71 Sentences With "geminated" | Random Sentence Generator

Consonants are geminated exactly as they are in romaji: e.g. -kk- > -кк-.

There is a phonemic contrast between single and non-single (geminated or long) consonants: ::tuga "grass" vs. tugga "testimony" ::tamda "pool" vs. tamdda "sparrowhawk" Gemination and lengthening play a role in the morphology of nouns and verbs: ::agllid "king", igldan "kings" (ll becomes l) ::imgr "he harvested", ar imggr "he is harvesting" (g becomes gg) All consonants can in principle occur geminated or long, although phonemic xxʷ and ṛṛ do not seem to be attested. The uvular stops only occur geminated or long (qq, qqʷ).

There is free variation in "r" word-initially, after , , and , and in compounds (if is preceded by consonant), wherein is pronounced or , the latter being similar to English red: , (EC) (WC), (EC) (WC). In careful speech, , , and may be geminated (e.g. (EC) (WC) 'unnecessary'; (EC) (WC) 'to store'; 'illusion'). A geminated may also occur (e.g.

The hallmark of Petrarchan-geminated adjectives, antithesis, polysyndeton, and amplificatio can be found both in Leopardi's Canti and in the Canzoniere.

Proto-Southern Numic preserved the Proto-Numic consonant system fairly intact, but the individual languages have undergone several changes. Modern Kawaiisu has reanalyzed the nasal-stop clusters as voiced stops, although older recordings preserve some of the clusters. Geminated stops and affricates are voiceless and non-geminated stops and affricates are voiced fricatives. The velar nasals have fallen together with the alveolar nasals.

There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in the rest of the Punjabi area. A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length: if the vowel is peripheral then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" () then the consonant following it is geminated.

The dialects of Colorado River east of Chemehuevi have lost . The dialects east of Kaibab have collapsed the nasal-stop clusters with the geminated stops and affricate.

Geminated and long consonants are transcribed with doubled symbols, for example tassmi "needle", aggʷrn "flour". Word divisions are generally disjunctive, with clitics written as separate words (not hyphenated).

Lenis plosives are however all voiceless; whereas fortis plosives are long or geminated. They are (like other lenis or short consonants) always preceded by long vowels, with the possible exception of unstressed vowels. According to Pilch, vowel length is not distinctive, however, vowel length is not always predictable: 'to guess' has both a long vowel and a long/geminated consonant. Examples: Dag (day), umme (around), ane (there), loose or lohse (listen), Gaas gas.

On the phonetic level, the classical consonants and are usually realised as voiced (hereafter marked ) and . The latter is still, however, pronounced differently from , the distinction probably being in the amount of air blown out (Cohen 1963: 13–14). In geminated and word-final positions both phonemes are voiceless, for some speakers /θ/ apparently in all positions. The uvular fricative is likewise realised voiceless in a geminated position, although not fricative but plosive: .

Single and double (geminated) consonants were distinguished from each other in Ancient Greek: for instance, contrasted with (also written ). In Ancient Greek poetry, a vowel followed by a double consonant counts as a heavy syllable in meter. Doubled consonants usually only occur between vowels, not at the beginning or the end of a word, except in the case of , for which see above. Gemination was lost in Standard Modern Greek, so that all consonants that used to be geminated are pronounced as singletons.

See Van den Boogert (1997:244–245). Four consonants have each two corresponding geminate or long consonants, one phonetically identical and one different: ::ḍ : ḍḍ and ṭṭ ::w : ww and ggʷ ::ɣ : ɣɣ and qq ::ɣʷ : ɣɣʷ and qqʷ In the oldest layers of the morphology, ḍ, w, ɣ, ɣʷ always have ṭṭ, ggʷ, qq, qqʷ as geminated or long counterparts: ::ɣrs "slaughter", ar iqqrs "he is slaughtering" (compare krz "plough", ar ikkrz "he is ploughing") ::izwiɣ "be red", izggʷaɣ "it is red" (compare isgin "be black", isggan "it is black") Whether a non-single consonant is realized as geminated or as long depends on the syllabic context. A geminated consonant is a sequence of two identical consonants /CC/, metrically counting as two segments, and always separated by syllable division, as in tamdda [ta.md.da.] "sparrowhawk".

Ethiopian novelist Haddis Alemayehu, who was an advocate of Amharic orthography reform, indicated gemination in his novel Fǝqǝr Ǝskä Mäqabǝr by placing a dot above the characters whose consonants were geminated, but this practice is rare.

