140 Sentences With "guanxi" | Random Sentence Generator

Without guanxi, it all boils down to money, of course.

When a friend with guanxi with the person asked for me, doors opened.

If it's fair to say many large and small businesses in Mainland China run on guanxi —best translated as "relationships"—then temples like the one in Guangzhou, which are often unlicensed, would likely shut down should guanxi sour with the government.

Use that formidable guanxi to create a strong and balanced Sino-American economic relationship.

The previous principal liked to boast about the guanxi he had via those parents.

He got some "guanxi" [connections] going and gave the person in charge of rehabilitations two chickens.

I had a second chance at building guanxi, one that I also let pass me by.

"Intentionally or not," Schweizer writes, "Hunter Biden was showing the Chinese that he had guanxi "—connections.

One, Mr. Trump might wish to use some guanxi - fancy a weekend at Mar-a-Lago, Palm Beach?

In China and Korea, business culture is guided by social relationships, a concept known in China as guanxi.

Get personal Personalities count, especially in China where connections or guanxi are viewed as key to getting anything done.

Such elections were susceptible to the influence of guanxi, or personal networks, which often led to cronyism, it said.

It was a kind and grand gesture of hospitality, a testament of the power of guanxi (connection) in China.

Why do we need to be rich or have guanxi merely to enjoy access to very basic public services?

Tourists aren't likely to run into guanxi too much, but those traveling for business need to understand the concept.

They argue that pandas form a key part of guanxi–reciprocal relationships that can establish deeper and more trusting bonds between countries.

It is this relationship of trust that is behind China's emphasis on guanxi, or personal relationships, often misunderstood by outsiders as fostering corruption.

He's there to build guanxi— relationships with influential people — and perhaps talk to high-level government officials about reinstating Apple's online book and movie stores.

Corruption has been widespread in China, and can be linked to the concept of 'guanxi,' that considers close relationships to be crucial for accomplishing business.

It was a practice that became common over the past two decades as banks scrambled to build "guanxi" – connections, or mutual obligations - with important Chinese officials.

Like guanxi, face is hard to translate, but it basically means your reputation in relation to your community, as determined by dignity, prestige, and social status.

Doing business in China often relies on the Confucian concept of guanxi, which doesn't directly translate into English, but loosely refers to a person's network of relationships.

You could still make an appointment, but only if you knew somebody on the inside — only if you had enough "guanxi," the network of connections and relationships that make China function.

While there are many ways to explain guanxi, the easiest (and most simplified) is that it's the web of relationships you build up among family, friends, and business acquaintances through reciprocal favors.

Outsiders often point to the classic textbook "why-foreign-Internet-companies-fail-in-China" excuses like lack of localization (culture/language barrier), lack of connections/guanxi, government protection, and lack of IP law enforcement.

But face-to-face meetings are crucial in Chinese business culture, where personal bonds and political connections, collectively known as guanxi, are relied upon to avoid and resolve business disputes, sometimes more than the legal system.

The investigation into JPMorgan's hiring practices has brought to the fore an enduring issue for foreign banks competing for deals in China, where people's "guanxi," or social connections, sometimes count for more than their business experience.

"China attaches great importance to guanxi (personal relationships) and it's especially important, given you have a top-down approach to leadership in China, to see Xi get on so well with a foreign leader," said Wang Huiyao, head of the Center for China and Globalization, a think tank.

VANCOUVER, British Columbia — In the tightly knit world of Vancouver's wealthy Chinese immigrants, Paul Se Hui Oei stood out for his ties to some of Canada's most powerful politicians and his mastery of cultivating guanxi, or personal relationships, that attracted legions of Chinese clients eager for his assistance in gaining a legal foothold in Canada.

Guanxi is a neutral word, but the use or practice of guanxi can range from 'benign, neutral, to questionable and corruptive'. In mainland China, terms like guanxi practice or la guanxi are used to refer to bribery and corruption. Guanxi practice is commonly employed by favour seekers to seek corrupt benefits from power-holders. Guanxi offers an efficient information transmission channel to help guanxi members to identify potential and trustworthy partners; it also offers safe and secret platform for illegal transactions.

In turn, guanxixue distinguishes unethical usage of guanxi from the term guanxi itself.Douglas Guthrie. 1998. The Declining Significance of Guanxi in China's Economic Transition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Guanxi Bus Station is served by Hsinchu Bus. The township is connected to National freeway 3 via the Guanxi Interchange.

In recent years, the ethical consequences of guanxi have been brought into question. While guanxi can bring benefits to people directly within the guanxi network, it also has the potential to bring harm to individuals, societies and nations when misused or abused. For example, mutual reciprocal obligation is a major component of guanxi. However, the specific date, time and method are often unspecified.

Steve Lovett, Lee C. Simmons and Raja Kali. "Guanxi versus the Market: Ethics and Efficiency." Journal of International Business Studies 30.2 (1999): 231–247. Print. The term guanxixue (, the 'art' or 'knowledge' of guanxi) is also used to specifically refer to the manipulation and corruption brought about by a selfish and sometimes illegal utilization of guanxi.

Guanxi () defines the fundamental dynamic in personalized social networks of power, and is a crucial system of beliefs in Chinese culture. In Western media, the pinyin romanization of this Chinese word is becoming more widely used instead of the two common translations of it—"connections" and "relationships"—as neither of those terms sufficiently reflects the wide cultural implications that guanxi describes. Guanxi plays a fundamental role within the Confucian doctrine, which sees the individual as part of a community and a set of family, hierarchical and friendly relationships. In particular, there is a focus on tacit mutual commitments, reciprocity, and trust, which are the grounds of guanxi and guanxi networks.

Guanxi Township Office Guanxi Township or Guansi Township () is an urban township in Hsinchu County, Taiwan. The population of the township consists mainly of the Hakkas with a minority of the indigenous Atayal people.

Although many Chinese lament the strong importance of guanxi in their culture because of the unethical use that arises through it, they still consider guanxi as a Chinese element that should not be denied.

Ultimately, the relationships formed by guanxi are personal and not transferable.

The Battle of Tong Pass, also known as the Battle of Weinan, was fought between the warlord Cao Cao and a coalition of forces from Guanxi (west of Tong Pass) between April and November 211 in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. The battle was initiated by Cao Cao's western expansion, which triggered uprisings in Guanxi. Cao Cao scored a decisive victory over the Guanxi coalition and established a hold of the Guanzhong region.

