299 Sentences With "hagfish" | Random Sentence Generator

Some species of fish are slimy, like hagfish, and lampreys.

The US Navy is a big fan of hagfish slime.

From hagfish slime to chicken-like substance — it doesn't really sound palatable.

Oregon State Police haven't said what's to become of the stranded hagfish.

There have been prior studies on the unusual fluid properties of hagfish slime.

When a hagfish is attacked, it releases the slimy mesh to protect itself.

That means you could essentially fit two hagfish within the skin of one.

All these interesting properties make hagfish slime dead useful for lots of potential applications.

Do hagfish hate modern highway infrastructure or harbor some sort of vendetta against Priuses?

At least the hagfish were able to avoid their leathery fate, so that's something.

It's best to throw them out if the hagfish have touched it, he wrote.

The flatbed had ostensibly spilled slimy hagfish over the road, severely damaging one unlucky Prius.

Apparently, the hagfish uses slime for self-defense against predators or alternatively, for hunting prey.

Hagfish goo is a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the gills of a hungry predator.

Verge commenter bennyfactor pointed out that hagfish are in fact considered "odd" or "degenerate" vertebrates.

Disgusting Fish Slime Is an Amazingly Versatile MaterialThe humble hagfish produces a sticky slime to defend itself from predators, as well as to hunt for…Read more ReadWhile the recent hagfish slime ordeal may seem surreal to the average bystander, Thaler wasn't all that fazed.

This particular shipment of hagfish was bound for South Korea, where they are considered a delicacy.

There, hagfish can sell for upwards of $20 per pound, so it's not the cheapest eat.

Hundreds of hagfish are squirming around the freeway, trapped in a web of their own slime.

Hagfish are jawless, eel-like creatures that are known to spray huge quantities of goo when attacked.

"[Hagfish] are primitive jawless fishes with an eel-like body," deep sea ecologist Andrew David Thaler told Gizmodo.

But a couple oddball jawless fish still lurk in the seas, like goopy hagfish and the bloodsucking lampreys.

The shark looks like it's chocking on a cloud of snot, which allows the hagfish to swim away unscathed.

Researchers attached mako shark teeth to a guillotine to replicate how a real shark would bite down on a hagfish.

When the eely hagfish senses danger, it spews out a cloud of milky slime that blinds and gags potential predators.

This afternoon, Oregon State Police tweeted photos of a crumpled sedan absolutely drenched in what appears to be hagfish mucus.

Researchers are investigating whether hagfish slime, which is surprisingly strong, can be used to improve garments like bullet-proof vests.

The seal shark Dalatias licha (a–c) and the wreckfish Polyprion americanus (d–f) fare poorly when they attack the hagfish.

A first attempt at making artificial hagfish slime fibers was "quite terrible," by Fudge's own admission, but it still showed potential.

In fact, the goo clogs the gills of the predator, which then releases the hagfish to save its own dear life.

Police allege they were intended "for consumption," but since hagfish can't survive for long out of water, it's possible they'll die.

There's even an online recipe for scones made with hagfish slime—courtesy of the Museum of Awful Food—for the culinarily adventurous.

In a video published by researchers in 2011, a hagfish was observed spraying the slime onto a biting shark in New Zealand.

The answer is mind-boggling: in Pacific hagfish, that extra space can contain about 46 percent of the animal's own body volume.

Any hagfish aficionados with big coolers and zero gag reflexes should've tested the limits of Oregon's roadkill harvesting law and stocked up.

Strangely enough, it all began with perhaps the most unpalatable substance conceivable (don't worry, it doesn't go in the food): hagfish slime.

It's not illegal to export wild-caught Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii), which are found in the Eastern North Pacific, Canada, and Mexico.

The truck's load shifted, causing one of the containers carrying the hagfish to "fly across the highway," the Oregon State Police said.

Compared to 21 other species of fish, like rainbow trout and great sculpin, the hagfish wasn't found to have a particularly tough skin.

Dave PlachetzkiAssistant Professor, Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, who is currently in the Galapagos Islands collecting hagfish for the purpose of unraveling the molecular genetics and evolution of slime glandsand Douglas FudgeAssociate Professor, Biological Sciences, Chapman University, and a leading expert on hagfish and the slime they produce In biology, slime is usually produced by glycoproteins.

Hagfish slime is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid, in which the viscosity changes in response to an applied strain or shearing force.

Because it's made of protein and sugar molecules known as mucin, hagfish mucous doesn't dries out and harden over time—it stays all gooey.

So after seeing the video, a team of researchers in Canada and the US wanted to know: how exactly can hagfish survive shark attacks?

It stays slimy, in part because the mucin found in the hagfish also has long threadlike fibers, finer than spider's silk and just as strong.

They were en route from the hagfish fisheries of the Pacific Northwest to the plates of foodies in South Korea, the Oregon State Police report.

When a hagfish feels threatened, it releases a mixture of the mucin and the thread, which unravels to create a kind of elastic, slimy mesh.

That allows hagfish to squish away, escaping shark attacks relatively unharmed, according to a study published this week in the Journal of Royal Society Interface.

So Boggett injected a solution under the skin of several dead hagfish to check how much space there is between the body and the skin.

The stretchiness—akin to the plastic rings that hold together six packs of beer—would make hagfish slime useful in biomedical devices, tissue engineering, or biosensors.

Image: Oregon State PoliceSadly, a flatbed truck dumping 7,500 lbs of live hagfish onto a highway in Oregon will not be the weirdest story of 2017.

Hagfish skin is attached to the animal's body in only two spots: the middle of its back and its sides, where the slime glands are located.

The truck was carrying around four tons of the hagfish, reportedly transporting them for future resale in Korea, where they are skinned for leather and eaten.

To retrieve the slime, they placed the hagfish in a bucket of cold seawater and used a mix of clove bud oil and ethanol to anesthetize them.

"When Hagfish become stressed, they secrete a slime, which can be seen in photos on the vehicles in the highway," a statement from Oregon State Police said.

And slime eel isn't just a clever name: when hagfish feel threatened or are frightened, they start oozing slime through their skin at a disturbingly rapid pace.

According to Fishermen's News, Oregon fishing vessels catch up to 2 million pounds of hagfish every year, and a large percentage of it is exported to Korea.

If you inject enough fluid so that the skin starts stretching and the hagfish starts leaking, you could fit over 100 percent of its body volume in there.

A "single hagfish can fill a 5-gallon bucket with slime, seemingly instantly," Dr. Andrew Thaler, a deep-sea ecologist and population geneticist, wrote on the website southernfriedscience.com.

In bygone times, the river lamprey (the somewhat smaller brother of the sea lamprey, similar to the brook lamprey and hagfish) was often used as bait during fishing activities.

Unfortunately for the Oregon State Police, Hagfish Day got an abrupt, early start when a flatbed truck carrying 7,500 pounds of those writhing creatures overturned on a state highway.

Since hagfish don't have a vertebral column, they can tie their own bodies in a knot when grabbed, leaving their foes empty-handed (not counting the goo, of course).

First, the researchers put hagfish skin — which has three layers and no scales — in a machine that pokes a pin through it to measure the force needed to puncture it.

Multiple zoologists on Twitter have identified the animals as hagfish, a type of marine fish that produces prolific amounts of goo when stressed, though police haven't confirmed this for certain.

The hagfish is an ugly, gray, eel-like creature—clammy, stinky, and eyeless—whose most interesting feature is the sticky slime it produces from pores all over its body when attacked.

Then they put the hagfish on a dissection tray, blotted them dry, and zapped them with electricity to make the muscles contract and expel the milky pre-slime from the pores.

The researchers then attached mako shark teeth to a custom-made guillotine, so that the teeth could be driven into dead hagfish with the same force they would in real life.

Now a team of Swiss scientists has figured out the physics behind how the hagfish can use the same slimy substance for both purposes, according to a new paper in Scientific Reports.

But when the hagfish is trying to escape from its own slime, its motion creates a shear-thinning flow that actually reduces the viscosity of the slime, making it easier to escape.

And perhaps hagfish slime might prove useful to to filmmakers in search of the perfect substance to represent spectral slime—the bane of any Ghostbuster:[Scientific Reports via Fuck Yeah Fluid Dynamics]

In biology slime has evolved many, many times independently, and plays vital roles in a wide range of biological processes including respiration, feeding, reproduction and in the case of our hagfish, defense.

Nine years ago, the marine-science nonprofit Whale Times established Hagfish Day, an unofficial October holiday to 'celebrate the beauty of ugly' and praise the unparalleled nastiness of these disgusting slime eels.

Hagfish had their moment of fame earlier this year, when a truck transporting 7,500 pounds of the eel-like creatures tipped over, spreading unimaginable amounts of car-coating mucus all over an Oregon roadway.

Video of the subsequent five-car pile-up shows scores of hagfish zipping across the asphalt as the Oregon State Police try to contain the slime-drenched horror scene with a backhoe and hoses.

Officials offered frustratingly few details about the crash, but it seems like a truck carrying the animals, and not a trench-coat full of hagfish driving the car, overturned and collided with another vehicle.

Sometimes even the hagfish gets caught in its own slime, at which point it literally ties itself in a knot and pushes the knot down the length of its body to scrape the stuff off.

A truck hauling 7,500 pounds of hagfish, also known as slime eels, was traveling on Highway 101 around noon, transporting the fish to be exported to South Korea, where some diners consider them a delicacy.

Hagfish have been documented escaping from sharks by choking them with "enormous amounts" of slime, Dr. Thaler wrote, adding that the slime is so tough that scientists are exploring ways to use it to create natural Lycra.

A highway near the Oregon coast became an oozy nightmare on Thursday after an overturned truck carrying hagfish—sometimes called "slime eels" or "snot snakes"—saturated the roadway in slime and slithering fish, the Eugene Register-Guard reports.

But the new study's precision approach—which included synchrotron analysis—revealed that the structure was much more reminiscent of skeletal spinal cords found in the ancient hagfish Gilpichthys greenei, a contemporary of the Tully monster in Carboniferous Illinois.

Hagfish mucous also contains thread-like proteins that are incredibly tough, so much so that researchers are trying to figure out how they can use the slime to stop bleeding in accident victims, or make sustainable fabrics for clothes.

They're Pacific hagfish — primitive jawless fish that are sometimes called slime eels for the mind-boggling quantities of goo they produce when they feel threatened — like, say, when they're unexpectedly sloshed over an Oregon roadway, dousing nearby cars. Gesundheit.

Hagfish may be delicious and make some wonderful wallets or whatever, but they also secrete slime that can expand when they get stressed out—according to SeattlePI, fishermen have to be careful not to drown in the disgusting goop.

According to Oregon Live, driver Salvatore Tragale had to slam on his brakes when traffic slowed down, which caused the containers of slime eels—a delightful, descriptive name for hagfish—to fly out of his truck and splatter all over the southbound lane of U.S. 101.

