And she talked about how fungi send out subterranean tentacles, which fuse with those of other fungi.
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"The fungi collected at the accident site had more melanin than the fungi collected from outside the exclusion zone," Venkat said.
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"In the past, we've had visible fungi growing on the ISS, and we want to know what that fungi is," said Wallace.
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Prescott believes the ultimate goal would be to create plastic-like materials from fungi -- that can then be broken down by fungi.
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The glow-in-the-dark features of the fungi tricks insects into coming into contact with the fungi so that the bigs will spread its spores all over the place which means more fungi will grow in previously unreachable places.
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"We want to collect as many diverse species of fungi as possible," said Landvik, a mycologist -- a fungi scientist -- at the biotech company Novozymes.
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In the wild, fungi are not able to move, so they compete against other fungi or bacteria for resources and, in doing so, produce toxic chemicals.
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We have also exposed fungi to facilities outside ISS, but this is the first time we are growing fungi inside ISS to seek new drug discovery.
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Trees couldn't make it without the fungi, and the fungi couldn't make it without the trees, forming an expansive ecosystem that scientists are just beginning to understand.
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A winning collaboration The fungi and the trees are in a mutually beneficial relationship: the fungi cannot photosynthesize, as they have no access to light and no chlorophyll.
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For more than a century, the spore-firing prowess of fungi, employed by thousands of species, has been an enthralling enigma for mycologists, the scientists who study fungi.
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"Once the fungi starts making stable soil, there's more nutrients and larger plants are able to grow, so there's more biomass for the fungi to feed on," Smith explained.
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In recent years, scientists have searched for fungi in rocks older than those in Scotland, and they've found a few microscopic fossils that looked like they might be fungi.
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There has been competition between human chemists and fungi over which is better at producing these pills, and the fungi turned out to be a more cost-effective option, Prescott said.
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The beetles infected by the fungi live in rotting logs.
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"That's what they [the fungi] are eating," Gadd tells me.
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He said people need to rethink the role of fungi.
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He urged the company to remove the fungi and mold.
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"Fungi are crucial components of modern ecosystems," the paper reads.
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For example: - They don't eat flour, sugar, dairy, or fungi.
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But fossil records show that fungi thrived in the aftermath.
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Opportunistic fungi are standing by, ready to finish the kill.
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Fungi, viruses and protozoa call your body their home, too.
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Perhaps fungi could also colonize the pancreas the same way.
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Do they mean bacteria, or viruses, or fungi, or protozoa?
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Underneath, mycelia acts like roots that actively build the fungi.
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Ergo is produced in nature primarily by fungi, including mushrooms.
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About 240 species of ants grow underground gardens of fungi.
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Different fungi are common in different areas of the country.
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Potting mix is known to carry harmful bacteria and fungi.
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As she monitored the collection and trading of the phosphates from fungi to carrots she found that the fungi enthusiastically transported them across the hyphal network from areas of abundance to zones of scarcity.
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And, although the fossil record cannot show which enzymes were present in fungi in the past, it does show that fungi were just as diverse and active in the Carboniferous as in the Permian.
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You also share bugs—microscopic organisms (think bacteria, fungi, and viruses).
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These species all belong to a much bigger group of fungi.
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It did not include lichen-forming fungi, fungi on dung, freshwater fungi, marine fungi or many other categories. Fungi are essential to the survival of many groups of organisms.
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Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Approximately 300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans. The study of fungi pathogenic to humans is called "medical mycology". Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms.
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The Aphyllophorales is an obsolete order of fungi in the Basidiomycota. The order is entirely artificial, bringing together a miscellany of species now grouped among the clavarioid fungi, corticioid fungi, cyphelloid fungi, hydnoid fungi, and poroid fungi.Kirk PM et al. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th Ed.).
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Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of ship-timber beetles are Endomyces (Ascomycota: Dipodascaceae). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of leaf-rolling weevils are Penicillium fungi (Ascomycota: Trichocomaceae). In addition to the above primary symbiotic fungi, secondary fungi and some bacteria have been isolated from mycangia.
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Representatives of all three subdivisions of the Basidiomycota are found in Australia. These are the Agaricomycotina (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs etc., i.e. most of the species commonly understood to be fungi), the Pucciniomycotina (rust fungi), and the Ustilaginomycotina (smut fungi).