Guanxi is not based upon the actual credibility of the worker or the specific work he or she does, but is actually based on the fundamental of deriving connections. This world of guanxi is based upon social networking with other businessmen rather than having a more efficient and diligent work ethic. Guanxi is an extremely powerful sentiment when it comes to connections and ranking up in a company or simply establishing yourself in the business world.International, US-Pacific Rim.

Cross-cultural differences in its usage also distinguish Western relationship marketing from Chinese guanxi. Unlike Western relationship marketing, where networking plays a more surface-level impersonal role in shaping larger business relations, guanxi plays a much more central and personal role in shaping social business relations. Chinese culture borrows much of its practices from Confucianism, which emphasises collectivism and long-term personal relations. Likewise, guanxi functions within Chinese culture and directly reflects the values and behaviours expressed in Chinese business relations.

It is customary for Chinese people to cultivate an intricate web of guanxi relationships, which may expand in a huge number of directions, and includes lifelong relationships. Staying in contact with members of your network is not necessary to bind reciprocal obligations. Reciprocal favors are the key factor to maintaining one’s guanxi web, while failure to reciprocate is considered an unforgivable offense (that is, the more one asks of someone, the more one owes them). Guanxi can perpetuate a never-ending cycle of favors.

In places in China where institutions, like the structuring of local governments and government policies, may make business interactions less efficient to facilitate, guanxi can serve as a way for businesses to circumvent such institutions by having their members cultivate their interpersonal ties. Thus, guanxi is important in two domains: social ties with managers of suppliers, buyers, competitors, and other business intermediaries; and social ties with government officials at various national government-regulated agencies. Given its extensive influential power in the shaping of business operations, many see guanxi as a crucial source of social capital and strategic tool for business success. Thanks to a good knowledge of guanxi, companies obtain secret information, increase their knowledge about precise government regulations, and receive privileged access to stocks and resources.

The term is not generally used to describe interpersonal relationships within a family, although guanxi obligations can sometimes be described in terms of an extended family. Essentially, familial relations are the core of one’s interpersonal relations, while the various non-familial interpersonal relations are modifications or extensions of the familial relations. Chinese culture's emphasis on familial relations informs guanxi as well, making it such that both familial relations and non-familial interpersonal relations are grounded by similar behavioral norms.Hsuing, Bingyuan. “Guanxi: Personal connections in Chinese society.” Journal of Bioeconomics 15.1 (2013): 17–40. Print.

Knowing this, some economists have warned that Western countries and others that trade regularly with China should improve their "cultural competency" in regards to practices such as guanxi. In doing so, such countries can avoid financial fallout caused by a lack of awareness regarding the way practices like guanxi operate. The nature of guanxi, however, can also form the basis of patron–client relations. As a result, it creates challenges for businesses whose members are obligated to repay favors to members of other businesses when they cannot sufficiently do so.

Hsinchu County is home to the gas-fired Hsintao Power Plant with a capacity of 600 MW located in Guanxi Township.

Luo, Yadong, Ying Huang, and Stephanie Lu Wang. "Guanxi and Organisational Performance: A Meta- Analysis." Management and Organization Review 8.1 (2011): 139–72. Print. Guanxi also has a major influence on the management of businesses based in Mainland China, and businesses owned by Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia (the latter is known as the bamboo network).

Thus, guanxi can be ethically questionable when one party takes advantage of others' personal favors, without seeking to reciprocate.Dennis B. Hwang, Patricia L. Golemon, Yan Chen, Teng-Shih Wang and Wen-Shai Hung. "Guanxi and Business Ethics in Confucian Society Today: An Empirical Case Study in Taiwan." Journal of Business Ethics 89.2 (2009): 235–250. Print.

Wikstroemia micrantha is a shrub in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is native to China, specifically Gansu, Guangdong, Guanxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan.

P.B. Potter suggests that personal, client and familial relationships (often called guanxi) override the concept of legal equality and justice in civil and economic relationships. His conclusion is that basic regime tenets of legality are not being assimilated. Guanxi contacts are exploited in order to surmount institutional barriers. The influence of these extra-legal norms harm the impartiality of administrative bodies as well as the judicial system.

At its most basic, guanxi describes a personal connection between two people in which one is able to prevail upon another to perform a favor or service, or be prevailed upon, that is, one's standing with another. The two people need not be of equal social status. Guanxi can also be used to describe a network of contacts, which an individual can call upon when something needs to be done, and through which he or she can exert influence on behalf of another. Guanxi also refers to the benefits gained from social connections and usually extends from extended family, school friends, workmates and members of common clubs or organizations.

Other studies argue that guanxi is not in fact unethical, but is rather wrongly accused of an act thought unethical in the eyes of those unacquainted with it and Chinese culture. Just as how the Western juridical system is the image of the Western ethical attitudes, it can be said that the Eastern legal system functions similarly so. Also, while Westerners might misunderstand guanxi as a form of corruption, the Chinese recognize guanxi as a subset of renqing, which likens the maintenance of interpersonal relationships to a moral obligation. As such, any relevant actions taken to maintain such relationships are recognized as working within ethical constraints.

The line drawn between ethical and unethical reciprocal obligation is unclear, but China is currently looking into understanding the structural problems inherent in the guanxi system.

In some cases, strong feelings of localism cause local courts to refuse to cooperate in enforcing awards, even when the award has been made by an arbitration body in Beijing. However, this negative view of guanxi is not universal, Schramm and Taube argue that guanxi has personalistic systems of social relationships have positive elements in producing social capital and that personalistic norms can co-exist with impersonal legalistic ones.

Issues of Capitalization and Its Dark Sides.” Journal of Marketing 72.4 (2008): 12–28. Print. Guanxi also acts as an essential informal governance mechanism, helping leverage Chinese organizations on social and economic platforms.

In addition to holding major legislative power, the Chinese government owns vital resources including land, banks, and major media networks and wields major influence over other stakeholders. Thus, it is important to maintain good relations with the central government in order for a business to maintain guanxi. However, the issue of guanxi as a form of government corruption has been raised into question over the recent years. This is often the case when businesspeople interpret guanxi's reciprocal obligations as unethical gift-giving in exchange for government approval.

Zhou denies the allegations of rape, insisting that their sexual relations were consensual.Gong Jinxing and Wang Zhiqiu, Whole Family of Stability Maintenance Deputy Mayor Petitioning is Not True (Seek Proof: Uncover the True Situation Behind the Hubbub) , People's Daily, 20 July At the center of Long's rape allegations is the Chinese concept of "guanxi," a complex term referring to relationships based on reciprocity. According to Long, Zhou wanted more guanxi in Guizhou and saw her as foothold to help him build his way up to get the needed relationships to open a mining operation there. When Long tried to break off the short relationship, she says he felt it was a violation of guanxi; because he had given her gifts and paid for their trip, he felt entitled to more efforts from her to help him make contacts.

