Even true appearances deceive when they lead to false generalisations.
|
|
" The statement called on the media to "avoid any assumptions, speculations and generalisations.
|
|
Being LGBTQ+ means different things to different people, and by its nature, defies sweeping cultural generalisations.
|
|
Final Fantasy 15 talks in sweeping generalisations and barely stops to tally up the human cost.
|
|
And it reminds viewers to doubt generalisations about history that occlude the experiences and complexities of individuals.
|
|
It's a sonic dialogue highlighting difference within the diaspora in resistance to generalisations and false notions of solidarity.
|
|
Yet, you routinely implied causation while only demonstrating correlation, and opted for broad generalisations where fine distinctions are required.
|
|
In amongst the sweeping generalisations and general scaremongering, there are thousands of people trying to get on with their lives.
|
|
But readers looking for an enduring, well-researched manifesto about big tech's dangers will be disappointed by the book's lazy generalisations.
|
|
One of the stigmas and generalisations attached to care is that it's to do with the parents' drug and alcohol abuse.
|
|
Although there is plenty to admire in the ambitious scope of this book, ultimately it is a glib work, full of corner-cutting sleights of hand and unsatisfactory generalisations.
|
|
" Earlier this year, 8ULENTINA curated the DISMISS U compilation, which they described as "a sonic dialogue highlighting difference within the diaspora in resistance to generalisations and false notions of solidarity.
|
|
J.H. Hexter, an American academic, believed his fellow historians could be divided into two camps: "splitters" (who were forever making distinctions) and "lumpers" (who make sweeping generalisations by lumping things together).
|
|
But, while the RSPH's aim to make information about calorie expenditure easier to understand is laudable, not all nutrition experts are on board with making generalisations about the time it takes to burn calories.
|
|
IF YOU like to deal in broad generalisations about American religion, you probably see the north-east as a heartland of liberal or mainline Protestantism, and the South as the home of old-time evangelicals.
|
|
Journalists have always indulged in projection: stringing loose generalisations together to produce a word picture that tells you more about the anxieties of the writer than it does about the subject that is being written about.
|
|
It is hard to make valid generalisations that apply both to Russia, where active adherence to and real knowledge of the Orthodox faith is confined to a small minority, and mainly Orthodox Romania, where levels of church-going and religious knowledge are much higher.
|
|
WORKS of art are often viewed through the eyes of the artist that created them: that van Gogh's vibrant "Sunflowers" were the product of happy times in Arles, or that Picasso's "Le Rêve" and "Nude, Green Leaves, and Bust" were clues of his intense affair with Marie-Thèrese Walter, are common generalisations.
|
|
Centred spaces, AD-compact spaces and ξ-adic spaces are generalisations of polyadic spaces.
|
|
Some generalisations of the idea of crossed module are explained in the paper of Janelidze.
|
|
This approach, together with its higher-dimensional generalisations, is discussed in great detail in Chapters 1 and 2.
|
|
Schur's lemma admits generalisations to Lie groups and Lie algebras, the most common of which is due to Jacques Dixmier.
|
|
The 20th century saw a succession of generalisations of the idea of a regular polyhedron, leading to several new classes.
|
|
At the European Patent Office (EPO), an amendment to a claim resulting in "an undisclosed combination of selected features lying somewhere between an originally broad disclosure and a more limited specific disclosure".EPO Board of Appeal decision T 1408/04 of 17 November 2006, reasons 1, third paragraph.See also : "Intermediate generalisations", and : "Intermediate generalisations".
|
|
Historical generalisations may be reduced to a set of laws of higher generality (i.e. one could say that history depends upon psychology). However, in order to form predictions from these generalisations we also need specific initial conditions. To the extent that conditions change or are changing, any ‘law’ may apply differently and trends may disappear.
|
|
Generalisations and extensions are called Jackson-type theorems. A converse to Jackson's inequality is given by Bernstein's theorem. See also constructive function theory.
|
|
A number of generalisations M. Jones, S. Kitaev, A. Pyatkin, and J. Remmel. Representing Graphs via Pattern Avoiding Words, Electron. J. Combin. 22 (2), Res. Pap.
|
|
This is what humans could call a proto-cultural behavior. It is learned, it involves concepts and generalisations, and it is taught. There is only one thing missing.
|
|
O’ Donnell J gave the leading judgment in the Supreme Court. He noted that the arguments on both sides urged the Court to make "large generalisations, albeit that their proposed generalisations are almost diametrically opposed".Nottinghamshire County Council v B [2011] IESC 48 [42]; [2013] 4 IR 662 [184] (O'Donnell J). The judge warned against such an approach, noting that, in his view, the conclusions the Court should draw in this case should be nuanced.
|
|
These algebras include certain quotients of the group algebras of braid groups. The presence of this commutative operator algebra plays a significant role in the harmonic analysis of modular forms and generalisations.
|
|
In recent, Balachandran's research has been focused on the formulation of quantum field theories on noncommutative spacetimes and investigating the emergent significance of Hopf algebras in quantum physics as generalisations of symmetry groups.
|
|
"delta-sphere interactions" and "surface delta interactions". The latter generalisations may use derivatives of the indicator, as explained here, or the one-dimensional Dirac -function as a function of the radial coordinate r.
|
|
Albert Einstein described two types of scientific theories: "Constructive theories" and "principle theories". Constructive theories are constructive models for phenomena: for example, kinetic theory. Principle theories are empirical generalisations such as Newton's laws of motion.
|
|
Many statements about free modules, which are wrong for general modules over rings, are still true for certain generalisations of free modules. Projective modules are direct summands of free modules, so one can choose an injection into a free module and use the basis of this one to prove something for the projective module. Even weaker generalisations are flat modules, which still have the property that tensoring with them preserves exact sequences, and torsion-free modules. If the ring has special properties, this hierarchy may collapse, e.g.
|
|
This is another strand in Ehrenberg's work. In 1975, he first published Data Reduction.Ehrenberg, A. (1975,1981), Data Reduction, John Wiley, Chichester. Reprinted in the Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Marketing Science, 2000, 5, 1–391 (www.empgens.com).
|
|
A lot more attention has been focused on the one-dimensional Dirac delta prime potential recently. A point on the one-dimensional line can be considered both as a point and as surface; as a point marks the boundary between two regions. Two generalisations of the Dirac delta-function to higher dimensions have thus been made: the generalisation to a multidimensional point, as well as the generalisation to a multidimensional surface. The former generalisations are known as point interactions, whereas the latter are known under different names, e.g.
|
|
The first thorough treatment of group testing was given by Sobel and Groll in their formative 1959 paper on the subject. They described five new procedures – in addition to generalisations for when the prevalence rate is unknown – and for the most optimal one, they provided an explicit formula for the expected number of tests it would use. The paper also made the connection between group testing and information theory for the first time, as well as discussing several generalisations of the group-testing problem and providing some new applications of the theory.
|
|
Supported by the SPCK, Nelson, Dodwell, Lady Elizabeth and Lady Catherine Jones, it is thought to be the first in England with an all-women Board of Governors. This shows the difficulty of making generalisations about the English Non Juror movement.
|
|
Increasing urbanisation heightened public awareness of the gap between social aspirations and reality of the young colony. Generalisations from newspapers, visiting speakers & politicians in the 1890s allowed development of large public overreaction and fervour to the magnitude of the problem of alcohol.
|
|
A square tiling (which would resemble an infinitely large fenestrane) would suffer form the same problem as octahedrane, and the triangular tiling icosahedrane. No generalisations to hyperbolic tilings seem to be known. The regular convex 4-polytopes may also have hydrocarbon analogues; hypercubane has been proposed.
|
|
However, in the case where the random walk is on a topological space the Poisson boundary can be related to the Martin boundary which is an analytic construction yielding a genuine topological boundary. Both boundaries are related to harmonic functions on the space via generalisations of the Poisson formula.
|
|
Male insects possess an aedeagus, whose function is directly analogous to that of the vertebrate penis. Some insects also have claspers. Male moths have an additional organ called the juxta, which supports the aedeagus. These however are generalisations, and insect genitalia vary enormously in anatomy and in application.
|
|
In mathematical analysis, Lorentz spaces, introduced by George G. Lorentz in the 1950s,G. Lorentz, "Some new function spaces", Annals of Mathematics 51 (1950), pp. 37-55.G. Lorentz, "On the theory of spaces Λ", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 1 (1951), pp. 411-429. are generalisations of the more familiar L^{p} spaces.
|
|
After 1930, the interests of Riesz shifted to potential theory and partial differential equations. He made use of "generalised potentials", generalisations of the Riemann–Liouville integral. In particular, Riesz discovered the Riesz potential, a generalisation of the Riemann–Liouville integral to dimension higher than one. In the 1940s and 1950s, Riesz worked on Clifford algebras.
|
|
This fits our criteria for cultural behavior. It is not genetically programmed. Not all chimps do it, as would happen if it were built into the chimps' genes. It involves several complex generalisations and ideas, involving understanding the termites' behavior and how to exploit it, and conceiving of a tool with which to do so.
|
|
Bohman Bohman, James (2009). contends that Baert underestimates the ability of social scientists to develop generalisations which can lead to emancipatory political agendas. For a critical exchange between Baert and Peter Manicas, see the Journal of Critical Realism;Journal of Critical Realism (2008) 7 2. Whilst sympathetic to Dewey, Manicas disagrees with Baert's neo-pragmatism.
|
|
Because of the widespread problem of race discrimination in stop and search, the Home Office Code A says that 'reasonable suspicion cannot be based on generalisations or stereotypical images' of people being involved in crime.Home Office Code A, para 2.2B(b). The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 s 23 enables stop and search powers for unlawful drugs.
|
|
With this message movie in the mainstream format, the director takes a step in the right direction." Sudhish Kamath from The Hindu wrote, "My Name Is Khan is populist, yet layered with rich political subtext. It's all about types, yet every character feels real. It's about generalisations and yet it chooses to dwell on the specifics.
|
|
Working off Giuliano Frullani's 1821 integral theorem, Ramanujan formulated generalisations that could be made to evaluate formerly unyielding integrals. Hardy's correspondence with Ramanujan soured after Ramanujan refused to come to England. Hardy enlisted a colleague lecturing in Madras, E. H. Neville, to mentor and bring Ramanujan to England. Neville asked Ramanujan why he would not go to Cambridge.
