-body PET scan using 18F-FDG By nature, assays must be carried out in a controlled environment in vitro, so this method does not provide information about receptor binding in vivo. The results obtained can only verify that a specific ligand fits a receptor, but assays provide no way of knowing the distribution of ligand-binding receptors in an organism. In vivo ligand binding and receptor distribution can be studied using Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which works by induction of a radionuclide into a ligand, which is then released into the body of a studied organism. The radiolabeled ligands are spatially located by a PET scanner to reveal areas in the organism with high concentrations of receptors.
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In vivo nucelophilic addition of thiolates to C12 and consequent opening of the core epoxide has been hypothesized to trigger Bergman cyclization in kedarcidin chromophore. Nucleophilic activiation is thought to diminish the ring strain incurred by formation of the cycloaromatized product, and thus activate kedarcidin chromophore toward DNA scission. In the isolation and structural characterization studies carried out by Leet et al., C12-sodium borohydride reduction of kedarcidin chromophore induced rapid cycloaromatization and so facilitated studies of the otherwise unstable natural product. Consequently, C12-nucleophilic activation is proposed extensively in review literature as a possible means for triggering the cycloaromatization event in vivo. Ring strain associated with the C1-C12 double bond in kedarcidin chromophore core.
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For muscles that cannot be rescued via home- based functional electrical stimulation, an Italian study suggests that, at some point in the future, the following techniques may be applicable: they must first have induction and separation of autologous myogenic cells. This can be completed either by in vivo marcaine infiltration of muscle tissue that can then be grown in vitro, or have in vitro induction of autologous adipose tissue followed by selection of myogenic stem cells that can be recreated in vivo. The new autologous myogenic stem cells will be injected, proliferated and differentiated into new mature muscle fibers. Functional properties of these newly created muscle fibers will be induced via surface electrodes and an external neuromodulator.
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FSL have been used to create human red cell kodecytes that have been used to detect and identify blood group allo-antibodies as ABO sub-group mimics, ABO quality control systems, serologic teaching kits and a syphilis diagnostic. Kodecytes have also demonstrated that FSL-FLRO4 is a suitable reagent for labelling packed red blood cells (PRBC) at any point during routine storage and look to facilitate the development of immunoassays and transfusion models focused on addressing the mechanisms involved in tansfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). Murine kodecytes have been experimentally used to determine in vivo cell survival, and create model transfusion reactions. Zebrafish kodecytes have been used to determine real time in vivo cell migration.
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Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism. This is not to be confused with experiments done in vitro ("within the glass"), i.e., in a laboratory environment using test tubes, Petri dishes, etc. Examples of investigations in vivo include: the pathogenesis of disease by comparing the effects of bacterial infection with the effects of purified bacterial toxins; the development of non-antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and new drugs generally; and new surgical procedures.
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In 1967, the company changed its goals with a new president of The Squibb Institute, Arnold D. Welch. Cardiovascular drugs became an area of concentration. Ondetti gained inspiration from his previous work on peptides. Peptides are vital in-vivo components, but peptides are cleaved by peptidases, decreasing their utility as drugs.
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By altering the body's hormonal levels, certain ingredients, including zearalenone, may reduce fertility. One ingredient, kava, may cause liver damage. Black cohosh has been shown to have no estrogenic effect in vivo or in vitro. Hops contains estrogen-like compounds, called prenylflavonoids, the most potent of which is 8-prenylnaringenin.
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Depending on the general substrate on which the assay principle is applied: #Bioassay: when the response is biological activity of live objects. Examples include ##in vivo, whole organism (e.g. mouse or other subject injected with a drug) ##ex vivo body part (e.g. leg of a frog) ##ex vivo organ (e.g.
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The outcome of the model is according to the in vivo experiment. The Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) was mathematically modeled with 12 equations to investigate three hypotheses that explain the higher occurrence of mononucleosis in younger people. After running numerical simulations, only the first two hypotheses were supported by the model.
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During which she received funding from The German Academic Exchange Service to enroll for her PhD. In 2018, she made history as Kenya's youngest PhD holder in Biomathematics aged 28 years. Her PhD thesis titled: Mathematical Modelling of In Vivo HIV Optimal Therapy Management, explains the dynamics between HIV and Mathematics.
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Omeprazole undergoes a chiral shift in vivo which converts the inactive (R)-enantiomer to the active (S)-enantiomer, doubling the concentration of the active form.Nexium Prescribing Information . AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals. This chiral shift is accomplished by the CYP2C19 isozyme of cytochrome P450, which is not found equally in all human populations.
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Other studies have shown that native human SAA1 retains some of the cytokine-like activities such as the G-CSF-induction capability Recent studies using the Saa1/Saa2 knockout mice showed weakened Th17 response in gut epithelial cells, suggesting that SAA1 plays a role in vivo in the regulation of immunity.
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In order to quantify exposure and risk, both in vivo and in vitro studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse, rat, and fish. These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment, risk management, and potential regulation and legislation.
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When rats were fed daily doses of 30, 55, or 115 mg of 4-MeI per kg of body weight for two years, the incidence of leukemia was increased in females at the highest dose only. 4-MeI was inactive in several in vitro and in vivo tests of genotoxicity.
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8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline (8A-PDHQ) is a high affinity NMDA antagonist developed by a team at Parke Davis in the 1950s.US Patent 3035059 It is a structural analog of phencyclidine with slightly lower binding affinity than the parent compound. (-)-8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline has an in vivo potency comparable to that of (+)-MK-801.
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For example, STDP might provide a substrate for Hebbian learning during development, or, as suggested by Taylor in 1973, the associated Hebbian and anti-Hebbian learning rules might create informationally efficient coding in bundles of related neurons. Works from Y. Dan's lab advanced to study STDP in in vivo systems.
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J Non-Cryst Solids 2010;356:517-24. However, the influence of the composition on the properties and compatibility of bioactive and biodegradable glasses is not fully understood. The scaffolds fabricated by melt quench technique have much less porosity which causes healing and defects in tissue integration during in-vivo testing.
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The ability of ILC3s to convert into ILC1-like cells has been shown in vitro, and in vivo. When ILC3s are cultured with IL-2 and IL-15, it causes the up-regulation of T-bet, and the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) β2, allowing conversion of ILC3s to ILC1s.
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The matrix in 3D Spheroids causes cells to maintain actin filaments and is more relevant physiologically in cytoskeletal organization and cell polarity and shape of human cells. The three-dimensional arrangement allows the cultures to provide a model that more accurately resembles human tissue in vivo without utilizing animal test subjects.
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Anandamide activates the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. FAAH knockout mice show increased anandamide levels in vivo and cannabinoid-receptor dependent behaviors including antinociception and anxiolysis. GPR18, GPR55, GPR92 have also been proposed to be activated by various N-acyl amides, though the physiological relevance of these assignments remains unknown.
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Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid abnormality associated with PFAS exposure. PFASs have been shown to decrease thyroid peroxidase, resulting in decreased production and activation of thyroid hormones in vivo. Other proposed mechanisms include alterations in thyroid hormone signaling, metabolism and excretion as well as function of nuclear hormone receptor.
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Internalins are surface proteins found on Listeria monocytogenes. They exist in two known forms, InlA and InlB. They are used by the bacteria to invade mammalian cells via cadherins transmembrane proteins and Met receptors respectively. The exact role of these proteins and their invasiveness in vivo is not completely understood.
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Common side effects include bone pain, low calcium levels, nausea, and dizziness. Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare complication which has been associated with the use of bisphosphonates, including pamidronate. Pamidronate activates human γδ T cells in vitro and in vivo, which may lead to flu-like symptoms upon administration.
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2'-Deamino-2'-hydroxyneamine transaminase (, kacL (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 2'-deamino-2'-hydroxyneamine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 2'-deamino-2'-hydroxyneamine + 2-oxoglutarate \rightleftharpoons 2'-deamino-2'-hydroxy-6'-dehydroparomamine + L-glutamate The reaction occurs in vivo in the opposite direction.
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Chicoric acid has been shown to stimulate phagocytosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies, to inhibit the function of hyaluronidase (an enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid in the human body), to protect collagen from damage due to free radicals, and to inhibit the function of HIV-1 integrase.
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Being a classic live performance, it was recorded several times. The first was Manal en Obras in 1982, then Manal en vivo in 1994 and En vivo en el Roxy in 1995, but the latter version without Claudio Gabis, and in Vivo en Red House of 2016, recorded in 2014.
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In S. pneumoniae, selection of particular SpnD39III alleles (allele A) occurs when S. pneumoniae is present in blood, which implies that SpnD39III-A regulates genes that give a selective advantage in this in vivo niche. No selection for any SpnD39III allele was seen when S. pneumoniae was present in the nasopharynx.
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The isolation of C. trachomatis coined the term isolate to describe how C. trachomatis has been isolated from an in vivo setting into a "strain" in cell culture. Only a few "isolates" have been studied in detail, limiting the information that can be found on the evolutionary history of C. trachomatis.
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Sphingosine can be phosphorylated in vivo via two kinases, sphingosine kinase type 1 and sphingosine kinase type 2. This leads to the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a potent signaling lipid. Sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramides, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, are lipid signaling molecules involved in diverse cellular processes.
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The excitation in titania results in a surface redox reaction which decomposes compounds near the surface. UCNPs enable cheap low- energy NIR photons to replace expensive UV photons. In biological contexts UV light is highly absorbed and causes tissue damage. However NIR is weakly absorbed and induces UCNP behavior in vivo.
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WIN 56,098 is a chemical that is considered to be an aminoalkylindole derivative. It is a tricyclic aryl derivative that acts as a competitive antagonist at the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. Its activity at CB1 was significantly less effective. WIN 56,098 failed to antagonize any of the in vivo effects of THC.
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Mitotic cell rounding is a shape change that occurs in most animal cells that undergo mitosis. Cells abandon the spread or elongated shape characteristic of interphase and contract into a spherical morphology during mitosis. The phenomena is seen both in artificial cultures in vitro and naturally forming tissue in vivo.
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Sustained Arc/Arg3.1 synthesis controls long-term potentiation consolidation through regulation of local actin polymerization in the dentate gyrus in vivo. J Neurosci, 27, 10445–10455.Huang, F., Chotiner, J.K., Steward, O. (2007). Actin polymerization and ERK phosphorylation are required for Arc/Arg3.1 mRNA targeting to activated synaptic sites on dendrites.
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The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.
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Most NSAIDs are chiral molecules; diclofenac is a notable exception. However, the majority are prepared as racemic mixtures. Typically, only a single enantiomer is pharmacologically active. For some drugs (typically profens), an isomerase enzyme in vivo converts the inactive enantiomer into the active form, although its activity varies widely in individuals.