In following these obligations, businesses may also be forced to act in ways detrimental to their future, and start to over-rely on each other. Members within a business may also start to more frequently discuss information that all members knew prior, rather than try and discuss information only known by select members. If the ties fail between two businesses within an overall network built through guanxi, the other ties comprising the overall network have a chance of failing as well. A guanxi network may also violate bureaucratic norms, leading to corporate corruption.

Bhesa sinica is an evergreen tree with buttressed trunk in the Centroplacaceae family. It is endemic to China, being only known from the coast of Guanxi. Only three mature trees and a few saplings are known to exist in the wild.

O. aequale jacobsoni has a length between 6.5 and 6.9 mm and a width between 4.1 and 4.5 mm. It is distributed in China (Guandong, Guanxi, Hainan, Jiangsu, Nei Mongol, Sichuan, Shanki, Yunnan, and Zhejiang), Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and eastern Russia.

Although initially launched as a punitive expedition by Emperor Wu against the autonomous kingdom of Nanyue, the entire Nanyue territory (which includes modern Guangdong, Guanxi, and North Vietnam) had been conquered by the Emperor's military forces and annexed into the Han Empire by 111 BC.

Hydrangea candida is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to Guanxi Province, China.Encyclopedia of hydrangeas (page 253), by van Gelderen, D.M. Timber Press, 2004 Retrieved on July 31st, 2009. It was first formally described by Woon Young Chun in 1954.

An individual may view and interact with other individuals in a way that is similar to their viewing of and interactions with family members; through guanxi, a relationship between two friends can be likened by each friend to being a pseudo elder sibling–younger sibling relationship, with each friend acting accordingly based on that relationship (the friend who sees himself as the "younger sibling" will show more deference to the friend who is the "older sibling"). Guanxi is also based in concepts like loyalty, dedication, reciprocity, and trust, which help to develop non-familial interpersonal relations, while mirroring the concept of filial piety, which is used to ground familial relations.

Han originally attended Guangxi University and studied Chinese language. After graduation he went to Shangsi County and was selected as Qinzhou office secretary. After 1988 he became the tobacco secretary of the Guanxi region. Ten years later he became a director of the China National Tobacco Corporation.

Sinocyclocheilus guanyangensis is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish from the family Cyprinidae. It is endemic to the Li-Jiang Basin in Guanyang County in Guanxi. It has vestigial eyes, a conical snout and lacks a hump at the back of the head.Chen, Y.-Q.

Caloptilia aurifasciata is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from China (Hainan, Guanxi, Fujian, Zhejiang), Hong Kong, Japan (Honshū, Kyūshū, Shikoku), Malaysia (West Malaysia) and Thailand.Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) The wingspan is 9.8–11 mm. The larvae feed on Toxicodendron succedaneum and Toxicodendron sylvestre.

Guanxi norms help buyers and sellers of corrupt benefits justify and rationalize their acts. Li's Performing Bribery in China (2011) as well as Wang's The buying and selling of military positions (2016)Wang, Peng (2017). The Chinese Mafia: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Extra-Legal Protection. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Siege of Jicheng was a part of the campaign Ma Chao initiated in an attempt to retake Liang Province after the coalition of Guanxi (west of Hangu Pass) was defeated at the Battle of Tong Pass in the winter of 211 in the late Eastern Han dynasty.

The township is divided into 18 villages, the following areas: Dizhou Village, Changya Village, Tangchong Village, Lingfang Village, Yuanjing Village, Songjiang Village, Xi'an Village, Hewu Village, Zikeng Village, Zhongzhou Village, Zhongzhou Village, Taoshui Village, Ciwan Village, Longzhukeng Village, Zhangyang Village, Dayue Village, Nanchong Village, Chepu Village, and Guanxi Village.

There is a general consensus in the Chinese legal community that the endemic corruption is caused by the lack of an independent judiciary and a failure to enforce laws and regulations. They contend that these problems will not be permanently fixed until much deeper systemic problems are addressed. Guanxi and other social customs, may have also contributed to the prevalence of practices seen as corrupt from a strictly legal perspective but seem relatively benign from a cultural standpoint. Gift-giving during holidays, securing patrons for career advancement, hosting banquets at expensive restaurants to secure minor deals, exchanging favours, and navigating the complex web of guanxi to get things done was seen as an ordinary part of Chinese life.

Local gang bosses make use of personal networks to bribe police officers, and police officers seek corrupt benefits by safeguarding their illegal businesses.Wang, P. (2014). Extra-legal protection in china how guanxi distorts China’s legal system and facilitates the rise of unlawful protectors. British Journal of Criminology, 54(5), 809-830.

In 1936, the provincial government ordered the school to merge into National Guangxi University (now known as Guangxi University, the flagship public university of Guanxi province). The school became the National Guangxi University College of Liberal Arts, which focused on the humanities and no longer functioned solely as a normal school.

In July 1986, Guanshan Subdistrict was transferred from Wuchang District to Hongshan District. In 2004, Moshan Residential Community () was transferred from Guanshan Subdistrict to East Lake Scenic Area Subdistrict. In November 2010, eight residential communities (Qilingjiusuo (), Hongxing (), Wujiawan (), Huachengyuan (), Luguang (), Gongchengda (), Guanxi (), and Guanxi'er ()) were transferred into the newly-created Zhuodaoquan Subdistrict.

Shaun Rein, "How to Deal with Corruption in China", Forbes, July 10, 2009 They use their employers as a way to make money, both for themselves and for their "guanxi social-circle network." The imperative of maintaining this social circle of benefits is seen as a primary goal for many involved in corruption.

Note that the aforementioned organizational flaws guanxi creates can be diminished by having more efficient institutions (like open market systems that are regulated by formal organizational procedures while promoting competition and innovation) in place to help facilitate business interactions more effectually. In East Asian societies, the boundary between business and social lives can sometimes be ambiguous as people tend to rely heavily on their closer relations and friends. This can result in nepotism in the workforce being created through guanxi, as it is common for authoritative figures to draw from family and close ties to fill employment opportunities, instead of assessing talent and suitability as is the norm in Western societies. This practice often prevents the most suitably qualified person being employed for the position.