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Raghukumar, S. The marine environment and the role of fungi. In Fungi in Coastal and Oceanic Marine Ecosystems: Marine Fungi; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 17–38. Obligate marine fungi are adapted to reproduce in the aquatic environment, while facultative marine fungi can grow in aquatic as well as terrestrial environments. Marine fungi are called marine-derived fungi when their facultative or obligate state is not certain.
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Brown rot fungi preferentially attack cellulose and hemicellulose; while white rot fungi degrade cellulose and lignin. To degrade cellulose, basidiomycetes employ hydrolytic enzymes, such as endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase. Production of endoglucanases is widely distributed among fungi and cellobiohydrolases have been isolated in multiple white-rot fungi and in plant pathogens. β-glucosidases are secreted by many wood-rotting fungi, both white and brown rot fungi, mycorrhizal fungi and in plant pathogens.
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This article describes sexual selection observed in fungi. For details on reproduction mechanisms used by fungi, please refer to the page mating in fungi.
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Many species of pleurotoid fungi are commonly referred to as "oyster" mushrooms. Laterally-attached fungi with pores rather than gills are referred to as bracket fungi.
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Aphelida is a phylum of Fungi that appear to be sister to true fungi.
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The organisms which parasitize fungi are known as mycoparasitic organisms. Certain species of the genus Pythium, which are oomycetes, have potential as biocontrol agents against certain fungi. Fungi can also act as mycoparasites or antagonists of other fungi, such as Hypomyces chrysospermus, which grows on bolete mushrooms. Fungi can also become the target of infection by mycoviruses.
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The relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi is an example of mutualism because plants provides fungi with carbohydrates and mycorrhizal fungi help plants absorb more water and nutrients. Since mycorrhizal fungi increase plants' uptake of below-ground resources, plants who form a mutualistic relationship with fungi have stimulated shoot growth and a higher shoot to root ratio.
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The country's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan does not mention fungi (including lichen-forming fungi).
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These strategies are homothallism for self-fertile fungi and heterothallism for self-incompatible, outcrossing fungi.
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"Mushroom" has been used for polypores, puffballs, jelly fungi, coral fungi, bracket fungi, stinkhorns, and cup fungi. Thus, the term is more one of common application to macroscopic fungal fruiting bodies than one having precise taxonomic meaning. Approximately 14,000 species of mushrooms are described.
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By 1945, more than 4900 species of fungi (including lichen-forming species) had been recorded, and by 2006, the number of fungi in South Africa was estimated at about 200,000 species, without taking into account fungi associated with insects. If correct, then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur. The country's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan does not mention fungi (including lichen-forming fungi).
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China has over 10,000 recorded species of fungi, and of them, nearly 6,000 are higher fungi.
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Next to the Ascomycota, the largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the unassigned fungi imperfecti, a catch-all category for fungi whose sexual form of reproduction has never been observed. Comparatively few Basidiomycetes are lichenized, but these include agarics, such as species of Lichenomphalia, clavarioid fungi, such as species of Multiclavula, and corticioid fungi, such as species of Dictyonema.
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What is interesting is that the fungi resemble modern day fungi in class Trichomycetes, which are common gut- inhabiting zygomycetes of insects, but they differ from Trichomycetes in that the fungi are on the outside of the insect rather than the inside.” The study of ancient fungi can be used to track the evolution of fungi through millions of years.
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Pucciniastrum is a genus of Basidiomycota fungi. Pucciniastrum species, like all rust fungi, are obligate plant parasites.
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Leymus arenarius benefits from the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The presence of the fungi increases the ability of L. arenarius to have an extensive root system and to bind soil particles. When adding fungi in its natural habitat, more seeds survived and grew than without the fungi present.
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Most of the inoculum in mycangia are fungi. The symbiotic inoculum of most bark and ambrosia beetles are fungi belonging to Ophiostomatales (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetidae) and Microascales (Ascomycota: Hypocreomycetidae). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of woodwasps are Amylostereaceae (Basidiomycota: Russulales). Symbiotic fungi in mycangia of lizard beetles are yeast (Ascomycota: Saccharomycetales).
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Most Oxyporinae are fungivores. Their whole lifecycle involves fungi, as females construct egg-laying chambers in fungi and reproduce in them. Thus, most scientists inspect mushrooms and fleshy fungi to find these creatures.
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Dr Larry F Grand Larry F. Grand (December 30, 1940 – March 14, 2013) was an American mycologist who had a long career focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi, wood decay fungi and plant pathogenic fungi.