The southern hagfish (Myxine australis) is a hagfish of the genus Myxine.

The inshore hagfish is the only member of the hagfish family with a seasonal reproductive cycle.

Hagfish, of the class Myxini (also known as Hyperotreti), are eel-shaped, slime-producing marine fish (occasionally called slime eels). They are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column, although hagfish do have rudimentary vertebrae. Along with lampreys, hagfish are jawless; they are the sister group to jawed vertebrates, and living hagfish remain similar to hagfish from around 300 million years ago.Myxini – University of California Museum of Paleontology The classification of hagfish had been controversial.

Eptatretus strickrotti, commonly known as Strickrott's hagfish, is a hagfish of the genus Eptatretus, found in the depths of the Pacific Ocean south of Easter Island. The hagfish was found in March 2005 by DSV Alvin pilot Bruce Strickrott, and a year later was determined by scientists to be a new species. It is the first hagfish recorded from a hydrothermal vent.

In this case, the hagfish's mucus would clog the predator's gills, disabling their ability to respire. The predator would release the hagfish to avoid suffocation. Because of the mucus, few marine predators target the hagfish. Other predators of hagfish are varieties of birds or mammals.

Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling Illustration of the mouth The broadgilled hagfish or New Zealand hagfish (Eptatretus cirrhatus) is a hagfish found around New Zealand and the Chatham Islands as well as around the south and east coasts of Australia, at depths between 1 and 900 metres.

Hagfish are sometimes seen curled around small clutches of eggs. If this constitutes actual breeding behavior is uncertain. Hagfish do not have a larval stage, in contrast to lampreys, which have a long one. Hagfish have a mesonephric kidney and are often neotenic of their pronephric kidney.

Myxine glutinosa, known as the Atlantic hagfish in North America, and often simply as the hagfish in Europe, is a species of jawless fish of the genus Myxine.

Further investigation revealed that the hagfish did have a true innervated heart. The hagfish circulatory system also consists of multiple accessory pumps throughout the body, which are considered auxiliary “hearts”. Hagfish are the only known vertebrates with osmoregulation isosmotic to their external environment. Hypothetically, they excrete ions in bile salts.

Eptatretus cirrhatus, more commonly known as the New Zealand hagfish or the Broadgilled hagfish has an eel-like body with no dorsal fin, a paddle-like tail and are often a grey-brown with a pink or bluish tinge of colour.(Ministry of Fisheries, 2011) Hagfish are an ancient species that evolved around 300 million years ago and have changed little externally since then. Hagfish and lamprey are basal vertebrates. The hagfish eyes lack lenses and are covered skin making them not visible externally and are erroneously called blind eels (rhodopsin and melanopsin have been fourd in its retina: PUBMED 27189541).

The inshore hagfish is the only member of the Myxinidae family having a seasonal reproductive cycle. Generally very little is known about hagfish reproduction and embryos are difficult to obtain for study, although laboratory breeding of Eptatretus burgeri, has succeeded. The hide of this hagfish is processed into "eel skin" in Korea and exported worldwide.

The inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) is a hagfish found in the Northwest Pacific, from the Sea of Korea and across eastern Japan to Taiwan. It has six pairs of gill pouches and gill apertures.Fishbase - Eptatretus burgeri These hagfish are found in the sublittoral zone. They live usually buried in the bottom mud and migrate into deeper water to spawn.

Originally, Myxine was included by Linnaeus (1758) in Vermes. A single fossil of hagfish shows little evolutionary change has occurred in the last 300 million years. In recent years, hagfish have become of special interest for genetic analysis investigating the relationships among chordates. Their classification as agnathans places hagfish as elementary vertebrates in between invertebrates and gnathostomes.

Drawing of Eptatretus polytrema Drawing of a New Zealand hagfish Very little is known about hagfish reproduction. Embryos are difficult to obtain for study, although laboratory breeding of the Far Eastern inshore hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, has succeeded. In some species, sex ratio has been reported to be as high as 100:1 in favor of females. Some hagfish species are thought to be hermaphroditic, having both an ovary and a testicle (only one gamete production organ is in both females and males).

Tree of Life Pacific hagfish at 150 m depth, California, Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary Its skin is only attached to the body along the center ridge of the back and at the slime glands, and is filled with close to a third of the body's blood volume, giving the impression of a blood-filled sack. It is assumed this is an adaptation to survive predator attacks.The world's fastest shark is no match for a sack of flaccid hagfish skin The Atlantic hagfish, representative of the subfamily Myxininae, and the Pacific hagfish, representative of the subfamily Eptatretinae, differ in that the latter has muscle fibers embedded in the skin. The resting position of the Pacific hagfish also tends to be coiled, while that of the Atlantic hagfish is stretched.

Drawing of Eptatretus cirrhatus Eptatretus is a large genus of hagfish.

In most of the world, hagfish are not often eaten. In Korea, the hagfish is a valued food, where it is generally skinned, coated in spicy sauce, and grilled over charcoal or stir-fried. It is especially popular in the southern port cities of the peninsula, such as Busan. The inshore hagfish, found in the Northwest Pacific, is eaten in Japan.

There is a well-developed hagfish fishery on the US West Coast that mostly supplies the Asian leather-market. Hagfish-skin clothing, belts, or other accessories are advertised and sold as "yuppie leather" or "eel-skin".

Paleontological evidence suggests, however, that the hagfish eye is not pleisiomorphic but rather degenerative, as fossils from the Carboniferous have revealed hagfish-like vertebrates with complex eyes. This would suggest that ancestrally Myxini possessed complex eyes.

Canids often drop horned lizards after being squirted, and attempt to wipe or shake the blood out of their mouths, suggesting that the fluid has a foul taste; they choose other lizards if given the choice, suggesting a learned aversion towards horned lizards as prey. The slime glands along the body of the hagfish secrete enormous amounts of mucus when it is provoked or stressed. The gelatinous slime has dramatic effects on the flow and viscosity of water, rapidly clogging the gills of any fish that attempt to capture hagfish; predators typically release the hagfish within seconds (pictured above). Common predators of hagfish include seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans, but few fish, suggesting that predatory fish avoid hagfish as prey.

144x144px While Pacific hagfish likely take polychaete worms and other invertebrates from the sea floor, they are also known to enter dead, dying or inhibited large fish through the mouth or the anus, and feed on their viscera. The Pacific hagfish's skin can absorb nutrients, which has been demonstrated in the laboratory by showing the passage of amino acids through hagfish skin. The diet of other hagfish species includes shrimps, hermit crabs, cephalopods, brittlestars, bony fishes, sharks, birds and whale flesh, but specific information about the Pacific hagfish is lacking.

Though humans as well as most other vertebrates exhibit three semicircular canals in their vestibular systems, Lampreys and Hagfish are vertebrates that deviate from this trend. The vestibular systems of lampreys contain two semicircular canals while those of hagfish contain a single canal. The lamprey's two canals are developmentally similar to the anterior and posterior canals found in humans. The single canal found in hagfish appears to be secondarily derived.

Neomyxine is a genus of hagfish found in the Pacific Ocean around New Zealand.

Horizontal section of hagfish midline trunk: The notochord is the only skeletal element and the musculature lacks a horizontal and vertical septum. The hagfish skeleton comprises the skull, the notochord, and the caudal fin rays. The first diagram of the hagfish endoskeleton was made by Frederick Cole in 1905. In Cole's monograph, he described sections of the skeleton that he termed "pseudo-cartilage", referring to its distinct properties compared to jawed chordates.

However, discussion has long occurred in scientific literature about whether the hagfish were even invertebrate. Using fossil data, paleontologists posited that lampreys are more closely related to gnathostomes than hagfish. The term “Craniata” was used to refer to animals that had a developed skull, but were not considered true vertebrates. Molecular evidence in the early 1990s first began suggesting that lampreys and hagfish were more closely related to each other than to gnathostomes.

The issue was whether the hagfish was a degenerate type of vertebrate-fish that through evolution had lost its vertebrae (the original scheme) and was most closely related to lampreys, or whether hagfish represent a stage that precedes the evolution of the vertebral column (the alternative scheme) as is the case with lancelets. Recent DNA evidence has supported the original scheme. The original scheme groups hagfish and lampreys together as cyclostomes (or historically, Agnatha), as the oldest surviving class of vertebrates alongside gnathostomes (the now-ubiquitous jawed vertebrates). The alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys than to hagfish (i.e.

Dorsal / left lateral views of dissected hagfish brain, scale bar added for size The origins of the vertebrate nervous system are of considerable interest to evolutionary biologists, and cyclostomes (hagfish and lampreys) are an important group for answering this question. The complexity of the hagfish brain has been an issue of debate since the late 19th century, with some morphologists believing that they do not possess a cerebellum, while others believe that it is continuous with the midbrain. It is now believed that the hagfish neuroanatomy is similar to that of lampreys. A common feature of both cyclostomes is the absence of myelin in neurons.

Hagfish are known to have one of the lowest blood pressures among the vertebrates. One of the most primitive types of fluid balance found is among these creatures, whenever a rise in extracellular fluid occurs, the blood pressure rises and this, in turn, is sensed by the kidney, which excretes excess fluid. They also have the highest blood volume to body mass of any chordate, with 17 ml of blood per 100 g of mass. Hagfish - Cronodon The hagfish circulatory system has been of considerable interests to evolutionary biologists, who first believed that the hagfish heart was not innervated like that in jawed vertebrates.

Two Pacific hagfish feeding on a dead sharpchin rockfish, Sebastes zacentrus, while one remains in a curled position at the left of the photo While polychaete marine worms on or near the sea floor are a major food source, hagfish can feed upon and often even enter and eviscerate the bodies of dead and dying/injured sea creatures much larger than themselves. They are known to devour their prey from the inside.Wilson, Hugh (November 2009) Hagfish – World's weirdest animals. green.ca.msn.com Hagfish have the ability to absorb dissolved organic matter across the skin and gill, which may be an adaptation to a scavenging lifestyle, allowing them to maximize sporadic opportunities for feeding.

Additionally, the vestibular systems of lampreys and hagfish differ from those found in other vertebrates in that the otolithic organs of lampreys and hagfish are not segmented like the utricle and saccula found in humans, but rather form one continuous structure referred to as the macula communis.

Hagfish are typically about in length. The largest known species is Eptatretus goliath, with a specimen recorded at , while Myxine kuoi and Myxine pequenoi seem to reach no more than . Some have been seen as small as . Hagfish have elongated, eel-like bodies, and paddle-like tails.

The lingual apparatus of hagfish is composed of a cartilage base bearing two teeth-covered plates (dental plate) articulated with a series of large cartilage shafts. The nasal capsule is considerably expanded in hagfish, comprising a fibrous sheath lined with cartilage rings. In contrast to lampreys, the braincase is noncartilaginous. The role of the branchial arches is highly speculative, as hagfish embryos undergo a caudal shift of the posterior pharyngeal pouches; thus, the branchial arches do not support gills.

