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"germicidal" Definitions
  1. that destroys bacteria, etc.
"germicidal" Synonyms
antiseptic antibacterial sterilising(UK) sterilizing(US) antibiotic bactericidal disinfectant decontaminating prophylactic purifying sanitary medicated germ-killing germ-destroying
"germicidal" Antonyms
contaminated dirty impure infected insanitary polluted septic unhygienic unsanitary unsterile

89 Sentences With "germicidal"

How to use germicidal in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "germicidal" and check conjugation/comparative form for "germicidal". Mastering all the usages of "germicidal" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Sani-Prime's Germicidal products are bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and tuberculocidal disinfectant.
Because of that, UV's germicidal properties have been largely dismissed until now.
Best product for disinfecting eating utensils, dishes, and glassware: Clorox Germicidal Concentrated Liquid Bleach 
But will we all look strange under the new germicidal lamps he has conceived?
He also found Josephson's cellphone, as well as containers of bleach, germicidal wipes, and window cleaner.
The sterilization is performed with a 253.7 nm UV light (also known as a "germicidal light").
UV-C rays are germicidal and can neutralize "superbugs" that have developed a resistance to antibiotics.
After consumption, germicidal tablets were put inside the empty pack to discourage microbial growth, the agency said.
Investigators found a container of liquid bleach, germicidal wipes and window cleaner in the car, Holbrook said.
"The data is very clear that you can kill and inactivate viruses with UV germicidal irradiation," he said.
Investigators also found a container of liquid bleach, germicidal wipes and window cleaner in the vehicle, he said.
Investigators also found a container of liquid bleach, germicidal wipes and window cleaner in the car, Holbrook said.
Those kits include items recommended by International Civil Aviation Organization, including germicidal disinfectant, masks covering the face and eyes, and a protective apron.
The UV-C germicidal short wavelength, ultraviolet light breaks apart the DNA of bacteria and germs leaving it unable to harm or reproduce.
In a separate online forum, the authors discussed ways to lower risks, like installing germicidal ultraviolet lights or tracking and isolating dangerous "superspreader" patients.
Using two germicidal UV-C bulbs, PhoneSoap kills 99.99% of all bacteria and germs on your mobile device — all while charging it in the meantime.
All three products are built to withstand deterioration from being cleaned with germicidal wipes, which may help reduce the spread of health care-related infections.
The only cleaning solution we have is a mild "all-purpose cleaner" that is not germicidal and, rumor has it, is safe enough to drink.
Her cell phone was also found in the car, as was a container of liquid bleach, germicidal wipes and window cleaner, according to the police chief.
Make sure to use a chlorine bleach like Clorox Germicidal Concentrated Liquid Bleach that contains a high-enough concentration of sodium hypochlorite to thoroughly kill bacteria.
They provide the UV-C germicidal short wavelength, ultraviolet light that breaks apart the DNA of bacteria and germs leaving it unable to harm or reproduce.
LG Innotek and Clearwin claim that their new sterilizer can wipe out 99.99 percent of germs on handrails through a process known as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI).
Clorox's Germicidal Bleach is a concentrated disinfectant that kills a broad spectrum of microorganisms (including Salmonella enterica, and Influenza A, Tuberculosis, C. Difficile, and more) and is recommended for controlling mold and mildew in bathrooms and germ-prone areas.
Rowland has subsequently been charged with kidnapping and murder, after a search of the vehicle that resulted in the recovery of trace evidence of blood that matched Josephson's, along with quantities of liquid bleach, germicidal wipes and window cleaner.
The "hand contact" surfaces in stations in the San Francisco Bay Area's BART system are getting wipe-downs with "hospital-grade disinfectant" a few times a day, and the handrails and stanchions on the trains receive the same treatment with germicidal wipes at end-of-line stations.
Studio Cue Golda Soaps Filled with the antimicrobial and germicidal properties of hinokitiol, a compound found in the oil of the 300-year-old Aomori Hiba trees, these skin-conditioning soaps awaken the senses with lemongrass, calm the nerves with neroli and lift the spirits and open the heart with rose and geranium.