Stress is on the penultimate mora. Geminated consonants have the following main functions: \- Pluralisation – e.g. nofo 'sit' (singular) v nnofo 'sit' (plural) \- Contraction of reduplicated syllable – e.g. lelei 'good' in Northern dialects becomes llei in Southern dialects.

Only voiced consonants can be devoiced: b/β → p, d → t, g → k, bʷ → pʷ, ǧ → č, gʸ → kʸ, gʷ → kʷ, z → s, ž → š. The "devoiced/geminated" form of r is n. Other voiced consonants are not devoiced.

Voiced affricates are devoiced after stressed vowels in dialects like Eastern Catalan where there may be a correlation between devoicing and lengthening (gemination) of voiced affricates: → ('medic'). In Barcelona, voiced stops may be fortified (geminated and devoiced); e.g. 'village').

Also, the middle radical can be geminated, which is represented by a doubled consonant in transcription (and sometimes in the cuneiform writing itself). The consonants ', ', ' and ' are termed "weak radicals" and roots containing these radicals give rise to irregular forms.

In Comanche, nasal-stop clusters have become simple stops, but and from these clusters do not lenite intervocalically. This change postdates the earliest record of Comanche from 1786, but precedes the 20th century. Geminated stops in Comanche have also become phonetically preaspirated.

In many Catalan dialects (except Valencian), and may be geminated in certain environments (e.g. 'village', 'rule'). In Majorcan varieties, and become and word-finally and before front vowels, in some of these dialects, this has extended to all environments except before liquids and back vowels; e.g. ('blood').

Dahalo words are commonly 2–4 syllables long. Syllables are exclusively of the CV pattern, except that consonants may be geminate between vowels. As with many other Afroasiatic languages, gemination is grammatically productive. Voiced consonants partially devoice, and prenasalized stops denasalize when geminated as part of a grammatical function.

In some cases the double consonant represented a sound that was (or had previously been) geminated, i.e. had genuinely been "doubled" (and would thus have regularly blocked the lengthening of the preceding vowel). In other cases, by analogy, the consonant was written double merely to indicate the lack of lengthening.

Betacism occurred in Ancient Hebrew; the sound (denoted ⟨ב⟩) changed to and eventually to except when geminated or when following a consonant or pause. As a result, the two sounds became allophones; but, due to later sound changes, including the loss of gemination, the distinction became phonemic again in Modern Hebrew.

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

West Germanic gemination was a sound change that took place in all West Germanic languages around the 3rd or 4th century AD. It affected consonants directly followed by , which were generally lengthened or geminated in that position. Because of Sievers' law, only consonants immediately after a short vowel were affected by the process.

Ypthima sakra has a wingspan of about . The upperside of the forewings shows one ocellus, while hindwings have three ocelli. The underside is yellow, covered with short narrow dark brown striae (stripes). The underside of the forewings has one ocellus, while hindwings has two geminated (paired) anterior ocelli and three single posterior ocelli.

While many languages use them to demarcate phrase boundaries, some languages like Huatla Mazatec have them as contrastive phonemes. Additionally, glottal stops can be realized as laryngealization of the following vowel in this language. Glottal stops, especially between vowels, do usually not form a complete closure. True glottal stops normally occur only when they're geminated.

Skolt Sami uses Ʒ/ʒ (ezh) to mark the alveolar affricate , thus Ǯ/ǯ (ezh-caron or edzh (edge)) marks the postalveolar affricate . In addition to Č, Š, Ž and Ǯ, Skolt Sami also uses the caron to mark palatal stops Ǧ and Ǩ . More often than not, they are geminated: vuäǯǯad "to get".

Maltese does not itself feature syntactic gemination, but it predominantly borrows Sicilian and Italian verbs with a geminated initial consonant, e.g. (i)kkomprenda, (i)pperfezzjona from Italian comprendere, perfezionare. Though reinforced by native verbal morphology (and hence also restricted to verbs), this phenomenon likely goes back originally to syntactic gemination in the source languages.

In the ISO romanization of Korean, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled (e.g. ggakdugi). In Hadza it is ejective . In Italian, before a front vowel represents a geminated , as in legge . In Piedmontese and Lombard, is an etymological spelling representing an at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient .

Note 1: Many kanji have complex meanings and nuances, or express concepts not directly translatable into English. In those cases, the English meaning mentioned here are approximate. Note 2: In the kun'yomi readings, readings after - (hyphen) are Okurigana. Note 3: A - (hyphen) at the end of the -yomi corresponds to a small tsu in kana, which indicates that the following consonant is geminated.