|
|
Some common generalisations of this theory can be applied to the Maritime Casimir Effect and through the motion of active Brownian particles within a closed system. Examples of active non-equilibrium systems can be demonstrated through many chemical, physical and biological processes; which range from turbulence, mechanical driving, chemical bonding, chemical gradients and cosmic background radiation.
|
|
Ehrenberg A.(1988) Repeat-buying: facts, theory and applications, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold, London; Oxford University Press, New York. Reprinted in the Journal of Empirical Generalisations in Mark Science, 2000, 5, 392–770 (www.empgens.com). Ehrenberg derived from these models of buyer behaviour a view on advertising for established brands.Goodhardt GJ, Ehrenberg A., Collins M. (1987), The television audience, 2nd ed.
|
|
He joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in 2009. He has contributed to number theory and related parts of algebraic geometry. His first work was in the higher-dimensional generalisations of local class field theory using Milnor K-theory. It was then extended to higher global class field theory in which several of his papers were written jointly with Shuji Saito.
|
|
In five and higher dimensions, there are 3 regular polytopes, the hypercube, simplex and cross-polytope. They are generalisations of the three-dimensional cube, tetrahedron and octahedron, respectively. There are no regular star polytopes in these dimensions. Most uniform higher-dimensional polytopes are obtained by modifying the regular polytopes, or by taking the Cartesian product of polytopes of lower dimensions.
|
|
A negative review in The Economist stated that the book resorted to "generalisations of breathtaking sweep" and that the second part of the book "has plainly become untethered from its moorings in brain science". Likewise, Michael Corbalis said of the work, that "Although widely acclaimed, this book goes far beyond the neurological facts." Corbalis, 2014. Left Brain, Right Brain: Facts and Fantasies.
|
|
Ruetsche pursues three distinct tasks in this book. First, she offers an introduction to the conceptual foundations of the algebraic approaches i.e. generalisations of Hilbert spaces of ordinary quantum mechanics, that apply to systems with an infinite number of degrees of freedom (collectively referred to as QM-∞ by Ruetsche). Second, she offers a set of exegetical challenges raised by QM-∞.
|
|
Charles Darwin took up this challenge in 1846, and developed his initial interest into a major study published as a series of monographs in 1851 and 1854. Darwin undertook this study, at the suggestion of his friend Joseph Dalton Hooker, to thoroughly understand at least one species before making the generalisations needed for his theory of evolution by natural selection.
|
|
According to Brian Vickers , in the 1949 book The Origins of Modern Science Butterfield makes simplistic generalisations which "seem unworthy of a serious historian". Vickers considers the book a late example of the earliest stage of modern analysis of the history of Renaissance magic in relation to the development of science, when magic was largely dismissed as being "entertaining but irrelevant".
|
|
Rather, there was a lack of data from reliable scientific investigation into physiological mechanisms, and the means "by which the effects of hydropathy can be measured and controlled". > Probably however, nothing has done more to repel earnest research than the > suspicion of quackery which taints the practice that ordinarily goes by this > name. Huge establishments can only be made to pay by full houses well kept > up, and this is found as a rule to require that their calling be magnified > in ways which are at once too special and popular to be scientific and > genuine. The British Medical Journal concurred with this writer on all counts, noting that there were "simple generalisations" that could be deduced regarding the effects of heat and cold on physiological processes, and lamenting the lack of such generalisations by "therapeutical authorities", let alone scientific investigations.
|
|
Anatoly Ivanovich Maltsev (also: Malcev, Mal'cev; Russian: Анато́лий Ива́нович Ма́льцев; 27 November N.S./14 November O.S. 1909, Moscow Governorate – 7 June 1967, Novosibirsk) was born in Misheronsky, near Moscow, and died in Novosibirsk, USSR. He was a mathematician noted for his work on the decidability of various algebraic groups. Malcev algebras (generalisations of Lie algebras), as well as Malcev Lie algebras are named after him.
|
|
The neighbourhood swept out has similar properties to balls in Euclidean space, namely any two points in it are joined by a unique geodesic. This property is called "geodesic convexity" and the coordinates are called "normal coordinates". The explicit calculation of normal coordinates can be accomplished by considering the differential equation satisfied by geodesics. The convexity properties are consequences of Gauss's lemma and its generalisations.
|
|
The distinction between the two verbs is very similar to that of Catalan. Compared to Spanish, estar is a little less used. The main difference between Spanish and Portuguese lies in the interpretation of the concept of state versus essence and in the generalisations in some constructions. There is perhaps a little more of a concept of permanent versus temporary, rather than essence versus state.
|
|
Designer Vineet Bahl complained about the male characters, most of whom are portrayed as "gay designers and exploitative agency owners". He said, "Bhandarkar could have done without gross generalisations. It makes the movie shallow and over- dramatic". The film alludes several times to actual incidents, including a scene where Bhandarkar appears at a fashion show to research his upcoming film on the fashion industry.
|
|
Machine learning systems evolve their behavior over time based on experience. This may involve reasoning over observed events or example data provided for training purposes. For example, machine learning systems may use inductive reasoning to generate hypotheses for observed facts. Learning systems search for generalised rules or functions that yield results in line with observations and then use these generalisations to control future behavior.
|
|
On 4 January 2012, Abbott tweeted that: "White people love playing 'divide and rule'. We should not play their game", which again led to widespread criticism, including accusations of racism. Abbott later apologised for "any offence caused", claiming that she had not intended to "make generalisations about white people". Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire.
|
|
Especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, sheaf cohomology provides a powerful link between topological and geometric properties of spaces. Sheaves also provide the basis for the theory of D-modules, which provide applications to the theory of differential equations. In addition, generalisations of sheaves to more general settings than topological spaces, such as Grothendieck topology, have provided applications to mathematical logic and number theory.
|
|
The definition of a word-representable graph works both in labelled and unlabelled cases since any labelling of a graph is equivalent to any other labelling. Also, the class of word-representable graphs is hereditary. Word-representable graphs generalise several important classes of graphs such as circle graphs, 3-colorable graphs and comparability graphs. Various generalisations of the theory of word- representable graphs accommodate representation of any graph.
|
|
John Vivian Tucker (born 1952) is a British computer scientist and expert on computability theory, also known as recursion theory. Computability theory is about what can and cannot be computed by people and machines. His work has focused on generalising the classical theory to deal with all forms of discrete/digital and continuous/analogue data; and on using the generalisations as formal methods for system design; and on the interface between algorithms and physical equipment.
|
|
346–347 While the Vachana poetry is generally categorised as a part of the pan-Indian Bhakti (devotional) literature, such generalisations tend to disguise the very esoteric and anti-bhakti positions taken by many Vachanakaras.Nagaraj (2003), pp. 347–348 The origin of the Veerashaiva ideology and the beginnings of their poetry is unclear. According to D.R. Nagaraj, a scholar on literary cultures in history, modern scholars tend to favour two broad views: integrationist and indigenist.
|
|
Radha G. Laha (obituary), The Toledo Blade, 18 July 1999. One of his well-known results is his disproof of a long-standing conjecture: that the ratio of two independent, identically distributed random variables is Cauchy distributed if and only if the variables have normal distributions. Laha became known for disproving this conjecture. Laha also proved several generalisations of the classical characterisation of normal sample distribution by the independence of sample mean and sample variance.
|
|
The two existing specimens originated from the Florida Middle Grounds in the Gulf of Mexico, and off the coast of Vero Beach. They tend to inhabit the demersal zone between the depths of 60 to 91 metres, and are often found on shell-hash bottoms with scattered rocks and sand in the vicinity of extant reef systems. These outlined locations are generalisations, as greater population enclaves must be recorded to establish a more specific range.
|
|
One of the key arguments he presented in an early article he co-authored with Richard Price 'Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and constructivism', is that constructivism, in spite of its engagement with the mainstream 'on issues of interpretation and evidence, generalisations, alternative explanations and variation and comparability', remains compatible with critical international theory.Richard Price and Christian Reus-Smit, 'Dangerous liaisons? Critical international theory and constructivism', European Journal of International Relations 4 (1998), p. 260.
|
|
She agrees with the book's discounting of the contested scientific hypothesis on the effects of cholesterol on coronary heart disease. She further agrees with the book's claims linking soy with several ailments. However Schenck disagrees that vegetarians are necessarily unhealthy, believing each individual has different abilities to synthesize the needed nutrients from different foods. Patrick Nicholson writes that the book misinterprets scientific articles, cherry-picks facts, uses strawman arguments and relies heavily on anecdotes and faulty generalisations.
|
|
The history of mammals suggests three broad overlapping phases: natural colonisation after the ice age, human-caused extinctions, and introduction by humans of non-native species.MacCormick, Finbar and Buckland, Paul C. The Vertebrate Fauna in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 83–103. The greater mobility of birds makes such generalisations hard to substantiate in their case.
|
|
Sewell has attracted criticism from some of his views. In 2006, Sewell claimed that boys were being failed by schools because lessons had become too "feminised". Sewell's comments were criticised by John Dunford, general secretary of the Association of School and College Leaders. Dunford accused Sewell of making "sweeping generalisations" and argued that "Schools have put an immense amount of effort into raising boys' achievement in recent years, just as they did for girls in the previous years".
|
|
Street vendors. From bottom-left: quail eggs, two types of vinegar preserved vegetables (probably radish), bamboo rice (竹饭 zhufan), barbequed Jianshui tofu, roasted corn. Yunnan cuisine, alternatively known as Dian cuisine, is an amalgam of the cuisines of the Han Chinese and other ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province in southwestern China. As the province with the largest number of ethnic minority groups, Yunnan cuisine is vastly varied, and it is difficult to make generalisations.
|
|
There is little known of P. gigas’s reproduction, leaving us to draw on educated generalisations from other hummingbird species. Hummingbird males tend to have polygynous, occasionally promiscuous, behaviours and no involvement after copulation. The female builds the nest and lays a clutch of two eggs during the summer. A P. gigas nest is small considering the size of the bird, typically made near water sources and perched on a branch of a tree or shrub parallel to the ground.
|
|
However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the hypothesis. The accurate measurement of the speed of gravitational waves compared to the speed of light in 2017 ruled out many theories which used modified gravity to rule out dark matter. However, both Milgrom's bi-metric formulation of MOND and nonlocal MOND are not ruled out according to the same study.
|
|
In many places the transition to later periods remains problematic due to the lack of archaeological evidence. Nevertheless, some generalisations are possible. In the Central Asian steppes, Turkic groups become detectable sometime in the 5th century; over the following centuries, they expand to the north and west until eventually they brought the whole of southern Siberia under their control. The area further north, where the speakers of Uralic and Paleosiberian languages were located is still poorly known.