Despite the airlines' efforts, "I advise people to bring their own germicidal wipes to rub down the high touch surfaces, the armrest, meal tray and the button that makes your seat go back," said Paul Pottinger, infectious disease specialist at UW Medicine, the health-care system at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Your best bet is to wipe down surfaces with a bleach solution — mix between a half cup and cup of bleach with a gallon of water — or to use health-care-grade bleach wipes, such as Clorox Healthcare Bleach Germicidal Wipes, which are hard to find in stores but are sold on websites like Amazon.
Here are some of the registered disinfectants on the EPA's list: Clorox Multi Surface Cleaner + Bleach Clorox Disinfecting Wipes Clorox Commercial Solutions® Clorox® Disinfecting Spray Lysol brand Heavy-Duty Cleaner Disinfectant Concentrate Lysol Disinfectant Max Cover Mist Lysol brand Clean & Fresh Multi-Surface Cleaner Purell Professional Surface Disinfectant Wipes Sani-Prime Germicidal Spray You can read the full list of disinfectants here.
The germicidal and sporicidal efficacy of methyl bromide for Bacillus anthracis.
Disinfection validation, including dilution testing, phenol coefficient testing, sporicidal testing and germicidal testing.
When selecting a disinfectant for the hatchery, one must consider broad spectrum germicidal activity and residual bacteriostasis.
As of 2005, the most common methods were high- efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI).
Phenoxyethanol is a germicidal and germistatic glycol ether, phenol ether, and aromatic alcohol often used together with quaternary ammonium compounds.
Robert E.C. Wildman, Editor. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Second Edition. CRC Press; 2 edition, 2006. Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants.
A 9 W germicidal lamp in a compact fluorescent lamp form factor Germicidal UV for disinfection is most typically generated by a mercury-vapor lamp. Low-pressure mercury vapor has a strong emission line at 254 nm, which is within the range of wavelengths that demonstrate strong disinfection effect. The optimal wavelengths for disinfection are close to 260 nm. Mercury vapor lamps may be categorized as either low-pressure (including amalgam) or medium-pressure lamps.
Ultraviolet (UV) light induces the formation of covalent linkages on DNA and thereby prevents microbes from reproducing. Without reproduction, the microbes become far less dangerous. Germicidal UV-C light in the short wavelength range of 100-280 nm acts on thymine, one of the four base nucleotides in DNA. When a germicidal UV photon is absorbed by a thymine molecule that is adjacent to another thymine within the DNA strand, a covalent bond or dimer between the molecules is created.
Earlier, household clothes dryers sometimes incorporated a germicidal lamp in series with an ordinary incandescent lamp; the incandescent lamp operated as the ballast for the germicidal lamp. A commonly used light in the home in the 1960s in 220–240 V countries was a circular tube ballasted by an under-run regular mains filament lamp. Self ballasted mercury-vapor lamps incorporate ordinary tungsten filaments within the overall envelope of the lamp to act as the ballast, and it supplements the otherwise lacking red area of the light spectrum produced.
In addition the UVC can cause eye and skin damage. They are sometimes used by geologists to identify certain species of minerals by the color of their fluorescence when fitted with filters that pass the short-wave UV and block visible light produced by the mercury discharge. They are also used in some EPROM erasers. Germicidal lamps have designations beginning with G, for example G30T8 for a 30-watt, diameter, long germicidal lamp (as opposed to an F30T8, which would be the fluorescent lamp of the same size and rating).
The reduced size of LEDs opens up options for small reactor systems allowing for point-of-use applications and integration into medical devices. Low power consumption of semiconductors introduce UV disinfection systems that utilized small solar cells in remote or Third World applications. UV-C LEDs don't necessarily last longer than traditional germicidal lamps in terms of hours used, instead having more- variable engineering characteristics and better tolerance for short-term operation. A UV-C LED can achieve a longer installed time than a traditional germicidal lamp in intermittent use.
UVC LEDs are developing rapidly, but may require testing to verify effective disinfection. Citations for large-area disinfection are for non-LED UV sources known as germicidal lamps. Also, they are used as line sources to replace deuterium lamps in liquid chromatography instruments.
Schmarda is credited with being the first scientist to have published the observation that microorganisms respond to light,Schmarda LK. Der Einfluss des Lichtes auf die Infusionsthierchen. Med Jahrbücher des k. k. Österreichischen Staates. 1845;54:257–70. which is considered the foundation for the development of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation.
