If that sounds like a generic bit of news, just wait until you see the splendrous genericity of the associated video teaser.
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Using COTS hardware forces us to reproduce that genericity into our framework, instead of designing ad-hoc hardware for every new task.
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A broad survey of genericity mechanisms in programming languages follows. For a specific survey comparing suitability of mechanisms for generic programming, see.
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Forcing has also been used in model theory, but it is common in model theory to define genericity directly without mention of forcing.
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Antoine Song later released a preprint (not yet published) claiming that Yau's conjecture holds without the genericity assumption in the same dimension range.
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Genericity facilities have existed in high-level languages since at least the 1970s in languages such as ML, CLU and Ada, and were subsequently adopted by many object-based and object-oriented languages, including BETA, C++, D, Eiffel, Java, and DEC's now defunct Trellis-Owl language. Genericity is implemented and supported differently in various programming languages; the term "generic" has also been used differently in various programming contexts. For example, in Forth the compiler can execute code while compiling and one can create new compiler keywords and new implementations for those words on the fly. It has few words that expose the compiler behaviour and therefore naturally offers genericity capacities that, however, are not referred to as such in most Forth texts.
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Generic programming pioneer Alexander Stepanov wrote, Bjarne Stroustrup noted, Other programming paradigms that have been described as generic programming include Datatype generic programming as described in "Generic Programming — an Introduction". The approach is a lightweight generic programming approach for Haskell. In this article we distinguish the high- level programming paradigms of generic programming, above, from the lower- level programming language genericity mechanisms used to implement them (see Programming language support for genericity). For further discussion and comparison of generic programming paradigms, see.
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Similarly, dynamically typed languages, especially interpreted ones, usually offer genericity by default as both passing values to functions and value assignment are type-indifferent and such behavior is often utilized for abstraction or code terseness, however this is not typically labeled genericity as it's a direct consequence of dynamic typing system employed by the language. The term has been used in functional programming, specifically in Haskell-like languages, which use a structural type system where types are always parametric and the actual code on those types is generic. These usages still serve a similar purpose of code-saving and the rendering of an abstraction. Arrays and structs can be viewed as predefined generic types.
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This genericity mechanism should not be confused with inclusion polymorphism, which is the algorithmic usage of exchangeable sub-classes: for instance, a list of objects of type `Moving_Object` containing objects of type `Animal` and `Car`. Templates can also be used for type-independent functions as in the `Swap` example below: // "&" passes parameters by reference template void Swap(T& a, T& b) { T temp = b; b = a; a = temp; } std::string hello = "World!"; std::string world = "Hello, "; Swap(world, hello); std::cout << hello << world << std::endl; // Output is "Hello, World!". The C++ `template` construct used above is widely cited as the genericity construct that popularized the notion among programmers and language designers and supports many generic programming idioms.
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Generic programming similarly has been applied in other domains, e.g. graph algorithms.Jeremy G. Siek, Lie-Quan Lee, Andrew Lumsdaine: The Boost Graph Library: User Guide and Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley 2001 Note that although this approach often utilizes language features of compile-time genericity/templates, it is in fact independent of particular language- technical details.
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Generic classes have been a part of Eiffel since the original method and language design. The foundation publications of Eiffel,Object- Oriented Software Construction, Prentice Hall, 1988, and Object-Oriented Software Construction, second edition, Prentice Hall, 1997.Eiffel: The Language, Prentice Hall, 1991. use the term genericity to describe the creation and use of generic classes.
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NET-style generics. In C++/CX these are declared using the keyword `generic` with a syntax very similar to that of keyword `template`. WinRT classes (ref classes) can also be genericized using C++ templates, but only template instantiations can be exported to .winmd metadata (with some name mangling), unlike WinRT generics which preserve their genericity in the metadata.
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The term "generic programming" was originally coined by David Musser and Alexander Stepanov in a more specific sense than the above, to describe a programming paradigm whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, with generic functions implemented in terms of these concepts, typically using language genericity mechanisms as described above.
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A related concept is polytypism (or data type genericity). A polytypic function is more general than polymorphic, and in such a function, "though one can provide fixed ad hoc cases for specific data types, an ad hoc combinator is absent".Ralf Lammel and Joost Visser, "Typed Combinators for Generic Traversal", in Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages: 4th International Symposium (2002), p. 153.