|
|
In mathematics -- specifically, in the fields of probability theory and inverse problems -- Besov measures and associated Besov-distributed random variables are generalisations of the notions of Gaussian measures and random variables, Laplace distributions, and other classical distributions. They are particularly useful in the study of inverse problems on function spaces for which a Gaussian Bayesian prior is an inappropriate model. The construction of a Besov measure is similar to the construction of a Besov space, hence the nomenclature.
|
|
The theory of L-functions has become a very substantial, and still largely conjectural, part of contemporary analytic number theory. In it, broad generalisations of the Riemann zeta function and the L-series for a Dirichlet character are constructed, and their general properties, in most cases still out of reach of proof, are set out in a systematic way. Because of the Euler product formula there is a deep connection between L-functions and the theory of prime numbers.
|
|
As with all cat breeds, the cat fancy has arrived through observation at a variety of widely held generalisations about the Manx breed as a whole. The Manx is considered a social and gregarious cat, and very attached to humans, but also shy of strangers. The breed is said to be highly intelligent, playful, and in its behaviour reminiscent of dogs. For example, like some Maine Coons and a few other breeds, Manx cats often learn to fetch small thrown objects.
|
|
As part of its Demand Dignity campaign, in 2011 Amnesty International published a report concerning the rights of the Dongria Kondh.India: Generalisations, omissions, assumptions: The failings of Vedanta’s Environmental Impact Assessments for its bauxite mine and alumina refinery in India’s state of Odisha (Executive Summary) Amnesty International. Vedanta has appealed against the ministerial decision. In April 2013 the Supreme Court upheld the ban on Vedanta's project in the Niyamgiri Hills, ruling that the views of those communities affected by it must be considered.
|
|
His research work is geared towards applications in biosciences. Aalen's early work on counting processes and martingales, starting with his 1976 Ph.D. thesis at the University of California, Berkeley, has had profound influence in biostatistics. Inferences for fundamental quantities associated with cumulative hazard rates, in survival analysis and models for analysis of event histories, are typically based on the Nelson–Aalen estimator or appropriate related statistics. The Nelson–Aalen estimator is related to the Kaplan-Meier estimator and generalisations thereof.
|
|
Medical professionals of the time were also noted for relying on moral judgments and generalisations of Indian people on pilgrimages. The sanitary commissioner of Bengal in British India, Dr. David Smith said,"the human mind can scarcely sink lower than it has done in connection with the appalling degeneration of idol-worship at Pooree". During the outbreak, British authorities launched inquiries into the conditions of South Asian people on pilgrimages and eventually classified pilgrims as a "dangerous class" who were placed under surveillance.
|
|
PACEA 1984 ss 1 and 117 The constable must give their name, police station, and grounds for the search. People cannot be made to remove clothing in public, except an outer coat, jacket or gloves.PACEA 1984 s 2, and s 3 requires details are recorded. Because of the widespread problem of race discrimination in stop and search, the Home Office Code A says that 'reasonable suspicion cannot be based on generalisations or stereotypical images' of people being involved in crime.
|
|
Constructing the nerve of an open good cover containing 3 sets in the plane. In topology, the nerve of an open covering is a construction of an abstract simplicial complex from an open covering of a topological space X that captures many of the interesting topological properties in an algorithmic or combinatorial way. It was introduced by Pavel Alexandrov and now has many variants and generalisations, among them the Čech nerve of a cover, which in turn is generalised by hypercoverings.
|
|
The introduction to the story makes many generalisations about Japanese literature, some of which are "misleading", especially the categorisation of Torikaebaya as a "giko monogatari" (imitation epic tale). Gatten has described the translation as "highly readable". Harper describes the prose of the translation as "wretched". Kelsey was disappointed that the foreword was so short and did not include discussion of androgyny in monogatari, but he suggests this may be due to pressure from the publisher to keep the book short.
|
|
M. Kent, "Dark matter in spiral galaxies. II - Galaxies with H I rotation curves", 1987, AJ, 93, 816 and that MOND is naturally unsuited to forming the basis of a hypothesis of cosmology. Furthermore, many versions of MOND predict that the speed of light is different from the speed of gravity, but in 2017 the speed of gravitational waves was measured to be equal to the speed of light. Besides these observational issues, MOND and its relativistic generalisations are plagued by theoretical difficulties.
|
|
English is widely used throughout the country and is the first language of most people in the South and the North East of the country; in parts of the West and North, Welsh is the dominant first language. Nevertheless, there are a number of communities throughout the country to which these generalisations do not apply. According to the 2011 census, Welsh is spoken by 19% of the population and English is spoken by 99% of the population.QS206WA - Welsh language skills, ONS 2011 census.
|
|
"Starkey's ignorance is hardly work of history". Historians' open letter to The Times Higher Education magazine, August 2011. The letter criticised "[h]is crass generalisations about black culture and white culture as oppositional, monolithic entities demonstrate a failure to grasp the subtleties of race and class that would disgrace a first- year history undergraduate." The letter also criticised his supposed "lack of professionalism" and "some of the worst practices of an academic" in shouting down, belittling, and mocking, opposing views, rather than meeting them with evidence.
|
|
Thousands of studies and surveys have been undertaken to assess the prevalence of loneliness. Yet it remains challenging for scientists to make accurate generalisations and comparisons. Reasons for this include various loneliness measurement scales being used by different studies, differences in how even the same scale is implemented from study to study, and as cultural variations across time and space may impact how people report the largely subjective phenomena of loneliness. One consistent finding has been that loneliness is not evenly distributed across a nation's population.
|
|
Go proverbs are traditional proverbs relating to the game of Go, generally used to help one find good moves in various situations during a game. They are generalisations and thus a particular proverb will have specific situations where it is not applicable. Knowing when a proverb is inapplicable is part of the process of getting stronger as a Go player. Indeed, several proverbs contradict each other—however they agree in as much as they are advising the player to pay attention to the stated situation.
|
|
Later they were switched to the Archangel section. The men were then broken into small advisory groups and attached to White Russian and White Finnish units, being engaged in a range of administrative, instructional and advisory tasks. Due to their isolation, it is difficult to make generalisations about the nature of service experienced by the Australians at this time. Captain P.F. Lohan served in a variety of administrative positions both in Murmansk and Archangel, whilst Sergeant R.L. Graham was commissioned in the field and became railway transport officer on the Archangel-Vologda railway.
|
|
The odd girth and even girth of a graph are the lengths of a shortest odd cycle and shortest even cycle respectively. The circumference of a graph is the length of the longest (simple) cycle, rather than the shortest. Thought of as the least length of a non-trivial cycle, the girth admits natural generalisations as the 1-systole or higher systoles in systolic geometry. Girth is the dual concept to edge connectivity, in the sense that the girth of a planar graph is the edge connectivity of its dual graph, and vice versa.
|
|
Wade first became known for his books on sexual topics such as fetishism, homosexuality, sadomasochism and transvestism. His The Trouble Sex, published in 1961 offered behavioral clues how the American public could "detect" a lesbian.Caramagno, Thomas C. (2002). Irreconcilable Differences?: Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate. Praeger. p. 85. His work was classified as "pulp sexology", for example his book Sexual Deviations of the American Female (1965) gave anthropological generalisations about lesbian subcultures.Heike Bauer, Matt Cook. (2012). Queer 1950s: Rethinking Sexuality in the Postwar Years. Palgrave. p. 161.
|
|
All the early work was based on mechanisms that were essentially generalisations of the simple scheme proposed by del Castillo & Katz in 1957, in which the receptor existed in only two conformations, open and shut. It was only when the glycine receptor was investigated that it was realised that it was possible to detect an intermediate shut state (dubbed the "flipped" conformation), between the resting conformation and the open state. Subsequently, it was discovered that this extra "flipped" conformation was detectable too in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Lape et al.
|
|
In 1911 he published his first collection of poems, Zemes dēls (Son of the Land), and his only collection to be published during his lifetime. His other major collection, Dziesmas un lūgšanas Dzīvības Kokam (Songs and Prayers for the Tree of Life), was published in 1919. Bārda is considered an exponent of romantic poetry, reacting to the prevalent realism of the preceding years. His treatments of traditional poetic themes – one's home land, love, nature, life, death, the soul, and eternity – are given original imagery and rhythms, and presented in philosophical generalisations.
|
|
For practical regression and prediction needs, Student's t-processes were introduced, that are generalisations of the Student t-distributions for functions. A Student's t-process is constructed from the Student t-distributions like a Gaussian process is constructed from the Gaussian distributions. For a Gaussian process, all sets of values have a multidimensional Gaussian distribution. Analogiusly, X(t) is a Student t-process on an interval I=[a,b] if the correspondent values of the process X(t_1),...,X(t_n) (t_i \in I) have a joint multivariate Student t-distribution.
|
|
The most efficient way to pack different-sized circles together is not obvious. In geometry, circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles (of equal or varying sizes) on a given surface such that no overlapping occurs and so that no circle can be enlarged without creating an overlap. The associated packing density, η, of an arrangement is the proportion of the surface covered by the circles. Generalisations can be made to higher dimensions - this is called sphere packing, which usually deals only with identical spheres.
|
|
It is thus difficult to make broad generalisations about the movement without obscuring the complexities within it. The scholar of religion Darren J. N. Middleton suggested that it was appropriate to speak of "a plethora of Rasta spiritualities" rather than a single phenomenon. The term "Rastafari" derives from "Ras Tafari Makonnen", the pre-regnal title of Haile Selassie, a former Ethiopian emperor who plays a major role in Rasta belief. The term "Ras" means a duke or prince in the Ethiopian Semitic languages; "Tafari Makonnen" was his personal name.
|
|
Surveying the historiography, Subrahmanyam, says: > A major problem attendant on such generalisations by modern historians > concerning pre-1760 Mysore is, however, the paucity of documentation on this > older 'Old Regime'. The first explicit History of Mysore in English is Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an attempt to trace the History of Mysoor (), by Mark Wilks. Wilks claimed to have based his history on various Kannada language documents, many of which have not survived. According to , all subsequent histories of Mysore have borrowed heavily from Wilks's book for their pre-1760 content.
|
|
A tendency in the influential and respected writing of the time noted by Hazlitt, as well as some before him, was the formation of premature generalisations, with a failure to embrace the richness of human experience. There was considerable debate at the time about the influence of science and philosophical reasoning on poetry, as well as on the discourse of the age more generally.Park 1971, pp. 9–42. Poetry, in Hazlitt's words, is successful insofar as it results from "an aggregate of well-founded particulars";Hazlitt 1930, vol. 12, p. 246.