In addition, he explains how kinship form the nexus of social relationships, governed under rules called guanxi, with every relationship falling under one of many distinct categories. Those falling further from the center (self) of the metaphorical ripples are categorized differently than those falling closer to the center. Fei further explains the unspoken rules of guanxi, explaining that rights and obligations to one another must be balanced and favors must be returned over set periods of time to prevent relationships from being severed. He also observes how Chinese political structure is on a "two-track" system: one centered on the central government and the other on local government, with each trying to influence the other with varying levels of success.

B. Shirendyb, Mongolia na rubezhe XIX-XX vekov [Mongolia on the eve of the 19th and 20th centuries], (Ulan Bator, 1963), pp. 173–74. When inducements failed, Semyonov threatened to invade Mongolia to force compliance.Zhung-O guanxi shiliao: Wai menggu [Historical sources on Chinese- Russian relations: Outer Mongolia], (Taipei, 1959),, no. 159, p. 415.

All phacopids were probably marine bottom-dwellers. D. vietnamica has been found with several open water species (Nandan Formation in Guanxi, China), indicating deep and dark waters, probably poor in oxygen near the bottom where Ductina lived. It has also been found as part of a species rich community characteristic of a shallow coral sea.

In Chinese business culture, the concept of guanxi, indicating the primacy of relations over rules, has been well documented.Alon, Ilan, ed. (2003), Chinese Culture, Organizational Behavior, and International Business Management, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. While many deities are part of the tradition, some of the most recognized holy figures include Guan Yin, the Jade Emperor and Buddha.

Sylvirana maosonensis is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is found in the mountains of central and northeastern in Vietnam, Annamite Range in central Laos, and southern Guanxi, China. Its common name is Mao-Son frog or Maoson frog, after its type locality in Vietnam. It inhabits evergreen forests at elevations of above sea level.

Janaratna is an emerging term for relationship-based business in India, similar to the term guanxi in Chinese. Deriving from the Hindi words for people (jana) and precious stones (ratna), the term is interpreted to suggest the wealth resulting from relationships. Another interpretation of the term's origin is that people of high financial worth forming bonds leading to more wealth.

Important in China is the social concept of guanxi (), which has influenced the societies of Korea, Vietnam and Japan as well. Japan often features hierarchically-organized companies, and Japanese work environments place a high value on interpersonal relationships. Korean businesses, adhering to Confucian values, are structured around a patriarchal family governed by filial piety () between management and a company's employees.

A common example of unethical reciprocal obligation involves the abuse of business- government relations. In 2013, a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) official criticised the government officials for using public funds of over 10,000 yuan for banquets. This totals to approximately 48 billion dollars worth of banquets per year. Guanxi may also allow for interpersonal obligations to take precedence over civic duties.

Opened in 2007, the Yanshan Campus () includes the GXNU athletic facilities and the Yanshan Campus Library, which is the largest library in Guanxi province. The campus also includes Confucius Square, where the university hosts annual commemorations of Confucius' birthday, celebrations of ancient Chinese civilization, Chinese New Years' celebrations, and ethnic food festivals. The Yanshan Campus cafeteria specializes in ethnic Zhuang and local foods.

Access to dang'an is strictly controlled. Citizens do not usually see their dang'an, although they may ask a Communist Party member to check it for them. Alterations may only be carried out by special cadres, and when combined with the custom of guanxi the result is that "Personal revenge, false entries and special favors are thus part of the game."Wang, loc.cit.

Roughly equivalent words in other languages include sociolismo in Cuba; blat in Russia; guanxi in Chinese and Vetternwirtschaft in German, protektzia in Israeli slang, un pituto in Chilean Spanish, In Brazilian- Portuguese it is referred to as "pistolão", "QI" (Quem Indica, or Who Indicates), or in the slang "peixada", "Pidi Padu" in Malayalam, "arka" or "destek" in Turkish, "plecy" in Polish, "štela" in Bosnian.

The IUCN Red List assessment for A. lianxianense in 2004 declared it to be known only from Guangdong and extinct due to habitat loss. However, the species was reported to have been found in Guanxi in 2011, while a 2012 review of narrowly distributed pteridophyte flora in Asia described its range as extending through Guangdong, Guizhou, and Hunan, and did not describe it as extinct.

Chinese social relations are typified by a reciprocal social network. Often social obligations within the network are characterized in familial terms. The individual link within the social network is known by guanxi (关系/關係) and the feeling within the link is known by the term ganqing (感情). An important concept within Chinese social relations is the concept of face, as in many other Asian cultures.

After a brief concurrency with PH 4, the highways split in Daxi. Highway 3 continues southwest to Longtan before entering Hsinchu County. In Hsinchu the highway serves as a scenic alternate to Freeway 3, passing through the rural parts of Guanxi, Hengshan, Zhudong, Beipu, Emei, and continues to Miaoli County. In Miaoli the highway had a brief concurrency with County Route 124 in Sanwan before highway 3 splits and continues south.

He wrote that this was all a contrivance of Chen Yi, and he asked that Chen be recalled.Zhung-O guanxi shiliao: Wai Menggu [Sources on Chinese-Russian relations: Outer Mongolia], (Taipei, 1959), no. 386, pp. 573-74. However, the Chinese government was not interested in esoteric arguments whether or not a consensus existed in Mongolia for the abolition of autonomy. The "Points" were submitted to the Chinese National Assembly, which approved them on October 28.

In addition, guanxi and nepotism are distinct in that the former is inherently a social transaction (considering the emphasis on the actual act of building relationships) and not purely based in financial transactions, while the latter is explicitly based in financial transactions and has a higher chance of resulting in legal consequences. However, cronyism is less obvious and can lead to low risk sycophancy and empire-building bureaucracy within the internal politics of an organisation.

For relationship-based networks such as guanxi, reputation plays an important role in shaping interpersonal and political relations. As a result, the government is still the most important stakeholder, despite China's recent efforts to minimise government involvement. Key government officials wield the authority to choose political associates and allies, approve projects, allocate resources, and distribute finances. Thus, it is especially crucial for international companies to develop harmonious personal relationships with government officials.

The Chinese came to Tucson with the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880. Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' which were relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1910. Chinese merchants supplied General John Pershing's army in its expedition against Pancho Villa.

See Teemu Ruskola, "Law's Empire: The Legal Construction of 'America' in the 'District of China'"; Papers.ssrn.com who was the first member of the Shanghai Municipal Council who was actually born in China,Robert Bickers and Christian Henriot, New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953 (Manchester University Press ND, 2000):45. and who was at one time "one of the wealthiest foreigners in Shanghai".Tahirih V. Lee, Contract, Guanxi, and Dispute Resolution in China ( ):110.