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A slug (Lehmannia nyctelia) feeding on a mushroom Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi. Many different organisms have been recorded to gain their energy from consuming fungi, including birds, mammals, insects, plants, amoebas, gastropods, nematodes, bacteria and other fungi. Some of these, which only eat fungi, are called fungivores whereas others eat fungi as only part of their diet, being omnivores.
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The quality as well as quantity of organic matter in the soil has a direct correlation to the growth of fungi, because most fungi consume organic matter for nutrition. Fungi thrive in acidic environments, while bacteria and actinomycetes cannot survive in acid, which results in an abundance of fungi in acidic areas. Fungi also grow well in dry, arid soils because fungi are aerobic, or dependent on oxygen, and the higher the moisture content in the soil, the less oxygen is present for them.
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Paleomycology is the study of fungi in the fossil record. The study of past fungi can lead to the evolutionary past. Much of fungi are made up of parasites of animals, plants or insects. Most of the contemporary fungi resemble its ancestors, dating back over a million years ago. For example, “In the Dominican amber, a mosquito was found with several types of parasitic fungi growing on its outside cuticle.
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Fungiculture is the cultivation of mushrooms and other fungi. Cultivating fungi can yield food, medicine, construction materials and other products. A mushroom farm is in the business of growing fungi. The word is also commonly used to refer to the practice of cultivating fungi by leafcutter ants, termites, ambrosia beetles, and marsh periwinkles.
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In addition, there are a number of edible imperfect fungi, including the ones that provide the distinctive characteristics of Roquefort and Camembert cheese. Other, more informal names besides Deuteromycota ("Deuteromycetes") and fungi imperfecti are anamorphic fungi, or mitosporic fungi, but these are terms without taxonomic rank. Examples are Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma etc.
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Tisthammer, K.H.; Cobian, G.M.; Amend, A.S. Global biogeography of marine fungi is shaped by the environment. Fungal Ecol. 2016, 19, 39–46. They are divided into two major groups; obligate marine fungi and facultative marine fungi.
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Fungi Down Under - The Fungimap guide to Australian fungi: Written by Pat and Ed Grey, and edited by Leon Costermans.
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Streblid bat flies, which are parasites, are themselves infested by fungi of the order Laboulbeniales; these fungi are thus hyperparasites.
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The Diversisporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Diversisporales. These fungi form arbuscular mycorrhiza and vesicles in roots.
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Fertilisation in fungi. In many fungi (except chytrids), as in some protists, fertilisation is a two step process. ... In chytrid fungi, fertilisation occurs in a single step with the fusion of gametes, as in animals and plants.
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The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, also known as Deuteromycota, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed. Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that these fungi produce their spores asexually, in the process called sporogenesis. There are about 25,000 species that have been classified in the deuteromycota and many are basidiomycota or ascomycota anamorphs. Fungi producing the antibiotic penicillin and those that cause athlete's foot and yeast infections are algal fungi.
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Collections: Linder added about 200,000 specimens to the Farlow Herbarium. Important collections included the Bartholomew Fungi, the Sprague Lichens, Mrs. E. B. Blackford’s fungi, and Miss Lizzie Allen’s paintings of higher fungi, etc. Publications: Linder produced almost 150 scientific papers on cryptogamic plants and fungi. The most prominent one was probably the monograph of the Helicospous fungi imperfecti Linder D.H. (1929) A monograph of the helicosporous fungi imperfecti. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 16(3): 227-388 This article contains a total of 161 pages and 31 plates, i.e. figures.
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Fungi claimed by protozoologists and mycologists include chytrids, blastoclads, and the gut fungi. Other problematic groups are the Cyanobacteria and Microsporidia.
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Notable fungi artists are educator-turned politician Elmore Stoutt who is regarded as the Fungi Master and the legendary Lashing Dogs.
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Amauroderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. Amauroderma fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks. The fruit bodies of Amauroderma fungi comprise a cap and a stipe, and are typically woody, leathery, or corky in texture.
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Tolypocladium is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It includes species that are parasites of other fungi, insect pathogens, rotifer pathogens and soil inhabiting species with uncertain ecological roles. Tolypocladium was originally circumscribed as a genus containing anamorphic fungi. It was later determined that some Cordyceps-like teleomorphic fungi were the teleomorphs of Tolypocladium species.
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Balansiae is a tribe of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae, described in 1950. It contains endophytic fungi symbiotic with grasses and sedges.
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Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species.Kirk et al.