E. cirrhatus secretes a slime that acts as a deterrent to predators. Hagfish are hunted by marine mammals and sharks as well as large fish. However, hagfish combat this predation with the slime that they secrete. When grabbed by a predator, the slime fills the mouth and gill chamber.

Albinism has been reported in hagfish, lampreys, sharks, rays and numerous teleost fishes, e.g. catfishes, grunts or cyprinids.

Hagfish slime is really quite incredible and biometrics research work has been done on understanding the protein fibres within the hagfish slime to find potential uses for it. In an interview with Douglas Fudge of the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada who heads the research team looking into the hagfish slime states that when dried out the fibres within the slime become very silk-like, the fibres being very thin and strong. "Hagfish slime is made up of two parts: mucus and tiny fibres, about 15cm long but only a micron wide." It could be a natural renewable alternative to non- renewable fabrics like nylon and spandex which are made from oil.

Craniate: Hagfish Craniates all have distinct skulls. They include the hagfish, which have no vertebrae. Michael J. Benton commented that "craniates are characterized by their heads, just as chordates, or possibly all deuterostomes, are by their tails". Most craniates are vertebrates, in which the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.

The bootlace hagfish (Nemamyxine elongate) is a species of hagfish in the genus Nemamyxine. Distribution, abundance, and natural history are not known. Only two specimens have been collected. One, dead, was found in a net in the Kaituna River (Bay of Plenty), and thought to have been a fishery discard.

The slender hagfish (Neomyxine biniplicata) is a species of hagfish endemic to New Zealand. It is known from along the east coast, from the northern end of the Bay of Plenty to Kaikoura at depths of 35–396 m, and is found on silty to coarse sediments and rocky seabeds.

The Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) is a species of hagfish. It lives in the mesopelagic to abyssal Pacific ocean, near the ocean floor. It is a jawless fish and has a body plan that resembles early paleozoic fish. They are able to excrete prodigious amounts of slime in self-defense.

Hagfish such as M. glutinosa feed on the carcasses of fishes, which they bore into through any available opening.

Hagfish just keep eating with no change in behaviour again providing an adaptive advantage as instead of using energy on flight, the organism can gain energy from its food. It is possible that the slime that is secreted by hagfish could, like in more evolved species, as protection against pathogens and parasites.

A healthy larger sea creature likely would be able to outfight or outswim this sort of assault. This energetic opportunism on the part of the hagfish can be a great nuisance to fishermen, as they can devour or spoil entire deep drag- netted catches before they can be pulled to the surface. Since hagfish are typically found in large clusters on and near the bottom, a single trawler's catch could contain several dozen or even hundreds of hagfish as bycatch, and all the other struggling, captive sea life make easy prey for them. The digestive tract of the hagfish is unique among the chordates because the food in the gut is enclosed in a permeable membrane, analogous to the peritrophic matrix of insects.

Research done in the last decade has shown that hagfish can and do hunt. E. cirrhatus feeds on the third trophic level (three levels above primary producers). The diet is a variety of invertebrates and includes hermit crabs, shrimps, sharks and bony fish. When hunting the hagfish locates a burrow occupied by potential prey.

Black hagfish produce copious amounts of slime as a defense mechanism. Deep-sea diving equipment is known to have been fouled by large amounts of hagfish slime near the bottom of the ocean, extruded by the eel-like fish when they are alarmed. The slime comprises mature thread cells, up to long that are coiled and thread-like.Acta zoologica.

The primitive lampreys and hagfish, however, have a simpler system. The inner ear in these species consists of a single vestibular chamber, although in lampreys, this is associated with a series of sacs lined by cilia. Lampreys have only two semicircular canals, with the horizontal canal being absent, while hagfish have only a single, vertical, canal.

Commercially Hagfish are considered a delicacy in Korea and Japan. This has led to a small-scale fishing in New Zealand which helps to supply this industry. The skin is used to produce eel skin leather. This industry has no regulations unlike many others because of a large number of unknown factors about Hagfish life cycles.

Free-swimming hagfish also slime when agitated, and later clear the mucus using the same travelling-knot behavior. The reported gill-clogging effect suggests that the travelling-knot behavior is useful or even necessary to restore the hagfish's own gill function after sliming. Hagfish thread keratin (EsTKα and EsTKγ; and ), the protein that make up its slime filaments, is under investigation as an alternative to spider silk for use in applications such as body armor. These alpha-keratin proteins in hagfish slime transform from an α-helical structure to a stiffer β sheet structure when stretched.

Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.

While parts of the hagfish skull are thought to be homologous with lampreys, they are thought to have very few homologous elements with jawed vertebrates.

The Atlantic hagfish may grow up to long, with no eyes and no jaws; its star-shaped mouth is surrounded by 6 barbels. There is a single gill slit on each side of the eel-like body. It has a total of 88–102 pores from which it can exude a slimy mucus. Hagfish have very flexible bodies which allow them to manipulate themselves into knots.

The Caribbean hagfish (Myxine mcmillanae) is a species of hagfish. It is a scaleless, eel-like fish found in Caribbean waters that feeds off material from the surface that drifts down. It is rarely seen as it lives in very deep water from 2,300-4,950 ft (700-1,500 m) and likes to burrow into the mud. Their bodies are grey with contrasting white heads.

In cartilaginous fishes (e.g. sharks and rays) and agnathans (e.g. lampreys and hagfish), the chondrocranium persists throughout life.Kent, G.C & Miller, L. (1997): Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates.

They have complete braincases and rudimentary vertebrae, and therefore may be regarded as vertebrates and true fish. However, molecular phylogenetics, which uses biochemical features to classify organisms, has produced both results that group them with vertebrates and others that group them with hagfish. If lampreys are more closely related to the hagfish than the other vertebrates, this would suggest that they form a clade, which has been named the Cyclostomata.

This makes the fish very unsavory to predators, and can even be used to clog the gills of predatory fish. Pacific hagfish can create large amounts of slime in just minutes. The slime is notoriously difficult to remove from fishing gear and equipment, and has led to Pacific fishermen bestowing the nickname of 'slime eel' on the species. Hagfish also possess the unique ability to tie their bodies into knots.

Hagfish skin, used in a variety of clothing accessories, is usually referred to as "eel skin". It produces a particularly durable leather, especially suitable for wallets and belts.

These trigger a gagging response in the predator, thus forcing them to let go of the hagfish. This deters further attack as well, though it is unknown whether there is a toxic compound within the slime and what further effect this has on the predator. Marine mammals and octopuses do not have gills that can be clogged by slime. This slime is made in pores along the sides of hagfish and contains protein threads.

The hagfish's eye, which lacks a lens, extraocular muscles, and the three motor cranial nerves (III, IV, and VI), is significant to the evolution of more complex eyes. A parietal eye and the parapineal organ are also absent in extant hagfish. Hagfish eyespots, when present, can detect light, but as far as it is known, none can resolve detailed images. In Myxine and Neomyxine, the eyes are partly covered by the trunk musculature.

As hagfish slime binds vast amounts of liquid even at low temperatures, it was proposed as an energy-saving alternative for the production of tofu that does not require heating.

Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well- developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots.N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California.

Hagfish have no true fins and have six or eight barbels around the mouth and a single nostril. Instead of vertically articulating jaws like Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws), they have a pair of horizontally moving structures with tooth-like projections for pulling off food. The mouth of the hagfish has two pairs of horny, comb-shaped teeth on a cartilaginous plate that protracts and retracts. These teeth are used to grasp food and draw it toward the pharynx.Hyperotreti.

Santa Cruz Basin seafloor as a hagfish swims into view of the US Navy's deep-sea submersible ALVIN.Russo, Julie Zeidner (24 August 2004). "This Whale's (After) Life". NOAA's Undersea Research Program. NOAA.

Its life cycle is unknown.Fishbase Myxine australis Hagfish have eyes embedded in their head with clear spots. Feed on dead fish on the bottom of the ocean floors, low temperatures, and high pressures.

Outline of a hagfish, showing above the two ventral openings (h) by which the water escapes from the gills, and in the dissection below the spherical pouches which contain the gills Lampreys and hagfish do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum.

Hagfish have a unique dental plate inside of their mouths with a row of posterior and anterior keratinous grasping teeth on each side. This dental plate folds bilaterally helping with the grasping motion hagfish use to eat their prey. The dental plate protrudes out and folds onto the flesh of the prey and then retracts back into the hagfish's mouth. It may also use its slime to suffocate its prey though this is mostly used as a defense against predators.

These consist of a series of bony or cartilaginous cylindrical vertebrae, generally with neural arches that protect the spinal cord, and with projections that link the vertebrae. However hagfish have incomplete braincases and no vertebrae, and are therefore not regarded as vertebrates, but as members of the craniates, the group from which vertebrates are thought to have evolved. However the cladistic exclusion of hagfish from the vertebrates is controversial, as they may be degenerate vertebrates who have lost their vertebral columns. The position of lampreys is ambiguous.

Hagfish musculature differs from jawed vertebrates in that they do not have a horizontal septum nor vertical septum, junctions of connective tissue that separate the hypaxial musculature and epaxial musculature. They do, however, have true myomeres and myosepta like all vertebrates. The mechanics of their craniofacial muscles in feeding have been investigated, revealing advantages and disadvantages of the dental plate. In particular, hagfish muscles have increased force and gape size compared to similar-sized jawed vertebrates, but lack the speed amplification, suggesting that jaws are faster acting.

Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea fishes have eyes suited to the dark environment.

Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots.N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition.

E. cirrhatus are bottom feeders and are known to eat their prey from the inside out. Their diet mainly consists of carrion, although they prey on live animals as well. Hagfish play an important role in the ecosystem, recycling nutrients contained in carcasses that sink to the sea floor.(IUCN, 2011) As the hagfish are practically blind except for their sensitivity to light they rely on the 6 sensory barbels that surround their mouths to find their way along the ocean floor and their singular nasal passageway to smell out their prey.

Pacific hagfish trying to hide under a rock Hagfish are long and vermiform, and can exude copious quantities of a milky and fibrous slime or mucus from some 100 glands or invaginations running along their flanks. The species Myxine glutinosa was named for this slime. When captured and held, e.g., by the tail, they secrete the microfibrous mucus, which expands into up to 20 litres (5¼ US gallons) of sticky, gelatinous material when combined with water; one litre of slime has about 40 milligrams of mucus and proteins.

Eptatretus bischoffii is a common hagfish of the genus Eptatretus. Its maximum length is . It lives in a demersal, non-migratory, marine habitat with its depth range between 8–50 m. It can survive in only temperate zones.

The initial period begins with "mobile scavengers" such as hagfish and sleeper sharks actively consuming soft tissue from the carcass. Consumption can be at a rate of per day. This stage typically lasts months up to 1.5 years.

Buick Men is the debut studio album by the American rock band Hagfish. It was released in 1993 on Dragon Street Records. Eight of the album's tracks would be re-recorded for the follow-up Rocks Your Lame Ass.

