Only the aesthetic impersonality of the blot could reveal the personality of its viewer.
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It's hard not to take things personally, even if the process traffics in a magical impersonality.
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What is striking about the hotel — what makes it unsettling and also intriguing — is its impersonality.
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Such impersonality, of course, excludes a wide range of human testimony and knowledge: social, emotional, physical.
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One doesn't marvel over the impersonality of industrial or ambient music, because those aren't supposed to be expressive forms.
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The impersonality and spontaneity of social media, which are edging out newspapers in news delivery, is fuelling the trend.
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And in the era of the selfie, the personal goes global in an instant, puncturing the impersonality of headlines.
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For Mr. Dunn, 76, who danced in the Cunningham company from 903 to 1973, the impersonality was an attraction.
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But then I remind myself that Orwell had a point, and that this quasi-bureaucratic impersonality might conceal a scam.
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When he suggested a campaign featuring the avuncular Mr. Schwartz to counter the impersonality of the typical department store, Mr. Schwartz balked.
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When luxury goods are offered in a simulated domestic setting, the brutal impersonality of mass production and merchandising is disguised behind the fantasy of exclusivity.
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There are abundant, long-limbed melodies, but their svelte, modernist contours, phrased in irregular lengths, shine with a serene impersonality, like the songs of angels.
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I don't want my own sympathies — my desire to like and be liked — to get in the way of the rigor and impersonality of the job.
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You've got a few seconds to fight or hide before enemies kill you There's also a bit of Portal in Budget Cuts' theme of deadly corporate impersonality.
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Born just months apart, both poets had a fondness for dandyism, a contempt for the ordinary, a principled attachment to impersonality, and a tendency to cherish unhappiness.
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And the contrast between the chilly impersonality of the Avalon and the anguish of its human cargo lends the first half of the movie a desperate poignancy.
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Transpersonal rationality consists in hard-wired cognitive dispositions that define us as human beings: to consistency, coherence, impartiality, impersonality, intellectual discrimination, foresight, deliberation, self-reflection and self-control.
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" What he feared most, he added, was that "Booming Technology" was having a deadening effect, leaving people with "a sense of impersonality together with a sense of powerlessness.
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Eliot was talking specifically about poetry, and he was arguing that impersonality was a poetic ideal, says Daniel Swift, a senior lecturer in English at New College of the Humanities London.
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His family had great expectations when he entered the University of California at Berkeley on scholarship in 1972, but he dropped out within a year, disillusioned by the impersonality of the place.
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Over the last two decades, city officials have opened scores of smaller high schools so that young people would not get buried under the crushing impersonality of the old factory-style schools.
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The ideal vanlife image has something of the hazy impersonality of a photograph in an upscale catalogue, depicting a scene that's both attractive and unspecific enough that viewers can imagine themselves into it.
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"Impersonality and objectivity are part of the ethic of journalistic identity, just as disinterestedness and freedom of inquiry are part of the ethic of professorial identity," Louis Menand once observed in The New Yorker.
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In September, Wilson Tang, who owns two full-service restaurants, including the 97-year-old Nom Wah Tea Parlor in Chinatown, opened a 35-seat spinoff called Nom Wah Nolita, where a large measure of impersonality is built in.
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By eschewing such phrases as "he thought" or "she wondered," free indirect discourse submerges readers directly into a speaker's mind, and establishes a beautiful middle ground between the cold impersonality of third-person narration and the feverish proximity of first-person narration.
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But as awful as that sounds, it may be more honest in its sheer cold impersonality than is the secret pleasure that many of us, at one time or another, hope to derive not from seeing but from being seen by those we leave behind.
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It's telling that one of the most discussed dating shows of the year so far is Netflix's Love Is Blind — where singles who have been unlucky in finding love get to know potential partners by only listening to their voices — highlighting how fatigued people have become with the impersonality of dating.