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Ergothioneine has antioxidant properties in vitro. Under laboratory conditions, it scavenges hydroxyl radicals and hypochlorous acid, inhibits production of oxidants by metal ions, and may participate in metal ion transport and regulation of metalloenzymes. Although potential effects of ergothioneine are under preliminary research, its physiological role in vivo is unknown.
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In animal tests the main toxic effect was gastrointestinal irritation. There were no significant negative systemic side effects observed. It showed that edelfosine can be given over a long period safely. Most important, in contrast to many DNA-directed anti-cancer drugs, no bone marrow toxicity was in vivo observed.
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He found disruption of wool fiber in both in vivo and in vitro. He showed that the organisms belong to genus Bacillus and the organism was capable of attacking native wool protein. The same year Noval et al. (1959) published another article on enzymatic decomposition of native keratin by Streptomyces fradiae.
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Studies of this class of PTPs in mice demonstrated that they were prenylated proteins in vivo, which suggested their association with cell plasma membrane. Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells was reported to inhibit angiotensin-II induced cell calcium mobilization and promote cell growth. Two alternatively spliced variants exist.
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In human cells, under high-iron conditions, two iron atoms stabilise the F-Box FBXL5 and then the complex mediates the ubiquitination of IRP2.Moroishi, T; Nishiyama, M; Takeda, Y; Iwai, K; Nakayama, K. I. (2011). "The FBXL5-IRP2 axis is integral to control of iron metabolism in vivo". Cell Metabolism.
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Protein-fragment complementation assays are often used to detect protein–protein interactions. The yeast two-hybrid assay is the most popular of them but there are numerous variations, both used in vitro and in vivo. Pull-down assays are a method to determine what kinds of proteins a protein interacts with.
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Prostaglandin G2 is an organic peroxide belonging to the family of prostaglandins. The compound has been isolated as a solid, although it is usually used in vivo. It quickly converts into prostaglandin H2, a process catalyzed by the enzyme COX. Prostaglandin G2 is produced from the fatty acid arachidonic acid.
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The linker hydrolysis occur and the two charged fragments experience more conformational freedom. In the absence of linker, the cationic peptide can interact more efficient with the target cell and cellular uptake occurs before proteolysis. This strategy found applications in labeling tumor cells in vivo. Tumor cells were marked in minutes.
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This indicates a significant interaction between CiRS-7 and miR-7 in vivo. Another notable circular miRNA sponge is SRY. SRY, which is highly expressed in murine testes, functions as a miR-138 sponge. In the genome, SRY is flanked by long inverted repeats (IRs) over 15.5 kilobases (kb) in length.
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Vps15 has a myristoylation tag that associates the complex with the membrane. The Vps34/15 complex also can interact with Rab7. Together, the complex can function at early to late endosomes. Vps34 has a calmodulin binding domain, but its activity has been clearly shown to be calcium-independent in vitro and in vivo.
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Most in vivo neuronal systems, to the contrary, are large three-dimensional structures with much greater interconnectivity. This remains one of the most striking differences between the model and the reality, and this fact probably plays a large role in skewing some of the conclusions derived from experiments based on this model.
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However, together with other data on neuroendocrine properties of zona glomerulosa cells, NCAM expression may reflect a neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells. Voltage-dependent calcium channels have been detected in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal, which suggests that calcium-channel blockers may directly influence the adrenocortical biosynthesis of aldosterone in vivo.
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Cefuroxime axetil, sold under the brand name Ceftin among others, is a second generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic. It is an acetoxyethyl ester prodrug of cefuroxime which is effective orally. The activity depends on in vivo hydrolysis and release of cefuroxime tablets. It was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1987.
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However, unlike the lamina densa, the electron-dense zone adjacent to enamel show no signs of hemidesmosomes.Lindhe's Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, 4th ed. Some theorize that the lamina lucida is an artifact created when preparing the tissue, and that the lamina lucida is therefore equal to the lamina densa in vivo.
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DMNT inhibitors are being explored in the treatment of malignant tumors. Recent in-vitro studies show that DNMT inhibitors can increase the effects of other anti-cancer drugs. Knowledge of in-vivo effect of DNMT inhibitors are still being investigated. The long term effects of the use of DNMT inhibitors are still unknown.
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CA1Pase enzyme activity varies between different species due to their regulation by different redox-active compounds, such as glutathione. However, it is yet to be determined whether this process occurs in vivo. Wheat CA1Pase heterologously expressed in E. coli is also able to dephosphorylate the RuBisCO inhibitor D-glycero-2,3-diulose-1,5-bisphosphate.
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MEN 11420 has been demonstrated to be a potent, selective and competitive antagonist of tachykinin NK2 receptors, both in animal and human models. In vivo animal models, MEN 11420 produces an effective and long- lasting blockade of the NK2 receptors expressed in the smooth muscle of the intestinal, genito-urinary and respiratory tract.
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I Weisman, L. Bennett, L. Maxwell Sr., M. Woods, and D. Burk (1972)"Recognition of Cancer in vivo by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance", Science 178, 1288 – 1290. Burk published more than 250 scientific articles in his lifetime.Burk D, Schade AL. On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science. 1956 Aug 10;124(3215):270-2.
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The chemical cocktail directly converts human fibroblasts to iMSCs with a monolayer culture in 6 days, and the conversion rate was approximately 38%. Besides cell therapy in vivo, the culture of human mesenchymal stem cells can be used in vitro for mass- production of exosomes, which are ideal vehicles for drug delivery.
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The antimicrobial spectrum of an antibiotic can be determined by testing its antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbes in vitro . Nonetheless, the range of microorganisms which an antibiotic can kill or inhibit in vivo may not always be the same as the antimicrobial spectrum based on data collected in vitro.
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Therefore, they are the enzymes that translate the genetic code in vivo. The 20 enzymes, corresponding to the 20 natural amino acids, are divided into two classes of 10 enzymes each. This division is defined by the unique architectures associated with the catalytic domains and by signature sequences specific to each class.
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The following year they created the first fully 3D thermoacoustic images of cancer in the human breast, again using pulsed microwaves (Fig. 2).Kruger RA, Miller KD, Reynolds HE, Kiser Jr WL, Reinecke DR, Kruger GA. Contrast enhancement of breast cancer in vivo using thermoacoustic CT at 434 MHz. Radiology 2000;216: 279-283.
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She licensed this Dynamic Contrast molecular imaging technique to CRi, now PerkinElmer. In 2008 she was awarded the Columbia Rodriguez Junior Faculty Award. She was awarded the Optical Society of America’s Adolph Lomb medal in 2011. In 2010 she was awarded a National Science Foundation Career award to study in vivo Interventional Microscopy.
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These classifiers would use a small interfering RNA which targeted the repressor and activator in the Lac operon. The potential for therapeutic use, providing that an efficient delivery system can be established for in vivo DNA. In vitro applications are possible provided the classifier molecule can be safely integrated into cultured cells.
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An in vivo study found mice injected with 5, 10, 12, 18, 20, 24, 28, 32, or 36 mg/kg bw showed a strong correlation between consumption of PhIP and genetic damage.Durling, L., et al. (2005) A comparison of genotoxicity between three common heterocyclic amines and acrylamide. Mutat. Res. 580:103-110.
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The CD4 helper T cells and CD8 memory T cells were identified using an in vivo skin test and an in vitro intracellular cytokine- based assay. The topical DermaVir vaccine is an improvement upon the ex vivo dendritic cell- based immunization that could offer a new alternative therapy for patients with HIV.
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Such research incorporates designer nuclease development and discovery, computational prediction programs and databases, and high-throughput sequencing to reduce and anticipate mutational occurrence. Many designer nuclease tools are still in their relative infancy and as their molecular properties and in vivo behaviors become better understood they will become increasingly precise and predictable.
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In silico experiments with Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that both SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD can be estimated with sufficient reliability, even if laboratory assays have limited accuracy. This was confirmed by longitudinal in vivo studies that showed that GT has lower intraindividual variation (i.e. higher reliability) than TSH, FT4 or FT3.
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Barkan has also discovered and named the CRM (chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation) domain, which is found in nucleus-encoded proteins required for chloroplast RNA splicing. In 2019, Barkan and colleagues successfully constructed PPR proteins that bound specific RNA sequences in vivo, thus establishing a system for creating targeted protein-RNA interactions.
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However, the development of DNA microarrays and fast sequencing techniques has led to new, massively parallel methods for in-vivo identification of binding sites, such as ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq. To quantify the binding affinity of proteins and other molecules to specific DNA binding sites the biophysical method Microscale Thermophoresis is used.
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As of 2017, CBC is under laboratory research to identify its possible pharmacological properties. No in vivo human studies exist as of 2019. In vitro, CBC is not active at CB1 or CB2 receptors, but is an agonist of TRPA1 and less potently, an agonist of TRPV3 and TRPV4. CBC has two stereoisomers.
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A. Taruttis, G.M. van Dam, V. Ntziachristos, "Mesoscopic and macroscopic optoacoustic imaging of cancer", Cancer Res. 75 (2015) 1548-1559.D.-K. Yao, K. Maslov, K.K. Shung, Q. Zhou, L.V. Wang, "In vivo label-free photoacoustic microscopy of cell nuclei by excitation of DNA and RNA", Opt. Lett. 35 (2010) 4139-4141.
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4-HTMPIPO is a synthetic cannabinoid drug first identified in smoking products purchased from online vendors in 2012. 4-HTMPIPO is the product resulting from the electrophilic addition of water to the cyclopropane moiety of synthetic cannabinoid UR-144. Nothing is known about the in vitro or in vivo pharmacology of 4-HTMPIPO.
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While powerful in detecting the sub-cellular localisation of a protein, immuno-EM can be technically challenging, expensive, and require rigorous optimisation of tissue fixation and processing methods. Protein biotinylation in vivo was proposed to alleviate the problems caused by frequent incompatibility of antibody staining with fixation protocols that better preserve cell morphology.
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In a research context, the α-series of β-galactosidase-activated MR contrast agents has been used to visualize the development and gene expression of cells in a Xenopus laevis embryo.Louie AY, Huber MM, Ahrens ET, et al., In vivo visualization of gene expression using magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Biotech 18, pp.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins adapt many different structures in vivo according to the cell's conditions, creating a structural or conformational ensemble. Therefore, their structures are strongly function-related. However, only few proteins are fully disordered in their native state. Disorder is mostly found in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) within an otherwise well-structured protein.
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Nguyen-Chi, M., Laplace-Builhe, B., Travnickova, J., Luz-Crawford, P., Tejedor, G., Phan, Q. T., Djouad, F. (2015). Identification of polarized macrophage subsets in zebrafish. ELife, 4(JULY 2015), 1–14.This plasticity of macrophage phenotype has added to the confusion regarding the existence of individual macrophage sub-types in vivo.