|
|
The early 20th-century inaugurated a period of systematic critical examination, and rejection of the sweeping generalisations of the unilineal theories of sociocultural evolution. Cultural anthropologists such as Franz Boas (1858–1942), along with his students, including Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, are regarded as the leaders of anthropology's rejection of classical social evolutionism. They used sophisticated ethnography and more rigorous empirical methods to argue that Spencer, Tylor, and Morgan's theories were speculative and systematically misrepresented ethnographic data. Theories regarding "stages" of evolution were especially criticised as illusions.
|
|
In probability theory, a Fleming–Viot process (F–V process) is a member of a particular subset of probability measure-valued Markov processes on compact metric spaces, as defined in the 1979 paper by Wendell Helms Fleming and Michel Viot. Such processes are martingales and diffusions. The Fleming–Viot processes have proved to be important to the development of a mathematical basis for the theories behind allele drift. They are generalisations of the Wright–Fisher process and arise as infinite population limits of suitably rescaled variants of Moran processes.
|
|
Alongside his wife Dorothy Nicholl, he was active in the co-workers of Mother Teresa. A regular contributor to The Tablet, a compassionate intelligence shone through his articles, providing a source of relief in conservative times and of compassionate impartiality in times of conflict. Perhaps his skill in listening respectfully to wildly variant points of view, acknowledging authentic distinctives unobscured by mollifying generalisations, was most widely known in his work at Tantur, but it was certainly experienced by his students as well. Nicholl died of cancer, at his home in Betley, on 3 May 1997.
|
|
In 1953, sociologist Theodor W. Adorno conducted a study of the astrology column of a Los Angeles newspaper as part of a project that examined mass culture in capitalist society. Adorno believed that popular astrology, as a device, invariably led to statements that encouraged conformity—and that astrologers who went against conformity with statements that discouraged performance at work etc. risked losing their jobs. Adorno concluded that astrology was a large-scale manifestation of systematic irrationalism, where flattery and vague generalisations subtly led individuals to believe the author of the column addressed them directly.
|
|
Henson's academic work is in the area of formal methods to aid software engineering. His early work was in programming language semantics, especially using algebraic approaches for structuring compiler and interpreter generation from semantic descriptions. He moved on to work in functional languages, focusing on program verification and transformation, pioneering an approach to program transformation, adapted from work in semantic equivalences, using higher-order generalisations and relational constraints. Since the late 1990s, he has undertaken research into the design and use of logic in specification and program development.
|
|
Staynov's symphonic output includes the suites Thracian Dances (1925, 1926) and A Fairy Tale (1930), the symphonic poems A Legend (1927) and Thrace (1937), Symphonic Scherzo (1930), the concert overtures Balkan and Youth Overture (1936 and 1953), two symphonies (1945 and 1949). They reveal the beauty of his native land, the fervour of folk dances, and evoke fairy-tale images. His two symphonies are marked by deeply felt philosophic generalisations. Staynov's symphonic works breathe powerful philosophic suggestions, while some of them, like, for example, Thracian Dances and Thrace, have become symbolic for Bulgarian music.
|
|
There are generalisations, involving the distribution of Frobenius elements in Galois groups involved in the Galois representations on étale cohomology. In particular there is a conjectural theory for curves of genus n > 1\. Under the random matrix model developed by Nick Katz and Peter Sarnak, there is a conjectural correspondence between (unitarized) characteristic polynomials of Frobenius elements and conjugacy classes in the compact Lie group USp(2n) = Sp(n). The Haar measure on USp(2n) then gives the conjectured distribution, and the classical case is USp(2) = SU(2).
|
|
The terms Baluch and war rug are generalisations given to the genre by rug dealers, commercial galleries, collectors, critics, and commentators. The distinctive characteristic of these rugs is their capacity to convey their makers' experiences and interpretations of the circumstances and politics of war and conflict in the region. Since the withdrawal of the USSR, the same themes and subjects have been reused and remade. Additionally, after 9/11 the events of that day were recorded in carpets, and more recently – since 2015 – drones have appeared as subject matter.
|
|
In mathematics, derivators are a proposed new frameworkpg 190-195 for homological algebra giving a framework for non-abelian homological algebra and various generalisations of it. They were introduced to address the deficiencies of derived categories (such as the non-functoriality of the cone contruction) and provide at the same time a language for homotopical algebra. Derivators were first introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in his long unpublished 1983 manuscript Pursuing Stacks. They were then further developed by him in the huge unpublished 1991 manuscript Les Dérivateurs of almost 2000 pages.
|
|
This is clear when examining a sketched graph of the cosine function; the fixed point occurs where the cosine curve y=cos(x) intersects the line y=x. Numerically, the fixed point is approximately x=0.73908513321516 (thus x=cos(x) for this value of x). The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem (and the Nielsen fixed-point theorem) from algebraic topology is notable because it gives, in some sense, a way to count fixed points. There are a number of generalisations to Banach fixed- point theorem and further; these are applied in PDE theory.
|
|
In 1993, Hilary Kornblith published a review of debates about natural kinds since Quine had launched that epistemological project a quarter-century earlier. He evaluated Quine's "picture of natural knowledge" as natural kinds, along with subsequent refinements. He found still acceptable Quine's original assumption that discovering knowledge of mind-independent reality depends on inductive generalisations based on limited observations, despite its being illogical. Equally acceptable was Quine's further assumption that instrumental success of inductive reasoning confirms both the existence of natural kinds and the legitimacy of the method.
|
|
Therefore, the Fourier transform goes from one space of functions to a different space of functions: functions which have a different domain of definition. In general, must always be taken to be a linear form on the space of s, which is to say that the second real line is the dual space of the first real line. See the article on linear algebra for a more formal explanation and for more details. This point of view becomes essential in generalisations of the Fourier transform to general symmetry groups, including the case of Fourier series.
|
|
Some modern techniques in analysing spacetimes rely heavily on using spacetime symmetries, which are infinitesimally generated by vector fields (usually defined locally) on a spacetime that preserve some feature of the spacetime. The most common type of such symmetry vector fields include Killing vector fields (which preserve the metric structure) and their generalisations called generalised Killing vector fields. Symmetry vector fields find extensive application in the study of exact solutions in general relativity and the set of all such vector fields usually forms a finite-dimensional Lie algebra.
|
|
The orthography of Middle Welsh was not standardised, and there is great variation between manuscripts in how certain sounds are spelled. Some generalisations of differences between Middle Welsh spelling and Modern Welsh spelling can be made. For example, the possessive adjectives "his, her", "their" and the preposition "to" are very commonly spelled in Middle Welsh, and are thus spelt the same as the definite article and the indirect relative particle . A phrase such as is therefore ambiguous in Middle Welsh between the meaning "the cat" (spelt the same in Modern Welsh), the meaning "his cat" (modern ), and the meaning "to a cat" (modern ).
|
|
For example, they showed that ::On any discrete data type, functions are definable as the unique solutions of small finite systems of equations if, and only if, they are computable by algorithms. The results combined techniques of universal algebra and recursion theory, including term rewriting and Matiyasevich's theorem. For the other problems, he and his co-workers have developed two independent disparate generalisations of classical computability/recursion theory, which are equivalent for many continuous data types. The first generalisation, created with Jeffrey Zucker, focuses on imperative programming with abstract data types and covers specifications and verification using Hoare logic.
|
|
Secondly, the analysis of the corpus can be incorporated directly into the language teaching and learning environment. With this method, language learners are given the opportunity to categorize language data from the corpus and subsequently form conclusions about the patterns and features of their target language from their categorizations. This method involves a greater amount of work on the part of the language leaner and is referred to as “data-driven learning” by Tim Johns. The corpus data used for data-driven learning is relatively smaller, and consequently the generalisations made about the target language may be of limited value.
|
|
Krishna with cow-herding Gopis in an eighteenth-century painting. The term Yadav (or sometimes Yadava) has been interpreted to mean a descendant of Yadu, who is a mythological king. Using "very broad generalisations", Jayant Gadkari says that it is "almost certain" from analysis of the Puranas that Andhaka, Vrishni, Satvata and Abhira were collectively known as Yadavas and worshipped Krishna. Gadkari further notes of these ancient works that "It is beyond dispute that each of the Puranas consists of legends and myths ... but what is important is that, within that framework [a] certain value system is propounded".
|
|
These generalisations have also proven to be the basis for unjustified criticism of his work,Lambourne, The Art of Bird Illustration since the nature of scientific illustration places a premium on consistency. Aside from this, a number of critics have rightly placed Keulemans above his contemporaries;Errol Fuller, Extinct Birds rev. ed. his ability to create accurate and vivid representations of birds gave him prominence in his field. Red-banded fruiteater (Pipreola whitelyi), 1886 Keulemans was prodigious in his output - he was commissioned to paint pictures of birds extensively throughout his career, and his prints were published continuously from 1867 to 1911.
|
|
The most distinctive aspect of the microhistorical approach is the small scale of investigations. Microhistorians focus on small units in society, as a reaction to the generalisations made by the social sciences which do not necessarily hold up when tested against these smaller units. For instance, Ginzburg's 1976 work The Cheese and the Worms - "probably the most popular and widely read work of microhistory" - investigates the life of a single sixteenth-century Italian miller, Menocchio. The individual's microhistorical works are concerned with are frequently that Richard M. Tristano describes as "little people", especially those considered heretics.
|
|
In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions of descent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks when fine moduli spaces do not exist. Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of situations where isomorphic, compatible geometrical objects (such as vector bundles on topological spaces) can be "glued together" within a restriction of the topological basis. In a more general set-up the restrictions are replaced with pullbacks; fibred categories then make a good framework to discuss the possibility of such gluing.
|
|
The Onafhankelijke Burger Partij (, OBP) is a political party in the Netherlands. It was founded by Hero Brinkman, a Member of the House of Representatives for the Party for Freedom (PVV). Brinkman left the PVV after repeatedly criticising the lack of democracy within that party, as well as its negative generalisations about certain groups in society. He then founded the OBP and intended it to participate in the Dutch general election of 2012; however, on June 9, 2012 he announced that the OBP was to merge with the party Trots op Nederland to form a new party, the Democratic Political Turning Point (, DPK).