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Although uranium is often deemed as toxic towards living organisms, certain fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces javanicus can tolerate it. Though minerals can be produced by fungi, they can also be degraded; mainly by oxalic-acid producing strains of fungi. Oxalic acid production is increased in the presence of glucose for three organic acid producing fungi – Aspergillus niger, Serpula himantioides, and Trametes versicolor. These fungi have been found to corrode apatite and galena minerals.
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Competition among EcM fungi is a well-documented case of soil microbial interactions. In some experiments, the timing of colonization by competing EcM fungi determined which species was dominant. Many biotic and abiotic factors can mediate competition among EcM fungi, such as temperature, soil pH, soil moisture, host specificity, and competitor number, and these factors interact with each other in a complex way. There is also some evidence for competition between EcM fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Berlin: Springer-Verlag. . (NOTE: this PDF is from the page proofs, and is not identical to the published version) The fungi that are parasitized by myco-heterotrophs are typically fungi with large energy reserves to draw on, usually mycorrhizal fungi, though there is some evidence that they may also parasitize parasitic fungi that form extensive mycelial networks, such as Armillaria. Examples of fungi parasitized by myco- heterotrophic plants can be found among the ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorrhizal, and orchid mycorrhizal fungi. The great diversity in unrelated plant families with myco-heterotrophic members, as well as the diversity of fungi targeted by myco-heterotrophs, suggests multiple parallel evolution of myco-heterotrophs from mycorrhizal ancestors.
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Allescher, A. 1899. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Pilze - Fungi Imperfecti. 1(6):321-640 Mycobank LiteratureAllescher, A. 1902. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Pilze - Fungi Imperfecti.
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Clavaria zollingeri The clavarioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having erect, simple or branched basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the ground, on decaying vegetation, or on dead wood. They are colloquially called club fungi and coral fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Clavaria ("clavarioid" means Clavaria-like), but it is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papers.
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Candida albicans growing as yeast cells and filamentous (hypha) cells Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast. This is usually brought about by change in temperature and the fungi are also described as thermally dimorphic fungi. An example is Talaromyces marneffei, a human pathogen that grows as a mold at room temperature, and as a yeast at human body temperature. The term dimorphic is commonly used for fungi that can grow both as yeast and filamentous cells, however many of these dimorphic fungi actually can grow in more than these two forms.
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fungi: Fungi - "Fungi" is plural for "fungus". A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other life kingdoms of plants, animals, protists, and bacteria. One difference that places fungi in a different kingdom is that its cell walls contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, bacteria and some protists.
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The puffball Lycoperdon perlatum in Germany The gasteroid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota. Species were formerly placed in the obsolete class Gasteromycetes Fr. (literally "stomach fungi"), or the equally obsolete order Gasteromycetales Rea, because they produce spores inside their basidiocarps (fruit bodies) rather than on an outer surface.Kirk PM. et al. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi 10th edition.
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Evidence from DNA analysis suggests that all fungi are descended from one common ancestor, at least 600 million years ago. It is probable that these earliest fungi lived in water, and had flagella. Fungi moved to land at about the same time as plants, about 460 million years ago, at least. Fossils of land fungi date to almost 400 million years ago.
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The Hedgehog Fungus, Hydnum repandum The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps (fruit bodies) producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. They are colloquially called tooth fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Hydnum ("hydnoid" means Hydnum-like), but it is now known that not all hydnoid species are closely related.
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Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus growing from animal dung Coprophilous fungi (dung-loving fungi) are a type of saprobic fungi that grow on animal dung. The hardy spores of coprophilous species are unwittingly consumed by herbivores from vegetation, and are excreted along with the plant matter. The fungi then flourish in the feces, before releasing their spores to the surrounding area.
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The hydnoid fungi (tooth fungi) produce spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections. The bird's nest fungi use the force of falling water drops to liberate the spores from cup-shaped fruiting bodies. Another strategy is seen in the stinkhorns, a group of fungi with lively colors and putrid odor that attract insects to disperse their spores.Alexopoulos et al.
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Some of these lichenized fungi occur in orders with nonlichenized fungi that live as saprotrophs or plant parasites (for example, the Leotiales, Dothideales, and Pezizales). Other lichen fungi occur in only five orders in which all members are engaged in this habit (Orders Graphidales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, and Teloschistales). Lichenized and nonlichenized fungi can even be found in the same genus or species.