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This class of non-invasive microangiography techniques can be advantageously applied to the eye fundus to reveal endoluminal blood flow profiles in the retina and choroid Puyo, L., M. Paques, M. Fink, J-A. Sahel, and M. Atlan. "In vivo laser Doppler holography of the human retina." Biomedical optics express 9, no.
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Erythrocyte aggregation is the main determinant of blood viscosity at low shear rate. Rouleaux formation also determines Erythrocyte sedimentation rate which is a non-specific indicator of the presence of disease.Oxford Textbook of Medicine Influence of erythrocyte aggregation on in vivo blood flow is still a controversial issue. Enhanced aggregation affects venous hemodynamics.
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300px300px280px350px300px Dimers of phenyltropanes, connected in their dual form using the C2 locant as altered toward a carboxamide structural configuring (in contrast and away from the usual inherent ecgonine carbmethoxy), as per Frank Ivy Carroll's patent inclusive of such chemical compounds, possibly so patented due to being actively delayed pro-drugs in vivo.
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The suppressing and tolerance-inducing effect of Tr1 cells is mediated mainly by cytokines. The other mechanism as cell to cell contact, modulation of dendritic cells, metabolic disruption and cytolysis is however also available to them. In vivo Tr1 cells need to be activated, to be able to exert their regulatory effects.
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The calicheamicins are a sub-family of enediynes that were isolated from Micromonospora echinospora calichensis. All calicheamicin family members demonstrate potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Calicheamicn γ1 exhibited significant antitumor activity against leukemia and melanoma cells in vivo. The calicheamicins are notably similar in structure to the esperamicins.
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No interactions have been demonstrated in vivo. The manufacturer notes some potential pharmacological interactions with opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol (alcohol), and other drugs that depress the central nervous system. ACE inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of pregabalin. Pregabalin may enhance the fluid-retaining effect of certain anti-diabetic agents (thiazolidinediones).Pregabalin.
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Thymic nurse cells (TNCs) are large epithelial cells found in the cortex of the thymus and also in cortico-medullary junction.Ritter, M. A., C. A. Sauvage, and S. F. Cotmore. "The human thymus microenvironment: in vivo identification of thymic nurse cells and other antigenically-distinct subpopulations of epithelial cells." Immunology 44.3 (1981): 439.
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In vitro excision can be more time-consuming and may require more "hands-on" work than in vivo excision systems. In either case, the systems allow the movement of the vector from the phage into a live cell, where the vector can replicate and propagate until the library is to be used.
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In such applications, the adsorption characteristics of BSM are integral to the behavior of materials in vivo. Survival and rejection of an implant are highly dependent on surface modifications that dictate the interfacial interaction between a material and the body. Thus, BSM adsorption increases biocompatibility. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces throughout the body.
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BSM is an active area of research for several biomedical engineering applications. Due to its adsorption on solid surfaces, it is useful in vivo to prevent bacterial infections. BSM and bacteria compete for adsorption sites; mucin adhesion blocks bacterial adhesion on surfaces. Consequently, the risk of bacterial attachment and infection is reduced.
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IL-2 is critical for interleukin-9 production by TH9 cells. IL-1 may induce IL-9 in some cases, and IL-33 is able to induce IL-9 in T cells generally. Generally IL-1 family members enhance expression of Il9 gene. IL-25 also induces IL-9 production in vivo.
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Ximelagatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, was the first member of this class that can be taken orally. It acts solely by inhibiting the actions of thrombin. It is taken orally twice daily, and rapidly absorbed by the small intestine. Ximelagatran is a prodrug, being converted in vivo to the active agent melagatran.
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Refolding of α-helical transmembrane proteins in vitro is technically difficult. There are relatively few examples of the successful refolding experiments, as for bacteriorhodopsin. In vivo, all such proteins are normally folded co-translationally within the large transmembrane translocon. The translocon channel provides a highly heterogeneous environment for the nascent transmembrane α-helices.
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Troidl, Hans et al. (1998). Surgical Research: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice, p. 10. Springer. In 1967 he designed the first implantable neuromuscular stimulator and in 1969 he "was the first to introduce the design of the buckle-type transducer for recording directly in vivo tendon forces in animals."Komi, Paavo V. (2011).
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Historically, eIF4A1 and eIF4A2 were considered interchangeable, due to this being observed in in vitro experiments, but further investigation has shown that eIF4A1 is more prevalent in dividing cells while eIF4A2 is more abundant in non-dividing cells, and furthermore, more recent evidence suggests that they might have functionally distinct roles in vivo.
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Experiments have been done in both phantom and in- vivo experiments; the image quality of the SAU-BiPBF method was considerably improved compared to imaging by conventional dynamic focusing.C. Kim, C. Yoon, J.-H. Park, Y. Lee, W. H. Kim, J. M. Chang, B. I. Choi, T.-K. Song, and Y.-M.
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As of 2015 there were no clinical trials ongoing or completed for EG3287 as a human cancer therapy. Soluble NRP1 has the opposite effect of membrane bound NRP1 and has anti-VEGF activity. In vivo mouse studies have shown that injections of sNRP-1 inhibits progression of acute myeloid leukemia in mice.
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Eaton developed spectral-spatial imaging using EPR, as well as the analysis software to accompany it. She wrote "EPR Imaging and in Vivo EPR" in 1991. Eaton has published several books about electron paramagnetic resonance and how to quantitatively produce the same results between labs. In 1998, Eaton published Foundations of Modern EPR.
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PLOS ONE. 2014 May 8;9(5):e96593. neuroblastoma,Wickström M, Dyberg C, Shimokawa T, Milosevic J, Baryawno N, Fuskevåg OM, Larsson R, Kogner P, Zaphiropoulos PG, Johnsen JI. Targeting the hedgehog signal transduction pathway at the level of GLI inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. International journal of cancer.
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It is in the penicillin class of medications. It is slowly absorbed into the circulation, after intramuscular injection, and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin in vivo. It is the drug-of- choice when prolonged low concentrations of benzylpenicillin are required and appropriate, allowing prolonged antibiotic action over 2–4 weeks after a single IM dose.
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Due in part to its ability to recognize spectral fingerprints, terahertz pulsed imaging can be applied to provide contrast between different types of soft tissue."Terahertz Medical Imaging" Also, it is a sensitive means of detecting the degree of water content"Terahertz radiation targets skin cancer" and markers of cancer"Terahertz Light to Illuminate Cell Biology and Cancer Research" and other diseases. Attempts have been made to apply Terahertz to image cancers like breast,"TeraView trials in vivo THz spectroscopy" cancer as well as other diseases in medicine, oral health care, and related areas. The company announced it has been cleared by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to trial in-vivo terahertz spectroscopy for bio- medical research.
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The preference of virtual reality exposure therapy over in-vivo exposure therapy is often debated, but there are many obvious advantages of virtual reality exposure therapy that make it more desirable. For example, the proximity between the client and therapist can cause problems when in-vivo therapy is used and transportation is not reliable for the client or it is impractical for them to travel as far as needed. However, virtual reality exposure therapy can be done from anywhere in the world if given the necessary tools. Going along with the idea of unavailable transportation and proximity, there are many individuals who require therapy but due to various forms of immobilizations (paralysis, extreme obesity, etc.) they can not physically be moved to where the therapy is conducted.
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In addition to human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, PDE5 is also found in lower concentrations in other tissues including platelets, vascular and visceral smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle. The inhibition of PDE5 in these tissues by sildenafil may be the basis for the enhanced platelet antiaggregatory activity of nitric oxide observed in vitro, an inhibition of platelet thrombus formation in vivo and peripheral arterial-venous dilatation in vivo. Immunohistology has shown that PDE5 localizes in heart cells at the sarcomere z-disk, but can also be found in diffuse amounts in the cytosol. Increased expression of PDE5 has also been measured in hypertrophic disease and has been linked to oxidative stress, and PDE5 inhibition has shown beneficial effects in the failing heart.
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One experiment conducted at the University of Florida led to the production of an XNA aptamer by the AEGIS-SELEX (artificially expanded genetic information system - systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) method, followed by successful binding to a line of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, experiments in the model bacterium E. coli have demonstrated the ability for XNA to serve as a biological template for DNA in vivo. In moving forward with genetic research on XNAs, various questions must come into consideration regarding biosafety, biosecurity, ethics, and governance/regulation. One of the key questions here is whether XNA in an in vivo setting would intermix with DNA and RNA in its natural environment, thereby rendering scientists unable to control or predict its implications in genetic mutation.
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Markey, M. J., Main, R. P., & Marshall, C. R. (2006). In vivo cranial suture function and suture morphology in the extant fish Polypterus: implications for inferring skull function in living and fossil fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(11), 2085–2102. The main cause of sutural deformation is caused by strain during feeding activity, most prominent with feeding mechanisms involving sucking a prey into the mouth.Markey, M. J., Main, R. P., & Marshall, C. R. (2006). In vivo cranial suture function and suture morphology in the extant fish Polypterus: implications for inferring skull function in living and fossil fish. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(11), 2085–2102. There is a tension anteriorly, and compression posteriorly strain patterns are observed in Polypterus, a prey-sucking predator.
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Bellen has made numerous important contributions in the field of synaptic transmission in Drosophila. Through unbiased forward genetic screens designed to detect perturbations in neuronal function, he has uncovered many genes involved in synaptic transmission and has used reverse genetics to help to establish their function. His lab was the first to provide in vivo evidence that Synaptotagmin 1 functions as the main Calcium sensor in synaptic transmission and that Syntaxin-1A plays a critical role in synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion in vivo. His lab showed that Endophilin and Synaptojanin control uncoating of SVs, that the V0 component of the v-ATPase affects SV fusion, that synaptic mitochondria control SV dynamics, and in addition discovered a novel calcium channel involved in SV biogenesis.
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In 2017, evidence was published suggesting that 7,8-DHF and various other reported small-molecule TrkB agonists might not actually be direct agonists of the TrkB and might be mediating their observed effects by other means. 7,8-DHF has been found to act as a weak aromatase inhibitor in vitro (Ki = 10 μM), though there is evidence to suggest that this might not be the case in vivo. In addition, it has been found to inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase and estrogen sulfotransferase in vitro (Ki = 35 μM and 1–3 μM, respectively), though similarly to the case of aromatase, these activities have not yet been confirmed in vivo. Unlike many other flavonoids, 7,8-DHF does not show any inhibitory activity on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
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Light-Activated Structural Examination of RNA (LASER) probing utilizes UV light to activate nicotinoyl azide (NAz), generating highly reactive nitrenium cation in water, which reacts with solvent accessible guanosine and adenosine of RNA at C-8 position through a barrierless Friedel- Crafts reaction. LASER probing targets both single-stranded and double- stranded residues as long as they are solvent accessible. Because hydroxyl radical probing requires synchrotron radiation to measure solvent accessibility of RNA in vivo, it is hard to apply hydroxyl radical probing to footprint RNA in cells for many laboratories. In contrast, LASER probing utilizes a hand-held UV lamp (20 W) for excitation, it is much easier to apply LASER probing for in vivo studying RNA solvent accessibility.