Caloptilia theivora is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Brunei, China (Zhejiang, Gansu, Guangdong, Guanxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Anhui and Fujian), Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Java), Japan (Kyūshū, Shikoku, Honshū), Korea, Malaysia (West Malaysia), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) The wingspan is 10–14 mm. The larvae feed on Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, Camellia theifera and Thea species, including Thea sinensis.

For example, reciprocal obligation plays an intricate role in maintaining harmonious business relations. It is expected that both sides not only stay friendly with each other, but also reciprocate a favour given by the other party. Western relationship marketing, on the other hand, is much more formally constructed, in which no social obligation and further exchanges of favours are expected. Thus, long-term personal relations are more emphasised in Chinese guanxi practice than in Western relationship marketing.

Chinese kinship associations are the corporate forms of kins and the fundamental unit of Chinese ancestral religion. They provide guanxi (social network) to members and they build and manage ancestral shrines dedicated to the worship of the deities of the kins. A lineage is a corporation, in the sense that members feel to belong to the same body, are highly conscious of their group identity, and derive benefits from jointly-owned property and shared resources.Watson, 1982. p.

The World Bank. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press. Chinese: The concept of social capital in a Chinese social context has been closely linked with the concept of guanxi. American: One attempt to measure social capital, involving the quantity, quality and strength of an individual social capital, was spearheaded by Corporate Alliance in the English-speaking market segment of the USA, and Xentrum through the Latin American Chamber of Commerce in Utah on the Spanish-speaking population of the same country.

Pablos (2008), p. 201 The bamboo network has been heavily influenced by Confucianism, an ancient Chinese philosophy developed by philosopher Confucius in the 5th century BC that promotes filial piety and pragmatism with respect to the context of business. Confucianism remains a legitimizing philosophical force for the maintenance of a company's corporate identity and social welfare. Nurturing guanxi has also been attributed to as a significant mechanism for the implementation of cooperative business strategies in the bamboo network.Yos (2017), pp. 14-17.

In China, the analogous "death by overwork" concept is guolaosi (), which in 2014 was reported to be a problem in the country. In Eastern Asian countries, like China, many businessmen work long hours and then feel the pressures of expanding and pleasing their networks. Making these connections is called building guanxi. Connections are a big part of the Chinese business world, and throughout different parts of China, businessmen would meet up in teahouses to take their job outside of the work atmosphere.

Yang is considered the founder of indigenized Chinese psychology. He proposed the distinction between indigenized versus westernized psychology. He argued that Western psychology, largely based on research done in American or Western societies, is in fact the "indigenous psychology for Americans or Westerners"—it is based on Western values and traditions and may not be applicable in non-Western countries. Beginning in the 1970s, he conducted research on Chinese cultural societies, studying unique phenomena such as yuanfen, filial piety, guanxi, and face.

Cf. the more sober comments by Yu Ying-shih, Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967, 89-91, and Hsing I-tien, "Handai Zhongguo yu Luoma diguo guanxi de zai jiantao," 漢代中國與羅馬帝國關係的再檢討 (1985-95) [Relations between Han China and the Roman Empire Revisited (1985-95), Hanxue yanjiu 漢學研究 15.1 (1997):1-31.

Some countries the species is found in includes Cambodia, China, Chongqing, Guanxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei Menggu, Shanghai, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Taiwan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. Specifically, in Mongolia, the species is widely distributed in Lake Buir and Rivers Onon, Kherlen, and Khalkhiin. Outside of Mongolia, the species is distributed throughout the Amur and Yangtze drainage (Russia, China) and Taiwan. Some of the European areas it has been accidentally introduced into include the Russian Federation and Russian Far East.

A GSSP has been proposed in the Luzhai Formation near Penchong in the Chinese province of Guanxi.; 2003: A proposed Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Visean Stage (Carboniferous): the Pengchong section, Guangxi, South China, Episodes 26(2), pp 105–115. The top (the base of the Serpukhovian and Namurian) is laid at the first appearance of the conodont Lochriea ziegleri,; 2005: Late Visean/early Serpukhovian conodont succession from the Triollo section, Palencia (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain), Scr. Geol. 129, pp 13–89.

While females took the hospitality industry, males found themselves in the low-skill, low-wage industrial jobs which includes construction-like jobs. Though the jobs held grueling hours, being paid and establishing an identity separate from their household was a huge benefit for many transient workers. Generally speaking, the difference in living standards between rural and urban workers was apparent where urban workers tended to live a more lavish lifestyle. This lavish lifestyle included better living quarters, nutrition, guanxi (social connections), and access to education.

In ancient times, there were nine different relations (or guanxi) in which an individual had with other people, which were referred to as the "family" or "tribe" () during that period. ZDIC definition of "族" These relations, under Confucian principles, were bonded by filial piety. Because members of a family remained strictly loyal to one another, they were considered responsible for crimes committed by any member due to guilt by association. It also provided the argument that the entire family would be responsible in supporting each other in the case of a rebellion against a ruler.

It was important for businessmen to broaden their guanxi relationships, especially with powerful officials or bosses. There is a lot of pressure to go to these nightclubs almost every night to drink heavily to move up in the business world. It has been shown that this kind of work could lead to health related problems down the line. For example, a businessman named Mr. Pan discussed with John Osburg, an anthropologist who wrote "Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China's New Rich," about his health and the need to continue working.

Zhao's skits focus on social issues, including wealth disparity, the urban-rural divide, family and relationships (guanxi), trust in society, and social changes in the era of economic reform. His works often drew inspiration from his own life in rural northeastern China. Zhao's most memorable performances have included "Yesterday, today and tomorrow" and "Fixing up the house" with Song Dandan, "Bainian" with Fan Wei and Gao Xiumin, a reprisal of "Yesterday, today, and tomorrow" with Song Dandan and Cui Yongyuan in 2006, and "Don't need money" in 2009 with Bi Fujian and Xiaoshenyang.

The Chinese came to Arizona with the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880. Tucson was the main railroad center and soon had a Chinatown with laundries for the general population and a rich mix of restaurants, groceries, and services for the residents. Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' which were relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after the Mexican Revolution in 1910.

The Leofoo Village Theme Park () is a theme park and a safari located in Guanxi Township, Hsinchu County, Taiwan. It features three roller coasters, including an inverted shuttle coaster, Screaming Condor, an Intamin twist-and- turn coaster dubbed Sahara Twist, as well as a Vekoma Roller Skater (335m) in the Wild West section of the park, Little Rattler, themed to an old mining railway. There is also the Nairobi Express, a narrow gaugeSevern Lamb - Lincoln model railway built by Severn Lamb. The park features many other attractions of different styles and proper themed areas.