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Zabel, R.A., and Morrell, J.J. (1992). Wood Microbiology. Decay and Its Prevention. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Academic Press, INC: New York Pigmenting fungi classified as spalting fungi do decay wood, they simply do so at a slower rate (soft rotting) than white rotting fungi.
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Hormographiella is a genus of fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus contains three species of anamorphic fungi that have Coprinopsis or Coprinellus teleomorphs.
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Polystictus is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae. These fungi may be a type of wood-decay fungus, like the Polystictus versicolor.
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Some fungi can cause disease in humans and other animals - The study of pathogenic fungi that infect animals is referred to as medical mycology.
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Vendomyces is a genus of purported Ediacaran fungi, assigned to the Chytridiomycetes.B. URZIN. (1993) However, it is unlikely that these fossils truly represent fungi.
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Pezizomycotina make up the majority of the Ascomycota fungi and include most lichenized fungi too. Pezizomycotina contains the filamentous ascomycetes and is a subdivision of the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus). It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota. These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding and this subdivision includes almost all the ascus fungi that have fruiting bodies visible to the naked eye (exception: genus Neolecta, which belongs to the Taphrinomycotina).
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Mycoparasitism occurs when any fungus feeds on other fungi, a form of parasitism, our knowledge of it in natural environments is very limited. Free version Collybia grow on dead mushrooms. The fungal genus, Trichoderma produces enzymes such as chitinases which degrade the cell walls of other fungi. Free version They are able to detect other fungi and grow towards them, they then bind to the hyphae of other fungi using lectins on the host fungi as a receptor, forming an appressorium.
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Mycorrhizal, literally “fungus-root”, interactions are symbioses between fungi and plants. Such interactions are based on nutrient acquisition and sharing, the fungi increases the range over which nutrients are gathered and the plant provides materials that the fungi cannot produce. There are two main types of interactions: arbuscular endomycorrhizal, and ectomycorrhizal. Arbuscular endomycorrhizal interactions are when the fungi is allowed to enter the plant, and inhabit special cells. The fungi produce structures that look like trees, called “arbuscules,” inside these cells.
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Mount Field National Park is also home to an enormous diversity of fungi. Fungi are ecologically important and megadiverse, yet their significance in underpinning the terrestrial ecology of the Park is little recognised. While the Management Plan for Mt Field National Park only mentions fungi in the context of their destructive effects (Phytophthora cinnamomi and Chalara australis), the Park has a great variety of fungi that perform beneficial ecological roles. In fact, most fungi perform positive rather than negative roles.
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Up to 1945, more than 4900 species of fungi (including lichen-forming species) had been recorded. In 2006, the number of fungi in South Africa was estimated at about 200,000 species, but did not take into account fungi associated with insects. If correct, then the number of South African fungi dwarfs that of its plants. In at least some major South African ecosystems, an exceptionally high percentage of fungi are highly specific in terms of the plants with which they occur.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi vary across many environmental gradients. Their tolerance to freezing and drying is known to shift between AM fungal taxa. AM fungi become less prevalent and diverse at higher soil nutrient and moisture concentrations, presumably because both plants allocate less carbon to AM fungi and AM fungi reallocate their resources to intraradical hyphae in these environmental conditions. Over the long term, these environmental conditions can even create local adaptation between plant hosts, AM fungi and the local soil nutrient concentrations.
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Monotropastrum humile, a myco- heterotroph dependent on fungi throughout its lifetime Around 90% of land plants live in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi, where fungi gain sugars from plants and plants gain nutrients from the soil via the fungi. Some species of plant have evolved to manipulate this symbiosis, so that they no longer give fungi sugars that they produce and instead gain sugars from the fungi, a process called myco-heterotrophy. Some plants are only dependent on fungi as a source of sugars during the early stages of their development, these include most of the orchids as well as many ferns and lycopods. Others are dependent on this food source for their entire lifetime, including some orchids and Gentianaceae, and all species of Monotropaceae and Triuridaceae.
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Blackwell is the co-editor of four books and the author or co-author of numerous scientific articles on such topics as termite-associated fungi, earwig-associated fungi, fungal infections of trees, molecular phylogeny of fungi, beetle-associated yeasts, and fungal evolution and taxonomy.
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012], Mycology is used in estimating times or death or events by using known growth rates of fungi, in providing trace evidence, and in locating corpses. It also includes causes of death or illness by fungi poisoning, and fungi as used in biological warfare.