Long (geminate or double) consonants are pronounced exactly like short consonants, they occur between vowels and they are marked with a shaddah if needed, e.g. كَتَّب or kattab "he made (someone) write" vs. كَتَب katab "he wrote". They can occur phonemically at the end of the words as well but they are pronounced as a single consonant not geminated, e.g.

Distribution of spellings with single and geminated consonants in the oldest extant monuments indicates that the reflexes of Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops were spelled as double consonants and the reflexes of PIE voiced stops as single consonants. This regularity is the most consistent in the case of dental stops in older texts; later monuments often show irregular variation of this rule.

For the most part, consonants are pronounced as in English, while the vowels are like Spanish. Written double consonants may be geminated as in Italian for extra clarity or pronounced as single as in English or French. Interlingua has five falling diphthongs, , and ,Gopsill, F. P., Interlingua today: A course for beginners, Sheffield, UK: British Interlingua Society, 1994. although and are rare.

A modified version of the letter wynn called vend was used briefly for the sounds , , and . Long vowels were sometimes marked with acutes but also sometimes left unmarked or geminated. The standardized Old Norse spelling was created in the 19th century and is, for the most part, phonemic. The most notable deviation is that the nonphonemic difference between the voiced and the voiceless dental fricative is marked.

Native words starting with a vowel and a geminated consonant may sometimes be written as if they contain the Arabic definite article, e.g. azzar “hair” written as ‹al-zzar›. Final -u or -w in Shilha words may be written with a following alif al-wiqāyah. With respect to word divisions, the premodern orthography may be characterized as conjunctive (in contrast to most European orthographies, which are disjunctive).

Double (geminated) consonants were reduced to single ones. This took place after open syllable lengthening; the syllable before a geminate was a closed syllable, hence vowels were not lengthened before (originally) doubled consonants. The loss of gemination may have been stimulated by its small functional load--by this time there were few minimal pairs of words distinguished solely by the single vs. double consonant contrast.

In Vietnamese, it represents in a high breaking-rising tone. This also used in !Xóõ. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, stands for a nasal open front unrounded vowel, as in Quebec French maman and Jean. The letter was also used in the Greenlandic alphabet to represent a long vowel () next to a geminated consonant, but now it is replaced with Aa (example: Ãpilátoq → Aappilattoq).

The following are the phonological rules: The /f/ is always found as a geminate. The /j/ cannot be geminated, and is always found between vowels or preceded by /v/. In rare cases it can be found at the beginning of a word. The /h/ is never geminate, and can appear as the first letter of the word, between vowels, or preceded by /k/ /ɬ/ or /q/.

Fortis or long consonants in general are more stable than in other dialects—‘to swim’ is always schwimme, whereas it’s pronounced with only a short in other dialects. This is probably because in stressed words, short vowels only appear before double or geminated/long consonants. Hence, a word like is not possible in Basel German. As in other dialects, the difference between fortis and lenis is in length.

The phonological system of the modern Belarusian language consists of at least 44 phonemes: 5 vowels and 39 consonants. Consonants may also be geminated. There is not absolute agreement on the number of phonemes, so that rarer or contextually variant sounds are included by some scholars. Many consonants may form pairs that differ only in palatalization (called hard vs soft consonants, the latter being represented in the IPA with the symbol ).

Rhotacism, in Romanesco, shifts l to r before a consonant, like certain Andalusian dialects of Spanish. Thus, Latin altus (tall) is alto in Italian but becomes arto in Romanesco. Rhotacism used to happen when l was preceded by a consonant, as in the word ingrese (English), but modern speech has lost that characteristic. Another change related to r was the shortening of the geminated rr, which is not rhotacism.

Secondary asexual spores are singly developed from a hypha that was generated from a geminated ballistic spore. Also, sporangiospores can be generated by internal cleave of the cytoplasm and can then be dispersed when the sporangial wall is dissolved. As a result, the ejected asexual spores can form satellite colonies in a distance. After around 10 days of growth, sexual spores, zygospores with 20–50 μm diameters can also be produced.

In North Slope Iñupiaq, all consonants represented by orthography can be geminated, except for the sounds /s/ /h/ and . Seward Peninsula Iñupiaq (using vocabulary from the Little Diomede Island as a representative sample) likewise can have all consonants represented by orthography appear as geminates, except for /b/ /h/ /w/ /z/ and . Gemination is caused by suffixes being added to a consonant, so that the consonant is found between two vowels.