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In-vivo, DnaG is able to synthesis primer fragments of up to 60 nucleotides, but in-vivo primer fragments are limited to approximately 11 nucleotides. During the synthesis of the lagging strand DnaG synthesizes between 2000 and 3000 primers at a rate of one primer per-second. RNAP domain of DnaG has three subdomains, the N-terminal domain, which has a mixed α and β fold, the central domain consisting of a 5 stranded β sheet and 6 α helices, and finally the C-terminal domain which is made up of a helical bundle consisting of 3 antiparallel α helices. The central domain is made up in part of the toprim fold, a fold that has been observed in many metal-binding phosphotransfer proteins.
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In theory, once the chelating ligands have bound to the actinides, the heavy metal complexes can exit the body naturally by urination. 360x360px The chelator of interest exhibits higher affinity for lanthanides in vivo than DTPA due to its octadentate structure, and thus it has shown greater efficacy in radionuclide decorporation in living systems. The ligand has shown favorable selectivity for plutonium, americium, uranium, and neptunium decorporation (with no observed toxicity in either in vitro tests on human tissue or in vivo experiments on rodent models), which is also an improvement over the currently accepted DTPA. Finally, in a separate study, Abergel evaluated the purity of this molecule for potential drug applications, ultimately bringing this effort closer to the development of a deployable treatment solution.
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In flies, acetylation of H4K16 on the male X chromosome by MOF in the context of the MSL complex is correlated with transcriptional upregulation as a mechanism for dosage compensation in these organisms. In humans, the MSL complex carries out the majority of genome-wide H4K16 acetylation. In the context of their cognate complexes, Sas2 (SAS) and Esa1 (NuA4) also carry out acetylation of H4K16, in particular in the telomere regions of chromosomes. Sas2 is also observed to acetylate H3K14 in vitro on free histones. Esa1 can also acetylate H3K14 in vitro on free histones as well as H2AK5, H4K5, H4K8, and H4K12 either in vitro or in vivo on nucleosomal histones. H2AK7 and H2BK16 are also observed to be acetylated by Esa1 in vivo.
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Contrary to the synoviocytes which are dividing cells and can be efficacy transduced in vivo using either liposomes or viral vectors, in vivo delivery of genes to chondrocytes is hindered by the dense extra cellular matrix that surrounds these cells. Chondrocytes are non- dividing cells, embedded in a network of collagens and proteoglycans; however researches suggest that genes can be transferred to chondrocytes within normal cartilage by intraarticular injection of liposomes containing sendai virus (HVJ- liposomes) and adeno- associated virus. Most efficient methods of gene transfer to cartilage have involved ex vivo strategies using chondrocytes or chondroprogenitor cells. Chondrocytes are genetically enhanced by transferring complementary DNA encoding IL-1RA, IGF-1, or matrix break down inhibitors mentioned in Table 1.
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A new testing platforms based on multi- compartmental perfused systems have gained a remarkable interest in pharmacology and toxicology. It aims to provide a cell culture environment close to the in vivo situation to reproduce more reliably in vivo mechanisms or ADME processes that involve its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Perfused in vitro systems combined with kinetic modelling are promising tools for studying in vitro the different processes involved in the toxicokinetics of xenobiotics. Efforts made toward the development of micro fabricated cell culture systems that aim to create models that replicate aspects of the human body as closely as possible and give examples that demonstrate their potential use in drug development, such as identifying synergistic drug interactions as well as simulating multi-organ metabolic interactions.
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As a consequence, for in-vivo studies, small diameter gold nanorods are being used as photothermal converters of near- infrared light due to their high absorption cross-sections. Since near- infrared light transmits readily through human skin and tissue, these nanorods can be used as ablation components for cancer, and other targets. When coated with polymers, gold nanorods have been observed to circulate in-vivo with half-lives longer than 6 hours, bodily residence times around 72 hours, and little to no uptake in any internal organs except the liver. Despite the unquestionable success of gold nanorods as photothermal agents in preclinical research, they have yet to obtain the approval for clinical use because the size is above the renal excretion threshold.
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Molecular models of DNA structures are representations of the molecular geometry and topology of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using one of several means, with the aim of simplifying and presenting the essential, physical and chemical, properties of DNA molecular structures either in vivo or in vitro. These representations include closely packed spheres (CPK models) made of plastic, metal wires for skeletal models, graphic computations and animations by computers, artistic rendering. Computer molecular models also allow animations and molecular dynamics simulations that are very important for understanding how DNA functions in vivo. The more advanced, computer-based molecular models of DNA involve molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics computations of vibro-rotations, delocalized molecular orbitals (MOs), electric dipole moments, hydrogen-bonding, and so on.
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In contrast to fluorescent proteins which form their chromophore through posttranslational modifications of the polypeptide chain, phytochromes bind an external ligand (in this case, biliverdin), and successful imaging of the first bacteriophytochrome-based probe required addition of the exogenous biliverdin. Recent studies demonstrated that bacteriophytochrome-based fluorescent proteins with high affinity to biliverdin can be imaged in vivo utilizing endogenous ligand only and, thus, with the same ease as the conventional fluorescent proteins. Advent of the second and further generations of the biliverdin-binding bacteriophytochrome-based probes should broaden the possibilities for the non-invasive in vivo imaging. A new class of fluorescent protein was evolved from a cyanobacterial (Trichodesmium erythraeum) phycobiliprotein, α-allophycocyanin, and named small ultra red fluorescent protein (smURFP) in 2016.
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Four meta analyses on receptor binding in depression have been performed, two on serotonin transporter (5-HTT), one on 5-HT1A, and another on dopamine transporter (DAT). One meta analysis on 5-HTT reported that binding was reduced in the midbrain and amygdala, with the former correlating with greater age, and the latter correlating with depression severity. Another meta-analysis on 5-HTT including both post-mortem and in vivo receptor binding studies reported that while in vivo studies found reduced 5-HTT in the striatum, amygdala and midbrain, post mortem studies found no significant associations. 5-HT1A was found to be reduced in the anterior cingulate cortex, mesiotemporal lobe, insula, and hippocampus, but not in the amygdala or occipital lobe.
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The phenomenon is now known to be fleeting, incomplete, and weak. By example, when the triceps brachii is stimulated, the biceps is reflexively inhibited. The incompleteness of the effect is related to postural and functional tone. Also, some reflexes in vivo are polysynaptic, with entire muscle groups responding to noxious stimuli (Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex).
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The effect of RWJ-394674 when administered in vivo thus produces potent agonist effects at both μ and δ receptors through the combined actions of the parent drug and its active metabolite, with the δ-agonist effects counteracting the respiratory depression from the μ-opioid effects, and the only prominent side-effect being sedation.
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Deregulation of DNA replication is a key factor in genomic instability during cancer development. This highlights the specificity of DNA synthesis machinery in vivo. Various means exist to artificially stimulate the replication of naturally occurring DNA, or to create artificial gene sequences. However, DNA synthesis in vitro can be a very error-prone process.
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"Relationship Between Lung Distensibility Pulmonary Blood Flow and Pulmonary Blood Volume." Surgical Forum 18:181-183Loughridge, B.P., Bottomley, Richard, Williams, G. R. 1965. "Effect of Isolated in vivo Perfusion of the Canine Liver with 5-Flourouracil, Abstract." Journal of Clinical Research 13:48Loughridge, B. P., Shadid, E. A., Seetapun, Anun, Williams, G. R. 1965.
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Two typical applications that require a large number of pure qubits are quantum error correction (QEC) and ensemble computing. In realizations of quantum computing (implementing and applying the algorithms on actual qubits), algorithmic cooling was involved in realizations in optical lattices. In addition, algorithmic cooling can be applied to in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Conformational study on neuromuscular blocking drugs is relatively new and developing. Traditional SAR studies do not specify environmental factors on molecules. Computer-based conformational searches assume that the molecules are in vacuo, which is not the case in vivo. Solvation models take into account the effect of a solvent on the conformation of the molecule.
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EGIS-7625 is a selective and competitive 5-HT2B receptor antagonist. It is experimentally proven to be directly associated with smooth stomach muscle construction of white rats in vivo, and variably effective in provoking a similar response in in vitro human stomach cells. In high blood concentrations, it causes mild constriction of rabbit pulmonary arteries.
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The method by which depletion occurs can heavily affect the results. Ex vivo TCD is predominantly used in GVHD prevention, where it offers the best results. However, complete TCD via ex vivo, especially in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), patients usually does not improve survival. In vivo depletion often uses monoclonal antibodies (eg, alemtuzumab) or heteroantisera.
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In 1987, McKim and colleagues began a series of experiments to characterize FATS. These experiments involved whole-fish in vivo analyses. The animals used in these experiments were Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss formerly known as Salmo gairdneri). The fish underwent surgery prior to the exposure to implant respiratory and cardiovascular monitoring devices, and immobilize them.
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After an initial serum-shock, both rat-1 fibroblasts and H35 hepatoma cells demonstrated cyclic mRNA expression of clock genes rper1 and rper2, and Rev- Erbα, and the clock controlled genes Tef and Dbp, with a period of nearly 24 hours and a phase relationship closely mimicking those observed in rat liver cells in vivo.
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Thin copper wires were attached to the electrode and one terminal on a pH meter. The subject's foot was placed in a saline solution. A calomel reference electrode was also placed in this solution and was connected to the other terminal on the meter. Antimony electrodes continue to be used for in vivo measurements.
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4-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a popular antioxidant in part because of its low toxicity. The is 2200 mg/kg in mice (oral). 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid has estrogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo, and stimulates the growth of human breast cancer cell lines. It is a common metabolite of paraben esters, such as methylparaben.
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In in vitro and in vivo animal experiments, celastrol exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and insecticidal activities. It has been shown to have obesity-controlling effects in mice. Celastrol has also shown to possess (by inhibition of NF-κB in the hypothalamus) anti-diabetic effects on diabetic nephropathy and improve whole-body insulin resistance.
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Johnson DS, Mortazavi A, Myers RM, Wold B. 2007. Genomewide mapping of in vivo protein-DNA interactions. Science. 316:1497–1502.Chen X et al. 2008. Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells. Cell 133: 1106–1117. and ChIP-chipWu J, Smith LT, Plass C, Huang TH. 2006.