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The D programming language also offers fully generic-capable templates based on the C++ precedent but with a simplified syntax. The Java programming language has provided genericity facilities syntactically based on C++'s since the introduction of J2SE 5.0. C# 2.0, Oxygene 1.5 (also known as Chrome) and Visual Basic .NET 2005 have constructs that take advantage of the support for generics present in the Microsoft .
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Object-Oriented Programming in Common Lisp: A Programmer's Guide to CLOS (1988, Addison-Wesley, ) is a book by Sonya Keene on the Common Lisp Object System. Published first in 1988, the book starts out with the elements of CLOS and develops through the concepts of data abstraction with classes and methods, inheritance, and genericity towards creating an advanced CLOS program using streams I/O.
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In mathematics, the theorem of Bertini is an existence and genericity theorem for smooth connected hyperplane sections for smooth projective varieties over algebraically closed fields, introduced by Eugenio Bertini. This is the simplest and broadest of the "Bertini theorems" applying to a linear system of divisors; simplest because there is no restriction on the characteristic of the underlying field, while the extensions require characteristic 0.Hartshorne, Ch. III.10.
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" Court cases have noted that the generic status accorded to English-language words in foreign countries has no bearing on the registration of marks in the United States. The genericity argument was invoked for Ugg boots and was rejected by a U.S. district court which cited the following cases in support. In Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Stroh Brewery Co., the court rejected as irrelevant the generic usage of the phrase "L.
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LEMON employs genericity in C++ by using templates. The tools of the library are designed to be versatile, convenient and highly efficient. They can be combined easily to solve complex real-life optimization problems. For example, LEMON’s graphs can differ in many ways (depending on the representation and other specialities), but all have to satisfy one or more graph concepts, which are standardized interfaces to work with the rest of the library.
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In algebraic geometry and computational geometry, general position is a notion of genericity for a set of points, or other geometric objects. It means the general case situation, as opposed to some more special or coincidental cases that are possible, which is referred to as special position. Its precise meaning differs in different settings. For example, generically, two lines in the plane intersect in a single point (they are not parallel or coincident).
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In type theory, bounded quantification (also bounded polymorphism or constrained genericity) refers to universal or existential quantifiers which are restricted ("bounded") to range only over the subtypes of a particular type. Bounded quantification is an interaction of parametric polymorphism with subtyping. Bounded quantification has traditionally been studied in the functional setting of System F<:, but is available in modern object-oriented languages supporting parametric polymorphism (generics) such as Java, C# and Scala.
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Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Stroh Brewery Co., 750 F.2d 631, 641-42 (8th Cir. 1984). The court ruled that "a term may be generic in one country and suggestive in another" and that genericity in Australia was irrelevant.Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Stroh Brewery Co. B92 In Carcione v. The Greengrocer, Inc., the court rejected as irrelevant the generic use of the term "Greengrocer" in most English speaking countries for a retailer of fruit.
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"Under some circumstances, terms that are not originally generic can become generic over time (a process called "genericity"), and thus become unprotected." From time to time, The CW Television Network airs short programming breaks called "Content Wraps", to advertise one company's product during an entire commercial break. The CW pioneered "content wraps" and some products featured were Herbal Essences, Crest, Guitar Hero II, CoverGirl, and Toyota. A new promotion concept has appeared, "ARvertising", advertising on augmented reality technology.
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Here the "ninth intersection" cannot lie on the conic by genericity, and hence it lies on . The Cayley–Bacharach theorem is also used to prove that the group operation on cubic elliptic curves is associative. The same group operation can be applied on a cone if we choose a point on the cone and a line in the plane. The sum of and is obtained by first finding the intersection point of line with , which is .
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The book, often known as "OOSC", presents object technology as an answer to major issues of software engineering, with a special emphasis on addressing the software quality factors of correctness, robustness, extendibility and reusability. It starts with an examination of the issues of software quality, then introduces abstract data types as the theoretical basis for object technology and proceeds with the main object- oriented techniques: classes, objects, genericity, inheritance, Design by Contract, concurrency, and persistence. It includes extensive discussions of methodological issues.