They serve as stabilizers, thickeners, emollients, emulsifiers, and conditioners with active concentrations in the range of 0.1–10%. The remainder (< 5%) is used in personal care, institutional, commercial products and for unique patented uses such as photography. Lauryldimethylamine oxide, a fatty amine derivative, is a germicidal ingredient in many cosmetics.
The process requires significant effort over the course of multiple hours, including intensive planning, evaluation, and chemical selection. Any clothing on the body is removed and set aside, and any personal effects such as jewelry are inventoried. A modesty cloth is commonly placed over the genitalia. The body is washed in a germicidal soap.
To guarantee 100% food safety and freshness, the water is drawn directly from its ancient source in small batches to be sanitized. Space-age antimicrobial nano-filtration technology (developed by NASA) and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) sanitation technologies assure all organic and biological contaminants are removed without altering the natural properties of the water.
The couple separated after only four weeks. In the meantime, Anne achieved her biggest success as a chemist and founded the United States Chemical Corporation. Among other things, she discovered a bleach for textiles and a germicidal substance that could be used especially in hospitals. Her achievements brought her recognition and prestige; shortly afterwards, she enjoyed world-wide attention.
Ahmed, Khusnuma Parween, "Germ-free research: JalKalp model to provide safe drinking water," Rural Marketing Magazine, 30 January 2016. The filter operates without electricity and is effective against E.coli, total coliforms, turbidity, and iron contamination. The technology integrates germicidal properties of copper with conventional filtration. Sehgal Foundation technical experts collaborate with other NGOs, government bodies, and educational institutions to prepare for monsoon harvesting.
Germicidal lamps contain no phosphor at all, making them mercury vapor gas discharge lamps rather than fluorescent. Their tubes are made of fused quartz transparent to the UVC light emitted by the mercury discharge. The 254 nm UVC emitted by these tubes will kill germs and the 184.45 nm far UV will ionize oxygen to ozone. Lamps labeled OF block the 184.45 nm far UV and do not produce significant ozone.
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is the use of high-intensity shortwave ultraviolet light for disinfecting smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but not porous materials that are opaque to the light such as wood or foam. Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal water treatment. Ultraviolet light fixtures are often present in microbiology labs, and are activated only when there are no occupants in a room (e.g., at night).
Low-pressure Hg lamps can be rather small, but efficient sources of deep UV light. Low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps usually have a quartz bulb in order to allow the transmission of short wavelength light. If synthetic quartz is used, then the transparency of the quartz is increased further and an emission line at 185 nm is observed also. Such a lamp can then be used for ultraviolet germicidal irradiation.
Milner Company had previously agreed to cease and desist several other false claims about germicidal and bactericidal properties of Pine-Sol in March 1951. In February 1963, the Dumas Milner Company, including Pine-Sol facilities in Jackson, MS and Perma-Starch plant in Illiopolis, IL, was taken over by Wayne, New Jersey based American Cyanamid for stock valued at $17 million. Howard S. Cohoon was to remain in charge of the division.
Silver plating is common on all brass mouthpieces because it is cost-effective and good in terms of tone quality. It is also moderately germicidal. Silver plating is not as comfortable or as expensive as gold, but has properties and qualities that some feel facilitate certain styles of playing. Some believe that silver plate provides a clearer, darker sound than gold and is good for styles of playing that require clarity and projection.
Lab tests revealed the average brass key contained more than the acceptable limit of lead. They were required to reduce the lead content to 1.5% after April 2001. By January 1, 2010, the California law states that brass containing less than 0.25% lead must be used for each component that comes into contact with the wetted surface of pipes, plumbing fittings and fixtures. On the other hand, the copper in brass does create a natural germicidal or oligodynamic effect.
If not, eye and ear protection should be worn. Flashtubes produce very intense flashes, often faster than the eye can register, and may not appear as bright as they are. Quartz glass will transmit nearly all of the long and short wave UV, including the germicidal wavelengths, and can be a serious hazard to eyes and skin. This ultraviolet radiation can also produce large amounts of ozone, which can be harmful to people, animals, and equipment.
Vaughan became convinced that germicidal properties of serum was thanks to nuclein. He extracted nuclein from the blood of dogs and rabbits and tested it on animals, and found it made some rabbits immune to tuberculosis. He had similar results with anthrax, though others pointed out his solution of anthrax was probably too weak to make it a valid experiment. He tested nuclein on patients in his private practice, finding it effective on tonsilitis and other ailments.