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Thrombodynamics test is a method for blood coagulation monitoring and anticoagulant control. This test is based on imitation of coagulation processes occurring in vivo, is sensitive both to pro- and anticoagulant changes in the hemostatic balance. Highly sensitive to thrombosis. The method was developed in the Physical Biochemistry Laboratory under the direction of Prof.
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Further research is needed to enable the procedures outlined above to become more successful. One area research is progressing in is that of the 3D printed ovary. A 3D printed microporous hydrogel scaffold could be created, into which isolated ovarian follicles could be implanted. This would support further follicular growth in vivo after transplantation.
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In addition to its agreement with the in vivo data, this revised model is highly conserved in rodents and mammals (including humans) suggesting functional importance for repA structure. Although the exact function of the repA region is uncertain, it was shown that the entire region is needed for efficient binding to the Suz12 protein.
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Beard, "Biomedical photoacoustic imaging", Interface Focus 1 (2011) 602-631. although intensity-modulated light can also be used.P. Mohajerani, S. Kellnberger, V. Ntziachristos, "Frequency domain optoacoustic tomography using amplitude and phase", Photoacoustics 2 (2014) 111-118.S. Kellnberger, N.C. Deliolanis, D. Queirós, G. Sergiadis, V. Ntziachristos, "In vivo frequency domain optoacoustic tomography", Opt. Lett.
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PTPkappa promotes neurite outgrowth from embryonic cerebellar neurons, and thus may be involved in axonal extension or guidance in vivo. Neurites are extensions from neurons that can be considered the in vitro equivalent of axons and dendrites. The extension of cerebellar neurites on purified PTPkappa fusion proteins was demonstrated to require Grb2 and MEK1 activity.
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However, when experiments have been carried out in-vivo, phosphatase enzymes have been shown to be incredibly specific. In some cases, a protein phosphatase (i.e. one defined by its recognition of protein substrates) can catalyze the dephosphorylation of nonprotein substrates. Similarly, dual-specificity tyrosine phosphatases can dephosphorylate not only tyrosine residues, but also serine residues.
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In vivo, FtsZ forms filaments with a repeating arrangement of subunits, all arranged head-to-tail. These filaments form a ring around the longitudinal midpoint, or septum, of the cell. This ring is called the Z-ring. The GTP hydrolyzing activity of the protein is not essential to the formation of filaments or cell division.
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5-Nonanone was expected to be metabolized to a γ-diketone (a diketone with the second oxygen three carbons away from the first, e.g. 2,5- or 3,6-diketones). Metabolic studies confirmed the in vivo ω-oxidation of 5-nonanone to 2,5-nonanedione and 2-hexanone. Subsequent oxidative and decarboxylative steps also produce 2,5-hexanedione.
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The psychostimulant MDMA (popularized as ecstasy or XTC) is known to affect serotonergic neurons, but has been shown to inhibit synaptosomal and vesicular uptake of serotonin and dopamine to roughly the same extent in vitro. in vivo studies indicate short-term MDMA exposure causes short-term reduction in VMAT2 activity, which is reversed after 24h.
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BRCA1 serine cluster domain (SCD) spans amino acids 1280–1524. A portion of the domain is located in exons 11–13. High rates of mutation occur in exons 11–13. Reported phosphorylation sites of BRCA1 are concentrated in the SCD, where they are phosphorylated by ATM/ATR kinases both in vitro and in vivo.
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The structure of LAP is important in maintaining its function. Structure modification of LAP can lead to disturb the interaction between LAP and TGF-β and thus activating it. Factors that may cause such modification may include hydroxyl radicals from reactive oxygen species (ROS). TGF-β was rapidly activated after in vivo radiation exposure ROS.
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11 (15): 1965–82 However, in vivo it has been observed that only at high doses of amitraz or its main metabolite N-2,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methyl-formamide monoamine oxidase inhibition occurs. In dogs it has been observed that after administration of such a dose an increase in plasma glucose and suppression of insulin occurs.
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By studying the neural stem cells in vitro and exploring alternative cell sources, engineering novel biopolymers that could be utilized in a scaffold, and investigating cell or tissue engineered construct transplants in vivo in models of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, Dr. LaPlaca's lab aims to identify optimal strategies for nerve regeneration post injury.
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Such interactions may allow electron-transfer reactions to take place via the short-lived excited singlet state and lead to the formation of radicals and radical ions. The copper-free derivative exhibited a tumour response with short intervals between drug administration and photodynamic activity. Increased in vivo activity was observed with the zinc benzochlorin analogue.
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Fukazawa, Y., Saitoh, Y., Ozawa, F., Ohta, Y., Mizuno, K., Inokochi, K. (2003). Hippocampal LTP is accompanied by enhanced f-actin content within dendritic spine that is essential for late LTP maintenance in vivo. Neuron, 38:447-460. Actin is only able to cause changes that promote LTP through its formation into F-actin.
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Azole antifungals are often used as a front-line therapy in trichosporonosis. Resistance to amphotericin, flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole have been described. Echinocandins, as a group, are ineffective against Trichosporon species. Triazoles show better in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity than amphotericin B, while voriconazole also has excellent in vitro activity against Trichosporon asteroides.
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7b), and the tetrahydropyridylcarboxamide (fig. 7c). SB-782443 (fig. 7a) showed excellent potency at human, guinea pig, and rat TRPV1, a favorable in vitro drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics profile, and remarkable in vivo activity in an inflammatory pain model. Based on their in vitro profile, several compounds of this class qualified for preclinical development.
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In the body, in vivo studies indicate that both enantiomers of carvone are mainly metabolized into dihydrocarvonic acid, carvonic acid and uroterpenolone. (–)-Carveol is also formed as a minor product via reduction by NADPH. (+)-Carvone is likewise converted to (+)-carveol. This mainly occurs in the liver and involves cytochrome P450 oxidase and (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase.
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Broccoli sprouts are rich in sulforaphane. Although there has been some basic research on how sulforaphane might exert beneficial effects in vivo, there is no high-quality evidence for its efficacy against human diseases. Broccoli sprouts also contain a particular glucosinolate compound, glucoraphanin, which is found in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
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The transient nature of these protein encounters complicates the study of quinary structure. Indeed, the interactions responsible for this upper level of protein organisation are weak and short-lived, and hence would not produce protein-protein complexes that could be isolated by conventional biochemical methods. Therefore, quinary structure can only be understood in vivo .
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After working in Zurich for the German advertising and fashion photographer Michael Lieb from 1972–1974, Danuser began experimenting with light-sensitive emulsion at the ETHZ Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. 1979–1989: work on the cycle In Vivo. 1980s and 1990s: working in Zurich and New York. 1986: Artist in residence in Los Alamos.
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Nature Biotechnology. 18:1108–1111. In vivo footprinting combined with immunoprecipitation can be used to assess protein specificity at many locations throughout the genome. The DNA bound to a protein of interest can be immunoprecipitated with an antibody to that protein, and then specific region binding can be assessed using the DNA footprinting technique.
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Part of this signaling may be via IGF1R/insulin receptor heterodimers (the reason for the confusion is that binding studies show that IGF1 binds the insulin receptor 100-fold less well than insulin, yet that does not correlate with the actual potency of IGF1 in vivo at inducing phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and hypoglycemia).
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TEV protease (, Tobacco Etch Virus nuclear-inclusion-a endopeptidase) is a highly sequence-specific cysteine protease from Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV). It is a member of the PA clan of chymotrypsin-like proteases. Due to its high sequence specificity it is frequently used for the controlled cleavage of fusion proteins in vitro and in vivo.
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Its involvement in mechanisms responsible for the anti- apoptotic effect of hPG80 has been demonstrated in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in mice overexpressing the GAST gene. JAK2 (Janus-activated kinase 2), STAT3 and kinases increases regulated by extracellular signals have also been observed in the colon mucosa of hGAS mice.
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In this capacity, it mimics an estrogenic molecule to stimulate human endometrial epithelial cells in vitro and mouse uterine tissue in vivo. The actions of LXB4 and 15-epi-LXB4 have been far less well defined than those of their LXA4 analogs. Their mechanism(s) of stimulating target cells (e.g. receptors) is not known.
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This ribozyme was shown to be located adjacent to the polyadenylation site and in vitro studies showed that it catalyzes a first-order reaction where its mechanism of cleavage is similar to the manganese ribozyme present in Tetrahymena group I introns. In vivo studies showed that this ribozyme is not functional with the cell.
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MTA is used as filler in the resin like MTA Fillapex. MTA powder is mixed with fillers in the resin. These are not MTA based root canal sealer, but resin modified root canal sealer. Brasseler Endosequence offers a pre-mixed sealer with a non-reactive carrier medium and the product only sets in vivo.
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This has future applications for monitoring glaucoma patients who either have changes in nerve fiber layer thickness or alterations in vasculature from damage to the retina.Scoles D, Gray DC, Hunter JJ, Wolfe R, Gee BP, Geng Y, et al. "In vivo imaging of retinal nerve fiber layer vasculature: imaging histology comparison". BMC Ophthalmol. 2009;9:9.
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When encapsulating hydrophobic or potentially toxic materials it is important that the encapsulant remain intact while inside the body. Studying the rheological properties of the micelles permits identification and selection of the polymer that is most appropriate for use in long-term biological applications. Rf-PEG exhibits superior rheological properties when used in vivo.
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NEDD4 protein is widely expressed, and a large number of proteins have been predicted or demonstrated to bind in vitro. In vivo NEDD4 is involved in the regulation of a diverse range of processes, including insulin-like growth factor signalling, neuronal architecture and viral budding. NEDD4 is an essential protein for animal development and survival.
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Causes for this structure are mitotic loss of acentric chromosomal fragments (clastogenicity), mechanical problems from chromosomal breakage and exchange, mitotic loss of chromosomes (aneugenicity), and apoptosis. The micronucleus test in vivo is similar to the in vitro one because it tests for structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells, especially in rats' blood cells.
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Organ pipes were often used in early hearing experiments. Due to the invasiveness of most hearing related experiments, it is difficult to use human models in the study of the auditory system. However, many findings have been revealed in cats and guinea pigs. Additionally, there are few ways to study the basilar membrane in vivo.
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (or TFPI) is a single-chain polypeptide which can reversibly inhibit Factor Xa (Xa). While Xa is inhibited, the Xa-TFPI complex can subsequently also inhibit the FVIIa-tissue factor complex. TFPI contributes significantly to the inhibition of Xa in vivo, despite being present at concentrations of only 2.5 nM.