The Pacific hagfish occurs in the Eastern North Pacific from Canada to Mexico. It inhabits fine silt and clay bottoms on the continental shelves and upper slopes at depths from . The species appears to be abundant within its range.

Like other hagfish, this species attacks hook-caught or trap- caught fish. They burrow into the prey's body to consume the flesh and viscera within. They also feed on carcases of fish that have died and sunk to the ocean floor.

It is a harmless scaleless, eel-like animal with a pinkish body, a whitish head and a whitish mid dorsal stripe. The size of captured specimens ranges between 91 and 394 mm. The southern hagfish is found in the cold waters of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean from the coasts off Southwestern Brazil down to the Southern Ocean and the Tierra del Fuego and the Patagonian coasts of Chile and Argentina, including the Strait of Magellan. First record of the Southern hagfish Myxine australis in Brazilian waters It lives hidden in the mud in relatively shallow water, between 10 and 100 metres.

As a defensive measure, hagfishes, which resemble eels, produce large volumes of thick slime when disturbed. A hagfish can remove the excess slime, which can suffocate it in a matter of minutes, by tying its own body into an overhand knot, then sliding the knot from its head down to the tail. This action scrapes the slime off the fish's body. Hagfish also tie their bodies into overhand knots in order to create leverage to rip off chunks of their prey's flesh, but do so "in reverse" (starting at the tail, and sliding the knot towards the head for mechanical advantage).

Black hagfish are strictly marine, and are found in the Eastern Pacific from southeastern Alaska to central Baja California, and Mexico. These Bathydemersal fish live in the mesopelagic to abyssal Pacific ocean, near the ocean floor between depths of 103 and 2743 metres.

Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1–55. In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish), true lymphoid organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells.

In amphibians, lampreys, and hagfish the cerebellum is little developed; in the latter two groups it is barely distinguishable from the brain-stem. Although the spinocerebellum is present in these groups, the primary structures are small paired nuclei corresponding to the vestibulocerebellum.

Fish Immunology Series. (eds. G. Iwama and T.Nakanishi,), New York, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1–55. In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish), true lymphoid organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells.

Mauthner cells first appear in lampreys (being absent in hagfish and lancelets), and are present in virtually all teleost fish, as well as in amphibians (including postmetamorphic frogs and toads). Some fish, such as lumpsuckers, seem to have lost the Mauthner cells however.

Archidactylina is a genus of copepods that contains only the species Archidactylina myxinicola, and is the only genus in the family Archidactylinidae. It is a parasite of the gill pouches of two species of hagfish found in Japanese waters, Eptatretus okinoseanus and Myxine garmani.

Hagfish is the self-titled third and final studio album by the American rock band Hagfish, released in March 1998 on Honest Don's Records, a subsidiary label of Fat Wreck Chords. The album was reworked following a long delay with the band's previous label, London Records, who rejected the band's initial offering and eventually dropped the group. Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton would both reprise their roles as producers, having previously worked with the band on Rocks Your Lame Ass. An early version of "18 Days" (originally titled "New Year's Song") and a live version of "Twisting" previously appeared as b-sides to the "Happiness" promotional single in 1995.

390 Formerly distinct from vertebrates by excluding hagfish, molecular and anatomical research in the 21st century has led to the reinclusion of hagfish, making living craniates synonymous with living vertebrates. The clade was conceived largely on the basis of the Hyperoartia (lampreys and kin) being more closely related to the Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) than the Myxini (hagfishes). This, combined with an apparent lack of vertebral elements within the Myxini, suggested that the Myxini were descended from a more ancient lineage than the vertebrates, and that the skull developed before the vertebral column. The clade was thus composed of the Myxini and the vertebrates, and any extinct chordates with skulls.

Multiple lines of experimental evidence strongly suggest that twice in the lineage leading to the teleost fish the ancestral Chordate genome was duplicated."Analysis of lamprey and hagfish genes reveals a complex history of gene duplications during early vertebrate evolution." H. Excriva, et al., Mol. Biol. Evol.

However, a protein BLAST search against the protein databank returns a similar protein (), with an E-value of 3E−14. It is also a leucine rich repeat containing seven repeats of the same length as LRRC57, described as Eptatretus burgeri (inshore hagfish) variable lymphocyte receptors A29.

Like many octopuses, E. magnificus is a generalist predator. The chief food source for this octopus is the deep-sea portunid crab Bathynectes piperitus. Other major prey items include the Cape hagfish (Myxine capensis), the crab species Pontophilus gracilis, and hermit crabs in the genus Parapagurus.

Over a period of time where Hina visited a bathing pool Te Tunaroa, the father of eels, molested Hina. As revenge, Māui cut Te Tunaroa's body into bits, throwing them into different habitats where they became different kinds of fish; conger eels, freshwater eels, lampreys, and hagfish.

The hagfish is known to strip slime from its skin by tying itself into a simple overhand knot, and moving its body to make the knot travel toward the tail. It also uses this action in reverse (tail to head) to pry out flesh after biting into a carcass.

For example, a salmon is more closely related to a camel than it is to a hagfish. The opening of early episodes of the podcast used to feature a recording of the elves mentioning this fact, which appears in the first paragraph of the Oxford Dictionary of Underwater Life.

5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Two laterally placed eyes form around outgrowths from the midbrain, except in hagfish, though this may be a secondary loss. The forebrain is well-developed and subdivided in most tetrapods, while the midbrain dominates in many fish and some salamanders.

Hagfish fertilise their eggs externally after the female has laid them. On average females lay about 28 eggs, about in diameter, which are carried around after they have been fertilised. Females will however try to stay in their burrows during this period to ensure the protection of their eggs.

Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebellae, while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense. The brain stem (or myelencephalon) is the brain's posterior. As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation.

Lampreys and hagfish do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum.

Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press. Hagfish have also been observed actively hunting the red bandfish, Cepola haastii, in its burrow, possibly using their slime to suffocate the fish before grasping it with their dental plates and dragging it from the burrow.

The olfactory lobes are very large in fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish, sharks, and catfish. Behind the olfactory lobes is the two-lobed telencephalon, the structural equivalent to the cerebrum in higher vertebrates. In fish the telencephalon is concerned mostly with olfaction. Together these structures form the forebrain.

Lampreys have seven pairs of pouches, while hagfishes may have six to fourteen, depending on the species. In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally. In adult lampreys, a separate respiratory tube develops beneath the pharynx proper, separating food and water from respiration by closing a valve at its anterior end.

They propose that in the future (even though no one has been able to extract the proteins and make a spool of hagfish thread yet), that the proteins will be able to be extracted and made into eco-friendly clothing such as athletic wear or even because of the strength bulletproof vests.

The Pacific hagfish has a long, eel-like body, but is not closely related to eels. Maximum body lengths of have been reported; typical length at maturity is around . It is dark brown, gray or brownish red, often tinted with blue or purple. The belly is lighter and sometimes has larger white patches.

The New Zealand hagfish has a skull but no jaw or true vertebral column, it instead has a skeleton made up of cartilage.(Encyclopedia of Britannica, 2011) The rounded mouth of the hagfish is surrounded by 6 barbels, above that is their singular nasal passage and just inside the mouth is a dental plate with a row of posterior and anterior keratinous grasping teeth on each side. It has seven pairs of gill pouches and forming a line down both the lower sides of its body are pores which often many of them are ringed with a white colour and are used for secreting a snot-like slime which expands out once it has contact with the sea water.(Bray, n.

From an evolutionary perspective, hagfish represent a transitory state between the generalized nutrient absorption pathways of aquatic invertebrates and the more specialized digestive systems of aquatic vertebrates. Like leeches, they have a sluggish metabolism and can survive months between feedings; their feeding behavior, however, appears quite vigorous. Analysis of the stomach content of several species has revealed a large variety of prey, including polychaetes, shrimp, hermit crabs, cephalopods, brittlestars, bony fishes, sharks, birds, and whale flesh. In captivity, hagfish are observed to use the overhand-knot behavior in reverse (tail-to-head) to assist them in gaining mechanical advantage to pull out chunks of flesh from carrion fish or cetaceans, eventually making an opening to permit entry to the interior of the body cavity of larger carcasses.

In one tale, Hina was Māui's wife. Over a period of time where Hina visited a bathing pool Te Tunaroa, the father of eels, molested Hina. As revenge, Māui cut Te Tunaroa's body into bits, throwing them into different habitats where they became different kinds of fish; conger eels, freshwater eels, lampreys, and hagfish.

Water pressure in the depths of oceans requires that organisms adapt to these conditions. For example, diving animals such as whales, dolphins, and seals are specially adapted to deal with changes in sound due to water pressure differences. Differences between hagfish species provide another example of adaptation to deep-sea pressure through specialized protein adaptations.

General hagfish are found around the world in waters below 22 degrees Celsius. E. cirrhatus has a range that includes the western Pacific (Fishbase, 2017) and stretches down the east coast of Australia from Queensland to Tasmania as well as throughout New Zealand from the North Cape to Snares Shelf and around the Chatham Islands.

Discards from Nephrops fishery may account for up to 37% of the energy requirements of certain marine scavengers, such as the hagfish Myxine glutinosa. Boats involved in Nephrops fishery also catch a number of fish species such as plaice and sole, and it is thought that without that revenue, Nephrops fishery would be economically unviable.

Evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates. Many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system (e.g., immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors) exist only in jawed vertebrates. However, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.

Lampreys and hagfish appear to have evolved, by convergent evolution, an adaptive immune response that is independent and distinct from the adaptive immune systems of higher vertebrates. Lymphocyte-like cells in these fish express highly variable lymphocyte receptor genes, which undergo somatic rearrangements reminiscent of the manner in which mammalian immunoglobulin genes are rearranged during development.

Virulence is the second full-length studio album from melodic hardcore band, Only Crime. It was released on January 23, 2007 and features the same line-up as the previous album, To the Nines, including Russ Rankin from Good Riddance, Bill Stevenson from Black Flag, Descendents and ALL, Aaron Dalbec from Bane, and the Blair Brothers from Hagfish.

The distribution of Myxine glutinosa in the eastern Atlantic Ocean extends from the western Mediterranean Sea and Portugal to the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and the Varanger Fjord. It is also found in the western Atlantic Ocean from Baffin Island, Canada south to North Carolina. A related species, the Gulf hagfish (Eptatretus springeri), occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.

The diet of tilefish larvae is unknown, but it is believed to be zooplankton. Juvenile and adults are omnivorous with a preference for small benthic invertebrates, with a staple being crabs and lobster. Great northern tilefish also consume bivalve molluscs, salps, squid, Atlantic dogfish, mackrel, hagfish, and herring. Human trash is also eaten, including potato peels and meat bones.