|
|
The same groups also appeared in analytic number theory as the study of classical modular forms and their generalisations developed. Of course the two topics were related, as can be seen for example in Langlands' computation of the volume of certain fundamental domains using analytic methods. This classical theory culminated with the work of Siegel, who showed the finiteness of the volume of a fundamental domain in many cases. For the modern theory to begin foundational work was needed, and was provided by the work of Armand Borel, André Weil, Jacques Tits and others on algebraic groups.
|
|
Tullio Levi- Civita (1873-1941) The classical approach of Gauss to the differential geometry of surfaces was the standard elementary approach; ; ; . which predated the emergence of the concepts of Riemannian manifold initiated by Bernhard Riemann in the mid-nineteenth century and of connection developed by Tullio Levi-Civita, Élie Cartan and Hermann Weyl in the early twentieth century. The notion of connection, covariant derivative and parallel transport gave a more conceptual and uniform way of understanding curvature, which not only allowed generalisations to higher dimensional manifolds but also provided an important tool for defining new geometric invariants, called characteristic classes., Chapter XII.
|
|
Although only guaranteed to be accepted in countries that have adopted the relevant UN Resolution 40, the ICC is a useful document to carry and will generally be accepted where proof of competence is required. In general terms an ICC is required for the inland waterways of Europe and for inland and coastal waters of Mediterranean countries. For the coastal waters of Northern Europe the ICC is generally not required, however to all of these generalisations there are exceptions. If in doubt, be sure to check with the country administration you are visiting and the charter company that you are chartering with .
|
|
Vertebral anatomy of a human spine The general structure of human vertebrae is fairly typical of that found in mammals, reptiles, and birds. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. In mammals, such as humans, it typically has flat upper and lower surfaces, while in reptiles the anterior surface commonly has a concave socket into which the expanded convex face of the next vertebral body fits. Even these patterns are only generalisations, however, and there may be variation in form of the vertebrae along the length of the spine even within a single species.
|
|
Their 1971 paper Young Children in Brief Separation, A Fresh Look was also published in the journal, The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. In the summary section, the Robertsons concluded that Bowlby had overgeneralised James Robertson earlier findings of how children respond in institutional settings. They concluded by stating: Our findings do not support Bowlby's generalisations about the responses of young children to separation from the mother per se, nor do they support his theory on grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood. ... but we continue to share his concern about the potential harm associated with early separation from the mother.
|
|
They also came in different literary styles: in prose (yazawins ( and ayedawbons (); in verse (eigyins () and mawguns ()); and as chronograms (yazawin thanbauk ()). The prose versions are those most commonly referred to as the chronicles. In general, Yazawins ("chronicle of kings" from Pali rāja-vaṃsa)Hla Pe 1985: 45 are a record of events in chronological order of kings organised by dynasties whereas ayedawbons ("memoirs of royal events/struggles") are more detailed records of more celebrated kings.Hla Pe 1985: 42Thaw Kaung 2010: 14–17 These definitions are loose generalisations: some ayedawbons are full-fledged chronicles of several kings (e.g.
|
|
The climate comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography, making generalisations difficult. Given the size of India with the Himalayas, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, there is a great variation in temperature and precipitation distribution in the subcontinent. Based on the Köppen system, where the mean monthly temperature, mean monthly rainfall and mean annual rainfall are considered, India hosts six major climatic subtypes, ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates.
|
|
Belgrano developed the idea that the principles of physiocracy and those stated by Adam Smith could be applied together in the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In the development of this approach he was influenced by Fernando Galliani, who promoted the study of particular cases over theoric generalisations, and Antonio Genovesi, who thought that the absolute freedom promoted by physiocrats should be tempered by a moderate intervention by the state, such as the provision of free education for some.Pigna, p. 11-12 During his time in Europe, Belgrano became president of an Academy within the University of Salamanca devoted to Roman legislation, forensic practice and political economy.
|
|
It is also likely that Paul believed that his policies, while hated by those they were directed at, were, in fact, improving people's happiness. If nothing else, says Ragsdale, "there is no denying that the man was bizarre and that his conduct was radically imprudent". The historian John W. Strong says that Paul I has traditionally had "the dubious distinction of being known as the worst Tsar in the history of the Romanov dynasty", as well as there being a question about his sanity, although Strong concludes that such "generalisations... are no longer satisfactory". Anatole G. Mazour called Paul "one of the most colourful personalities" of his dynasty.
|
|
In 2006, research commissioned by a major mortgage lender found that, on the quantitative statistical indices used, the borough had the best quality of life in London and was in the top quarter of local authorities nationwide. A neighbouring authority in Surrey achieved the best quality of life in that report. Demography is a diverse picture as in all of London: each district should be looked at separately and even those do not reflect all neighbourhoods. Whatever generalisations are used, "the fine-grained texture of London poverty" by its minutely localised geography must always be taken into account according to an influential poverty report of 2010.
|
|
Boas and anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentric views that could blind any scientist's ultimate conclusions. Both had also urged anthropologists to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in order to overcome their ethnocentrism. To help, Malinowski would develop the theory of functionalism as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures. Classic examples of anti-ethnocentric anthropology include Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), which in time has met with severe criticism for its incorrect data and generalisations, Malinowski's The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia (1929), and Ruth Benedict's Patterns of Culture (1934).
|
|
The projection is known by several names: Gauss Conformal or Gauss-Krüger in Europe; the transverse Mercator in the US; or Gauss–Krüger transverse Mercator generally. The projection is conformal with a constant scale on the central meridian. (There are other conformal generalisations of the transverse Mercator from the sphere to the ellipsoid but only Gauss-Krüger has a constant scale on the central meridian.) Throughout the twentieth century the Gauss–Krüger transverse Mercator was adopted, in one form or another, by many nations (and international bodies); The EEA recommends the transverse Mercator for conformal pan-European mapping at scales larger than 1:500,000.
|
|
Traffickers and pimps use the Internet to recruit minors, since Internet and social networking sites usage have significantly increased especially among children.Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo, "Online child grooming: A literature review on the misuse of social networking sites for grooming children for sexual offences", Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series 103, 2009, ii–xiv. At the same time, critical scholars have questioned the extent of the role of internet in human trafficking and have cautioned against sweeping generalisations and urged more research. While globalization fostered new technologies that may exacerbate human trafficking, technology can also be used to assist law enforcement and anti-trafficking efforts.
|
|
An important class of improper coloring problems is studied in Ramsey theory, where the graph’s edges are assigned to colors, and there is no restriction on the colors of incident edges. A simple example is the friendship theorem, which states that in any coloring of the edges of K_6, the complete graph of six vertices, there will be a monochromatic triangle; often illustrated by saying that any group of six people either has three mutual strangers or three mutual acquaintances. Ramsey theory is concerned with generalisations of this idea to seek regularity amid disorder, finding general conditions for the existence of monochromatic subgraphs with given structure.
|
|
In X-ray computed tomography the lines on which the parameter is integrated are straight lines : the tomographic reconstruction of the parameter distribution is based on the inversion of the Radon transform. Although from a theoretical point of view many linear inverse problems are well understood, problems involving the Radon transform and its generalisations still present many theoretical challenges with questions of sufficiency of data still unresolved. Such problems include incomplete data for the x-ray transform in three dimensions and problems involving the generalisation of the x-ray transform to tensor fields. Solutions explored include Algebraic Reconstruction Technique, filtered backprojection, and as computing power has increased, iterative reconstruction methods such as iterative Sparse Asymptotic Minimum Variance.
|
|
"Distribution of meiobenthos in the Nazaré canyon and adjacent slope (western Iberian Margin)in relation to sedimentary composition" Marine Ecology Progress Series 340, p207-220, June 2007Pattenden et al. (in prep.) "Megafauna community composition in two contrasting submarine canyons" The diversity of submarine canyons and their fauna means that it is difficult to make generalisations that can be used to create policies for canyon ecosystem management. It is important that the role of canyons in maintaining biodiversity, and how potential anthropogenic impacts may affect this,Richter et al. (2009). "Dispersal of natural and anthropogenic lead through submarine canyons at the Portuguese margin" Deep-Sea Research Part I 56, February 2009Martin et al. (2008).
|
|
Writing for The Guardian, Nosheen Iqbal stated that Peterson had made "broad generalisations on male and female behaviour" and that he denied the existence of the gender pay gap "as a qualitative fact". Channel 4 News editor Ben de Pear said that the station had called in security specialists in response to social-media abuse and threats directed against her. Newman later shared that the abuse ranged from "cunt, bitch, dumb blonde" to "I’m going to find out where you live and execute you." Peterson had told his followers to "back off" of Newman, but later denied that there was any evidence of threats, and stated that the idea that the abuse was driven by misogyny was "ridiculous".
|
|
In response to the controversy, the following week Koch presented a discussion on the issue with a panel of Indigenous experts. Despite this, protests continued during the show's live broadcasts at the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast in April, while in May rock band Portugal. The Man pulled out of an appearance on the show citing the recent statements aired on Sunrise. The segment later came under the investigation of the Australian Communications and Media Authority for potential breach of the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice; in September 2018 the ACMA concluded that the segment was in breach of the code, as it contained inaccurate statements and "strong negative generalisations about Indigenous people as a group".
|
|
Homestead vegetable producers attending FFS in Bangladesh, 2004, organised by CAREThere are two major reasons why it is difficult to make generalisations about the costs and benefits of IPM field schools. Firstly, there is a lack of agreement about what factors should be taken into account on both sides of the cost-benefit equation. Regarding benefits, should we limit ourselves to measuring yields and pesticide savings, or should we also take account of improvements in public health and the consequences of farmers becoming better organised? Regarding costs, should we limit ourselves to the expenses involved in running field schools, or should we also take account of the wider costs of training extension staff and managing IPM programmes.
|
|
The veritable maze of valleys and sub-valleys, with slopes offering every conceivable aspect, means there is as much mesoclimatic variation as one can find anywhere in Australia, making generalisations of wine type very hazardous. The first vines were planted in the Hills in 1839, three years after South Australia was declared a province, a case of that wine was delivered to Queen Victoria in 1844. There are over 50 wineries (2005) within the Hills region which are open most days for tasting and cellar sales. The area is home to the annual Medieval Fair held at Gumeracha across one weekend every April, and the English Ale Festival, also annually held each May.