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Apparently, the soybean FLbR2-rice Phytoglobin1.13+ interaction is weak. An in silico analysis predicted that soybean FLbR2 and rice Phytogb1.13+ interact at the FAD-binding domain of soybean FLbR2 and the CD-loop and helix F of rice Phytogb1.13+. Therefore, FLbRs could be a generalized in vivo mechanism for the enzymatic reduction of Phytogbs3+.
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The Merck Index, 13th Edition. The hypnotic drug triclofos (2,2,2-trichloroethyl phosphate) is metabolized in vivo to 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. Chronic exposure may result in kidney and liver damage. 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol can be added to SDS-PAGE gels in order to enable fluorescent detection of proteins without a staining step, for immunoblotting or other analysis methods.
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Although mammals lack this receptor, 20-hydroxyecdysone may affect mammalian (including human) biological systems in vitro, but there is uncertainty whether any in vivo or physiological effects occur. 20-Hydroxyecdysone is an ingredient of some supplements that aim to enhance physical performance. In humans it binds to the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) protein-coding gene.
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He used the same methodology in vivo to examine sera collected from AD patients. The results, surprisingly, demonstrated a significant increase in antibody titer. It contradicts the majority of studies arguing that the amyloid-beta antibody decreases in AD patients. The non- dissociated sample follows the widespread theory that amyloid-beta decreases in AD patients.
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Owing to their high biostability, TiN layers may also be used as electrodes in bioelectronic applications like in intelligent implants or in-vivo biosensors that have to withstand the severe corrosion caused by body fluids. TiN electrodes have already been applied in the subretinal prosthesis project as well as in biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS).
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Cyanobacterial metabolites are commonly found to be useful in cancer treatment. In particular, Apartoxin A has been found to be a potent cancer cell cytotoxin. It has been found to be remarkably cytotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Apartoxin A has been found to induce G1-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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NF-κB and NFAT1, are needed for a TCR- induced interleukin-9 production by TH9 cells. STAT5, downstream factor of IL-2, induce TH9 cells IL-9. STAT5 directly bind to Il-9 gene promoter, although it has not yet been determined how important this pathway is for TH9 development in vitro and in vivo.
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The half-life of Spot42 in vivo is 12 to 13 minutes at 37 °C. When grown in media supplemented with glucose, each cell contains 100–200 Spot42 copies. The corresponding level is however reduced 3–4-fold when cells are grown in succinate or when cAMP is added to cells grown in glucose.
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Statine, an amino acid, is thought to be responsible for the inhibitory activity of pepstatin, because it mimics the tetrahedral transition state of the peptide catalysis. Because of hydrophobic properties of statine, pepstatin has very low solubility in physiological media. Since it had low potency and poor solubility, it did not enter in vivo studies.
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In vivo neuroimaging has found abnormalities with 5-HT2A and serotonin transporter (5-HTT). Inconsistent binding potentials have been observed for 5-HT2A, with both decreased and increased and binding potentials being reported. Inconsistent results have been reported in with respect to 5-HTT as well, with increased, decreased and no changes being reported.
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Gracilaria oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization 6 prepared by agarase digestion from agar-bearing Gracilaria sp. polysaccharides have been shown to be an effective prophylactic agent during in vitro and in vivo experiments against Japanese encephalitis viral infection. The sulfated oligosaccharides from Gracilaria sp. seem to be promising candidates for further development as antiviral agents.
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An in vitro experiment showed lentinan stimulated production of white blood cells in the human cell line U937. Lentinan is thought to be inactive in humans when given orally and is therefore administered intravenously. The authors of an in vivo study of lentinan suggested that the compound may be active when administered orally in mice.
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Note that more complex phenomena might be observed when for example the decoupled 1H nuclei are exchanging with non-decoupled 1H nuclei in the sample with the exchange process taking place on the NMR time scale. This is exploited e.g. with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents in in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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The consequence of the structural modifications was that its ionisation characteristics do not allow for sufficient GI absorption. Thus, enalaprilat was only suitable for intravenous administration. This was overcome by the monoesterification of enalaprilat with ethanol to produce enalapril. As a prodrug, enalapril is hydrolyzed in vivo to the active form enalaprilat by various esterases.
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MK-2206 is a drug candidate being investigated to help treat cancer. Its chemical formula is C25H21N5O.MK-2206 dihydrochloride (CAS 1032350-13-2) inc structure diagram It acts as an allosteric AKT inhibitor.MK-2206, an Allosteric Akt Inhibitor, Enhances Antitumor Efficacy by Standard Chemotherapeutic Agents or Molecular Targeted Drugs In vitro and In vivo.
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She has developed approaches to image neurons and inner ear sensory cells with the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and in vivo, primarily using multi-photon microscopy., as well as using high throughput methods such as RNA-Seq and microarrays to study genes expressed in the inner ear and cell cultures of neuroglia.
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"Quantitative analysis of multi‐protein interactions using FRET: Application to the SUMO pathway." Protein Science 17.4 (2008): 777-784. Applied in vivo, FRET has been used to detect the location and interactions of genes and cellular structures including integrins and membrane proteins. FRET can be used to obtain information about metabolic or signaling pathways.
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Laura Busse (born c. 1977) is a German neuroscientist and professor of Systemic Neuroscience within the Division of Neurobiology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Busse's lab studies context-dependent visual processing in mouse models by performing large scale in vivo electrophysiological recordings in the thalamic and cortical circuits of awake and behaving mice.
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Some in vitro evidence suggests that calgranulin can inhibit the precipitation of calcium oxalate in a urine- like environment at calgranulin concentrations below physiological concentrations. Thus, it may also function in vivo as an inhibitor of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. However, the role of calgranulin in the stone formation process has not been evaluated.
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Moreover, epithelial GPNMB expression was most abundant in triple negative breast cancers and it was found to be a prognostic marker for shorter metastasis-free survival times within this breast cancer subtype. Finally, GPNMB expression in breast cancer cells is capable of promoting cell migration, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Besides having adequate dentinal moisture, agitation of the primers during application of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives may be critical for optimal penetration into the demineralized collagen fibres.Tay FR, Frankenberger R, Krejci I, et al: Single-bottle adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization. I. In vivo evidence. J Dent 32:611–621, 2004.
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C22orf31 has been found to have moderate expression in the testes and low amounts of expression in the brain and ovaries. The protein is also expressed in fetal tissue as well as adult tissues. C22orf31 has been seen to have increased conditional expression in in vivo matured oocytes in comparison to metaphase II oocytes.
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Tanner's lab has linked the type of motility to the establishment of distinct multicellular architectures and tissue polarity. Additionally, they use optical microscopy to uncover in vivo mechanisms of metastasis using zebrafish as an animal model. The laboratory studies are focused on understanding how physical cues from the tissue microenvironment drive organ specific metastasis.
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These are the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon which later become the lateral ventricles, third ventricles, aqueduct, and upper and lower parts of the fourth ventricle from the telencephalon to the myelencephalon, during adulthood. 3D ultrasound imaging allows in-vivo depictions of ideal brain development which can help tp recognize irregularities during gestation.
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According to in vivo studies, oxaliplatin fights carcinoma of the colon through non-targeted cytotoxic effects. Like other platinum compounds, its cytotoxicity is thought to result from inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells. In particular, oxaliplatin forms both inter- and intra-strand cross links in DNA, which prevent DNA replication and transcription, causing cell death.
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Similarly to DNA and proteins, metabolites are prone to damage, which can occur chemically or through enzyme promiscuity. Much less is known about metabolite damage than about DNA and protein damage, in part due to the huge variety and number of damage-prone metabolites. Examples of spontaneous chemical reactions a metabolite can undergo in vivo.
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SoxC group is group C of Sry-related HMG box proteins transcription factors. SoxC genes play an important role in determining the cell fate of neuronal mesenchymal progenitor cells in many developmental processes.Huang, J. et al. The transcription factor sry-related HMG box-4 (SOX4) is required for normal renal development in vivo. Dev.
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Other primary metabolites include nicotine N'-oxide, nornicotine, nicotine isomethonium ion, 2-hydroxynicotine and nicotine glucuronide. Under some conditions, other substances may be formed such as myosmine. Glucuronidation and oxidative metabolism of nicotine to cotinine are both inhibited by menthol, an additive to mentholated cigarettes, thus increasing the half-life of nicotine in vivo.
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Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride. These channels may conduct many different ions, but are named for chloride because its concentration in vivo is much higher than other anions. Several families of voltage-gated channels and ligand-gated channels (e.g., the CaCC families) have been characterized in humans.
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In vivo, Mad1 acts as a competitive inhibitor of the Mad2-Cdc20 complex. Mad1 is phosphorylated by Mps1 which then leads together with other activities to the formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). Thereby it inhibits the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Homologs of Mad1 are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals.
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Akhtar N, Varma A, Pathak K. (2016) Ethosomes as Vesicles for Effective Transdermal Delivery: From Bench to Clinical Implementation. Curr Clin Pharmacol., 11: 168-90.Paolino D, Lucania G, Mardente D, Alhaique F, Fresta M. (2005) Ethosomes for skin delivery of ammonium glycyrrhizinate: in vitro percutaneous permeation through human skin and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity on human volunteers.
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Because of the large structural diversity and extensive metabolism of dietary polyphenols, their fate in vivo and possible health effects remain undetermined as of the early 21st century. Although polyphenols are speculated to be part of the health-promoting effects of consuming fruits and vegetables, no evidence exists to date that dietary polyphenols actually provide health benefits.
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The major limitation to MRS is its low available signal due to the low concentration of metabolites as compared to water. As such, it has inherently poor temporal and spatial resolution. Nevertheless, no alternate technique is able to quantify metabolism in vivo non-invasively and thus MRS remains a valuable tool for research and clinical scientists.
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This compound had been thought to be strictly synthetic; however, it was reported that the compound was isolated from leaves and seeds of maize and other species. In maize IBA has been shown to be synthesized in vivo using IAA and other compounds as precursors. This chemical may also be extracted from any of the Salix (Willow) genus.
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The recent identification of several antimicrobial compounds from the secretions of animal dermal scent glands may be the beginning of a promising new area of drug development. Assuming functional analogs of these lead compounds can be synthesized and found to be effective in vivo, the potential exists for producing new antimicrobial agents against pathogenic skin microorganisms.
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The rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) is a novel technique that allows electrosurgery cuts with near real- time characterization of human tissue in vivo analysis through analysis of the vapors released during the process of tissue and aerosols. The REIMS technology and electro-surgical procedure adds tissue diagnosis to the intelligent knife iKnife operating principle.
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J Biol Chem 1992, 267: 14360–14365. # Ellingsen Ø, Aksnes G, Ilebekk A. Calcium-induced net potassium uptake of pig hearts in vivo. Acta Physiol Scand 1992, 145: 99–104. # Ekeberg Ø, Ellingsen Ø, Jacobsen D. Suicide and other causes of death in a five-year follow-up of patients treated for self-poisoning in Oslo.