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In Joshua Tree National Park, it is commonly found to be infected with Lichenostigma, a genus or lichenicolous fungi (fungi that are parasitic on lichens).
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Auerswaldiella is a genus of fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, there are four species, widespread in tropical regions.
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It is capable of associating with wood-decay fungi in addition to soil fungi; this enables its seedlings to survive on rotting stumps and logs.
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Reproductive initials are filaments below the cuticle surface of algae and fungi which give rise to the bulbs of spore-producing cells (in fungi, conidiophores).
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Other organelles of the microbody family related to peroxisomes include glyoxysomes of plants and filamentous fungi, glycosomes of kinetoplastids, and Woronin bodies of filamentous fungi.
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Ircinia variabilis Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments. They are not a taxonomic group, but share a common habitat. Obligate marine fungi grow exclusively in the marine habitat while wholly or sporadically submerged in sea water. Facultative marine fungi normally occupy terrestrial or freshwater habitats, but are capable of living or even sporulating in a marine habitat.
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In contrast to plants and animals, the early fossil record of the fungi is meager. Since fungi do not biomineralise, they do not readily enter the fossil record. Fungal fossils are difficult to distinguish from those of other microbes, and are most easily identified when they resemble extant fungi. The earliest fossils possessing features typical of fungi date to the Paleoproterozoic era, some (Ma).
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Parasitic fungi derive some or all of their nutritional requirements from plants, other fungi, or animals. Unlike mycorrhizal fungi which have a mutualistic relationship with their host plants, they are pathogenic. For example, the honey fungi in the genus Armillaria grow in the roots of a wide variety of trees, and eventually kill them. They then continue to live in the dead wood, feeding saprophytically.
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Among his scientific works, his studies of coevolution of Saxifragaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and their respective rust fungi stand out.Coevolution of the Rust Fungi and Their Hosts. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 211–218. Savile, D.B.O. (1971) He showed that since closely related pathogenic fungi tend to prefer closely related host plants, fungi could serve as an aid to plant taxonomy and vice versa.
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Most fungi can produce asexually and sexually. Currently, sexual selection has been studied to occur more predominantly in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla. Although different sexes are not present within fungi, sexual selection can act due to the presence of different sex roles as well as different mating types as most fungi are hermaphroditic.Nieuwenhuis, B. P. S. and Aanen, D. K. (2012), Sexual selection in fungi.
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Sphaeropsidaceae are fungi with pycnidia dark colored, leathery to carbonous, stromatic or non-stromatic generally provided with a circular opening. Zythiaceae are fungi with pycnidia as in the Sphaeropsidaceae but light colored instead of dark, and soft or waxy instead of leathery. Leptostromataceae are fungi wit hpycnidia shield-shaped or elongated, and flattened. Excipulaceae are fungi where mature pycnidia are somewhat deeply cup-shaped.
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Opisthosporidia (granting True Fungi) or Fungi are a sister clade of the Cristidiscoidea together forming the Holomycota. A basal group is the 'basal clone group 2' (BCG2). The other basal Opisthosporidan clade are the Aphelida together with the True Fungi, joined with the 'basal clone group 1' (BCG1) together with the Rozellomyceta. Historically, the True Fungi were not considered to have emerged in the Opisthosporidia, i.e.
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Basidiomycetous Rhizoctonia Fungi The fungi that form orchid mycorrhizae are typically basidiomycetes. These fungi come from a range of taxa including Ceratobasidium (Rhizoctonia), Sebacina, Tulasnella and Russula species. Most orchids associate with saprotrophic or pathogenic fungi, while a few associate with ectomycorrhizal fungal species. These latter associations are often called tripartite associations as they involve the orchid, the ectomycorrhizal fungus and its photosynthetic host plant.
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There are many species of fungi including lichen-forming species, and the mycobiota is less poorly known than in many other parts of the world. The most recent checklist of Basidiomycota (bracket fungi, jelly fungi, mushrooms and toadstools, puffballs, rusts and smuts), published in 2005, accepts over 3600 species.Legon & Henrici, Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota The most recent checklist of Ascomycota (cup fungi and their allies, including most lichen-forming fungi), published in 1985, accepts another 5100 species.Cannon, Hawksworth & Sherwood-Pike, The British Ascomycotina.