A renal portal system is a portal venous system found in all living vertebrates except for hagfish, lampreys, and mammals.Medilexicon Dictionary Its function is to supply blood to renal tubules when glomerular filtration is absent or downregulated.Holz, P.H. (1999). The Reptilian Renal Portal System - A Review Bulletin of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians Vol.

Polychaete worms, hydrozoans, gastropods, and hagfish eggs may also be occasionally ingested. This species often has nematode and flatworm parasites in its stomach. The Izak catshark is oviparous and reproduction proceeds throughout the year without seasonal patterns. Mature females have a single functional ovary and two functional oviducts; a single egg matures within each oviduct at a time.

Immune organs vary by type of fish. In the jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish), true lymphoid organs are absent. These fish rely on regions of lymphoid tissue within other organs to produce immune cells. For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature).

The knots created by the hagfish remove mucous from the body, allow them to escape tight spaces, pull potential prey from burrows, and because they have no opposable jaws it helps create leverage while they eat.Haney, W. A., Clark, A. J., & Uyeno, T. A. (2019). Characterization of body knotting behavior used for escape in a diversity of hagfishes. Journal of Zoology.

Banning Lyon was a plaintiff in a 1990s class action lawsuit against National Medical Enterprises, now Tenet Healthcare. His involvement in the lawsuit led to the publication of an autobiographical op-ed piece in The New York Times in October, 1993. Lyon was born and raised in Southern California and was a founding member of the Hagfish punk Rock band.

Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non–host-derived immunity PNAS 2013 and viruses. Most of the mucus in the body is produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Amphibians, fish, hagfish, snails, slugs, and some other invertebrates also produce external mucus from their epidermis as protection against pathogens, and to help in movement. Mucus is also produced in fish to line their gills.

To The Nines is the first album by melodic hardcore side project band, Only Crime. It was released by Fat Wreck Chords on July 13, 2004, and features Good Riddance's Russ Rankin, Bane's Aaron Dalbec, and renowned drummer and producer, Bill Stevenson, of Black Flag and Descendents fame. It also features Doni and Zach Blair, brothers who made up half the band Hagfish.

The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods. In lampreys, the spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.

N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California. The ancestors of modern hagfish, thought to be protovertebrate, were evidently pushed to very deep, dark waters, where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators and where it is advantageous to have a convex eyespot, which gathers more light than a flat or concave one.

Notomyxine tridentiger is a species of hagfish that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the southern coasts of South America. It is the only member of its genus. It can be found in the temperate waters of the Southeast Pacific and Southwest Atlantic, as well as the southern coasts of South America. It can reach a maximum length of 57 cm.

It is difficult to regulate when the size of the population is unknown as well as the growth and fertility rate. This makes the industries sustainability questionable and has led to a lot of research into hagfish reproduction. But due to the depth at which this species inhabits and the difficulty in observing their behaviour limited knowledge has been gained.

In some cases, the ovary is thought to remain nonfunctional until the individual has reached a particular age or encounters a particular environmental stress. These two factors in combination suggest the survival rate of hagfish is quite high. Depending on species, females lay from one to 30 tough, yolky eggs. These tend to aggregate due to having Velcro-like tufts at either end.

"Whiskers" on a catfish Some fish have slender, pendulous tactile organs near the mouth. These are often referred to as "whiskers", although they are more correctly termed barbels. Fish that have barbels include the catfish, carp, goatfish, hagfish, sturgeon, zebrafish and some species of shark. The Pimelodidae are a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) commonly known as the long-whiskered catfishes.

In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally and a separate tube which has no respiratory tissue (the pharyngocutaneous duct) develops beneath the pharynx proper, expelling ingested debris by closing a valve at its anterior end. Lungfish larvae also have external gills, as does the primitive ray-finned fish Polypterus, though the latter has a structure different from amphibians.

Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient. While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini are present in all other groups of fish, with the exception of hagfish (although hagfish are not actinopterygians, they are agnathans), neopterygians have lost this sense, even if it has later been re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, which possess nonhomologous teleost ampullae.Electroreception By Theodore Holmes Bullock A very important step in the evolution of the actinopterygian fishes is the origin of the neopterygians, with the acquisition of a better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities. They additionally acquired several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches.

In jawless vertebrates (hagfish and lamprey), the optic tracts do cross in the midline, but only after entering the ventral side of the central nervous system. After crossing the tracts insert on the dorsal optic tectum as in all other vertebrates. Therefore, given the obvious and undisputed homology, the optic chiasm is called chiasm also in these clades, even though the crossing is technically a decussation.

There, he established the first laboratory for experimental pharmacology in the Mississippi Valley. From 1901 to 1911 he also carried on investigations for the United States Bureau of Fisheries. His researches covered the structure and function of phosphorescent organs in the toadfish, the circulatory system of the hagfish, the physiology of the Chinook salmon, and the influence of inorganic salts on the cardiac tissues.

Zach Blair is the lead guitarist and backing vocalist for Chicago-based rock band Rise Against. Before joining Rise Against in early 2007, Blair was a member of melodic hardcore group Only Crime along with his brother, Doni Blair, who currently plays with the Toadies. The brothers were founding members of the bands Hagfish and Armstrong. Blair was also Flattus Maximus of Gwar from 1999 to 2002.

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. The earliest organisms that can be classified as fish were soft-bodied chordates that first appeared during the Cambrian period.

Fish eyes are similar to terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light. Amongst jawless fish, the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots.

Similar to the way humans smell chemicals in the air, fish smell chemicals in the water by tasting them. The olfactory lobes are very large in fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish, sharks, and catfish. Behind the olfactory lobes is the two-lobed telencephalon, the structural equivalent to the cerebrum in higher vertebrates. In fish the telencephalon is concerned mostly with olfaction.

The cerebellum is a single-lobed structure that is typically the biggest part of the brain. Hagfish and lampreys have relatively small cerebellae, while the mormyrid cerebellum is massive and apparently involved in their electrical sense. The brain stem or myelencephalon is the brain's posterior. As well as controlling some muscles and body organs, in bony fish at least, the brain stem governs respiration and osmoregulation.

It then enters the burrow and is believed to grab the prey. It is then thought that hagfish may suffocate its prey by producing an excess of slime. To extract the prey from the burrow E. cirrhatus ties itself into a knot which in turn increases the surface area of contact with the ocean floor and acts as leverage for pulling the prey out.

In a study done on the reproductive stages, there was no indication found that Eptatretus cirrhatus breeds cyclically or seasonably as females with large eggs present and postovulatory females were found throughout all seasons of the study. It was suggested that the first female spawning is thought to occur when the total length is between 412mm – 534mm, while Males are thought not to mature until they are about 585mm in length. Not much is yet understood about the gestation period of the Eptatretus cirrhatus but they did find a low reproductive rate occurring and therefore issues may arise from commercial fisheries, although they are currently at a 'least concern' IUCN It can take up to 2 or 3 years after maturing for hagfish to produce only 20–30 eggs. Embryo development is slow with early stages developing at only 7 months in some species of hagfish.

Both lampreys and hagfish possess a fully developed medulla oblongata. Since these are both very similar to early agnathans, it has been suggested that the medulla evolved in these early fish, approximately 505 million years ago.Haycock, Being and Perceiving The status of the medulla as part of the primordial reptilian brain is confirmed by its disproportionate size in modern reptiles such as the crocodile, alligator, and monitor lizard.

Mature females usually contain up to 42 eggs. The average is 4 eggs over 5 mm long. Mature black hagfish females often contain various sized groups of eggs—sometimes having three distinct size groups. Contained in a typical gonad might be: one group with eggs from 19 – 22 mm, another group with eggs ranging from 1 – 4 mm, and a third group of eggs less than 1mm long.

Comparatively anatomically simple animals will be able to go through the full development and leave the egg in a form reminiscent of the adult animal. This is the situation found in hagfish and some snails. Animals with smaller size eggs or more advanced anatomy will still have a distinct larval stage, though the larva will be basically similar to the adult animal, as in lampreys, coelacanth and the salamanders.

Following an unofficial poll by the NRK P1 broadcaster in 1982, the hagfish was voted the national fish of Norway with over 4 000 votes, beating the second place (Atlantic Cod) by a large margin, as that fish only got 2,552 votes. However, the vote was most likely rigged and the result was overturned by the jury.Friis, R. (1982): «Slimåler» raser mot NRK/torsken, VG, s. 33, 15.

Shortly after his finally leaving Hagfish in 1993 Mr. Lyon became involved in a class action suit against National Medical Enterprises (NME). NME is now known as Tenet Healthcare. The suit was led by Robert Andrews of the law firm Andrews and Clark located in Ft. Worth, Texas. Mr. Lyon authored an autobiographical op-ed piece for The New York Times that was published on October 13, 1993.

During the late Cambrian, eel-like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans. The earliest jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period.

They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissues similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells).

In cartilaginous fish there is also a shorter duct which drains the posterior (metanephric) parts of the kidney, and joins with the mesonephric duct at the bladder or cloaca. Indeed, in many cartilaginous fish, the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult. Hagfish and lamprey kidneys are unusually simple. They consist of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the mesonephric duct.

In the laboratory, periods of inactivity often alternate with periods of activity on a 24-h basis, or a near 24-h basis when the lighting conditions are constant. Circadian rhythms of activity have been documented in over 40 different fish species, including hagfish, lamprey, sharks, cyprinids, ictalurids, gymnotids, salmonids, and labrids.Reebs S.G. (2011) Circadian Rhythms in Fish. In: Farrell A.P., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology: From Genome to Environment, volume 1, pp. 736–743.

Goodwin also guest stars as the voice of a purple-haired mermaid in the episode "Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle". She lends her voice to a teenage mermaid who steals from others through Bikini Bottom's version of the Bermuda Triangle. In "The Curse of Hex", Saturday Night Lives Kristen Wiig guest stars as the voice of Madame Hagfish. Marion Ross voiced her recurring role as Grandma SquarePants, SpongeBob's grandmother, in "The Abrasive Side".

The archinephros is a primitive kidney that has been retained by the larvae of hagfish and some caecilians. It also occurs in the embryos of higher animals as the simplest kind of excretory organ. The archinephros is nonfunctional in humans and other mammals. The three types of mature vertebrate kidneys develop from the archinephros: the pronephros from the front section, the mesonephros from the mid-section and the metanephros from the rear section.

Carlson was born the son of Carl Jacobson and Hedvig Andersdotter in Svarteborg, in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. He came to the United States in 1891. He graduated from Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois (BA,1898)(MS, 1899). He received a doctorate in physiology at Stanford in 1902Dissertation: Contributions to the physiology of the nervous system of the snake and the California hagfish and began working at the University of Chicago in 1904.

Conodonts are small (≈3 cm), jawless, superficially eel-like animals and are early branching members of the clade Vertebrata. Conodont elements refer to the mineralized structures which are thought to be used in the consumption of foodstuff. These elements articulated together form the conodont feeding apparatus. This complex is uncommon as almost all recorded modern and fossil vertebrates (except hagfish and lampreys) utilize jaws to consume their food, which the conodont animal lacks.