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27, p. 5861-5864Behr, J.P., « Efficient gene transfer into mammalian primary endocrine cells with lipopolyamine- coated DNA », Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1989. 86 (18), p. 6982-6986 then polymeric,Boussif, O, « A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine », Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,, 1995.
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However, in vivo evidence suggest that chronic activation of p38 MAPK activity triggers restrictive cardiomyopathy with limited hypertrophy, while genetic inactivation p38α MAPK in mouse heart results in an elevated cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload or swimming exercise. Therefore, the functional role of p38 MAPK in cardiac hypertrophy remains controversial and yet to be further elucidated.
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In AptaBiD, aptamers are developed for cell surface biomarkers in their native state and conformation. In addition to facilitating biomarker identification, such aptamers can be directly used for cell isolation, cell visualization, and tracking cells in vivo. They can also be used to modulate activities of cell receptors and deliver different agents (e.g., siRNA and drugs) into the cells.
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Researchers have established neuroblastoma PDXs by orthotopic implantation of patient tumor explants into immunodeficient mice. The PDXs retained the genotype and phenotype of patient tumors, and exhibited substantial infiltrative growth and metastasis to distant organs including the bone marrow. The researchers cultured PDX-derived neuroblastoma cells in vitro and the cells retained tumorigenic and metastatic capacity in vivo.
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AIM2 is a member of the Ifi202/IFI16 family. It plays a putative role in tumorigenic reversion and may control cell proliferation. Interferon-gamma induces expression of AIM2. Though there has been virtually no biochemistry performed, a model based on cell-based or in vivo experiments has led to the current model of how AIM2 triggers the inflammasome.
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The ADF (actin-depolymerizing factor)/cofilin family (see MIM 601442) is composed of stimulus-responsive mediators of actin dynamics. ADF/cofilin proteins are inactivated by kinases such as LIM domain kinase-1 (LIMK1; MIM 601329). The SSH family appears to play a role in actin dynamics by reactivating ADF/cofilin proteins in vivo (Niwa et al., 2002).
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As a flavanone found in the rinds of citrus fruits (such as oranges or lemons), hesperidin is under preliminary research for its possible biological properties in vivo. One review did not find evidence that hesperidin affected blood lipid levels or hypertension. Another review found that hesperidin may improve endothelial function in humans, but the overall results were inconclusive.
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Major studies in which knockout of particular amino acids was achieved in the CTD have been carried out. The results indicate that RNA polymerase II CTD truncation mutations affect the ability to induce transcription of a subset of genes in vivo, and the lack of response to induction maps to the upstream activating sequences of these genes.
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The Biosynthetic Pathway of MHC Class II but Not Class I Molecules Intersects the Endocytic Route. Neefjes JJ, Stollorx V, Peters PJ, Geuze HJ, and Ploegh HL. Cell. 1990. 61:171-183. The major substrates for TAP in vivo are derived from newly synthesized proteins. Reits EA, Vos JC, Grommé M, and Neefjes JJ. Nature. 2000. 404:774–778.
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These receptors are excitatory, however, and therefore not responsible for the sedative effects of GHB; they have been shown to elevate the principal excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. The benzamide antipsychotics—amisulpride, nemonapride, etc.—have been shown to bind to these GHB-activated receptors in vivo. Other antipsychotics were tested and were not found to have an affinity for this receptor.
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Initial therapeutic antibodies were murine analogues (suffix -omab). These antibodies have: a short half-life in vivo (due to immune complex formation), limited penetration into tumour sites and inadequately recruit host effector functions. Chimeric and humanized antibodies have generally replaced them in therapeutic antibody applications. Understanding of proteomics has proven essential in identifying novel tumour targets.
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Phenotypic and functional characteristics of regulatory T cells in lupus patients do not differ from healthy patients. However, depletion of regulatory T cells results in more intense flares of systemic lupus erythematosus. The in vivo depletion of regulatory T cells is hypothesized to occur via early apoptosis induction, which follow exposure to self Ags that arise during the flare.
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Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a (blue) and b (red) in a solvent. The spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment-protein interactions. Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light. Chlorophyll molecules are arranged in and around photosystems that are embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
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A 2002 study found that "leaves exposed to strong light contained degraded major antenna proteins, unlike those kept in the dark, which is consistent with studies on the illumination of isolated proteins". This appeared to the authors as support for the hypothesis that "active oxygen species play a role in vivo" in the short-term behaviour of plants.
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Persistent luminescence materials are mainly used in safety signs, watch dials, decorative objects and toys. They have also been used as nanoprobes in small animal optical imaging.Q. le Masne de Chermont, C. Chanéac, J. Seguin, F. Pellé, S. Maitrejean, J.P. Jolivet, D. Gourier, M. Bessodes and D. Scherman. Nanoprobes with near-infrared persistent luminescence for in vivo imaging. Proc.
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Together, these data suggest that EpoR in erythroid differentiation may function primarily as a survival factor, while its effect on the cell cycle (for example, rate of division and corresponding changes in the levels of cyclins and Cdk inhibitors) in vivo awaits further work. In other cell systems, however, EpoR may provide a specific proliferative signal.
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It can thus serve as a lure in traps to remove insects effectively without spraying crops with large amounts of pesticides. Butenandt named the substance after the moth's Latin name Bombyx mori. In vivo it appears that bombykol is the natural ligand for a pheromone binding protein, BmorPBP, which escorts the pheromone to the pheromone receptor.
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Some authors believe this method is inferior to autogenous bone grafting however infection and rejection of the graft is much less of a risk, and the mechanical properties such as Young's modulus are comparable to bone. The presence of elements such as strontium can result in higher bone mineral density and enhanced osteoblast proliferation in vivo.
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The gluten peptides are responsible for triggering gluten-related disorders. In people who have celiac disease, the peptides cause injury of the intestines, ranging from inflammation to partial or total destruction of the intestinal villi. To study mechanisms of this damage, laboratory experiments are done in vitro and in vivo. Among the gluten peptides, gliadin has been studied extensively.
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It has also been studied in combination with the related alkaloid vasicinone. Both the alkaloids in combination (1:1) showed pronounced bronchodilatory activity in vivo and in vitro. Both alkaloids are also respiratory stimulants. Vasicine has a cardiac–depressant effect, while vasicinone is a weak cardiac stimulant; the effect can be normalized by combining the alkaloids.
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Vasicinone has also been studied in combination with the related alkaloid vasicine. Both the alkaloids in combination (1:1) showed pronounced bronchodilatory activity in vivo and in vitro. Both alkaloids are also respiratory stimulants. Vasicine has a cardiac–depressant effect, while vasicinone is a weak cardiac stimulant; the effect can be normalized by combining the alkaloids.
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Hillman joined Massachusetts General Hospital as a postdoctoral research fellow in 2003. She was appointed assistant professor at Columbia University in 2006. She set up the Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging and developed new techniques for in vivo optical imaging. She developed an optical imaging technique that used dynamic contrast to image the anatomy of small animals.
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It was screened with a phenotypic screening approach, tested both in vivo and ex vivo rodent models. It showed a high antiplatelet activity. Ticlopidine had good promises and was selected for clinical trials. It was marketed in France in 1978 and went global 1991 when it reached US market for the primary and secondary prevention of stroke.
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Dzirasa is interested in how mechanisms in neural circuits underpin emotional behavior. His ultimate aim is to use neuroelectrical stimulation to treat mental illness. He has considered the fluctuations of local field potential oscillations in the brain. Dzirasa developed a multi- circuit in vivo recording technique that can be used with selective modulation using designer drugs.
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Cnidarians are known for their ability to rapidly heal and regenerate their tissues, a function that C. hemisphaerica also possesses. This makes Clytia an ideal candidate for studying the dynamics of tissue regeneration and epithelial wound-healing in- vivo, since the organism's small size allows its healing process be filmed under a microscope in real-time.
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Parent non-toxic chemicals are generally referred to as protoxins. While toxication is generally undesirable, in certain cases it is required for the in vivo conversion of a prodrug to a metabolite with desired pharmacological or toxicological activity. Codeine is an example of a prodrug, metabolized in the body to the active compounds morphine and codeine-6-glucuronide.
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Comparing with cells from other lineage, the in vitro differentiation of fat cells is authentic and recapitulates most of the characteristic feature of in vivo differentiation. The key features of differentiated adipocytes are growth arrest, morphological change, high expression of lipogenic genes and production of adipokines like adiponectin, leptin, resistin (in the mouse, not in humans) and TNF-alpha.
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Disruption of deiodinase as reported in the Szabo et al., 2009 in vivo study was supported in a follow-up in vitro study. The adverse effects on hepatic mechanism of thyroid hormone disruption during development have been shown to persist into adulthood. The EPA noted that PBDEs are particularly toxic to the developing brains of animals.
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This initiates cell-cell interactions in the absence of any artificial surface or matrix. Magnetic fields are designed to rapidly form 3D multicellular structures in as little as a few hours, including expression of extracellular matrix proteins. The morphology, protein expression, and response to exogenous agents of resulting tissue show great similarity to in vivo results.
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Steroids that are released as a result kill the chondrocytes. The remaining chondrocytes have trouble exchanging nutrients with the synovial fluid, which would allow them to repair some damages. The mechanism of PSGAG in vivo is based on observations and studies in vitro. PSGAG inhibits many of the catabolic enzymes that degrade cartilage, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid.
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MSOT can track the fate of administered agents in blood circulation, allowing real-time, in vivo analysis of pharmacokinetics. This may reduce the numbers of animals needed in biomedical research.A. Taruttis, S. Morscher, N.C. Burton, D. Razansky, V. Ntziachristos, "Fast Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) for Dynamic Imaging of Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution in Multiple Organs", PLoS ONE 7 (2012).
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Engh, W. Steenbergen, T.G.v. Leeuwen, "Initial results of in vivo non-invasive cancer imaging in the human breast using near-infrared photoacoustics", Opt. Express 15 (2007) 12277-12285. vasculature,A. Taruttis, A.C. Timmermans, P.C. Wouters, M. Kacprowicz, G.M. van Dam, V. Ntziachristos, "Optoacoustic Imaging of Human Vasculature: Feasibility by Using a Handheld Probe", Radiology (2016) 152160.
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Rasagiline prevents the breakdown of dopamine by irreversibly binding to MAO-B. Dopamine is therefore more available, somewhat compensating for the diminished quantities made in the brains of people with Parkinson's. Selegiline was the first selective MAO-B inhibitor. It is partly metabolized to levomethamphetamine (l-methamphetamine), one of the two enantiomers of methamphetamine, in vivo.