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As Clinton Heylin writes, on World Gone Wrong Dylan invested it "with that classic impersonality the true traditionalist seeks".
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This drove man to construct repositories for his archives, but the impersonality and unrelatedness of these records leads to the development of remembering machines for each individual.
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He aspired to a new ideal of art contrary to impersonality and adopted prose and especially the novel as the genre with which he could best reach a large audience. 1881: Malombra. 1885: Daniele Cortis. 1888: Il mistero del poeta.
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Other contemporary movements were more Historicist in nature, such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who attempted to return art to its state of "purity" prior to Raphael, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship.
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New Testament: "Do not give dogs what is sacred; do not throw your pearls to pigs. If you do, they may trample them under their feet, and then turn and tear you to pieces."Saint Matthew, VII, 6. # the impersonality of the author (showing the superhuman aspect of the message).
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Writing in Volume II of the exhibition catalogue, art historian Ian Jeffrey said, "Exhibit A crystallises a turning in the art world away from the egotistical celebrity mode towards impersonality ... its premises are anonymous, fluent, vertiginous, wary of values."Ian Jeffrey, "Exhibit A and the Everyday." In Henry Bond and Andrea Schlieker (ed.) Exhibit A, Vol.
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The repeated emphasis on female authorship of poetry in the Shijing was made much of in the process of attempting to give the poems of the women poets of the Ming-Qing period canonical status. Despite the impersonality of the poetic voice characteristic of the Songs, many of the poems are written from the perspective of various generic personalities.
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Flaming occurs when a person sends a message (or many messages) with angry or antagonistic content. The term is derived from the use of the word incendiary to describe particularly heated email discussions. The ease and impersonality of email communications mean that the social norms that encourage civility in person or via telephone do not exist and civility may be forgotten.
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She criticised as "unethical" Moore's "projection of the deeply personal onto public events involving real persons" and argued that the subject matter of the book "demands the scrupulous impersonality of the journalist, not the private emotional energies of the novelist". However, Moore's biographer, Patricia Craig, described it as "a compact thriller, a perfectly creditable and engrossing reconstruction of a striking sequence of events".
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A videojournalist in Italy. Growth in video journalism coincides with changes in video technology and falling costs. As quality cameras and non-linear editing system (NLE) have become smaller and available at a fraction of their previous prices, the single camera operator method has spread. Some argue that video journalists can get closer to the story, avoiding the impersonality that may come with larger television crewing.
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In their paper, Douglass North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast offer an alternative framework - limited access orders - for understanding the predatory role of the state. In limited access orders, entry is restricted in both economic and political systems to produce rents which benefit the ruling elites. In open access orders, entry is open to all. The logic of the open access state is based in impersonality.
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The feminine civic allegory of Marianne was distant from the controversial personalities of National Convention; therefore, Marianne's "abstraction and impersonality" allowed the symbol to endure the different phases of the Revolution. In addition, Marianne's close resemblance to the Catholic figure of Mary created unity between the rational revolutionaries and the devout peasantry. The emblem of Marianne was not only widely accepted, but also widely diffused in France.Hunt, 94.
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With support from Odobescu, who was attempting to build a record of historical locations and folklore, Henric Trenk documented places of interest, as well as genre scenes in the Wallachian Plain—fairs, inns, lodgings, as well as more exotic portrayals of Roma people and the distinctively-dressed Romanian postilions. While admired for their exactitude (unprecedented in Romanian art),Drăguţ et al., p.139 these works have drawn criticism for their impersonality.
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Negulescu followed up with works of aesthetics, including: Psihologia stilului ("The Psychology of Style", 1892), Impersonalitatea și morala în artă ("Impersonality and Morality in Art", 1893), Religiunea și arta ("Religion and Art", 1894), Socialismul și arta ("Socialism and Art", 1895). Later, he published works of applied philosophy: Filosofia în viața practică ("Philosophy in Practical Life", 1896), and Rolul ideilor în progresul social ("The Role of Ideas in Social Progress", 1900).Bagdasar et al., pp.