For more than two thousand years, Confucianism has helped to define Chinese culture, tradition, and philosophy; it has contributed to a stable and harmonious society. The Chinese people held a very distinctive notion of the state, family, and social relationships such as guanxi. Nevertheless, challenges from foreign powers and internal problems in the country inevitably led to the political Xinhai Revolution when the people overthrew the Qing Dynasty. Fundamental changes to the orientation of the culture were necessary for China to continue to strive in the modern world.

They aren't seen as distinct from the Chinese kin itself, but rather as its corporate form. These institutions and their corporeal manifestations are also known as lineage churches or kinship churches (宗族堂 zōngzú táng), or, mostly on the scholarly level, as Confucian churches,Scholar of Chinese traditional religion Liyong Dai uses the term "Confucclesia", "Confucian church". although this term has principally other different meanings. They provide guanxi (social network) to members and they build and manage ancestral shrines or temples dedicated to the worship of the progenitors of the kins as their congregational centers, where they perform rites of unity.

Studies show that poor Chinese workers are more likely to migrate, and that migration increases per capita household income by 8.5 to 13.1%. Rural migrants remit a large proportion of their incomes to their families. In order to find employment in China's bigger cities, such as Shanghai, rural migrant women rely on guanxi, social networks that enable them to connect with family or other villagers who have already left for the city. Rural migrant women pursue a wide variety of jobs, from domestic to factory work, owning their own businesses to working as hostesses in China's popular karaoke bars.

The tin mines of Bangka Island almost entirely employed Chinese workers. Members of the "totok" community are more inclined to be entrepreneurs and adhere to the practice of guanxi, which is based on the idea that one's existence is influenced by the connection to others, implying the importance of business connections. In the first decade following Indonesian independence their business standing strengthened after being limited to small businesses in the colonial period. By the 1950s virtually all retail stores in Indonesia were owned by ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs, whose businesses ranged from selling groceries to construction material.

The Inspector of Yongzhou, Qu Te (麴特), Administrator of Fufeng, Liang Zong (梁綜) and the Administrator of Xinping (新平县, in present-day Henan), Zhu Hui (竺恢) upon hearing Jia Ya's arrival, renounced their submission to Han Zhao and joined him. Jia Ya fought Liu Yao at Huangqiu (in present-day Tai'erzhuang District, Shandong), where he greatly routed his army. He then marched to attack his old friend, Peng Dangzhong and killed him. Jia Ya's success convinced many in the Guanxi (關西, west of Hangu Pass) to surrender to him as well, returning it under the Jin dynasty.

Lonicera hildebrandiana, the giant Burmese honeysuckle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to southeast Asia, in China (Guanxi and Yunnan), Thailand and Burma. Growing to at least tall and broad, with flowers and leaves up to long, this climbing, twining shrub is by far the largest of all the honeysuckles. The evergreen leaves are glossy, and the long thin tubular flowers open cream, turning to yellow and orange. The flowers, which have a strong honeysuckle fragrance, appear in pairs intermittently from spring throughout summer, and are followed in autumn by green berries.

Ten years later, he managed to secure an appointment as "" of the schools in Guanxi, but he resigned in 1940, following an incident in which the teachers were insulted by the Japanese authorities. In 1941, he went to mainland China and worked as a reporter in Nanjing for Mainland News (大陸新聞). He stayed in China for 15 months and returned home in 1943 and took a position with the '. These experiences served as the inspiration for his most famous work, Orphan of Asia, a semi-autobiographical account of the experiences of a fictional protagonist named Hu Taiming () during the course of the colonial period.

Officers below the age of forty had to acquire a secondary-school education by 1990 or face demotion. Furthermore, past promotion practices were to be discarded in favor of greater emphasis on formal training, higher education levels, and selection of more officers from technical and noncombat units. With the reduction in force begun in 1985, professional competence, education, and age became criteria for demobilization as well as promotion. By 1987 the PLA's promotion practices were based more on merit than they had been a decade earlier; nevertheless, political rectitude and guanxi (personal connections) continued to play an important role in promotion, and no centralized personnel system had been established.

In late 2001, Zhang was transferred to the eastern coastal province of Shandong to become governor. He began serving as provincial party chief, the first-in-charge of the province, beginning in 2002. In Shandong, Zhang told a gathering of assembled local officials, "whether it is my relatives, children, friends; if they go to where you are, please do not go out of your way to receive them, do not curry favour with them, and do not offer to do things for them." This was seen as Zhang trying to send a signal that he intended to distance himself from a political culture rife with corruption and complex rules around guanxi.

In 1998 she cofounded Berkshire Publishing Group. She made her first trip to China in 2001 while working on the Encyclopedia of Modern Asia for Charles Scribners Sons and later developed a number of China-related publications including Guanxi: The China Letter, the Encyclopedia of China, and ChinaConnectU.com. In 2017, she announced a partnership with the Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, part of the China Publishing Group, and their plans for an International Editorial Center in New York and Beijing. Christensen worked closely with William H. McNeill until his death in 2016, frequently writing about him as well as collaborating on the Encyclopedia of World History and other books.

Zou continued to campaign for freedom of the press, though without success. When the national capital was moved inland to Chongqing, Zou continued his attacks on Chiang, then moved to the relative safety of Hong Kong, which he was forced to leave when the Japanese took the city in December 1941. Since he would not be welcomed in Chongqing, he first stayed in a village on the Guangdong-Guanxi border, then for a time with the New Fourth Army in northern Jiangsu. Although he suffered from a painful infection in his ear, he lectured widely and continued his activities in the communist held areas.

Trade and financing is guided on extensions of traditional family clans and personal relationships are prioritized over formal relationships. This promotes commercial communication and more fluid transfer of capital in a region where financial regulation and rule of law remain largely undeveloped in Southeast Asia. Bamboo networks are also transnational, which means channeling the movement of capital, information, and goods and services can promote the relative flexibility and efficiency between the formal agreements and transactions made by family-run firms. Business relationships are based on the Confucian paradigm of guanxi, the Chinese term for the cultivation of personal relationships as an ingredient for business success.