|
|
Originally, he worked on the moment problem, at that time the main research area of Krein, and with quasi-analytical functions. Soon after, he worked on the theory of operators, inspired by the work of Marshall Stone, John von Neumann, Abraham Plessner and Naum Ilyich Akhiezer . Following the evacuation of the Odessa State University during the Second World War, Livsic received in 1942 in Maikop his Ph.D. on the application of Hermitian operators theory to the generalised moment problem under supervision of Mark Krein. In 1945, Livsic passed his habilitation thesis on generalisations of von Neumann's extension theory that was evaluated by prominent mathematicians, namely Stefan Banach, Israel Gelfand, Mark Naimark and Plessner at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics.
|
|
In spring 1956 Barraqué broke from his relationship with Foucault, announcing that he wanted to leave the "vertigo of madness". In Uppsala, Foucault spent much of his spare time in the university's Carolina Rediviva library, making use of their Bibliotheca Walleriana collection of texts on the history of medicine for his ongoing research. Finishing his doctoral thesis, Foucault hoped that Uppsala University would accepted it, but Sten Lindroth, a positivistic historian of science there, remained unimpressed, asserting that it was full of speculative generalisations and was a poor work of history; he refused to allow Foucault to be awarded a doctorate at Uppsala. In part because of this rejection, Foucault left Sweden.
|
|
" Claire Tomalin judged that "With fewer ponderous generalisations and more laughter this would have been an even better book: as it is, it deserves a place in the rich chronicles of the English petty bougeoisie of our century." There followed a break of some years, after which three further novels, none part of the Memoirs series, appeared. Behind the Net Curtains (1976) and The Little Medicine Bottle (1977) were more darkly comic in tone. Victoria Glendinning wrote of the two books, "Sexual passion is the theme, but so overlaid is it by conventions, reasonable behavior, ironing-boards and cups of tea, that violence and crudeness when they do surface have twice their normal impact.
|
|
Lindeman completed his PhD at the University of Minnesota with his thesis work being concerned with the history and ecological dynamics of Cedar Bog Lake, located in what is known today as the University of Minnesota's Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve in central Minnesota. While a postdoctoral researcher at Yale University with noted limnologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Lindeman submitted a chapter of his thesis for publication in the journal Ecology that outlined the Ten percent law. His manuscript was initially rejected for its generalisations but was published after Hutchinson and others were able to convince the editor of the paper's merits. This publication appeared in 1942, shortly after Lindeman's death caused by a rare form of hepatitis.
|
|
The differences in the pronunciations of the letters c and g are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ch for , sh for , th for or , ng for , qu for , and ph for in Greek-derived words. The single letter x is generally pronounced as in word-initial position and as otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin.
|
|
Though accused of anti-semitism, the treatment of Judaism and Jews by Woolf is far from straightforward. She was happily married to a Jewish man but often wrote about Jewish characters using stereotypes and generalisations. For instance, she described some of the Jewish characters in her work in terms that suggested they were physically repulsive or dirty. On the other hand, she could criticise her own views: "How I hated marrying a Jew — how I hated their nasal voices and their oriental jewellery, and their noses and their wattles — what a snob I was: for they have immense vitality, and I think I like that quality best of all" (Letter to Ethel Smyth 1930).
|
|
Her particular areas of research have been in measure- valued processes (especially superprocesses and their generalisations); in theoretical population genetics; and in mathematical ecology. A recent focus has been on the genetics of spatially extended populations, where she has exploited and developed inextricable links with infinite-dimensional stochastic analysis. Her resolution of the so-called 'pain in the torus' is typical of her work in that it draws on ideas from diverse areas, from measure-valued processes to image analysis. The result is a flexible framework for modelling biological populations which, for the first time, combines ecology and genetics in a tractable way, while introducing a novel and mathematically interesting class of stochastic processes.
|
|
The above generalisations, however, mask the immense variability of the climate throughout the whole region. With the exception of the extreme north of the Northern Territory, rainfall variability throughout Northern Australia is quite markedly higher than most comparable climates in other continents.Geographical Patterning of Interannual Rainfall Variability in the Tropics and Near-Tropics For example, at Charters Towers, the rainfall over the wet season can vary from less than in 1901/1902 to over in 1973/1974. The chief cause of this very high variability is erratic tropical cyclones, which occur from December to April and in many places can deliver as much as of rain over a day or two, causing extremely large floods in the region's rivers.
|
|
ICC is the only sailing license approved by United Nations as a legitimate recreational sailing licenseOnline Sailing Certification and Endorsement Programs Worldwide. Persons wishing to be tested in the United Kingdom need to be tested by an approved ICC test centre Although only guaranteed to be accepted in countries that have adopted the relevant UN Resolution, the ICC is a useful document to carry and will generally be accepted where proof of competence is required. In very general terms an ICC is required for the inland waterways of Europe and for inland and coastal waters of Mediterranean countries. For the coastal waters of Northern Europe the ICC is generally not required, however to all of these generalisations there are exceptions.
|
|
Both blood and human sacrifice were ubiquitous in all cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, but beyond some uncontroversial generalisations there is no scholarly consensus on the broader questions (and specific mysteries) this raises. Most scholars agree that both practices arose among the Olmecs at least 3,000 years ago, and have been transmitted to subsequent cultures, including the Maya. Why they arose among the Olmecs is unknown, and probably unknowable, given the paucity of data. Blood, and by extension the still-beating heart, is the central element in both the ethnography and iconography of sacrifice, and its use through ritual established or renewed for the Maya a connection with the sacred that was for them essential to the very existence of the natural order.
|
|
Fahey's writings have been a source of controversy, > both in his lifetime and since. Writing to Joseph MacRory in 1942, > Archbishop John Charles McQuaid of Dublin stated that > Dr Fahey will certainly not err in doctrine, but he is capable of making > statements and suggestions that are not capable of proof by any evidence > available to the censors... I have been obliged to watch carefully his > remarks upon the Jews. [He] will frequently err in good judgement, and this > error will take the shape of excerpts from newspapers as proof of serious > statements, unwise generalisations and, where Jews are concerned, remarks > capable of rousing the ignorant or malevolent. In his own Congregation, Fr > Fahey is not regarded as a man of balanced judgement.
|
|
Srinivasa Ramanujan wrote about generalisations of the binomial theorem, and earned a reputation as a genius by writing articles that confounded the best extant mathematicians. Gauss's story was well known in Doyle's time, and Ramanujan's story unfolded at Cambridge from early 1913 to mid 1914;See, for example, the book by Kanigel, The Man Who Knew Infinity The Valley of Fear, which contains the comment about maths so abstruse that no one could criticise it, was published in September 1914. Irish mathematician Des MacHale has suggested George Boole may have been a model for Moriarty. Jane Stanford, in That Irishman, suggests that Doyle borrowed some of the traits and background of the Fenian John O'Connor Power for his portrayal of Moriarty.
|
|
The Peringome Struggle has been held up as a singular instance of success in India in scrapping a proposed nuclear plant. This was possible by the pressure mounted by the campaign based on the socio-political and educational status as well as the demographic and geographical peculiarities of the state. The environmental consciousness promoted and spread by the ‘silent valley’ movement and the general apprehension about radiation health hazards generated by discussions about the Chernobyl disaster fresh in the minds of the people, helped the resistance to gain such momentum. Now that about two decades have elapsed, I think, it is proper to make a few possible generalisations, especially when we are exploring chances of better networking and cooperation among anti-nuclear groups all over India.
|
|
Writing about Volk and Volkstum when he defined Germans and Jews in broad generalisations, he however refused to use Nazi concepts on race. According to Stapel, the Volk was an "irrational, non-reflective, God-given entity" that one was not able to fully understand with concepts but could only experience. Using Oswald Spengler's thesis on the cultural confrontation between Jews as whom Spengler described as a Magian people versus Europeans as a Faustian people, Stapel described Jews as a landless nomadic people in pursuit of an international culture whereby they can integrate into Western civilisation. As such, he claims that Jews have been attracted to "international" versions of socialism, pacifism or capitalism because as a landless people the Jews have transgressed various national cultural boundaries.
|
|
Aristotle pioneered scientific method in ancient Greece alongside his empirical biology and his work on logic, rejecting a purely deductive framework in favour of generalisations made from observations of nature. Some of the most important debates in the history of scientific method center on: rationalism, especially as advocated by René Descartes; inductivism, which rose to particular prominence with Isaac Newton and his followers; and hypothetico-deductivism, which came to the fore in the early 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a debate over realism vs. antirealism was central to discussions of scientific method as powerful scientific theories extended beyond the realm of the observable, while in the mid-20th century some prominent philosophers argued against any universal rules of science at all.
|
|
Barry, Paul (19 March 2018) A sunrise to forget, Media Watch. Retrieved 21 September 2019. This prompted an investigation by the Australian Communications and Media Authority which ruled the Seven Network had breached the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice as it provoked serious contempt on the basis of race and contained strong negative generalisations about Indigenous people.(8 August 2018) Investigation number: BI-363, Television Investigations, Australian Communications and Media Authority. Retrieved 21 September 2019.Carmody, Broede; Duke, Jennifer (4 September 2018) Sunrise pinged over controversial 'stolen generation' segment', The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 September 2019. The discussion also resulted in a number of protests outside Channel 7's studios in Martin Place and at an outside broadcast on the Gold Coast.
|
|
These are sets such that any two members of the set can be combined to yield a third member of the set (subject to certain restrictions). In homotopy theory, one assigns a group to each space X and positive integer p called the pth homotopy group of X. These groups have been studied extensively and give information about the properties of the space X. There are then operations among these groups (the Whitehead product) which provide additional information about the spaces. This has been very important in the study of homotopy groups. Several generalisations of the Whitehead product appear in and elsewhere, but the most far-reaching one deals with homotopy sets, that is, homotopy classes of maps from one space to another.
|
|
In mathematics, coherent duality is any of a number of generalisations of Serre duality, applying to coherent sheaves, in algebraic geometry and complex manifold theory, as well as some aspects of commutative algebra that are part of the 'local' theory. The historical roots of the theory lie in the idea of the adjoint linear system of a linear system of divisors in classical algebraic geometry. This was re-expressed, with the advent of sheaf theory, in a way that made an analogy with Poincaré duality more apparent. Then according to a general principle, Grothendieck's relative point of view, the theory of Jean-Pierre Serre was extended to a proper morphism; Serre duality was recovered as the case of the morphism of a non-singular projective variety (or complete variety) to a point.