The moment a predator grasps a hagfish it will project slime out of its pores, causing the predator to choke. The slime clogs the gills and therefore restricts the rate at which the predator can circulate water to breathe. For many years, it was believed that E. cirrhatus was a scavenger and opportunistic feeder. However, it was realised that the energy demands of the population were too large to be maintained by scavenging alone.

It has no true fins, but there is a dorsal fin-fold. The head, as in all agnathans, does not have jaws, and the sucker-like mouth is always open. Hagfish have loosely fitting, slimy skins, and are notorious for their slime-production capability. When disturbed, they ooze proteins from slime glands in the skin that respond to water by becoming a slimy outer coating, expanding into a huge mass of slime.

To regain the water, marine fishes drink large amounts of sea water while simultaneously expend energy to excrete salt through the Na+/K+-ATPase ionocytes (formerly known as mitochondrion-rich cells and chloride cells). Conversely, fresh water less osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids. Therefore, freshwater fishes must utilize their gill ionocytes to attain ions from their environment to maintain optimal blood osmolarity. Lampreys and hagfish do not have gill slits as such.

The pouches are lined by olfactory epithelium, and commonly include a series of internal folds to increase the surface area. In some teleosts, the pouches branch off into additional sinus-like cavities, while in coelacanths, they form a series of tubes. Unlike tetrapods, the nasal epithelium of fishes does not include any mucus-secreting cells, since it is already naturally moist. In the most primitive living vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, there is only one nostril and olfactory pouch.

In amphibians, lampreys, and hagfish, the cerebellum is little developed; in the latter two groups, it is barely distinguishable from the brain-stem. Although the spinocerebellum is present in these groups, the primary structures are small paired nuclei corresponding to the vestibulocerebellum. The cerebellum of cartilaginous and bony fishes is extraordinarily large and complex. In at least one important respect, it differs in internal structure from the mammalian cerebellum: The fish cerebellum does not contain discrete deep cerebellar nuclei.

Decomposition of jelly-falls is largely aided by these kinds of scavengers. In general, echinoderms, such as sea stars, have emerged as the primary consumer of jelly-falls, followed by crustaceans and fish. However, which scavengers find their way to jelly-falls is highly reliant on each ecosystem. For example, in an experiment in the Norwegian deep sea, hagfish were the first scavengers to find the traps of decaying jellies, followed by squat lobsters, and finally decapod shrimp.

The organ is active in adult forms of some primitive fish, like lampreys or hagfish. It is present at the embryo of more advanced fish and at the larval stage of amphibians where it plays an essential role in osmoregulation. In human beings, it is rudimentary, appears at the end of the third week (day 20) and replaced by mesonephros after 3.5 weeks. Despite this transient appearance in mammals, the pronephros is essential for the development of the adult kidneys.

Members of the genus Cladoselache were predatory sharks, and the well-preserved fossils found in the Cleveland Shale revealed a significant amount regarding their eating habits. Within the gut of most Cladoselache fossils were remnants of their stomach contents. These remains included mostly small ray-finned bony fishes, as well as shrimp-like arthropods and hagfish- like proto-vertebrates. Some of the fish remains were found tail first within the stomach, indicating that Cladoselache was a fast and agile hunter.

The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes, save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian. The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts, which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians. The colonisation of new niches resulted in diversification of body plans and sometimes an increase in size.

The sixgill sharks are a genus, Hexanchus, of deepwater sharks in the family Hexanchidae. These sharks are characterized by a broad, pointed head, six pairs of gill slits, comb-like, yellow lower teeth, and a long tail. The largest species can grow up to 8 m long and weigh over 600 kg (1320 lb). They are continental shelf-dwelling and abyssal plain scavengers with a keen sense of smell and are among the first to arrive at carrion, together with hagfish and rattails.

Another theory suggests that the eelpouts were waiting for their main prey, amphipods and other small benthic animals. The three rays found were at different stages of decomposition, leading to varying assemblages found surrounding the individuals. A higher abundance of scavengers was found surrounding the more intact individuals, including scavengers typical of whale falls like hagfish. Around the least intact individual a bacterial mat was observed in the zone of enrichment, but no clams or mussels typical of whale falls were seen.

The thymus is present in all jawed vertebrates, where it undergoes the same shrinkage with age and plays the same immunological function as in other vertebrates. Recently, a discrete thymus- like lympho-epithelial structure, termed the thymoid, was discovered in the gills of larval lampreys. Hagfish possess a protothymus associated with the pharyngeal velar muscles, which is responsible for a variety of immune responses. The thymus is also present in most other vertebrates with similar structure and function as the human thymus.

Acanthostega, a fish-like early labyrinthodont. The first jawed vertebrates may have appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian, often known as the "Age of Fishes". The two groups of bony fishes, the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii, evolved and became common. The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the Placodermi, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late Silurian.

For the deep-sea ecosystem, the death of a whale is the most important event. A dead whale can bring hundreds of tons of organic matter to the bottom. Whale fall community progresses through three stages:Shana Goffredi, Unusual benthic fauna associated with a whale fall in Monterey Canyon, California, Deep-Sea Research, 1295–1304, 2004 # Mobile scavenger stage: Big and mobile deep-sea animals arrive at the site almost immediately after whales fall on the bottom. Amphipods, crabs, sleeper sharks and hagfish are all scavengers.

The Offspring continued to tour over seven-month period from May to December 1997, which included U.S. tours with AFI/L7, Voodoo Glow Skulls/The Joykiller and Hagfish/One Hit Wonder/Good Riddance, as well as a Canadian tour with Doughboys, three Brazilian shows with Charlie Brown Jr., and four shows in Australia with The Living End. Social Distortion also supported The Offspring on selected dates. The Ixnay on the Hombre tour ended on December 18, 1997 in Osaka, Japan, with AFI supporting them.

Koi carp have two pairs of barbels, the second pair being quite small. This Asian arowana has large, protruding barbels In fish anatomy and turtle anatomy, a barbel is a slender, whiskerlike sensory organ near the mouth. Fish that have barbels include the catfish, the carp, the goatfish, the hagfish, the sturgeon, the zebrafish, the black dragonfish and some species of shark such as the sawshark. Barbels house the taste buds of such fish and are used to search for food in murky water.

Although some of the items comprising the trash are household products, the vast majority by weight are fishing related such as nets, rope, cones used to trap hagfish, spacers used in oyster farming, buoys, crates, and baskets. Much of the debris is made from plastic pellets, either pre- production nurdles or pellets created from larger plastic items breaking down into smaller pieces. In 2020, Hawaii's Department of Health listed the beach as impaired based on plastic pollution, which is the first time that any Hawaiian waters.

Their large eyes had a lateral position, which makes a predatory role unlikely. The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts (Promissum at least) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed. In 2012 researchers classified the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and notochord. Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys, though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups.

In frogs, there are two muscles, one above and one below the lens, while other amphibians have only the lower muscle. In the most primitive vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, the lens is not attached to the outer surface of the eyeball at all. There is no aqueous humor in these fish, and the vitreous body simply presses the lens against the surface of the cornea. To focus its eyes, a lamprey flattens the cornea using muscles outside of the eye and pushes the lens backwards.

The "tentacles" on its head may be comparable to those in the present-day hagfish, a jawless chordate. Although primitive, Pikaia shows the essential prerequisites for vertebrates. When alive, Pikaia was a compressed, leaf-shaped animal with an expanded tail fin; the flattened body is divided into pairs of segmented muscle blocks, seen as faint vertical lines. The muscles lie on either side of a flexible structure resembling a rod that runs from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail.

Grossology spawned several sequels, most notably Animal Grossology () and Grossology Begins at Home (), both written and illustrated by Branzei and Keely. Animal Grossology, published in 1996, is an exploration of various organisms that either produce or consume unappealing substances. It is divided into four sections: “Vomit Munchers” (flies, starfish, etc.); “Blood Slurpers” (leeches, ticks, etc.); “Slime Makers” (hagfish, slime mold, sea cucumbers, etc.); and “Dookie Lovers” (tapeworms, dung beetles, etc.). Grossology Begins at Home, published in 1997, focuses on the hidden germs and unseen pests that thrive in a typical house.

The first representative organism of the group to be described was Branchiostoma lanceolatum. It was described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1774 as molluscan slugs in the genus Limax. It was not until 1834 that Gabriel Costa brought the phylogenetic position of the group closer to the agnathan vertebrates (hagfish and lampreys), including it in the new genus Branchiostoma (from the Greek, branchio = "gills", stoma = "mouth"). In 1836, Yarrel renamed the genus as Amphioxus (from the Greek: "pointed on both sides"), now considered an obsolete synonym of the genus Branchiostoma.

For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature.) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells).

Banning Lyon co- founded the punk rock band Hagfish with Doni and Zach Blair in 1991. Lyon drummed for the band for approximately two years, opening for bands such as ALL, Swervedriver, and Poster Children. He finally left the band after several break ups when tensions between members and line up changes left his relationship with the Blair brothers difficult. Lyon went on to reunite with Jarrod King (guitar) and Jef King (vocals), with Damon Earnheart on bass, to form the skate punk band Cleaners, based in the Dallas/Ft.

In amphibians, it is little developed, and in lampreys, and hagfish, the cerebellum is barely distinguishable from the brain-stem. Although the spinocerebellum is present in these groups, the primary structures are small, paired-nuclei corresponding to the vestibulocerebellum. The cerebellum is a bit larger in reptiles, considerably larger in birds, and larger yet in mammals. The large paired and convoluted lobes found in humans are typical of mammals, but the cerebellum is, in general, a single median lobe in other groups, and is either smooth or only slightly grooved.

When Māui heard of this act he went and attacked Te Tunaroa cutting his body into bits, the tail landed in the sea and became the conger eel, whereas the other end landed in the swamps as the fresh water eels. Smaller pieces became lamprey and hagfish. A number of stories are told about Hina as the elder sister of Māui. Some say that it was Hina who taught Māui to plait the ropes needed to capture the sun, using a strand of her own sacred hair to give the ropes supernatural strength.

For example, erythrocytes, macrophages and plasma cells are produced in the anterior kidney (or pronephros) and some areas of the gut (where granulocytes mature.) They resemble primitive bone marrow in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) have a more advanced immune system. They have three specialized organs that are unique to Chondrichthyes; the epigonal organs (lymphoid tissue similar to mammalian bone) that surround the gonads, the Leydig's organ within the walls of their esophagus, and a spiral valve in their intestine. These organs house typical immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes and plasma cells).

Upon death, whale carcasses fall to the deep ocean and provide a substantial habitat for marine life. Evidence of whale falls in present-day and fossil records shows that deep-sea whale falls support a rich assemblage of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other neritic biodiversity hotspots, such as cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. Deterioration of whale carcasses happens through three stages. Initially, organisms such as sharks and hagfish scavenge the soft tissues at a rapid rate over a period of months and as long as two years.

Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive system normally found in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body. In fish, there is no true large intestine, but simply a short rectum connecting the end of the digestive part of the gut to the cloaca.

In some species, including fish and birds, the optic tectum, also known as the optic lobe, is one of the largest components of the brain. In hagfish, lamprey, and shark it is a relatively small structure, but in teleost fish it is greatly expanded, in some cases becoming the largest structure in the brain. In amphibians, reptiles, and especially birds it is also a very significant component. In snakes that can detect infrared radiation, such as pythons and pit vipers, the initial neural input is through the trigeminal nerve instead of the optic tract.

New York City Two laterally placed eyes form around outgrows from the midbrain, except in hagfish, though this may be a secondary loss.Hyperotreti - Hagfishes The forebrain is well developed and subdivided in most tetrapods, while the midbrain dominates in many fish and some salamanders. Vesicles of the forebrain are usually paired, giving rise to hemispheres like the cerebral hemispheres in mammals. The resulting anatomy of the central nervous system, with a single, hollow ventral nerve cord topped by a series of (often paired) vesicles is unique to vertebrates.

Evidence for this includes the isometric growth pattern exhibited by S, M, and P elements. If the conodont animal relied upon a filter feeding strategy then this growth pattern would not provide the necessary surface area needed to support ciliated tissue as the animal grew. In more recent findings, researchers have also identified cartilaginous structures similar to those present in modern hagfish and lampreys which are predatory/scavengers. It is possible that multiple feeding strategies may have arisen in different groups of conodonts as they are a diverse clade.

Unable to cope with his brother's disappearance, Connely ventures to South Carolina to see the creature for himself. Connelly meets Daughtery upon arrival after they are both taken into custody due to asking too many questions. When the fish in Miles' tank disappear and the tank breaks, Miles discovers that something has hatched from the egg; he attempts to conceal it but it escapes and causes havoc at his sister's pool party. Daughtery and Connelly sneak onto the beach and bring back a hagfish that had been feeding on the carcass.

The other was collected alive during a trawl at 132-140m in the Canterbury Bight (East coast of South Island). The larger specimen was 867 mm TL but maximum size is unknown. One specimen was a female with small eggs similar to those of other hagfish species..Zintzen, V., Roberts, C.D., Shepherd, L., Stewart, A.L., Struthers, C.D., Anderson, M.J., McVeagh, M., Noren, M. & Fernholm, B. (2015): Review and phylogeny of the New Zealand hagfishes (Myxiniformes: Myxinidae), with a description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (2): 363–393.

The more accepted hypothesis is that the conodont elements were used for predation. It is predicted that the S and M elements open allowing the prey to be captured in the oral cavity of the animal. The cusps of these elements aid in food intake by firmly gripping the prey while the blade-like P elements slice like a pair of scissors. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of lingual cartilage found in conodonts that resembles those found in extant cyclostomes (Hagfish and Lamprey) which are also predators.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fish: Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water.

Indeed, in many cartilaginous fish, the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult. In the most primitive vertebrates, the hagfish and lampreys, the kidney is unusually simple: it consists of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the archinephric duct. Invertebrates may possess excretory organs that are sometimes referred to as "kidneys", but, even in Amphioxus, these are never homologous with the kidneys of vertebrates, and are more accurately referred to by other names, such as nephridia. In amphibians, kidneys and the urinary bladder harbour specialized parasites, monogeneans of the family Polystomatidae.

" Citing "The Monster Who Came to Bikini Bottom", he said "What is also notable here is the episode's ending, which features a brilliant call-back to an earlier seen flashback (more shades of Lost) that ties up the threads of the episode as well as any Larry David penned half-hour. This first short is SpongeBob at its best." Robbins called "The Main Drain" as "Not a good episode." and "Sponge- Cano!" as "A strong segment." In reviewing "The Curse of the Hex", Robbins said "Unfortunately, this lousy episode ends the disc on a sour note as a hagfish curses The Krusty Krab.

The band parted ways with Jason Weisenberg, and after some dormancy enlisted long-time friend Zach Blair (Rise Against, Hagfish) on guitar. After some time with Blair on guitar, the band changed directions once again when Jannotta returned to his first love as the guitar-player, and the band enlisted long-time friend and recording engineer Darian Stribling as the bass-player. AOJ released its second album, "Muscle," in 2004 on Suburban Home Records. Combining themes of aging with a car-song concept, the record did not resonate enough to build on the foundation that "Part 3" had laid.

Whale falls were first observed in the late 1970s with the development of deep-sea robotic exploration. Since then, several natural and experimental whale falls have been monitored through the use of observations from submersibles and remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) in order to understand patterns of ecological succession on the deep seafloor. Deep sea whale falls are thought to be hotspots of adaptive radiation for specialized fauna. Organisms that have been observed at deep-sea whale fall sites include giant isopods, squat lobsters, bristleworms, prawns, shrimp, lobsters, hagfish, Osedax, crabs, sea cucumbers, and sleeper sharks.

In recent studies it has been suggested that the eyes of the platypus are more similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of most tetrapods. The eyes also contain double cones, which most mammals do not have. Although the platypus's eyes are small and not used under water, several features indicate that vision played an important role in its ancestors. The corneal surface and the adjacent surface of the lens is flat while the posterior surface of the lens is steeply curved, similar to the eyes of other aquatic mammals such as otters and sea-lions.

Primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish, have an adaptive immune system that shows 3 different cell lineages, each sharing a common origin with B cells, αβ T cells, and innate-like γΔ T cells. Instead of the classical antibodies and T cell receptors, these animals possess a large array of molecules called variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs for short) that, like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates, are produced from only a small number (one or two) of genes. These molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies, and with the same degree of specificity.

Upon death, whale carcasses fall to the deep ocean and provide a substantial habitat for marine life. Evidence of whale falls in present-day and fossil records shows that deep sea whale falls support a rich assemblage of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other neritic biodiversity hotspots, such as cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. Deterioration of whale carcasses happens though a series of three stages. Initially, moving organisms such as sharks and hagfish, scavenge the soft tissues at a rapid rate over a period of months, and as long as two years.

MAGNI publication no. 008 The giant squid has been recorded on five occasions The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is often seen off the west coast of Ireland The Porcupine Abyssal Plain which has an average depth of 4,774 m is on the continental margin southwest of Ireland. It is the habitat for many deep sea fish and was first investigated in the summers of 1868 and 1869 by Charles Wyville Thomsons H.M.S. Porcupine expedition. Other notable fish include the basking shark, ocean sunfish, conger eel, hagfish, boarfish (Capros aper), large-eyed rabbitfish, lumpsucker, cuckoo wrasse, and the thresher shark.

It has traditionally been believed that sharks are repelled by the smell of a dead shark;Researchers tout shark repellent, 2004 Associated Press, "Fisherman and scientists have long noted sharks stay away if they smell a dead shark." however, modern research has had mixed results. The Pardachirus marmoratus fish (finless sole, Red Sea Moses sole) repels sharks through its secretions. The best-understood factor is pardaxin, acting as an irritant to the sharks' gills, but other chemicals have been identified as contributing to the repellent effect. In 2017, the US Navy announced that it was developing a synthetic analog of hagfish slime with potential application as a shark repellent.

The evolution of multicellularity brought about various challenges, many of which could be met by increasingly sophisticated innate immune systems, but which also served as an evolutionary driving force for the development of adaptive immune systems. The adaptive or "specific" immune system in its fully qualified form (i.e. based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T-cell receptors (TCR), and antibodies) exists only in jawed vertebrates, but an independently evolved adaptive immune system has been identified in hagfish and lampreys (non-jawed vertebrates). Multicellularity has arisen independently dozens of times in the history of life, in plants, animals, fungi, and prokaryotes, appearing first several billion years ago in cyanobacteria.

Evidence of whale falls in present-day and fossil records shows that deep sea whale falls support a rich assemblage of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other neritic biodiversity hotspots, such as cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. Deterioration of whale carcasses happens though a series of three stages. Initially, moving organisms, such as sharks and hagfish, scavenge soft tissue at a rapid rate over a period of months to as long as two years. This is followed by the colonization of bones and surrounding sediments (which contain organic matter) by enrichment opportunists, such as crustaceans and polychaetes, throughout a period of years.

Discards from Nephrops fishery may account for up to 37% of the energy requirements of certain marine scavengers, such as the hagfish Myxine glutinosa. Boats involved in Nephrops fishery also catch a number of fish species such as plaice and sole, and it is thought that without that revenue, Nephrops fishery would be economically unviable. The European lobster, Homarus gammarus is found across the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the Azores and Morocco. Homarus gammarus is mostly fished using lobster pots, although lines baited with octopus or cuttlefish sometimes succeed in tempting them out, to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand.

Northern elephant seals eat a variety of prey, including mesopelagic fish such as myctophids, deep-water squid, Pacific hake, pelagic crustaceans, relatively small sharks, rays, and ratfish. Octopoteuthis deletron squid are a common prey item, one study found this species in the stomachs of 58% of individuals sampled off the coast of California. A female northern elephant seal was documented in 2013 by a deep sea camera at a depth of , where it consumed a Pacific hagfish, slurping it up from the ocean floor. The event was reported by a Ukrainian boy named Kirill Dudko, who further reported the find to scientists in Canada.

There are also a number of fish with elongated bodies that have no or reduced appendage-like fins, for example eels and swamp eels. While hagfish and lamprey also do not have appendage-like fins, they may not have lost them, but simply retained the form that vertebrates had before they evolved limbs. There are no known limbless species of mammal or bird, although partial limb-loss and reduction has occurred in several groups, including whales and dolphins, sirenians, kiwis, and the extinct moa and elephant birds. The moa in particular are notable for having completely lost their wings, without even vestigial wings remaining outside their bodies.

Video observations suggest that animal densities are higher at the shallower sites compared with the deeper sites, although most species are present at all sites. A number of fish including sablefish, thornyheads, rockfish, flatfish, sharks, skates, hagfish and eelpouts have been observed throughout Barkley Canyon. The area is rich with invertebrates as well including molluscs (bivalves, octopus, snails), echinoderms (sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and urchins) as well as arthropods (crabs and shrimp). Cnidarians are seen both on the seafloor (anemones, sea pens, and corals) as well as floating in the water column (jellyfish) along with other organisms such as salps, ctenophores, and tunicates.

Predominantly piscivorous, this species is known to prey upon hagfish and at least 50 species of bony fishes, including fast-swimming types that inhabit open water; significant prey species include the mackerel Scomber japonicus, the sardine Sardinops melanostictus, the filefish Thamnaconus modestus, and the hakeling Physiculus japonicus. Unusually for such a small shark, it also feeds on at least 10 species of cartilaginous fishes, including lantern sharks, catsharks (particularly the cloudy catshark, Scyliorhinus torazame, and its eggs), the electric ray Narke japonica, and skates (including their eggs). It also cannibalizes smaller members of its own species. Cephalopods, mostly the squid Doryteuthis bleekeri and the cuttlefish Sepia spp.