The Great Ten unite at the end, and team with the remaining "false gods" to destroy the robot army created by a rogue Taiwanese general. In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, China takes advantage of "The Superman Theory" by having the Great Ten expanded into the Great Twenty. Besides Accomplished Perfect Physician, August General-in-Iron, Celestial Archer, Ghost Fox Killer, Immortal Man-in-Darkness, Mother of Champions, Seven Deadly Brothers, Shoalin Robot, Socialist Red Guardsman, and Thundermind, it is mentioned that the other members include China's versions of Super-Man, Bat-Man, Flash, and Wonder-Woman, Gloss, Dao, Guanxi, Night- Dragon, Ri, and Striker-Z.Doomsday Clock #5 (May 2018).

L. ruhstrati occurs in the Tranninh Plateau of Laos, in northern Vietnam, and a number of locations in southern China. It has been found in Hong Kong and Taiwan, as well as the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guanxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Zhejiang. The subspecies Lycodon ruhstrati multifasciatus has also been found in Japan's Ryukyu islands; however, this subspecies was subsequently reclassified as a separate species. L. ruhstrati is classified as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, because it is presumed to have a large population and to be distributed over a large area.

In China, the Hailu dialect is spoken in Shanwei, Guangdong, particularly in Haifeng, Lufeng, and Luhe. As of 2012, there are around 1.18 million speakers of the dialect in these three areas. In Taiwan, it is spoken in Hsinchu County (Xinfeng, Xinpu, Hukou, Qionglin, Hengshan, Guanxi, Beipu, Baoshan, Emei, and Zhudong), Hsinchu City (Xiangshan and Xinfeng), Taoyuan (mostly in Guanyin, Xinwu, and Yangmei; also pockets in Pingzhen, Zhongli, and Longtan), Hualien County (Ji'an, Shoufeng, Guangfu, Yuli, Ruisui, and Fenglin), and Miaoli County (Toufen, Sanwan, Nanzhuang, Xihu, Houlong, Zaoqiao, Tongxiao, and Tongluo). In 2013, 41.5% of Hakka people in Taiwan were reported to be able to communicate in the Hailu dialect.

The leaders of these work units evidently felt responsible for providing employment to the children of unit members. Jobs are also transmitted through other relatives or their friends, with accordance to the complex Chinese social concept of guanxi. The party and its role in personnel matters, including job assignments, can be an obstacle to the consistent application of hiring standards. At the grass-roots level, the party branch's control of job assignments and promotions is one of the foundations of its power, and some local party cadres in the mid-1980s apparently viewed the expanded use of examinations and educational qualifications as a threat to their power.

Many members of the Burmese Chinese business community often act as agents for expatriate and overseas Chinese investors outside of Myanmar. Ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs have been increasingly involved Mandalay's economy since the imposition of sanctions by the United States and the European Union in the 1990s. During Myanmar's open door immigration policy in the 1990s, Mandalay became the most remarkable destination for massive Chinese migration. With the onset of economic liberalization and the rise of free market capitalism in Myanmar, members of the Sino-Burmese community gravitated towards business and adhere to the Chinese paradigm of guanxi which is based on the importance of having contacts, relationships and connections as ingredients for business success.

Migrant networks can reduce the cost of labor migration by providing job information and supportive relationships to the immigrants, as well as job search assistance. These networks can be described by the Chinese term Guanxi which "describes the basic dynamic in personalized networks of influence." Migrant workers can potentially find jobs at a restaurant or within the garment industry run by migrants from the same origins. In a study conducted by Liang and Morroka, whose research focuses on migration in China, they reported that female migrants are more likely to rely on the developed migration networks, while younger migrants and those with higher level of education are less likely to depend on the networks.

"His mind was only focused on success, success, success. We learned that he was a very serious man, very uptight; he didn't know how to have fun". The Chen Gang case prompted a round of soul-searching about corruption in China, particularly in relation to how officials are evaluated and promoted in academia and in government. On May 29, 2012, Zhen Peng, a senior faculty member at Shandong University, published an open letter to Chen in which he commented on a series of incidents involving promotion of mid-level cadres in which the outcomes were very evidently unfair, due to corruption, nepotism, and the corrosive nature of the system of personal relationships known as guanxi.

It is > extremely difficult to get rid of it, for even water, fire, weapons or > swords can do it no harm. Usually the owner for this purpose puts some gold > or silver into a basket, places the caterpillar also therein, and throws the > basket away in a corner of the street, where someone may pick it up and take > it with him. He is then said to have given his gold caterpillar in marriage. The Bencao Gangmu quotes Cai Dao 's (12th century) Tieweishan congtan that "gold caterpillars first existed" in the Shu region (present-day Sichuan), and "only in recent times did they find their way into" Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, and Guanxi.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the logo became synonymous with almost all bicycles in the country. The Flying Pigeon became the single most popular mechanized vehicle on the planet, becoming so ubiquitous that Deng Xiaoping — the post-Mao leader who launched China's economic reforms in the 1970s — defined prosperity as "a Flying Pigeon in every household". In the early 1980s, Flying Pigeon was the country's biggest bike manufacturer, selling 3 million cycles in 1986. Its 20-kilo black single- speed models were popular with workers, and there was a waiting list of several years to get one, and even then buyers needed good guanxi (relationship) in addition to the purchase cost, which was about four months' wages for most workers.

Smoking in China is prevalent, as the People's Republic of China is the world's largest consumer and producer of tobacco: there are 350 million Chinese smokers, and China produces 42% of the world's cigarettes. The China National Tobacco Corporation (中国烟草总公司 Zhōngguó Yāncǎo Zǒnggōngsī) is by sales the largest single manufacturer of tobacco products in the world and boasts a monopoly in Mainland China generating between 7 and 10% of government revenue. Within the Chinese guanxi system, tobacco is still a ubiquitous gift acceptable on any occasion, particularly outside urban areas. Tobacco control legislation does exist, but public enforcement is rare to non-existent outside the most highly internationalized cities, such as Shanghai and Beijing.

The Office for Circuit Inspection Work sends inspection teams throughout the country to help the local CDIs. In 2003 there were five inspection teams, and by 2013 the number had grown to twelve. In 2010, the CCDI was authorised to send inspection teams to the People's Liberation Army (PLA). Despite this, there are several weaknesses to its institutional design in the sense that certain informal aspects of CPC rule compete with formal procedures (that the CCDI and its lower-level organs are tasked with supervising) for hegemony; examples are, as outlined Xuezhi Guo, "vague institutional positions, incrementally declining effects as time goes by, vulnerability to patron-clientelism or guanxi network at the grassroots level, and the dilemma of 'open' or 'undercover' investigation".

