Most pregnant women can engage in sexual activity during pregnancy throughout gravidity.
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Females give birth to one cub at a time after five months gravidity, during the rainy season.
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Reproduction in E. tribuloides seems to be sensitive to seasonal cycles, solar cycles, and the lunar cycle. In the Florida Keys, E. tribuloides was found to obtain peak gravidity in the late summer and early fall. Populations in Panama, however, were found to be gravid in the spring, summer and fall, with peak gravidity occurring around the full moon.
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Gravidity of adult females lasts the entire year. The average number of newborn snails in the wild is 0.24 snails per day (50 per year) or up to 0.55 snails per day in the laboratory. Each gravid female carries 19–21 embryos inside her. Generation time is quite short at about four months.
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A woman who has given birth once before is primiparous and is referred to as a primipara or primip. A woman who has given birth two, three, or four times is multiparous and is called a multip. Grand multipara describes the condition of having given birth five or more times. Like gravidity, parity may also be counted.
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A research group led by Ein-Mor reported that sex ratio does not seem to change significantly with either maternal or paternal age. Neither gravidity nor parity seem to affect the male-to-female ratio. However, there is a significant association of sex ratio with the length of gestation. These Ein- mor conclusions have been disputed.
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The etiology of microtia in children remains uncertain but there are some cases that associate the cause of microtia with genetic defects in multiple or single genes, altitude, and gestational diabetes. Risk factors gathered from studies include infants born underweight, women gravidity and parity, and medication use while pregnant. Genetic inheritance has not been fully studied but in the few studies available, it has shown to occur during the early stages of pregnancy.
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The Daily Telegraph reported in August 2009 that the fish had been "poisoned": Benson's successor as a popular and very large common carp may not live too far away from the fish's former haunt. "The same complex where Benson lived boasts a lot of promising 40 lb fish. There's one—the Z-Fish—that is ounces under 50 lb and still growing." It has since been confirmed that the most likely cause of death was not nut poisoning, but rather reproductive complications due to gravidity.
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During the initial evaluation, a medical history is obtained, including gravidity (number of prior pregnancies), parity (number of prior deliveries), last menstrual period, contraception use, prior abnormal pap smear results, allergies, significant past medical history, other medications, prior cervical procedures, and smoking history. In some cases, a pregnancy test may be performed before the procedure. The procedure is fully described to the patient, questions are asked and answered, and the patient then signs a consent form. A colposcope is used to identify visible clues suggestive of abnormal tissue.
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This is not to be confused with the medical nomenclature that uses G P to stand for number and outcomes of pregnancy (gravidity and parity). A woman giving birth in a hospital may leave as soon as she is medically stable, which can be as early as a few hours postpartum, though the average for a vaginal birth is one to two days. The average caesarean section postnatal stay is three to four days. During this time, the mother is monitored for bleeding, bowel and bladder function, and baby care.
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Original citation: "Birthweight: Infant's weight recorded at the time of birth" The finding that the fraternal birth order mechanism operates during a male's prenatal development in the mother's womb arose unexpectedly, in a study of sexual orientation, birth order, and birth weight. Blanchard and Ellis (2001) studied 3229 adult, homosexual and heterosexual, men and women (the probands) whose mothers knew the sex of every child (or fetus) that they were pregnant with prior to the proband. Information on birth weight, maternal gravidity, and other demographic variables was reported on questionnaires completed by the probands' mothers. The study yielded three main observations: # The heterosexual males with older brothers weighed less at birth than the heterosexual males with older sisters; # The homosexual males with older brothers weighed less than the heterosexual males with older brothers, and: # The homosexual and heterosexual males with no older siblings, or older sisters only, did not differ in birth weight.
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