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Bartleby's character can be interpreted as a "psychological double" for the narrator that criticizes the "sterility, impersonality, and mechanical adjustments of the world which the lawyer inhabits."Mordecai Marcus, "Melville's Bartleby As a Psychological Double", College English 23 (1962): 365–368. Until the very end of the short story, the work gives the reader no history of Bartleby. This lack of history suggests that Bartleby may have just sprung from the narrator's mind.
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These are in truth the outstanding problems of modern philosophy. Cousin's doctrine of spontaneity in volition can hardly be said to be more successful than his impersonality of the reason through Volition spontaneous apperception. Sudden, unpremeditated volition may be the earliest and the most artistic, but it is not the best. Volition is essentially a free choice between alternatives, and that is best which is most deliberate, because it is most rational.
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Its print and electronic editions have subscribers all over the world. All articles in the magazine are unsigned, except those that had been written by H.P.B., W.Q.J. or others who had made signed contributions in the older Theosophical magazines. Furthermore, articles in the magazine distinctly avoid all references to personal opinions and experiences of the author. These are directly in keeping with one of the core tenets of anonymity and impersonality of ULT associates as expressed by Robert Crosbie.
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249–251 On this basis, he proposed a general hierarchy of art by appeal and subject matter, ranking old Egyptian murals below Italian Renaissance painting, but above the minor art of medieval goldsmiths.Ornea (1998, II), p. 85 He believed that art and religion served similar purposes in stirring up vital emotions, and amended the art for art's sake theory with his ideas on "impersonality", implying objectivity for the artist, but also a subjective, self-absorbed, relevancy for his artistic creation.Ornea (1998, II), pp.
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Cause, substance, time, space, are given us as realized in a particular form. In no single act of affirmation of cause or substance, much less in such a primitive act, do we affirm the universality of their application. There may be particular instances or cases of these laws, but we could never get the laws themselves in their universality, far less absolute impersonality. No amount of individual instances of the application of any of them by us would give it a true universality.
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The eight artists whose work was showcased were selected by curator Henry Bond for their ongoing interest in the exhibition's key theme: art exploring perceptions of evidential fact particularly in the context of the crime scene.Andrea Schlieker, "Preface." In Bond and Schlieker (ed.) Exhibit A (London, Serpentine Gallery, 1992), p. 8. The art historian Ian Jeffrey wrote, > It is the opposite, Exhibit A, to a sensational exhibition, and crystallises > a turning in the art world away from the egotistical mode towards > impersonality.
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'Beecham 1975 (cited above), 168. '...we have hitherto unfamiliar elements of austerity and impersonality, as if the composer had grown tired of interpreting the joys and sorrows of human beings and had turned to the contemplation of nature only.'Beecham 1975 (cited above), 221. Beecham recorded the work on 22 November 1946 with Freda Hart (soprano) and Leslie Jones (tenor), the Luton Choral Society and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in a form which reached publication on 78 and 33 rpm records.
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Modernism emerged with its insistent breaks with the immediate past, its different inventions, 'making it new' with elements from cultures remote in time and space. The questions of impersonality and objectivity seem to be crucial to Modernist poetry. Modernism developed out of a tradition of lyrical expression, emphasising the personal imagination, culture, emotions, and memories of the poet. For the modernists, it was essential to move away from the merely personal towards an intellectual statement that poetry could make about the world.
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Only One is a song by the Goo Goo Dolls. A power pop track, It was the first single released from their 1995 breakthrough album A Boy Named Goo. The single was also released in a limited edition pink vinyl with "Slave Girl" and "Disconnected" on the B-side. In Australia and Germany, the song was released as a CD single, with non-album track "Hit or Miss" and the fifth track from A Boy Named Goo, "Impersonality", appearing instead.