Fei uses the imagery of water rippling from a center as a metaphor for Chinese society's focus on the self in regards to relationships and guanxi. The primary theme of From the Soil is that Chinese people were "inseparable from the soil" which nurtured Chinese society but also limits its potential, a description that Andrea Janku calls "the portrait of a rural and inward looking country". Fei also tackles the issue of selfishness in Chinese society, lamenting how the beautiful canals of Suzhou are routinely marred by garbage thrown in by residents with no sympathy for their fellow neighbors who use the canal's water to wash their clothes and vegetables. He uses the concentric ripples of a pebble hitting water as an analogy for Chinese societal structure to explain this selfishness, in what he calls a "self- centered quality" inherent in Chinese social relationships.

Current difficulties notwithstanding, Singapore's economically-successful dominant party system has led its political system to be studied and cited as a potential model for China's government. Such a viewpoint has been institutionalised: Nanyang Technological University offers master's degree programs that are well-attended by Chinese public officials. Outside of programs for public officials, Singapore is a popular destination for Chinese students due to its education standards, its proximity to home, its perceived cultural similarities, and the cost of an education as opposed to the US or UK. Paradoxically, while some Chinese students like Singapore for its cultural similarity, its meritocratic culture in contrast with the Mainland Chinese concept of guanxi (connections) is also viewed in a positive light. Aside from bilateral exchanges, Singapore's Chinese-language Lianhe Zaobao newspaper has been cited by Chinese officials as a symbol of Singapore's soft power through its reporting on China to the world. Zaobao.

The town is divided into 28 villages and 2 communities, the following areas: Legao Community, Leqiao Community, Lexing Village, Lequn Village, Yishui Village, Tuan'an Village, Tuanyun Village, Gutang Village, Qingyun Village, Zhufeng Village, Youxi Village, Guanxi Village, Guanjia Village, Kuaima Village, Changzhao Village, Putao Village, Qingfeng Village, Yanjing Village, Chiyou Village, Kuanglin Village, Shuixi Village, Xiangma Village, Gurong Village, Changle Village, Yu'an Village, Wenshi Village, Hengshi Village, Yizhong Village, and Xiong'er Village (乐高社区、乐桥社区、乐兴村、乐群村、伊水村、团安村、团云村、团红村、古塘村、青云村、祝丰村、尤溪村、官溪村、官加村、快马村、长赵村、葡萄村、青峰村、盐井村、蚩尤村、匡林村、水溪村、香马村、古溶村、长乐村、余安村、文石村、横市村、伊中村、熊耳村).

Gao Rou cautioned Cao Cao against such a move, saying that sending troops west could draw suspicion from the warlords in the area and cause them to revolt.(太祖欲遣鍾繇等討張魯，柔諫，以為今猥遣大兵，西有韓遂、馬超，謂為己舉，將相扇動作逆，宜先招集三輔，三輔苟平，漢中可傳檄而定也。繇入關，遂、超等果反。) Sanguozhi vol. 24. The various warlords in the Guanzhong region feared that Cao Cao would to attack them because Zhong Yao's army would pass by the Guanzhong region on the way to Hanzhong Commandery. As soon as Zhong Yao's army entered Guanzhong, the warlords, under the leadership of Ma Chao and Han Sui, formed a coalition (known as the "Guanxi Coalition", or "coalition from the west of Tong Pass") and rebelled against the Han imperial court.

Relations between Yugoslavia and Burma officially began in 1950, and the two countries had an unusually close relationship during the Cold War. In July 1947, Kyaw Nyein and another high ranking Burmese politician visited Yugoslavia, and the 1946 Yugoslav Constitution was the basis for the 1947 Burmese Constitution.DASMIP, PA, 1947, f-124, 425154, Zabeleska o razgovoru druga Price sa predstavnikom burmanske vlade Maung Ohn, dana 5 decembra 1947 godine [Minutes of conversation between comrade Prica and the representative of the Burmese Government Maung Ohn, December 5th 1947]. F. S. V. Donnison, Burma (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1970), p. 141. The Chinese Embassy in Rangoon described the relations between Yugoslavia and Burma in a confidential report in 1958 as, "relations between Burma and Yugoslavia...fall into special category of relations...while the political cooperation between these two countries cannot be ignored."Chinese Foreign Ministry Archives (hereafter CFMA), 105-00846-02(1), Miandian yu Nansilafu de guanxi (Zhongguo zhu Miandian shiguan bianxie ziliao) [Burma- Yugoslavia relations (materials collected by the Chinese Embassy in Burma)], December 18th 1958, p. 8.

In commerce, the purpose of etiquette is to facilitate the social relations necessary for realising the business transactions of buying and selling goods and services; in particular, the social interactions among the workers, and between labour and management. Business etiquette varies by culture, such as the Chinese and Australian approaches to conflict resolution. The Chinese business philosophy is based upon guanxi (personal connections), whereby person-to-person negotiation resolves difficult matters, whereas Australian business philosophy relies upon attorneys-at-law to resolve business conflicts through legal mediation; thus, adjusting to the etiquette and professional ethics of another culture is an element of culture shock for businesspeople. In 2011, etiquette trainers formed the Institute of Image Training and Testing International (IITTI) a non-profit organisation to train personnel departments in measuring and developing and teaching social skills to employees, by way of education in the rules of personal and business etiquette, in order to produce business workers who possess standardised manners for successfully conducting business with people from other cultures.

The plenary session elected Kim Ji-nam, Cui Taifu, Cui Longhai, Wen Jingde, Park Daochun, Jin Yongri, Jin Yangjian, Jin Pinghai, Tai Zongxiu, and Hong Xiheng as secretaries of the Central Committee of the WPK. The plenary session elected Kim Jong Il as the chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers ’Party of Korea, Kim Jong Un and Li Yinghao as vice chairmen, and also elected 16 members of the Central Military Committee of the Workers’ Party of Korea, including Jin Yongchun, Jin Zhengge, Jin Mingguo, and Zhang Chengze. The plenary appointed Jin Jinan, Zhang Chengze, Jin Yongri, Jin Pinghai, Li Yongzhu, Zhu Kuichang, Hong Xiheng, Jin Jingji, Cui Xizheng, Wu Richeng, Jin Yangjian, Jin Zhengren, Cai Xizheng, and Tai Zongxiu as the Central Ministers of the WPK, Jin Jilong was appointed as the chief editor of "Labor News". The plenary session elected Jin Guotai as the chairman of the Central Review Committee of the Workers ’Party of Korea, Zheng Mingxue as the first vice chairman, Li Denan as the vice chairman, Che Guanxi, Park Dewan, Che Shunji, and Jin Yongshan as members.