Many other languages besides English use to represent a voiced bilabial stop. In Estonian, Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Chinese Pinyin, does not denote a voiced consonant. Instead, it represents a voiceless that contrasts with either a geminated (in Estonian) or an aspirated (in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic and Pinyin) represented by . In Fijian represents a prenasalised , whereas in Zulu and Xhosa it represents an implosive , in contrast to the digraph which represents .

20/63), claimed that in the dialect of the Hijaz, these demonstrative pronouns were indeclinable. # The absence of taltala. # The imperative of geminated verbs was conjugated as the strong verbs, e.g. urdud ‘respond!’. Syntactic features of this dialect include: # Some nouns were feminine in the Hijaz and masculine in the Najd and Tamīm. Some examples are tamr ‘dates’, šaˁīr ‘barley’, ṣirāṭ ‘path’. The word ṣirāṭ appears in the first sūra of the Qurān (Q.

This is frequently done in informal speech when otherwise a hiatus would result. Another common case is a /CV1'CV2/ combination in which the two consonants are the same, as in mama (), fufuru () and wiwiri (). (As in these examples, the vowels are also often the same.) The vowel between the consonants may be elided, resulting in a geminated consonant: m’ma (), f’furu (), w’wiri (). A more drastic elision with gemination is seen in ferferi → f’feri ().

Principal chapels are of rectangular plan on the exterior and ultra- semicircular in the interior. The horseshoe arch of Muslim evocation is used, somewhat more closed and sloped than the Visigothic as well as the alfiz. Geminated and tripled windows of Asturian tradition and grouped columns forming composite pillars, with Corinthian capital decorated with stylized elements. Decoration has resemblance to the Visigothic based in volutes, swastikas, and vegetable and animal themes forming projected borders and sobriety of exterior decoration.

Another requirement was that it accurately represent each phoneme in the language with a distinct letter. A few features of the script are that it uses 'q' for the back version of 'k', 'r' for the Yupik sound that resembles the French 'r', and consonant + ' for a geminated (lengthened) consonant. The rhythmic doubling of vowels (except schwa) in every second consecutive open syllable is not indicated in the orthography unless it comes at the end of a word.

In geminated teeth, division is usually incomplete and results in a large tooth crown that has a single root and a single canal. Both gemination and fusion are prevalent in primary dentition, with incisors being more affected. Tooth gemination, in contrast to fusion, arises when two teeth develop from one tooth bud. When the anomalous tooth appears to be two separate teeth, it appears that the patient has an extra tooth, although they have a normal number of tooth roots.

Consonants ṛ and ḷ, which bear a minimal functional load, are not distinguished in the spelling from r and l. Texts are always fully vocalized, with a, i and u written with the vowel signs fatḥah, kasrah, and ḍammah. Consonants without a following phonemic vowel are always written with a sukūn. Gemination is indicated as usual with shaddah, but in Shilha spelling it may be combined with sukūn to represent a geminated consonant without following vowel (which never occurs in Standard Arabic).

Some ligatures can also be seen in Egyptian papyri (hieratic script). Geminated consonants) during the Roman Republic era were written as a sicilicus.Capelli – Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane During the medieval era several conventions existed (mostly diacritic marks). However, in Nordic texts a particular type of ligature appeared for ll and tt, referred to as "broken l" and "broken t"Medieval Unicode Font Initiative Medieval scribes who wrote in Latin increased their writing speed by combining characters and by introducing notational abbreviations.

The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word- initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing (ῤῥ) leading to the transliteration rrh. The vowel letters carry an additional diacritic in certain words, the so-called iota subscript, which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature below the letter. This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs, (i.e.

Unlike Indo-Aryan languages spoken around it, Tamil does not have distinct letters for aspirated consonants and they are found as allophones of the normal stops. The Tamil script also lacks distinct letters for voiced and unvoiced stop as their pronunciations depend on their location in a word. For example, the voiceless stop occurs at the beginning of the words and the voiced stop cannot. In the middle of words, voiceless stops commonly occur as a geminated pair like -pp-, while voiced stops do not.

In order to not confuse with a geminated , Catalan uses an with a middle dot ( in Catalan or interpunct) in the digraph , for example (excellent). The first character in the digraph, and , is included in the Latin Extended-A Unicode block at U+013F (uppercase) and U+140 (lowercase) respectively. In Catalan typography, is intended to fill two spaces, not three, so the interpunct is placed in the narrow space between the two s: and . However, it is common to write and , occupying three spaces.