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In these works Weber described what he saw as society's movement towards rationalisation. Similarly, rationalisation could be seen in the economy, with the development of highly rational and calculating capitalism. Weber also saw rationalisation as one of the main factors setting the European West apart from the rest of the world. Rationalisation relied on deep changes in ethics, religion, psychology and culture; changes that first took place in the Western civilisation: Features of rationalisation include increasing knowledge, growing impersonality and enhanced control of social and material life.
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Over the past two decades, she has together with her associate, Joan Maling linguist and Director of the National Science Foundation's Linguistics Program, worked extensively on the syntactic characteristics and sociological distribution of the Icelandic New Impersonal Construction, an innovative syntactic construction which surfaced in Icelandic in the last century.Sigurjónsdóttir, Sigríður & Joan Maling. 2019. From Passive to Active: Diachronic Change in Impersonal Constructions. In Peter Herbeck, Bernhard Pöll & Anne C. Wolfsgruber (eds.): Semantic and syntactic aspects of impersonality, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft 26:99-124.
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Lipnack & Stamps (1997) and Mowshowitz (1997) point out how virtual communities can work across space, time and organizational boundaries; Lipnack & Stamps (1997) mention a common purpose; and Lee, Eom, Jung and Kim (2004) introduce "desocialization" which means that there is less frequent interaction with humans in traditional settings, e.g. an increase in virtual socialization. Calhoun (1991) presents a dystopia argument, asserting the impersonality of virtual networks. He argues that IT has a negative influence on offline interaction between individuals because virtual life takes over our lives.
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The Jane Pauley Show was an American syndicated talk show packaged by NBC Universal, hosted by veteran journalist Jane Pauley. The show premiered on August 30, 2004. Pauley and other people involved with the show, before its premiere, were not aware of how she would adapt to the medium. Pauley has shown that she can handle serious interviews (from her experience on Today and Dateline NBC), but it was not immediately evident if she could hold her own in a medium which is heavily laden with impersonality.
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The second wave, taking place between the years 1960 and 1970, was labeled as anti- modernization, because it saw the push of innovations of Western society onto developing countries as an exertion of dominance. It refuted the concept of relying heavily on mass media for the betterment of society. The last wave of modernization theory, which took place in the 1990s, depicts impersonality. As the use of newspapers, television, and radio becomes more prevalent, the need for direct contact, a concept traditional organizations took pride in, diminishes.
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What surprised the archeologists was the highly individual nature of these life- sized depictions, whose individual character has been compared to portrait heads of classic and modern times.Simpson. (1949) p. 286 For private works, ancient Egyptian sculptors tended to capture an idealized version of a face, often eliminating individual traits in a way that, as one writer put it: "approached architectural impersonality". In contrast the reserve heads seem to depict unique individuals, with one early researcher ascribing family relationships between the reserve heads he found.
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On the other hand, Weber also saw unfettered bureaucracy as a threat to individual freedom, with the potential of trapping individuals in an impersonal "iron cage" of rule-based, rational control. Modern bureaucracy has been defined as comprising four features: hierarchy (clearly defined spheres of competence and divisions of labor), continuity (a structure where administrators have a full-time salary and advance within the structure), impersonality (prescribed rules and operating rules rather than arbitrary actions), and expertise (officials are chosen according to merit, have been trained, and hold access to knowledge).
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The number of these principles, their enumeration and classification, is an important point, but it is secondary to that of the recognition of their true nature. This was the point which Kant missed in his analysis, and this is the fundamental truth which Cousin thinks he has restored to the integrity of philosophy by the method of the observation of consciousness. And how is this impersonality or absoluteness of the conditions of knowledge to be established ? The answer is in substance that Kant went wrong in putting necessity first as the criterion of those laws.