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Eiffel was originally developed by Eiffel Software, a company founded by Bertrand Meyer. Object-Oriented Software Construction contains a detailed treatment of the concepts and theory of the object technology that led to Eiffel's design.Object-Oriented Software Construction, Second Edition, by Bertrand Meyer, Prentice Hall, 1997, The design goal behind the Eiffel language, libraries, and programming methods is to enable programmers to create reliable, reusable software modules. Eiffel supports multiple inheritance, genericity, polymorphism, encapsulation, type- safe conversions, and parameter covariance.
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Meyer, Bertrand. Genericity versus inheritance, in ACM Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Languages Systems and Applications (OOPSLA), Portland (Oregon), 29 September – 2 October 1986, pages 391-405. By 1987 Stepanov and Musser had developed and published an Ada library for list processing that embodied the results of much of their research on generic programming. However, Ada had not achieved much acceptance outside the defense industry and C++ seemed more likely to become widely used and provide good support for generic programming even though the language was relatively immature.
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Section A, "Research Period 1991–2001," Curriculum Vitae of Arlie O. Petters, Department of Mathematics, Duke University His work culminated in book, entitled Singularity Theory and Gravitational Lensing (Springer 2012), which he co-authored with Harold Levine and Joachim Wambganns. This book, which addressed the question, "What is the universe made of?", systematically created a framework of stability and genericity for k-plane gravitational lensing. The book drew upon powerful tools from the theory of singularities and put the subject of weak-deflection k-plane gravitational lensing on a rigorous and unified mathematical foundation.
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Veneeta Dayal (born December 5, 1956) is an American linguist. She is currently the Dorothy R. Diebold Professor of Linguistics at Yale University, and formerly of Rutgers University, where she served as Department chair from 2005-2008 and Acting Dean of Humanities in the School of Arts and Sciences from 2008-2009. Dayal's research focuses on the interface of semantics and syntax, especially the areas of question forms and relative clauses, bare nominals and genericity, and quantifier words signalling free choice, such as "any." She has examined these forms in data from Hindi as well as English.
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The Kodaira dimension gives a useful rough division of all algebraic varieties into several classes. Varieties with low Kodaira dimension can be considered special, while varieties of maximal Kodaira dimension are said to be of general type. Geometrically, there is a very rough correspondence between Kodaira dimension and curvature: negative Kodaira dimension corresponds to positive curvature, zero Kodaira dimension corresponds to flatness, and maximum Kodaira dimension (general type) corresponds to negative curvature. The specialness of varieties of low Kodaira dimension is analogous to the specialness of Riemannian manifolds of positive curvature (and general type corresponds to the genericity of non-positive curvature); see classical theorems, especially on Pinched sectional curvature and Positive curvature.
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Whereas most ERPs are based on business field specific models and culture dependent ontologies, ERP5 uses a single model, called the Unified Business Model, that is used to describe all its components. This approach to enterprise modeling was introduced in 2002 by Smets and Carvalho.. The UBM relies on 5 generic concepts, namely Node, Resource, Movement, Item and Path. According to Carvalho, abstraction and genericity not only reduce the complexity of ERP5 systems but also increase code reuse incentive and sustainability.. Thanks to this unification, a typical ERP5 implementation thus consists of 20 to 30 tables whereas the implementation of an ERP based on traditional enterprise modeling requires thousands to tens of thousands of tables because they need to piece together several components.
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In differential topology, the transversality theorem, also known as the Thom transversality theorem after French mathematician René Thom, is a major result that describes the transverse intersection properties of a smooth family of smooth maps. It says that transversality is a generic property: any smooth map f\colon X\rightarrow Y, may be deformed by an arbitrary small amount into a map that is transverse to a given submanifold Z \subseteq Y. Together with the Pontryagin–Thom construction, it is the technical heart of cobordism theory, and the starting point for surgery theory. The finite-dimensional version of the transversality theorem is also a very useful tool for establishing the genericity of a property which is dependent on a finite number of real parameters and which is expressible using a system of nonlinear equations. This can be extended to an infinite-dimensional parametrization using the infinite-dimensional version of the transversality theorem.
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