|
|
Tullio Levi-Civita (1873-1941) Élie Cartan (1869-1951) Hermann Weyl (1885-1955) After the classical work of Gauss on the differential geometry of surfaces and the subsequent emergence of the concept of Riemannian manifold initiated by Bernhard Riemann in the mid-nineteenth century, the geometric notion of connection developed by Tullio Levi-Civita, Élie Cartan and Hermann Weyl in the early twentieth century represented a major advance in differential geometry. The introduction of parallel transport, covariant derivatives and connection forms gave a more conceptual and uniform way of understanding curvature, allowing generalisations to higher-dimensional manifolds; this is now the standard approach in graduate-level textbooks. It also provided an important tool for defining new topological invariants called characteristic classes via the Chern–Weil homomorphism., Chapter XII.
|
|
After the incident, Armytage, who was meant to MC and conduct an interview with Davis at a UN event in Sydney, was asked not to host or attend the event. In March 2018, Armytage hosted a segment on Sunrise focusing on Aboriginal adoption, during which she incorrectly claimed that Aboriginal children could not be fostered by White people and stated that "Post-Stolen Generation, there's been a huge move to leave Aboriginal children where they are, even if they're being neglected in their own families." Protests were held outside the Sunrise studio in Martin Place in response to the segment. In September 2018, the Australian Communications and Media Authority ruled that the segment had breached the Commercial Television Industry Code of Practice, as it contained inaccurate statements and "strong negative generalisations about Indigenous people as a group".
|
|
Misinai's thesis and work has also garnered controversy, both at home and abroad, among some Palestinians and Jews alike, with the criticisms mostly coming from the Palestinian side. One Palestinian intellectual, Ismail Al-Shindi, professor of Islamic Jurisprudence at Al-Quds Open University denied that Jews ever maintained a sizeable population in the land of Palestine, or that they were forcibly converted by the Ottomans, and he even went as far as to accuse Misinai of "falsifying" history to Hebraize Palestinians.Falsifying History to Hebraize Palestinians – Islamonline.com, 16 July 2009 Another Palestinian, Kamel Katalo, professor of Sociology at Al- Khalil University in Hebron, has stated that he has read Tsvi Misinai's booklet and come to the conclusion that Misinai makes strident generalisations and reaches spurious and completely erroneous conclusions based on questionable premises, stating that there is no such thing as a "Jewish gene".
|
|
The album has received mixed reviews from critics, notably Metacritic which currently holds the album at 58/100 based on 7 critical reviews. The BBC also gave the album a mixed review, claiming that the album is an "accomplished indie album" if only its maker didn't need to resort to "hackneyed generalisations about the media having 'license to print lies as facts' and ridiculous alliteration like 'Professor Pickles prescribing me Prozac pills'". The Guardian backed this review up by stating other than "the galloping "Hidden Persuaders" and the funk groove of "No Wood Just Trees", this fails to excite." However, Contact Music stated the album was "decent" and stated the first single "Silence is Talking" rivals that of the band's breakthrough single Heavyweight Champion Of The World and the album's finale, "Hard Time for Dreamers" was "breathtaking" and its greatness was "undeniable".
|
|
The last overall winner from the school was Somalia-born Abdusalam Abubakar, a 3rd year student, who became one of the youngest winners of the BT Young Scientist of the Year Award in 2007 and later went on to win the EU Contest for Young Scientists for his project, which was entitled An Extension of Wiener's Attack on RSA. In 2009, Andrei Triffo took Individual Honours winning the Intel Travel Award, the fourth for Synge Street in the last 5 years. As well as Andrei, a group consisting of Gary Carr, Graham McGrath and Darragh Moriarty also claimed a prize in the Chemical, Physical and Mathematical Intermediate category. In 2017, the school won 3 awards, including both 1st and 2nd Place in the Junior Group category, where Carl Jones and Keiron O’Neill won with a project on Generalisations of Feynman's Triangle Theorem.
|
|
The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero. In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number , denoted , is the non-negative value of without regard to its sign. Namely, if is positive, and if is negative (in which case is positive), and . For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero. Generalisations of the absolute value for real numbers occur in a wide variety of mathematical settings. For example, an absolute value is also defined for the complex numbers, the quaternions, ordered rings, fields and vector spaces. The absolute value is closely related to the notions of magnitude, distance, and norm in various mathematical and physical contexts.
|
|
According to some scholars, a particular trend of anti-Muslim prejudice has developed in Australia since the late 1980s.Poynting, Scott, and Victoria Mason. "The resistible rise of Islamophobia Anti-Muslim racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001." Journal of Sociology 43, no. 1 (2007): 61-86. Since the 2001 World Trade Center attacks in New York, and the 2005 Bali bombings, Islam and its place in Australian society has been the subject of much public debate. A report published in 2004 by the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission pointed to many Muslim Australians who felt the Australian media was unfairly critical of, and often vilified their community due to generalisations of terrorism and the emphasis on crime. The use of ethnic or religious labels in news reports about crime was thought to stir up racial tensions.
|
|
Wangganguru has all this, as well as three rhotics. Yanyuwa has even more contrasts, with an additional true dorso-palatal series, plus prenasalised consonants at all seven places of articulation, in addition to all four laterals. A notable exception to the above generalisations is Kalaw Lagaw Ya, which has an inventory more like its Papuan neighbours than the languages of the Australian mainland, including full voice contrasts: , dental , alveolar , the sibilants (which have allophonic variation with and respectively) and velar , as well as only one rhotic, one lateral and three nasals (labial, dental and velar) in contrast to the 5 places of articulation of stops/sibilants. Where vowels are concerned, it has 8 vowels with some morpho- syntactic as well as phonemic length contrasts (, , , , , , , ), and glides that distinguish between those that are in origin vowels, and those that in origin are consonants.
|
|
Kempe had already drawn attention to the general, non- planar case in 1879,, p. 2 and many results on generalisations of planar graph coloring to surfaces of higher order followed in the early 20th century. In 1960, Claude Berge formulated another conjecture about graph coloring, the strong perfect graph conjecture, originally motivated by an information- theoretic concept called the zero-error capacity of a graph introduced by Shannon. The conjecture remained unresolved for 40 years, until it was established as the celebrated strong perfect graph theorem by Chudnovsky, Robertson, Seymour, and Thomas in 2002. Graph coloring has been studied as an algorithmic problem since the early 1970s: the chromatic number problem is one of Karp’s 21 NP-complete problems from 1972, and at approximately the same time various exponential-time algorithms were developed based on backtracking and on the deletion-contraction recurrence of .
|
|
In addition, although Bede presents the native church as one entity, in reality the native British were divided into a number of small political units, which makes Bede's generalisations suspect. The historian Ian Wood argues that the existence of the Libellus points to more contact between Augustine and the native Christians because the topics covered in the work are not restricted to conversion from paganism, but also dealt with relations between differing styles of Christianity. Besides the text of the Libellus contained within Bede's work, other versions of the letter circulated, some of which included a question omitted from Bede's version. Wood argues that the question, which dealt with the cult of a native Christian saint, is only understandable if this cult impacted Augustine's mission, which would imply that Augustine had more relations with the local Christians than those related by Bede.
|
|
In an Experimentum crucis or "critical experiment" (Book I, Part II, Theorem ii), Newton showed that the color of light corresponded to its "degree of refrangibility" (angle of refraction), and that this angle cannot be changed by additional reflection or refraction or by passing the light through a coloured filter. The work is a vade mecum of the experimenter's art, displaying in many examples how to use observation to propose factual generalisations about the physical world and then exclude competing explanations by specific experimental tests. However, unlike the Principia, which vowed Non fingo hypotheses or "I make no hypotheses" outside the deductive method, the Opticks develops conjectures about light that go beyond the experimental evidence: for example, that the physical behaviour of light was due its "corpuscular" nature as small particles, or that perceived colours were harmonically proportioned like the tones of a diatonic musical scale.
|
|
Paul Oscar is a supporter of boycotting the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 on the grounds it's being held in Israel. Speaking of the issue on Icelandic radio station Rás 1 on 5 February he made remarks about Jewish people infiltrating European countries and thus making it hard for them to condemn Israeli policies: > “The reason why the rest of Europe has been virtually silent is that Jews > have woven themselves into the fabric of Europe in a very sly way for a very > long time. It is not at all hip and cool to be pro-Palestine in Britain,” he > said, saying at the interview’s conclusion: “The tragedy is that Jews > learned nothing from the Holocaust. Instead, they have taken up the exact > same policy of their worst enemy.” He later apologized and retracted his statement. : > “I made judgements and generalisations about Jewish people.
|
|
The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that: > [It] was an oddly contrived story produced in that stilted solemn atmosphere > to which "period" plays often conform. The fact that Charles Darwin once > brought a few sad and sorry natives from Terra del Fuego to England could > possibly be the basis for a seriously realistic glimpse of early colour > problems, or else, perhaps, be artificially brightened into a spirited > comedy... Morgan attempted to provide humour and also facile generalisations > in a play which neither illuminates nor 'sparkles. The native girl... > unconvincingly combined the antics of a savage monkey with an unlikely > capacity for sophisticated, fluent reasoning, and the reactions of the prim > nineteenth century vicarage were equally unconvincing and lacking in > continuity. The actors did not do much to enliven their pasteboard parts, > with the exception of Lola Brooks, who managed to bring a sensitive and > natural manner to her part.
|
|
In 1899 Sidney Lee wrote that > Even the mediæval expert of the present day, who finds that much of Warton's > information is superannuated and that many of his generalisations have been > disproved by later discoveries, realises that nowhere else has he at his > command so well furnished an armoury of facts and dates about obscure > writers. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica confirmed that "his book is still indispensable to the student of English poetry". Though Warton's History no longer enjoys the same position as an authority on early poetry, it is still appreciated. Arthur Johnston wrote that > To the modern scholar reading Warton, it is not his errors in transcripts or > dating which attract attention; it is rather the richness of his > information, the wealth of documentation, the multitude of his discoveries, > his constant alertness to the problems and awareness of the ramifications of > his subject.
|
|
Stanley Fish takes a broad view of what he frames as problems of interpretation in the digital humanities, but the specific example he isolates for critique is informed by his impression of distant reading methodology: "first you run the numbers, and then you see if they prompt an interpretive hypothesis. The method, if it can be called that, is dictated by the capability of the tool". In a similar vein, Stephen Marche focuses on the prospects for interpretation within the framework of computational literary analysis in an article which begins with the provocation, "[b]ig data is coming for your books". Though he initially described distant reading as the "most promising path, at least on the surface" of a range of Digital Humanities methods he surveys, he concludes that the generalisations he perceives in the method are ineffective when "applied to literary questions proper".