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The purchase of symbolic goods for these avatars relates to the emotional and social value that the user holds for these items. These products may indicate roles or personality traits of players within a community and consist primarily of task oriented and nonfunctional items. Luppicini argues that the rise of online life creates serious questions on the advantages and disadvantages of online communities along with the challenges to online identity construction (Turkle, 1999). He notes the negative influence of the impersonality of virtual communities on offline interaction and the consequence of Internet addiction.
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The Imagism espoused by the Montreal modernists was no different from the Imagists they took them from. In his Rejected Preface to New Provinces, Smith's discussion about the poets' attempt to "get rid of the facile word, the stereotyped phrase and the mechanical rhythm ..." and "to combine colloquialism and rhetoric. ..." was built on ideas from F. S. Flint's 1913 manifesto. Smith went on to give a definition of imagism: "The imagist seeks with perfect objectivity and impersonality to recreate a thing or arrest an experience as precisely and vividly and simply as possible."D.
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Its editorial staff comprises men of diverse shades of opinion on ritualistic matters in Judaism, but men who are determined to combine their energies for the common cause of Judaism." To maintain impersonality pertaining to the paper, the names of board members were never published. The turn-of-the-century Jewish Encyclopedia also says that, "Editorially, The American Hebrew stands for conservatism in Judaism. Nevertheless, the columns of this journal are ever open to the discussion of views with which it can in no way accord, but which may be of interest to its readers.
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Instead of looking straight at the observer, she casts her gaze towards the side, thus appearing less confrontational. Similar imagery was used in the poster of the Republic's new calendar. The symbol of Marianne continued to evolve in response to the needs of the State long after the Directory was dissolved in 1799 following the coup spearheaded by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès and Napoleon Bonaparte. Whereas Mercury and Minerva and other symbolic figures diminished in prominence over the course of French history, Marianne endured because of her abstraction and impersonality.
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La Duchessa de Leyra remained only a draft, while the last two novels planned for the Ciclo, L'Onorevole Scipioni and L'Uomo di Lusso, were not even started. I Malavoglia deals with a family of fishermen who work and live in Aci Trezza, a small Sicilian village near Catania. The novel possesses a choral aspect, and depicts characters united by the same culture, but divided by ancient rivalries. Verga adopts the impersonality technique, reproducing some features of the dialect and adapting himself to the point of view of the characters.
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In Brazil, administrative cases are typically heard either by the Federal Courts (in matters concerning the Federal Union) or by the Public Treasury divisions of State Courts (in matters concerning the States). In 1998, a constitutional reform, led by the government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, introduced regulatory agencies as a part of the executive branch. Since 1988, Brazilian administrative law has been strongly influenced by the judicial interpretations of the constitutional principles of public administration (art. 37 of Federal Constitution): legality, impersonality, publicity of administrative acts, morality and efficiency.
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Bly's early collection of poems, Silence in the Snowy Fields, was published in 1962. Its plain, imagistic style had considerable influence on American verse of the next two decades.Gioia, Mason, and Schoerke, editors. Twentieth-Century American Poetics, p. 260. The following year, he published "A Wrong Turning in American Poetry", an essay in which he argued that the vast majority of American poetry from 1917 to 1963 was lacking in soul and "inwardness" as a result of a focus on impersonality and an objectifying, intellectual view of the world.
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His only novel, Adolescentes (Teenagers), was published in 1945. His poetic work, which began in 1929 with "Confusão", was influenced by the first Portuguese modernism, approaching stylistically the aestheticism of André Gide.João Mendes- "Adolfo Casais Monteiro", "Enciclopédia Verbo Luso-Brasileira da Cultura", volume XX, Setembro de 2001. Their criticisms of concreteness were based on the idea that this aesthetic movement promoted impersonality, starting from the "'purest abstractions to build a new language to the service of nothing, a pure language, an invention of objects - in short: a beautiful toy".