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Casimir Roumeguère Casimir Roumeguère (15 August 1828 in Toulouse – 29 February 1892 in Toulouse) was a French botanist and mycologist. He served as director of the journal Revue mycologique.Google Books Bulletin de la Société d'études scientifiques de l'Aude, Volumes 3-4 His collections of fungi are included in several exsiccatae, including "Fungi Gallici exsiccati", "Fungi exsiccati praecipue Gallici",Cybertruffle Publications and "Fungi selecti exsiccati".3.2. Fungi R (Collectors Index Herbarium M) Pilz-Herbarien (R) His collection of algae is part of the exsicattae series: "Algues de France".
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Bet hedging is employed in fungi similarly to bacteria, but in fungi, it is more complex. This phenomenon is beneficial to fungi, but in some cases, it has harmful effects on humans, illustrating that bet hedging has clinical importance. One study suggests that bet hedging may even contribute to the failure of chemotherapy in cancer due to mechanisms similar to that of bet hedging used in fungi. One way fungi use bet hedging is by displaying different colony morphologies when grown on agar plates.
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Once mycoparasites and mycohost recognize each other, both of them would have some changes in external form and internal structure to some extents. The manifestations of the mycoparasitic fungi are usually as follows: (1) the hypha grows rapidly on the host fungi and coils around the hypha of the host fungi; (2) the hypha penetrates and elongates the hypha of the host fungi (3) the infection filament is produced and penetrates the cells of host fungi to build parasitic relationship. In terms of necrotrophic/destructive mycoparasites, on the other hand, the hyphae of host fungi, due to the role of mycoparasites, will stop the growth, deform, shrivel and even dissolve.
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This enables the survival of manifold fungal flora in these regions which include hot spot areas like the Himalayan ranges, Western Ghats, hill stations, mangroves, sea coasts, freshwater bodies etc. Many fungi have been recorded from these regions and from the country, in general, comprising thermophiles, psychrophiles, mesophiles, aquatic forms, marine forms, plant and animal pathogens, edible fungi and beneficial fungi and so on. The number of fungi recorded in India exceeds 27,000 species, the largest biotic community after insects. The true fungi belong to the KingdomClassification of Organisms Wikipedia Kingdom (biology) Fungi which has four phyla, 103 orders, 484 families and 4979 genera.
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Dendrocorticium is a genus of fungi in the family Punctulariaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains seven species.
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Galzinia is a genus of fungi in the family Corticiaceae. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains nine species.
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Some fungi can only be found living on lichens (obligate parasites), but are not considered part of the lichen. These are referred to as lichenolous fungi.
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Hydnophlebia is a genus of five species of toothed crust fungi in the family Meruliaceae. All species are wood-decay fungi that cause a white rot.
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Euceratomycetaceae is a family of fungi in the order Laboulbeniales. These fungi, found mostly in temperate zones, tend to be parasitic or epibiotic on insect exoskeletons.
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Bark beetles can form a symbiotic relationship with certain Ophiostomatales fungi. These phloem-feeding bark beetles use phloem-infesting fungi as an addition to their diet.
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Olga Fassatiová (1924-2011) was a Czech mycologist known for her work in biology and ecology of saprophic fungi, including fungi on food, feed, and soils.
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Moniliella is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina. Some species of Moniliella can cause disease in humans and in cats. The genus includes the black, yeast-like fungi in the Basidiomycota, although the black, yeast-like fungi also include some species from the Ascomycota.
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Meloidogyne hapla can be controlled using their natural enemies. Common biological controls of nematodes are fungi and bacteria. Some fungi use mycelial traps or sticky spores to catch nematodes while other fungi parasitize eggs and females. Bacteria consume juvenile nematodes by attaching and penetrating the cuticle.
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This group also includes a number of russuloid hypogeous fungi, polypores such as Bondarzewia, some tooth fungi (e.g. Auriscalpium vulgare), and club fungi e.g. Artomyces. Basidiospores in this group are typically ornamented with amyloid warts or reticulation but a few exceptions are known, e.g. Heterobasidion annosum.
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Fusion between these cells seems to be important for some fungi during early stages of colony establishment. The production of these cells has been suggested to occur in 73 different species of fungi. Roca, M.G., Read, N.D.; Wheals, A. E. (2005). Conidial anastomosis tubes in filamenotus fungi.
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Tubercularia is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae. With the change to single name nomenclature in fungi, Tubercularia is now considered a synonym of Nectria.
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One group of carnivorous fungi, the nematophagous fungi, are predators of soil nematodes. They set enticements for the nematodes in the form of lassos or adhesive structures.