He also served as the chairman of the Neurobiology Unit of Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA. One reason for his move to UCSD was that he hoped to bridge the gap between Marine Biology and medicine. Bullock published a vast array of papers. Other than the species previously mentioned, he also studied the nervous systems of corals, sea urchins, spirunculids, Limulus, Aplysia, starfish, rattlesnakes, rays, sharks, porpoises, sea lions, cuttlefish, catfish, sloths, manatees, salamanders, frogs, turtles, hagfish, crayfish, tuna, ratfish, bats, crabs, octopodes, snakes, rats and humans. In 1965 together with Adrian Horridge, Bullock published the seminal two-volume “bible of invertebrate neurobiology”: Structure and Function in the Nervous System of Invertebrates.

Jon Snodgrass was born and raised in St. Joseph, Missouri, and later settled in Fort Collins, Colorado, before forming Armchair Martian in the early 1990s. In 1996, he started recording songs with ALL singer Chad Price under the name Drag the River. Since then, he has continued putting out music with both bands, as a solo artist, and as a member of Scorpios. Snodgrass has collaborated with Chad Rex, Hagfish, Descendents, Stephen Egerton, Joey Cape, Lagwagon, Bad Astronaut, Cory Branan, Frank Turner, Chuck Ragan (Revival Tour and Hot Water Music), Tim McIlirath (Rise Against), Chris Wollard (Hot Water Music and Ship Thieves), Vinnie Fiorello (Less Than Jake), Scott Reynolds (ALL), Mike Herrera (MxPx), Arliss Nancy, and Jimmy Islip.

Their skin contains a similar toxin that renders sea hares largely inedible to many predators. In addition to the colored ink, sea hares can secrete a clear slime akin to that released defensively by hagfish which physically plugs the olfactory receptors of predators like lobsters. Some sea hares can employ jet propulsion as a locomotion and others move like a stingray but with greater fluttering fluidity in their jelly-like "wings". In the moving marine environment and without the sophisticated cognitive machinery of the cephalopods, their motion appears to be somewhat erratic, but they do reach their goals, such as the seabed, according to the wave-action, currents, or calmness of their area.

It has five constant domains (CH) per chain instead of the usual three, several disulfide bonds in unusual positions, and the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) forms an extended loop covering the site which binds to a light chain in other antibodies. These differences, in combination with the phylogenetic age of the cartilaginous fishes, have led to the hypothesis that IgNAR could be more closely related to a primordial antigen-binding protein than the mammalian immunoglobulins. To test this hypothesis, it would be necessary to discover IgNAR or similar antibodies in vertebrates that are phylogenetically still older, like the jawless fish lamprey and hagfish. Non-vertebrates do not have antibodies at all.

Instead, the gametes are released into the coelom until they find their way to the posterior end of the caudal region, whereby they find an opening in the digestive system. Development of the hagfish embryo is retarded in comparison to other jawless vertebrates, taking as long as 11 months before hatching. Thus, information on their embryology has been obscured until recently, when husbandry advances have enabled considerable advances to the understanding of the group's evolutionary development. Their development has provided new insights into the evolution of neural crest cells, solidifying the consensus that these cells are a shared trait by all vertebrates and that are regulated by a common subset of genes.

A replica of a coral reef displaying such fish as parrotfish, angelfish, grunts, porcupinefish, and triggerfish comes next; followed by a coral reef tunnel exhibiting several types of fish species found in the South Pacific. The next exhibit is a series of small tanks exhibiting "oddities" such as clownfish, seahorses, pipefish, jellyfish, hagfish, cuttlefish, and nautilus. On occasion, there will also be a touch pool tank open that contains stingrays and bamboo shark pups. The final exhibit, a saltwater tank with a viewing window, displays six shark species (sandtiger sharks, sandbar sharks, blacktip sharks, nurse sharks, zebra sharks and tasselled wobbegongs), tarpon, barracudas, stingrays, large schooling fish, moray eels and three species of sea turtles (loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, and hawksbill).

If strictly counting fish species of the Antarctic continental shelf and upper slope, there are more than 220 species and notothenioids dominate, both in number of species (more than 100) and biomass (more than 90%). Southern Ocean snailfish and eelpouts are generally found in deep waters, while the icefish also are common in shallower waters. In addition to the relatively species- rich families, the region is home to a few species from other families: hagfish (Myxinidae), lamprey (Petromyzontidae), skates (Rajidae), pearlfish (Carapidae), morid cods (Moridae), eel cods (Muraenolepididae), gadid cods (Gadidae), horsefish (Congiopodidae), Antarctic sculpins (Bathylutichthyidae), triplefins (Tripterygiidae) and southern flounders (Achiropsettidae). Among fish found south of the Antarctic Convergence, almost 90% of the species are endemic to the region.

The ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which the light hit certain cells to identify the source. The pit deepened over time, the opening diminished in size, and the number of photoreceptor cells increased, forming an effective pinhole camera that was capable of dimly distinguishing shapes. However, the ancestors of modern hagfish, thought to be the protovertebrate, were evidently pushed to very deep, dark waters, where they were less vulnerable to sighted predators, and where it is advantageous to have a convex eye-spot, which gathers more light than a flat or concave one. This would have led to a somewhat different evolutionary trajectory for the vertebrate eye than for other animal eyes.

Life reconstruction showing T. gregarium as an invertebrate A 2017 study rejected the above conclusions. Firstly, it was noted that even the presence of the two melanosome types is variable among vertebrates; hagfish lack them altogether, and extant sharks as well as extinct forms found in the Mazon Creek area, such as Bandringa, only have spheroid melanosomes. Additionally, the supposed notochord extends in front of the level of the eyes, which is not the case in any other vertebrate; even if it was a notochord, the presence of notochords is not limited to vertebrates either. Further criticism was drawn towards the identification of the blocks of the body variously as gill pouches and muscle blocks (myomeres), despite the lack of differentiation in the structure of these blocks.

In 2016, he and Gregory Funston described Apatoraptor pennatus, a novel caenagnathid taxon from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta. In 2017, Currie helped describe Aepyornithomimus tugrikinensis, the first species of ornithomimosaur found in the Djadokhta Formation of Mongolia , Halszkaraptor escuilliei, a halszkaraptorine dromaeosaurid, and Latenivenatrix mcmasterae, the largest known troodontid. In 2019, Currie coauthored a study describing the fossil hagfish Tethymyxine tapirostrum found in the Hâdjula Lagerstätte, a fossil site of Cenomanian age in Lebanon, as well as one which described Mimodactylus libanensis, a pterosaur from that same locality. In 2020, Currie, together with longtime collaborator Rodolfo Coria, was part of a team of researchers that published a description of Lajasvenator ascheriae, the oldest known carcharodontosaurid from the Cretaceous period.

A hagfish generally respires by taking in water through its pharynx, past the velar chamber, and bringing the water through the internal gill pouches, which can vary in number from five to 16 pairs, depending on species. The gill pouches open individually, but in Myxine, the openings have coalesced, with canals running backwards from each opening under the skin, uniting to form a common aperture on the ventral side known as the branchial opening. The esophagus is also connected to the left branchial opening, which is therefore larger than the right one, through a pharyngocutaneous duct (esophageocutaneous duct), which has no respiratory tissue. This pharyngocutaneous duct is used to clear large particles from the pharynx, a function also partly taking place through the nasopharyngeal canal.

In other species, the coalescence of the gill openings is less complete, and in Bdellostoma, each pouch opens separately to the outside like in lampreys. The unidirectional water flow passing the gills is produced by rolling and unrolling velar folds located inside a chamber developed from the nasohypophyseal tract, and is operated by a complex set of muscles inserting into cartilages of the neurocranium, assisted by peristaltic contractions of the gill pouches and their ducts. Hagfish also have a well- developed dermal capillary network that supplies the skin with oxygen when the animal is buried in anoxic mud, as well as a high tolerance for both hypoxia and anoxia, with a well developed anaerobic metabolism. The skin has also been suggested to be capable of cutaneous respiration.

Chromatin diminution is a process of partial elimination of chromatin genetic material from genome of prospective somatic cells. This process was found to occur during the early developmental stage in three groups: nematodes, copepods, and hagfish One of the first studies regarding somatic genome processing was observed by Boveri large-scale chromatin elimination in parasitic nematode Parascaris univalens. During chromatin diminution, somatic chromosomes becomes fragmented with new telomeres added in many different places and devoid of heterochromatin so it differs from germline cell in respect of structure and genetic content. Germline cells of P. univalens contain only two chromosomes, but in early embryogenesis central euchromatic regions of the chromosomes fragment into diploid somatic set of 2×29 autosomes and 2×6 X chromosomes in females or 2×29 autosomes and 6 X chromosomes in males, which segregate to the two daughter nuclei.

Starting in late 1996 thru late 1997, Mess played its first out of town concert opening for the band Fastball and performed multiple U.S. tours between January and September 1997, including opening slots for major label bands NY Loose, the Reverend Horton Heat, Keanu Reeves' group Dogstar, Radish, Funland, Hagfish, Tripping Daisy, Fluffy, 22 Jacks, the Queers, Swingin Utters, Agent Orange, At the Drive-in, Showcase Showdown, Furious George and the U.S. Bombs. Mess also performed at the Texas State Mental Hospital in Terrell, Texas to a crowd of around 100 patients, eclipsing the Cramps who had previously been the only rock and roll band known to have performed in a mental hospital. although no video was allowed, a photo of the band sitting on the entrance sign was featured on a split vinyl EP they shared with 22 Jacks. The band also recorded a live concert at the famed CBGB rock venue in New York City, although this would only be released later under the Darlington name.

While most famous for his extensive musical career but has worked in other fields between touring and recording. In the 90's he was an intern for Harpers Bazaar fashion magazine in New York, and worked for several fashion retail companies including Old navy, Gap, Contempo Casuals, Claire's, Urban Outfitters, Abercrombie and fitch, Pacific Sunwear, Steve Madden and Hot topic. In 2009, Darlington maintained a blog he titled Sunglasses&Sugar; in which he conducted interviews with many famous and semi- famous people from various walks of life which included Mark Pirro of Tripping Daisy and the Polyphonic Spree, Cliffy Huntington of the Huntingtons, Joe Queer of the Queers, Zach Blair of Rise Against and Hagfish band, Phanie Diaz of Girl in a coma, Tish Ciravolo of Daisy Rock Guitars, Boz Boorer of Morrissey's band, singer Alice Bag, Brendan B. Brown of Wheatus, singer Brijitte West of the band NY Loose, Darley Newman, host of Equitrekking, and Julie Schablitsky of Time Team America. In late 2009, the blog was discontinued and deleted, but the interviews were all archived online by Times Beach magazine.