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Civil inattention can lead to feelings of loneliness or invisibility, and it reduces the tendency to feel responsibility for the well-being of others. Newcomers to urban areas are often struck by the impersonality of such routines, which they may see as callous and uncaring, rather than as necessary for the peaceful co-existence of close-packed millions.Franco Moretti, Modern Epic (1996) p. 156 Goffman noted that "when men and women cross each other's path at close quarters, the male will exercise the right to look for a second or two at the female ... Civil inattention, then, can here involve a degree of role differentiation regarding obligations".
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Their extreme artifice became a > framework for extreme ideas and extreme emotions, even in an era of extreme > public reticence about what goes on in the bedroom. The freedom of the > current age of sexual explicitness invites realms of characterization—and of > intimate imagination—that the first film in the Fifty Shades series hints at > and the second one utterly ignores. Fifty Shades Darkers indifference to its > characters' identities, conflicts, and desires is matched by its > indifference to its own cinematic substance. The film's bland impersonality > is grotesque; its element of pornography isn't in its depiction of sex but > in its depiction of people, of relationships, of situations that, for all > their unusualness, bear a strong psychological and societal resonance.
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In McDonaldization Ritzer expands and updates central elements from the work of Max Weber and produces a critical analysis of the impact of social-structural change on human interaction and identity. The central theme in Weber's analysis of modern society was the process of rationalization; a far-reaching process whereby traditional modes of thinking were replaced by an ends/means analysis concerned with efficiency and formalized social control. Weber argued that the archetypal manifestation of this process was the bureaucracy; a large, formal organization characterized by a hierarchical authority structure, well-established division of labor, written rules and regulations, impersonality and a concern for technical competence. Bureaucratic organizations not only represent the process of rationalization, the structure they impose on human interaction and thinking furthers the process, leading to an increasingly rationalized world.
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Other theoretical writings explore the relationship of a piece of art to its environment, from which he developed his concept of sites and non-sites. A site was a work located in a specific outdoor location, while a non-site was a work which could be displayed in any suitable space, such as an art gallery. Spiral Jetty is an example of a sited work, while Smithson's non-site pieces frequently consist of photographs of a particular location, often exhibited alongside some material (such as stones or soil) removed from that location. As a writer, Smithson was interested in applying the dialectic method and mathematical impersonality to art that he outlined in essays and reviews for Arts Magazine and Artforum and for a period was better known as a critic than as an artist.
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In 2014, Hedva held an Interdisciplinary Artist in Residence at the Headlands Center for the Arts in California, and a Writer in Residence for Project X Desk at Outpost at the Armory Center for the Arts in Pasadena. In October 2015, Hedva delivered a lecture at the Women’s Center for Creative Work titled, "My Body Is a Prison of Pain so I Want to Leave It Like a Mystic But I Also Love It & Want it to Matter Politically". The LA Weekly described it as a "smart, compelling talk... which became the essay 'Sick Woman Theory' ". The essay "describes her own chronic, confounding illness and the impersonality of the Western medical industry, and suggests that the greatest enemy to capitalism is taking care of yourself and of others".
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In June 1998 the CDF condemned the writings of Indian Jesuit Fr Anthony de Mello S.J., finding them "incompatible with the Catholic faith" and a cause of "grave harm". De Mello, who died in 1987, was a teacher of meditation and writer of stories, who drew heavily on stories and concepts of eastern religions. The CDF issued a Notification that de Mello's writings exhibited a "progressive distancing from the essential contents of the Christian faith"; they were said to contain objectionable concepts about the unknowability and cosmic impersonality of God and about Jesus "as a master alongside others", a preference for "enlightenment", criticism of the church, and an excessive focus on this life rather than life after death. Bishops were ordered to ensure that the offending texts were withdrawn from sale and not reprinted.