Germicidal lamps are simple low-pressure mercury vapor discharges in a fused quartz envelope. Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. Some include additional substances, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides, which are vaporized during startup to become part of the gas mixture.
The flow profile is produced from the chamber geometry, flow rate, and particular turbulence model selected. The radiation profile is developed from inputs such as water quality, lamp type (power, germicidal efficiency, spectral output, arc length), and the transmittance and dimension of the quartz sleeve. Proprietary CFD software simulates both the flow and radiation profiles. Once the 3D model of the chamber is built, it is populated with a grid or mesh that comprises thousands of small cubes.
The new, continuous process method delivered improvements in production yields and quality, and allowed producers to easily switch from one raw material to another without production downtime, cleaning of the apparatus, or cross-contamination of the materials produced. By 1961, the Wilson-Martin Company produced a line of Wilmar- and Wilimids- branded products emphasizing Modern Chemistry (gas chromatography) as an assurance of superior quality. Products in these lines included emulsifiers, esters, plasticizers, lubricants, distilled fatty acids, and germicidal fatty nitrogen derivatives.
This property makes the material suitable for use in applications that demand very high dimensional stability, such as metrology instruments, and for products that need to withstand high thermal- shock loads. Vycor also has ultraviolet transmission to about 250nm and is used in some germicidal lamps. Immersing the porous glass in certain chemical solutions before the final consolidation step produces a colored glass that can withstand high temperatures without degrading. This is used for colored glass filters for various applications.
From 1995, the former distributors of Fusion, Jenton / Jenact, expanded on the fact that energised UV-emitting plasmas act as lossy conductors to create a number of patents regarding electrodeless UV lamps for sterilising and germicidal uses. Around 2000, a system was developed that concentrated radio frequency waves into a solid dielectric waveguide made of ceramic which energized a light-emitting plasma in a bulb positioned inside. This system, for the first time, permitted an extremely bright and compact electrodeless lamp.
The Catskill-Delaware Water Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility is a ultraviolet water disinfection plant built in Westchester County, New York to disinfect water for the New York City water supply system. The compound is set to be the largest Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation plant in the world. It has 56 energy-efficient UV reactors, and cost the city $1.6 billion. Mayor Michael Bloomberg created research groups between 2004-2006 to decide the best, cost effective ways to modernize New York City's water filtration process.
Unfiltered light from a high-pressure lamp is rich in UVC used in germicidal lamps, for water purification, but it damages human skin. The contents of a high-pressure lamp are inert gas (such as argon) and mercury.Identifying Lamps That Contain Mercury There are no phosphors used, and the mercury is clearly visible if it is not in a gaseous state. During installation, even a small amount of oil from fingertips can cause the quartz envelope to fail in operation.
The normal means for filtration in healthcare facilities is low-efficiency air filters outside the air-handling unit followed by the HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filters placed after the air-handling unit. To be HEPA-certified, filters must remove particles of 0.3 μm diameter, with at least a 99.97-percent efficiency. Air burners sterilize air that is leaving contaminated isolation rooms by heating it to for six seconds. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is another technique for special-purpose air sterilization.
Alternatively, secondary and tertiary fatty amines can be generated by the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty alkyl bromides with (di)alkylamines. For example 1-bromododecane reacts with dimethyl amine: :RBr + HNMe2 → RNMe2 \+ HBr By reaction with tertiary amines, long-chain alkyl bromides give quaternary ammonium salts, which are used as phase transfer catalysts. Lauryldimethylamine oxide, a fatty amine derivative, is a germicidal ingredient in many cosmetics. For some applications, the primary and secondary amines are often subjected to the Leuckart reaction.
Post-treatment consists of preparing the water for distribution after filtration. Reverse osmosis is an effective barrier to pathogens, but post-treatment provides secondary protection against compromised membranes and downstream problems. Disinfection by means of ultraviolet (UV) lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse-osmosis process. Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction, backwash, compromised pipes, etc.
Suspect Nathaniel Rowland was seen by police driving a car that matched the description of the one Josephson was seen entering in the surveillance video. When the suspect, who was driving around the Five Points area where Josephson was allegedly kidnapped, was pulled over he got out of the car and ran away. He was caught and was arrested at 3:00 AM on March 30. Inside the car, police found a container of liquid bleach, germicidal wipes, and window cleaner.