In Sicilian, gemination is distinctive for most consonant phonemes, but a few can be geminated only after a vowel: , , , , and . Rarely indicated in writing, spoken Sicilian also exhibits syntactic gemination (or dubbramentu), which means that the first consonant of a word is lengthened when it is preceded by certain words ending by a vowel: . The letter j at the start of a word can have two separate sounds depending on what precedes the word. For instance, in ("day"), it is pronounced as the English y, .

Giesler notes that the pronaos of the temple in Hitler's sketch is reminiscent of Hadrian's Pantheon and of the style of Friedrich Gilly or Karl Friedrich Schinkel.Giesler 326. However, there was little about Speer's elaboration of the sketch that might be termed Doric, except perhaps for the triglyphs in the entablature,Larsson 79. supported by the geminated red granite columns with their Egyptian palm-leaf capitals, previously employed by Speer in the portico outside Hitler's study on the garden side of the new Chancellery.

Vowel length is distinctive in more languages than consonant length. Consonant gemination and vowel length are independent in languages like Arabic, Japanese, Finnish and Estonian; however, in languages like Italian, Norwegian and Swedish, vowel length and consonant length are interdependent. For example, in Norwegian and Swedish, a geminated consonant is always preceded by a short vowel, while an ungeminated consonant is preceded by a long vowel. A clear example are the Norwegian words "tak" ("ceiling or roof" of a building, pronounced with a long /ɑː/), and "takk" ("thanks", pronounced with a short /ɑ/.

The so-called punt volat or middot is only used in the group (called ela or el(e) geminada, 'geminate el') to represent a geminated sound , as is used to represent the palatal lateral . This usage of the middot sign is a recent invention from the beginning of twentieth century (in medieval and modern Catalan, before Fabra's standardization, this symbol was sometimes used to note certain elisions, especially in poetry). The only (and improbable) case of ambiguity in the whole language that could arise is the pair ceŀla ('cell') vs cella ('eyebrow').

The letter alifu has no sound value of its own and is used for three different purposes: It can act as a carrier for a vowel with no preceding consonant, that is, a word-initial vowel or the second part of a diphthong; when it carries a sukun, it indicates gemination (lengthening) of the following consonant; and if alifu+sukun occurs at the end of a word, it indicates that the word ends in /eh/. Gemination of nasals, however, is indicated by nūnu+sukun preceding the nasal to be geminated.

Classical Tamil had a phoneme called the āytam, written as ‘'. Tamil grammarians of the time classified it as a dependent phoneme (or restricted phoneme) ('), but it is very rare in modern Tamil. The rules of pronunciation given in the Tolkāppiyam, a text on the grammar of Classical Tamil, suggest that the āytam could have glottalised the sounds it was combined with. It has also been suggested that the āytam was used to represent the voiced implosive (or closing part or the first half) of geminated voiced plosives inside a word.

As with many English consonants, a process of assimilation can result in the substitution of other speech sounds in certain phonetic environments. Native speakers do this subconsciously. At word boundaries, alveolar stops next to dental fricatives assimilate very regularly, especially in rapid colloquial speech, involving both the place of articulation and the manner of articulation: the alveolar stops become dental, while the dental fricatives become stops. The resulting consonant is usually long (geminated) which may be the only cue for the speaker to distinguish particular words (for example, the definite and indefinite articles, compare "run the mile" and "run a mile" ).

The letter alifu has no sound value of its own and is used for three different purposes: It can act as a carrier for a vowel with no preceding consonant, that is, a word-initial vowel or the second part of a diphthong; when it carries a sukun, it indicates gemination (lengthening) of the following consonant; and if alifu+sukun occurs at the end of a word, it indicates that the word ends in /eh/. Gemination of nasals, however, is indicated by noonu+sukun preceding the nasal to be geminated. Maldivian is also written in Roman script and Devanāgarī script.

The remains are deposited in the Museu de Prehistòria de València. The pottery shows a variety of shapes, such as cups and bowls, pots and storage urns, fairing and geminated vessels, or spoons; and decorative motifs such as incisions, dots, typed strings, or burnished decoration. Among the metallic objects are gravers, arrowheads, a dagger of rivets, and a chisel, as well as other elements linked to the metallurgical activity, such as slags, a stone hammer and a ceramic crucible. The lithic industry has a good representation of sickle and flint arrowheads, polished stone tool and numerous remains of the lithic reductions.