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Surprisingly, the N-terminal 11 amino acid region of the mature protein triggers symptom development in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. TENGU undergoes proteolytic processing by a plant serine protease in vivo, suggesting that the N-terminal peptide (i.e., the 11 amino acid fragment) alone induces the observed symptoms. TENGU homologs have been identified in AY-group phytoplasmas.
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Myosin III is a poorly understood member of the myosin family. It has been studied in vivo in the eyes of Drosophila, where it is thought to play a role in phototransduction. A human homologue gene for myosin III, MYO3A, has been uncovered through the Human Genome Project and is expressed in the retina and cochlea.
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SNALP Structure Stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) are microscopic particles approximately 120 nanometers in diameter, smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. They have been used to deliver siRNAs therapeutically to mammals in vivo. In SNALPs, the siRNA is surrounded by a lipid bilayer containing a mixture of cationic and fusogenic lipids, coated with diffusible polyethylene glycol.
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The protein it encodes is an organelle intron maturase, a protein that splices Group II introns. It is essential for in vivo splicing of Group II introns. Amongst other maturases, this protein retains only a well conserved domain X and remnants of a reverse transcriptase domain. Universal matK primers can be used for DNA barcoding of angiosperms.
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23S rRNA pseudouridine746 synthase (, RluA, 23S RNA PSI746 synthase, 23S rRNA pseudouridine synthase, pseudouridine synthase RluA) is an enzyme with systematic name 23S rRNA-uridine746 uracil mutase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : 23S rRNA uridine746 \rightleftharpoons 23S rRNA pseudouridine746 RluA is the only protein responsible for the in vivo formation of 23S RNA pseudouridine746.
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Mass spectrometry is a way to qualitatively and (relatively) quantify RNA modifications. More often than not, modifications cause an increase in mass for a given nucleoside. This gives a characteristic readout for the nucleoside and the modified counterpart. Moreover, mass spectrometry allows the investigation of modification dynamics by labeling RNA molecules with stable (non-radioactive) heavy isotopes in vivo.
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In vitro studies show that Notch can influence neurite development. In vivo, deletion of the Notch signaling modulator, Numb, disrupts neuronal maturation in the developing cerebellum, whereas deletion of Numb disrupts axonal arborization in sensory ganglia. Although the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear, together these findings suggest Notch signaling might be crucial in neuronal maturation.
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Predicted serpin genes are sporadically distributed in prokaryotes. In vitro studies on some of these molecules have revealed that they are able to inhibit proteases, and it is suggested that they function as inhibitors in vivo. Several prokaryote serpins are found in extremophiles. Accordingly, and in contrast to mammalian serpins, these molecules possess elevated resistance to heat denaturation.
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In 2011 won a silver medal of Brazilian Championship with Sada Cruzeiro Vôlei. A year later, the team has improved this result. Sada Cruzeiro Vôlei with Lóh in the team was a Brazil Champion in the season 2011/2012.Sada Cruzeiro: The Champion of Brazilian Super league - volleycountry.com - 23-04-2012 In 2012-2014 played in Vivo/Minas.
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The mechanism of pentylenetetrazol is not well understood, and it may have multiple mechanisms of action. In 1984, Squires et al. published a report analyzing pentylenetetrazol and several structurally related convulsant drugs. They found that in vivo convulsant potency was strongly correlated to in vitro affinity to the picrotoxin binding site on the GABA-A receptor complex.
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Eventually these events lead to paralysis. In artificial environments the effect of BotIT6 is less potent than it is in vivo, which might be explained by other toxic neuropeptides in the venom of the scorpion. These neuropeptide toxins may cooperate to make venom more effective. Another possibility is the presence of other more potent toxins in the venom.
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Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a (blue) and b (red) in a solvent. The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment-protein interactions. An action spectrum is a graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light. It is related to absorption spectrum in many systems.
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PMCA was originally developed to, in vitro, mimic prion replication with a similar efficiency to the in vivo process, but with accelerated kinetics. PMCA is conceptually analogous to the polymerase chain reaction - in both systems a template grows at the expense of a substrate in a cyclic reaction, combining growing and multiplication of the template units.
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A carbamoyl phosphonate inhibitor has been developed that affects MMP-2 and MMP-9 sparing other MMPs. This compound showed inhibitory activity on cell invasion and tumor colonization. In in vivo studies, this inhibitor showed efficacy with oral dosing and administration into the abdominal cavity (intraperitoneal). It shows slow absorption, rapid elimination and low oral bioavailability.
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Most of trials testing in vivo DCs’ stimulation with synthetic peptides failed because of inability of effective stimulation of CD4+ cellular responses and stimulation of Th2 type cytokines. The solution showing clinical responses was pre-treatment with single-dose cyclophosphamide as well as vaccination with tumor associated antigens (TAAs) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
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The promise of single molecule in vivo imaging, however, brings with it an enormous potential to directly observe bio-molecules in native processes. These techniques are often targeted for studies involving low-copy proteins, many of which are still being discovered. These techniques have also been extended to study areas of chemistry, including the mapping of heterogeneous surfaces.
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Mutation of exonic splicing enhancer motifs is a significant contributor to genetic disorders and some cancers. Simple point mutations in ESEs can inhibit affinity for splicing factors and alter alternative splicing, leading to altered mRNA sequence and protein translation. A field of genetic research is dedicated to determining the location and significance of ESE motifs in vivo.
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An assay was put together by a group from the University of California in an effort to show a model of mRNA. The translation was monitored in two in vitro systems. It was found that translating ribosomes aren't uniformly distributed along an mRNA. Protein folding in vivo is also important and is related to protein synthesis.
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LTB4 is synthesized in vivo from LTA4 by the enzyme LTA4 hydrolase. Its primary function is to recruit neutrophils to areas of tissue damage, though it also helps promote the production of inflammatory cytokines by various immune cells. Drugs that block the actions of LTB4 have shown some efficacy in slowing the progression of neutrophil-mediated diseases.
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Fluorescent protein fragments can associate and fluoresce at low efficiency in the absence of a specific interaction. Therefore, it is important to include controls to ensure that the fluorescence from fluorescent reporter protein reconstitution is not due to unspecific contact.Morell, M. et al. Monitoring the interference of protein–protein interactions in vivo by bimolecular fluorescence complementation: the DnaK case.
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Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry. There are two general classes of MEAs: implantable MEAs, used in vivo, and non-implantable MEAs, used in vitro.
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Computation in living cells (a.k.a. cellular computing, or in-vivo computing) is another approach to understand nature as computation. One particular study in this area is that of the computational nature of gene assembly in unicellular organisms called ciliates. Ciliates store a copy of their DNA containing functional genes in the macronucleus, and another "encrypted" copy in the micronucleus.
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The main obstacle in using RNAi technology for the treatment of cancer is protecting the RNAi. It is very fragile, quickly metabolized, and it has to efficiently be delivered to the target cells in vivo. This is why nanoparticles are being used. The nanoparticles currently used in experimental trials are usually nanoplexes, polyplexes, lipoplexes, or micelles.
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This drug was discovered by Cambridge Antibody Technology, now AstraZeneca, and Human Genome Sciences, now GlaxoSmithKline, as a result of the collaboration between the two companies in 1999 in exploitation of CAT's phage display technology. Early work by the two companies indicated that mapatumumab induced cell death in multiple tumor types both in vitro and in vivo.
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Depending on the haptens being used, other factors in considering the carrier proteins could include their in vivo toxicity, commercial availability and cost. The most common carriers include serum globulin, albumins, ovalbumin and many others. Although proteins are mostly employed for hapten conjugation, synthetic polypeptides such as Poly-L-glutamic acid, polysaccharides and liposomes could also be used.
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In vertebrates, gap junction hemichannels are primarily homo- or hetero-hexamers of connexin proteins. Invertebrate gap junctions comprise proteins from the innexin family. Innexins have no significant sequence homology with connexins. Though differing in sequence to connexins, innexins are similar enough to connexins to state that innexins form gap junctions in vivo in the same way connexins do.
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Miami Herald. p. 1A, November 20, 1989. Ommaya worked with Sir Godfrey Hounsfield to determine the spatial resolution of the CT scanner which opened the door for its use in stereotactic surgery. \- Ommaya, A.K.: Computerized axial tomography of the head: The EMI-Scanner, a new device for direct examination of the brain "in-Vivo". Surg. Neurol.
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In the context of OA, the most attractive intra- articular sites for gene transfer are the synovium and the articular cartilage. Most experimental progress has been made with gene transfer to a convenient intra-articular tissue, such as the synovium, a tissue amenable to genetic modification by a variety of vectors, using both in vivo and ex vivo protocols.
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Non-classical isosteres do not obey the above classifications, but they still produce similar biological effects in vivo. Non-classical isosteres may be made up of similar atoms, but their structures do not follow an easily definable set of rules. The isostere concept was formulated by Irving Langmuir in 1919,Irving Langmuir. Isomorphism, isosterism and covalence.
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It was developed for use as an anaesthetic agent but was never marketed for this purpose, although it is still used in scientific research.Visser SA, Gladdines WW, van der Graaf PH, Peletier LA, Danhof M. Neuroactive steroids differ in potency but not in intrinsic efficacy at the GABA(A) receptor in vivo. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.
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The caterpillar known as Lagoa crispata contains poison glands attached to hypodermic spines, which produce and inject venom that has been characterized as kallikrein in nature. The venom of solenodons and some shrews like the northern short-tailed shrew consist of multiple, independently-evolved paralogous kallikrein 1 (KLK1) serine proteases, which cause hypotensive effects in vivo.
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5-Iodowillardiine is a selective agonist for the kainate receptor, with only limited effects at the AMPA receptor. It is selective for kainate receptors composed of GluR5 subunits. It is an excitotoxic neurotoxin in vivo, but has proved highly useful for characterising the subtypes and function of the various kainate receptors in the brain and spinal cord.
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Verpoorte's research explores simulating in vivo organismic biology onto microscopic external devices. This is achieved through fabrication and control of chemical detectors and separations modules onto silicon dioxide chips. This dramatically decreases the amount of analyte, solution, or cells required to perform a given analysis. Her specific interests involve electrokinetic control over movement of various substances on these chips.
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Academic Press, New York, NY. Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), more specifically, the superoxide free radical. Paraquat will undergo redox cycling in vivo, being reduced by an electron donor such as NADPH, before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as dioxygen to produce superoxide, a major ROS.
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The activity of isatuximab has been researched in mouse tumor models. It has been proven that isatuximab leads to antitumor activity in MM cells. Furthermore, the combination of isatuximab and pomalidomide will lead to an extra enhanced antitumor activity in MM cells. Thus, pomalidomide in vivo and in vitro leads to an increase of the activity of isatuximab.
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