Ultraviolet light irradiation (UV, from a germicidal lamp) is useful for sterilization of surfaces and some transparent objects. Many objects that are transparent to visible light absorb UV. UV irradiation is routinely used to sterilize the interiors of biological safety cabinets between uses, but is ineffective in shaded areas, including areas under dirt (which may become polymerized after prolonged irradiation, so that it is very difficult to remove). It also damages some plastics, such as polystyrene foam if exposed for prolonged periods of time.
Such tubes have two or three times the UVC power of a regular fluorescent lamp tube. These low-pressure lamps have a typical efficiency of approximately 30–40%, meaning that for every 100 watts of electricity consumed by the lamp, they will produce approximately 30–40 watts of total UV output. They also emit bluish-white visible light, due to mercury's other spectral lines. These "germicidal" lamps are used extensively for disinfection of surfaces in laboratories and food-processing industries, and for disinfecting water supplies.
They highlighted the risk of infection from touching the contaminated outer surface of the mask, which even professionals frequently unintentionally do, and recommended washing hands every time before touching the mask. To reduce mask surface contamination, they recommended face shields, and asking patients to wear masks too ("source masking"). Apart from time, other methods of disinfection have been tested. Physical damage to the masks has been observed when microwaving them, microwaving them in a steam bag, letting them sit in moist heat, and hitting them with excessively high doses of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI).
The water from the reservoirs flows down to the Catskill- Delaware Water Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility, located in Westchester. The facility was built because chlorinated water might have unintended side effects when mixed with certain organic compounds, and ultraviolet was seen as the least risky way to clean the water of any microorganisms. The UV facility opened on October 8, 2013, and was built at a cost of $1.6 billion. The compound is the largest ultraviolet germicidal irradiation plant in the world; it contains 56 UV reactors that could treat per day.
HOBr is used as a bleach, an oxidizer, a deodorant, and a disinfectant, due to its ability to kill the cells of many pathogens. The compound is generated in warm-blooded vertebrate organisms especially by eosinophils, which produce it by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, an enzyme which preferentially uses bromide. Bromide is also used in hot tubs and spas as a germicidal agent, using the action of an oxidizing agent to generate hypobromite in a similar fashion to the peroxidase in eosinophils. It is especially effective when used in combination with its congener, hypochlorous acid.
Close-up of the cathodes of a germicidal lamp (an essentially similar design that uses no fluorescent phosphor, allowing the electrodes to be seen) A fluorescent lamp tube is filled with a mix of argon, xenon, neon, or krypton, and mercury vapor. The pressure inside the lamp is around 0.3% of atmospheric pressure. The partial pressure of the mercury vapor alone is about 0.8 Pa (8 millionths of atmospheric pressure), in a T12 40-watt lamp. The inner surface of the lamp is coated with a fluorescent coating made of varying blends of metallic and rare-earth phosphor salts.
The lamp's electrodes are typically made of coiled tungsten and are coated with a mixture of barium, strontium and calcium oxides to improve thermionic emission. A germicidal lamp uses a low-pressure mercury-vapor glow discharge identical to that in a fluorescent lamp, but the uncoated fused quartz envelope allows ultraviolet radiation to transmit. Fluorescent lamp tubes are often straight and range in length from about for miniature lamps, to for high-output lamps. Some lamps have the tube bent into a circle, used for table lamps or other places where a more compact light source is desired.
Star Breeze, the first of the ships to emerge from the extensive renovation/lengthening and re-engining process, is slated for completion in Q4 of 2020, while Star Legend is on track for a Q1 date. Star Pride will finish the process in Q2 of 2021. Windstar has cancelled all sailings through 2020 and plans to resume sailing operations in January of 2021, instituting a new Beyond Ordinary Care program that focuses on key hospital-grade elements: HEPA filters and UV-C ultraviolet germicidal irradiation to filter and disinfect the air, plus EvaClean with PurTab to sanitize all surfaces throughout the yachts.