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In addition, the support Chiarugi had enjoyed from the state of Florence faded, and he had no natural successor to continue to develop and publicise his work, by contrast to Pinel in France and William Tuke in England. It has also been noted that while Pinel expressed empathy and admiration for his patients and enlivened his work with individual case material, Chiarugi's writing, while never disdaining the mentally ill, did not highlight his humanitarian reforms and was characterized by a benign impersonality. Following the building of a new psychiatric hospital at the end of the 19th century, the Bonifacio was turned into a hospital for other conditions, then an education office, and since 1938 it has been the site of the police headquarters in Florence, Tuscany. Through the 20th century there was a slow re-evaluation of Chiarugi's contributions.
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"Smile have a nice day" sign in alt=photograph Have a nice day is a commonly spoken expression used to conclude a conversation (whether brief or extensive), or end a message by hoping the person to whom it is addressed experiences a pleasant day. Since it is often uttered by service employees to customers at the end of a transaction, particularly in Israel and the United States, its repetitious and dutiful usage has resulted in the phrase developing, according to some journalists and scholars, especially outside of these two countries, a cultural connotation of impersonality, lack of interest, passive–aggressive behavior, or sarcasm. The phrase is generally not used in Europe, as some find it artificial or even offensive. Critics of the phrase characterize it as an imperative, obliging the person to have a nice day.
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In general, the player benefits from making decisions that keep them out of harm's way with management, and generally avoiding unethical, illegal, unsound, or obviously inane decisions—unless they provide a clear benefit to their perceived loyalty within the firm. Suppliers, scheming coworkers, competitors, and representatives of regulatory agencies such as the IRS and OSHA are all best viewed adversarially. In keeping with the game's satirical and cynical view of corporate culture, it also pays to keep track of the caricatural personalities of officers of the company with an eye to impressing rather than disappointing them (for example, the nepotistic and doddering incumbent President values loyalty to a fault, while the VP of Administration hates extra work being made for her, and executives in Sales and Marketing are mostly concerned with receiving credit for their exploits and putting on good entertainment for clients). Consistent with the game's theme of impersonality and disposability, you are not rewarded for looking after family members in decisions, or for making money from your dealings on the side.
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These flows can be viewed in Number 99 (1959) and Convergent (1954), in which the paint fans out in rounded trails and amorphous amoeba- like shapes. Finally, Louis’ Tet can be seen as a form of Symbolist painting. Michael Fried described Louis’ paintings as symbolist in their “impersonality” and “absolute”-ness. Louis had changed his name from Bernstein, but his Jewish upbringing was a large influence on his works as can be seen in the symbols of his early works. Louis’ early works contained more obvious symbology, such as a Star of David in Untitled (Jewish Star) (1951), but Fried argued that his works were not directly influenced by symbolism, but were rather connected to it in their mimicry of the Symbolist model: “of a work of art as having a life of its own, independent of its maker and corresponding to, rather than imitating, the organic self-sufficiency of nature.”John Elderfield, Morris Louis: The Museum of Modern Art New York (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1986), 72.
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Literary Naturalism traces back most directly to Émile Zola's "The Experimental Novel" (1880), which details Zola's concept of a naturalistic novel, which traces philosophically to Auguste Comte's positivism, but also to physiologist Claude Bernard and historian Hippolyte Taine. Comte had proposed a scientific method that “went beyond empiricism, beyond the passive and detached observation of phenomena”. The application of this method “called for a scientist to conduct controlled experiments that would either prove or disprove hypotheses regarding those phenomena”. Zola took this scientific method and argued that naturalism in literature should be like controlled experiments in which the characters function as the phenomena.. Naturalism began as a branch of literary realism, and realism had favored fact, logic, and impersonality over the imaginative, symbolic, and supernatural. Frank Norris, an American journalist and novelist, whose work was predominantly in the naturalist genre, “placed realism, romanticism, and naturalism in a dialectic, in which realism and romanticism were opposing forces”, and naturalism was a mixture of the two. Norris's idea of naturalism differs from Zola's in that “it does not mention materialistic determinism or any other philosophic idea”.. Excerpt from the naturalistic book "Le sou du mutilé".
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