In some common words that historically had long vowels, silent no longer has its usual lengthening effect. For example, the in come (as compared to in cone) and in done (as compared to in dome). This is especially common in some words that historically had instead of , such as give and love; in Old English, became when it appeared between two vowels (OE giefan, lufu), while a geminated lost its doubling to yield in that position. This also applies to a large class of words with the adjective suffix -ive, such as captive (where, again, the is not lengthened, unlike in hive), that originally had -if in French.

Oromo has no indefinite articles (corresponding to English a, some), but (except in the southern dialects) it indicates definiteness (English the) with suffixes on the noun: ' for masculine nouns (the ch is geminated though this is not normally indicated in writing) and ' for feminine nouns. Vowel endings of nouns are dropped before these suffixes: 'road', 'the road', 'man', / 'the man', 'lake', 'the lake'. Note that for animate nouns that can take either gender, the definite suffix may indicate the intended gender: 'priest', 'the priest (m.)', 'the priest (f.)'. The definite suffixes appear to be used less often than the in English, and they seem not to co-occur with the plural suffixes.

The forewings are ivory-white, the dorsal third mottled with brown, which forms also a broken line along the fold, furcate near its outer end, the point running toward the apex. A rather broad brown band occurs along the costa, a slender white line running through it from before the middle of the costa to its outer and lower extremity. This is followed by a broader oblique white streak from the commencement of the costal cilia, nearly meeting the end of the slender white line below it. A pair of shorter, triangular, geminated streaks, the outer pair in the apical cilia separated by brown on the costa, the same colour running outward below them and forming a caudate apex in the cilia.

The forewings are snow-white, with a rather broad brown costal band, the dorsal space beneath the fold being also completely filled with brown, from which a brown streak is ejected outward in the direction of the apex. The white costal streaks are in the same positions as in Polyhymno colleta, consisting of one long slender very oblique line commencing before the middle, followed by a shorter, less oblique line nearly meeting its apex, and two pairs of geminated white streaks in the costal and apical cilia. There is also a similar white patch in the terminal cilia, but instead of two black spots this contains a black streak with two black dots below it. A reduplicated brown line runs along the termen at the base of the cilia.

IJ glyph appearing as the distinctive "broken-U" ligature in Helvetica rendered by Omega TeX Comparison of ĳ and y in various forms Digraphs, such as ll in Spanish or Welsh, are not ligatures in the general case as the two letters are displayed as separate glyphs: although written together, when they are joined in handwriting or italic fonts the base form of the letters is not changed and the individual glyphs remain separate. Like some ligatures discussed above, these digraphs may or may not be considered individual letters in their respective languages. Until the 1994 spelling reform, the digraphs ch and ll were considered separate letters in Spanish for collation purposes. Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written as in (law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written as in (colleague).

The rhotic used in Denmark is a voiced uvular approximant, and the nearby Swedish ex-Danish regions of Scania, Blekinge, southern Halland as well as a large part of Småland and on the Öland island, use a uvular trill or a uvular fricative. To some extent in Östergötland and still quite commonly in Västergötland, a mixture of guttural and rolling rhotic consonants is used, with the pronunciation depending on the position in the word, the stress of the syllable and in some varieties depending on whether the consonant is geminated. The pronunciation remains if a word that is pronounced with a particular rhotic consonant is put into a compound word in a position where that realization would not otherwise occur if it were part of the same stem as the preceding sound. However, in Östergötland the pronunciation tends to gravitate more towards and in Västergötland the realization is commonly voiced.

The Buginese lontara (locally known as ) has a slightly different pronunciation from the other lontaras like the Makassarese. Like other Indic scripts, it also utilizes diacritics to distinguish the vowels [i], [u], [e], [o] and [ə] from the default inherent vowel /a/ (actually pronounced [ɔ]) implicitly represented in all base consonant letters (including the zero-consonant a). But unlike most other Brahmic scripts of India, the Buginese script traditionally does not have any virama sign (or alternate half-form for vowel-less consonants, or subjoined form for non- initial consonants in clusters) to suppress the inherent vowel, so it is normally impossible to write consonant clusters (a few ones were added later, derived from ligatures, to mark the prenasalization), geminated consonants or final consonants. Older texts, however, usually did not use diacritics at all, and readers were expected to identify words from context and thus provide the correct pronunciation.

For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize and , or develop rising diphthongs and , and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as in Italian, Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables. On the other hand, it is worth noting that Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogative clitics, mandatory unstressed subject pronouns (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express the continuous aspect ("El xé drìo magnàr" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of the absolute past tense as well as of geminated consonants. In addition, Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as the use of the impersonal passive forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for the reflexive voice (both traits shared with German).