|
|
Caughley pointed out that it did not require a model to go out and observe what was going on in a system (cause and effect), although this lack of a mathematical model hinders generalisations by requiring case by case assessments. Shortly after Caughley's death, Hedrick and colleagues argued against the declining population paradigm for what they called the inclusive population viability analysis (PVA) At a first reading it is difficult to discern what the counter argument is since they state that they agree with Caughley in that a broader understanding and synthesis of ideas is required. It is upon closer examination, however that the concept and statement that "one cannot always interpret the significance of deterministic factors unless a proper inclusive PVA is carried out". This paper was in reaction to Caughley's promotion of common sense and was written by those that encouraged the use of mathematical models.
|
|
The root of this despair is what he frequently calls 'Necessity', but also 'Reason', 'Idealism' or 'Fate': a certain way of thinking (but at the same time also a very real aspect of the world) that subordinates life to ideas, abstractions, generalisations and thereby kills it, through an ignoring of the uniqueness and livingness of reality. 'Reason' is the obedience to and the acceptance of Certainties that tell us that certain things are eternal and unchangeable and other things are impossible and can never be attained. This accounts for Shestov's philosophy being a form of irrationalism, though it is important to note that the thinker does not oppose reason, or science in general, but only rationalism and scientism: the tendency to consider reason as a sort of omniscient, omnipotent God that is good for its own sake. It may also be considered a form of personalism: people cannot be reduced to ideas, social structures, or mystical oneness.
|
|
In the early 1960s, her husband James and John Bowlby, both working at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, began to disagree on the factors involved in separating children from their parents. In 1960, Bowlby published a paper, Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood. In the paper Bowlby made what many in the profession considered a sweeping generalisations without evidence stating: :that acute distress is the usual response of young children (between about six months and three to four years of age) to separation from the mother, regardless of circumstances and quality of substitute care; and, by implication, that there is no distinction between the responses of these infants at different levels of development. By that point more than 25 years had passed when research had been conducted as direct observational studies into the effects of separation of young children from their mothers, mostly in the form of retrospective or follow-up studies.
|
|
Special prizes may be awarded for solutions of outstanding elegance or involving good generalisations of a problem. This last happened in 1995 (Nikolay Nikolov, Bulgaria) and 2005 (Iurie Boreico), but was more frequent up to the early 1980s. The special prize in 2005 was awarded to Iurie Boreico, a student from Moldova, who came up with a brilliant solution to question 3, which was an inequality involving three variables. The rule that at most half the contestants win a medal is sometimes broken if it would cause the total number of medals to deviate too much from half the number of contestants. This last happened in 2010 (when the choice was to give either 226 (43.71%) or 266 (51.45%) of the 517 contestants (excluding the 6 from North Korea — see below) a medal), 2012 (when the choice was to give either 226 (41.24%) or 277 (50.55%) of the 548 contestants a medal), and 2013, when the choice was to give either 249 (47.16%) or 278 (52.65%) of the 528 contestants a medal.
|
|
Boucher's constant touring in 2013 for her 2012 album, Visions, almost led to a physical collapse by the end of the year, bringing her to a point where she recalled "putting a hand up and grabbing a piece of [her] hair, and [she] could just pull [her] hair out". She also became tired of how the music industry ignored her technical abilities, who would focus on her being a "female musician" and having a "girly voice"; she responded to these generalisations with "yeah, but I'm a producer and I spend all day looking at fucking graphs and EQs and doing really technical work". When media outlets began running her Tumblr posts as headlines, she wrote a post on her blog about her misrepresentation in the media and the sexism she had faced in the music industry, declaring "i dont want my words to be taken out of context. i dont want to be infantilized because i refuse to be sexualized [...] im tired of the weird insistence that i need a band or i need to work with outside producers".
|
|
Darmstadt: WBG. regarding intercultural philosophy. # Ascertain similarities and make them explicit # Identify differences, and to describe and explain them # Dispel prejudices # Avoid mystification and exoticism # Assume the existence of universal, logical laws # To only compare equalities and to avert category mistakes # Avoid generalisations # Not to mistake parts of a tradition for the whole (e.g. identify Zen as the Eastern philosophy) Rules regarding comparative philosophy: # Accept the universal validity of the common and pragmatic principle of causality as at least heuristic and pragmatic principle # Orient oneself on the existence of anthropological constants # To justify the identification of certain issues regarding to similarities and differences, in particular regarding the relevance of those identifications Comparative philosophy should furthermore meet certain demands: # To explicit the underlying and guiding concept of philosophy # Avoid ethnocentrism and eurocentrism # To use terms such as 'German philosophy' and 'East' and 'West' just as abbreviation for 'philosophy formulated or developed in Germany' and 'philosophy formulated and developed in Asia' Further common rules: # Multidisciplinarity and # Contextualisation of important examples.
|
|
Kronecker first postulated that the values of elliptic functions at torsion points should be enough to generate all abelian extensions for imaginary quadratic fields, an idea that went back to Eisenstein in some cases, and even to Gauss. This became known as the Kronecker Jugendtraum; and was certainly what had prompted Hilbert's remark above, since it makes explicit class field theory in the way the roots of unity do for abelian extensions of the rational number field, via Shimura's reciprocity law. Indeed, let K be an imaginary quadratic field with class field H. Let E be an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by the integers of K, defined over H. Then the maximal abelian extension of K is generated by the x-coordinates of the points of finite order on some Weierstrass model for E over H.Serre (1967) p. 295 Many generalisations have been sought of Kronecker's ideas; they do however lie somewhat obliquely to the main thrust of the Langlands philosophy, and there is no definitive statement currently known.
|
|
'Horde' from the outset bore stereotypical connotations of Australian Aboriginal societies as primitive, closed, rigid and simple, and came to be discarded not only for its implication of 'swarming savages' but also because it suggested a fixed tribal- territorial entity which compromised the actual field data, the field data allowing for a far more fluid concept of the group. In 1936 Julian Steward reformulated Radcliffe Brown's highly restrictive definition, by proposing the idea of a band society at the hunter-gatherer level which could be patrilineal, matrilineal or a composite of both. Over time, 'band' has tended to replace the earlier word 'horde' as more extensive comparative work on hunter-gatherer societies shows they are not classifiable as simply closed patrilineal groups, and better approached in terms of a notion of a flexible, non-exclusive social band, having bilateral relations for marriage and other purposes with similar groups in a circumscribed territory. In 1962 Les Hiatt invalidated Radcliffe-Brown's theory of the horde, demonstrating that the empirical evidence from Aboriginal societies contradicted Radcliffe-Brown's generalisations.
|
|
Professor Robert Hinde, research Professor at the University of Cambridge was initially critical of the unconventional methods Goodall employed. Goodall was criticised for naming the chimps she observed at Gombe in Tanzania, she called one David Greybeard and showed photo's of him using tools to access termites at the Zoological Society of London conference in 1962. Goodall was not the only primatologist to name chimps while in the field, biologist Professor George Schaller also named the subjects he studied. Sir Solly Zuckerman, an anatomist at the Zoological Society of London April 1962, criticised Goodall for using anecdotes, “There are those who are here and who prefer anecdote – and what I must confess I regard as sometimes unbounded speculation, in scientific work it is far safer to base one’s major conclusions and generalisations on a concordant and large body of data than on a few contradictory and isolated observations, the explanation of which sometimes leaves a little to be desired.” By observing the chimpanzee troop in their native habitat in the 1960s, Goodall came to the conclusion counter to the scientific community at this time that chimpanzees had distinct personalities and were capable of friendship and altruism.
|
|
Among the further results of these events, fewer local taxes are collected in a time when more social services is required and a vicious downward cumulative cycle is started and a trend towards a lower level of development will be further reinforced. A status of non-equilibrium is shaped, or as he writes: About Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions Myrdal wrote that ‘the argument moves on a general and methodological plane in the sense that the theory is discussed as a complex of broad structures of thought’ (His aim was to submit ‘broad generalisations, as a ‘theory’ is permitted to be, (in order to) grasp the social facts as they organize themselves into a pattern when viewed under a bird's-eye perspective Into this general vision, the specific characteristic. source:(Myrdal, G. 1957, Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions, London: University Paperbacks, Methuen)) Myrdal developed further the circular cumulative causation concept and stated that it makes different assumptions from that of stable equilibrium on what can be considered the most important forces guiding the evolution of social processes. These forces characterise the dynamics of these processes in two diverse ways.
|
|
From 1992 he focused more on the role played in British life by bureaucratic regulation and the European Union, forming a professional collaboration with Dr Richard North, and they subsequently co-authored a series of books, including The Mad Officials: How The Bureaucrats Are Strangling Britain (1994); The Castle of Lies (1996); The Great Deception (2003), a critical history of the European Union; and Scared To Death: From BSE To Global Warming, Why Scares Are Costing Us The Earth (2007), a study of the part played in Western society in recent decades by the 'scare phenomenon'. In 2004, he published The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories, a Jungian-influenced analysis of stories and their psychological meaning, on which he had been working for over 30 years. The book was dismissed by Adam Mars-Jones, who objected to Booker employing his generalisations about conventional plot structures prescriptively: "He sets up criteria for art, and ends up condemning Rigoletto, The Cherry Orchard, Wagner, Proust, Joyce, Kafka and Lawrence – the list goes on – while praising Crocodile Dundee, ET and Terminator 2".Adam Mars-Jones "Terminator 2 Good, The Odyssey Bad", The Observer, 21 November 2004, retrieved 1 September 2011.
|
|
In The Guardian, journalist Gaby Hinsliff praised the writing style and noted "for all her contradictions and irritatingly sweeping generalisations, when she's right she is very right" and "you find yourself nodding too many times to ignore it: when she explores the media's obsession with 'fucked up white girls, beautiful broken dollies, unable to cope with the freedom and the opportunities they've inherited'. In The Independent the book received a strongly critical review by Daisy Wyatt. Wyatt criticised the book for being "provocative" and "dramatic" and condemned Penny for including too much personal information, such as writing about being caught masturbating, losing her virginity, and a section in the book in which Penny notes "she has slept with numerous nerdy male activists, and some women – sometimes with both at the same time". According to Wyatt, "the transitions between passages from her personal life and polemics about sexual submission are often very abrupt...After a visceral passage about women's fertility still being seen as a sin against market forces, we cut straight to a first-person diary entry about flirting with a Catholic pro-lifer at a protest in Dublin.
|
|