Bromide salts are also sometimes used in hot tubs and spas as mild germicidal agents, using the action of an added oxidizing agent to generate in situ hypobromite, in a similar fashion to the peroxidase in eosinophils. Bromide is perhaps a minor necessary nutrient for collagen IV- producing animals in the sea. However, a few sea animals, such as Murex snails, use bromide to make organic compounds. Bromide ion is also heavily concentrated by some species of ocean algae, which construct methyl bromide and a great number of bromoorganic compounds with it, using the unusual enzymes called vanadium bromoperoxidases to do these reactions.
Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the ambient air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air sterilization, for example). Production of ozone is one of the potential dangers of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pools and spa applications ranging to millions of gallons of water.
He developed the Wells curve, which describes how the size of respiratory droplets influences their fate and thus their ability to transmit disease. With Richard L. Riley, he also developed the Wells-Riley equation "to express the mass balance of transmission factors under steady state conditions." In 1935, Wells demonstrated that ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), which had been used to kill microorganisms on surfaces and in liquids, could also be used to kill airborne infectious organisms. This experiment proved that he had been correct that droplet nuclei could be infectious, and also suggested a route for prevention.
A low-pressure mercury-vapor discharge tube floods the inside of a biosafety cabinet with shortwave UV light when not in use, sterilizing microbiological contaminants from irradiated surfaces. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (ultraviolet C or UV-C) light to kill or inactivate microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions. UVGI is used in a variety of applications, such as food, air, and water purification. UV-C light is weak at the Earth's surface since the ozone layer of the atmosphere blocks it.
In UVGI systems the lamps are shielded or are in environments that limit exposure, such as a closed water tank or closed air circulation system, often with interlocks that automatically shut off the UV lamps if the system is opened for access by humans. For human beings, skin exposure to germicidal wavelengths of UV light can produce rapid sunburn and skin cancer. Exposure of the eyes to this UV radiation can produce extremely painful inflammation of the cornea and temporary or permanent vision impairment, up to and including blindness in some cases. Another potential danger is the UV production of ozone, which can be harmful to one's health.
Ray's Splash Planet (often referred to as Ray's) is a Mecklenburg County, North Carolina funded water park located in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States. The aquatic facility is operated by the Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation department. Ray's Splash Planet is considered one of the largest indoor water parks in both of the Carolinas and is the largest water park in Charlotte, North Carolina, with over 29,000 square feet of space and using over 117,000 gallons of water at 87 degrees."On The Road: Ray's Splash Planet" WBTV - On The Road Series, August 26, 2010 The water is cleaned and sanitized through the use of chlorine, filtration and an ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system.
Nepal was the first country in the world to use chlorhexidine to treat the umbilical cord of newborn babies, and received a USAID Pioneers Prize for reducing the neonatal death rate. Chlorhexidine is very effective for poor countries like Nepal and its use is growing in the world for treating the umbilical cord. A 2015 Cochrane review has yielded high-quality evidence that within the community setting, chlorhexidine skin or cord care can reduce the incidence of omphalitis (inflammation of the umbilical cord) by 50% and also neonatal mortality by 12%. Chlorhexidine gluconate is used as a skin cleanser for surgical scrubs, a cleanser for skin wounds, for preoperative skin preparation and germicidal hand rinses.
In the US, sanitizers are regulated by the EPA and FDA, and must pass the AOAC test in the reduction of microbial activity of two standard test organisms (staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) from a designated microbial load by a 5-log reduction. The main difference between a sanitizer and a disinfectant is that at a specific use dilution, the disinfectant must have a higher kill capability for pathogenic bacteria than that of a sanitizer. If these micro-organisms are not destroyed, the bottled water being produced may be contaminated. UVGI (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation) is a commonly used disinfection method to kill or inactivate micro-organisms and leaving them unable to perform vital cellular functions.
Bromide from the diet, naturally present in the blood, is used by eosinophils, white blood cells of the granulocyte class, specialized for dealing with multi-cellular parasites. These cells react the bromide with peroxide to generate hypobromite by the action of eosinophil peroxidase, a haloperoxidase enzyme which preferentially uses bromide over chloride for this purpose. Simple bromide salts (such as sodium bromide) are also sometimes used in hot tubs and spas as mild germicidal agents, using the action of an added oxidizing agent (such as hydrogen peroxide) to generate in situ hypobromite, in a similar fashion to the action of peroxidase on bromide in eosinophils. Hypobromite has been proposed to be a reactive intermediate in the Hofmann rearrangement.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency found that copper zinc water filtration can remove mercury from contaminated water, but only at low concentrations, and recommends that for highly contaminated water other processes be used. Due to their bactericidal action, copper zinc water filtration devices are considered by the EPA to be "pesticidal". However, Stanford physician Paul Auerbach recommends against their usage as a sole means of germicidal water treatment, and he does not include them amongst his recommended protozoal disinfection methods at either point of entry or point of use. A 1995 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that such systems were employed at approximately 20 US-based cooling towers in 1993.
For around six years their manufactures included Geiger counters, using electronic circuitry devised by A. J. Love, technical instructor with the PMG Department, but specialised in ultraviolet light sources: from longer wavelength (UVA and UVB) lamps for fluorescent mineral prospecting (eg. scheelite), geological research, quality assurance and forensic work to short wavelength (UVC) germicidal lamps, as used in the food industries to control mould spores on meat, cheese, and bread. These lamps, whose envelopes are made from fused quartz imported from the US, also have applications in laminar flow cabinets as used in laboratories to protect biological samples from contamination by bacteria. Short wavelength ultraviolet radiation has also been used to combat the viruses responsible for the common cold and other air-borne diseases.
High-frequency treatment uses low-current high-frequency alternating currents, delivered via a glass electrode.Jeanine Connor, Sheila Godfrey, Gil Milsom, BTEC National Beauty Therapy Sciences, Publisher Heinemann, 2004, , , 381 pages (page 197) Because the high frequency current converts some of the oxygen in the air into ozone, the treatment has a germicidal action, and is also drying and warming.Susan Cressy, The beauty therapy fact file, Edition 4, Publisher Heinemann, 2004, , , Length 469 pages (page 153) Consequently, the treatment is used to aid healing and also to help desquamation (the skin's natural exfoliation) and stimulate sweat and sebaceous glands. At up to 250,000 Hz frequency, the hollow glass electrode behaves like a glow discharge tube and is sometime called a "violet ray" or "violet wand" (though the colour depends on the gas in the glass).
Most of the cell's macromolecules are affected by ionising radiation, but damage to the DNA macromolecule is most often the cause of cell death, since DNA often contains only a single copy of its genes; proteins, on the other hand, often have several copies so that damage of one will not lead to cell death, and in any case may always be re-synthesized provided the DNA has remained intact.Irradiation of Microbes from Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Pool Environments Ultraviolet radiation has been used as a germicide by both industry and medicine for more than a century (see Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation). Use of ultraviolet leads to both inactivation and the stimulating of mutations. A case study of an irradiated Escherichia coli population found a growing number of bacteriophage-resistant mutants induced by the light.
Impetus for Federal level regulation began with outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 from unpasteurized apple cider and other illnesses caused by contaminated fruit juices in the late 1990s. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made proposals in 1998; Canada began to explore regulation in 2000. The U.S. regulations were finalized in 2001, with the FDA issuing a rule requiring that virtually all juice producers follow Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) controls, using either heat pasteurization, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), or other proven methods to achieve a 5-log reduction in pathogens. Canada, however, relies on a voluntary Code of Practice for manufacturers, voluntary labelling of juice/cider as "Unpasteurized", and an education campaign to inform consumers about the possible health risks associated with the consumption of unpasteurized juice products.
On 24 March, a 65-year- old Bahraini male with chronic illnesses died of the coronavirus, becoming the third confirmed death in the country. Bahrain banned the export of hand sanitizers and detergents for a period of 3 months owing to unprecedented domestic demand. The same day, the Central Bank of Bahrain ordered currency exchange companies to sterilise local and international currencies by exposing banknotes to ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, high temperatures, or isolating them for at least three days as a precautionary act to safeguard bank employees and the public. The country's lower house of parliament approved an urgent proposal for a partial curfew from 6 pm to 5 am which is to be reviewed by the upper house of parliament. Only 23 out of the 40 MPs were present during the three-hour session and 19 voted in favour, with 2 against and 2 abstaining. On 25 March, a 78-year-old Bahraini male with chronic illnesses reportedly died of the coronavirus, becoming the fourth confirmed death in the country. On the same day, a group of 61 Bahraini pilgrims were evacuated from Iran on a chartered flight and placed in quarantine or treatment centers, 30% of whom tested positive for COVID-19.

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