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This is a list of plant genera that engage in myco-heterotrophic relationships with fungi. It does not include the fungi that are parasitized by these plants.
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Some fungi can only be found living on lichens as obligate parasites; They are not considered part of the lichen. These are referred to as “lichenolous fungi”.
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In 2008 Boddy argued in The Guardian that fungi were humankind's most invaluable species. She claims that without fungi, land-based ecosystems, including humans, would not exist.
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Terconazole targets fungi specifically since humans do not use lanosterol in this pathway. This process does not affect all fungi such as Pneumocystis jirovecii, which lacks lanosterol.
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Many mammals eat fungi, but only a few feed exclusively on fungi; most are opportunistic feeders and fungi only make up part of their diet. At least 22 species of primate, including humans, bonobos, colobines, gorillas, lemurs, macaques, mangabeys, marmosets and vervet monkeys are known to feed on fungi. Most of these species spend less than 5% of the time they spend feeding eating fungi, and fungi therefore form only a small part of their diet. Some species spend longer foraging for fungi, and fungi account for a greater part of their diet; buffy-tufted marmosets spend up to 12% of their time consuming sporocarps, Goeldi’s monkeys spend up to 63% of their time doing so and the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey spends up to 95% of its feeding time eating lichens. Fungi are comparatively very rare in tropical rainforests compared to other food sources such as fruit and leaves, and they are also distributed more sparsely and appear unpredictably, making them a challenging source of food for Goeldi’s monkeys.
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Mount Buffalo National Park is also home to an enormous diversity of fungi. Fungi are ecologically important and megadiverse, yet their significance in underpinning the terrestrial ecology of the park is little recognised.Boletellus obscurecoccineus, rhubarb bolete The park also contains a great variety of lichens (which are classified as fungi), many of which are important pioneer species, and some of which are restricted to alpine habitats. Although the Management Plan for Mount Buffalo National Park makes no reference to fungi, the park has a great variety of fungi that perform beneficial ecological roles.
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Only limited research has been done concerning the distribution of marine endolithic fungi and its diversity even though there is a probability that endolithic fungi could perhaps play an important role in the health of coral reefs. Endolithic fungi have been discovered in shells as early as the year 1889 by Edouard Bornet and Charles Flahault. These two French phycologists specifically provided descriptions for two fungi: Ostracoblabe implexis and Lithopythium gangliiforme. Discovery of endolithic fungi, such as Dodgella priscus and Conchyliastrum, has also been made in the beach sand of Australia by George Zembrowski.
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Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically, Basidiomycota includes these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus. Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for basidiomycota-yeast) and reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores.
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Cribb specialised in gasteroid fungi, describing twenty-one new species in that group, as well as fourteen new species of marine fungi. For over 45 years Joan Cribb travelled over Queensland discovering and recording gasteromycetes. She and her husband also investigated algae-inhabiting fungi found in marine habitats and have recorded occurrences of freshwater fungi in Queensland waterways. She was awarded the Australian Natural History Medallion in 1994.
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Littoraria irrorata feeds on fungi that it encourages to grow. It creates and maintains wounds on the grass, Spartina alterniflora, which are then infected by fungi, probably of the Phaeosphaeria and Mycosphaerella genera. Such fungi are the preferred diet of the snail. L. irrorata also deposits faeces on the wounds that they create, which encourage the growth of the fungi because they are rich in nitrogen and fungal hyphae.
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Mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungal-plant communities, are important to the success of revegetation efforts. Most woody plant species need these root-fungi communities to thrive, and nursery or greenhouse transplants may not have sufficient or correct mycorrhizae for good survival. Mycorhizal communities are particularly beneficial to nitrogen-fixing woody plants, C4-grasses, and soil environments low in phosphorus. Two types of mycorrhizal fungi aid in restoration: ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Since Trichothecium fungi lack a sexual phase, systematic classification was not uniform following their discovery. These fungi were initially grouped into Fungi imperfecti under the form classification Deuteromycetes. In 1958, Tubaki expanded Hughes’ classification of soil Hyphomycetes, part of the form class of Fungi imperfecti, by adding a ninth section in order to accommodate T. roseum and its unique conidial apparatus. Trichothecium has now been classified under the class Sordariomycetes.
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Many fungi (notably the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) exhibit heterokaryosis. The haploid nuclei within a mycelium may differ from one another not merely by accumulating mutations, but by the non-sexual fusion of genetically distinct fungal hyphae, although a self / non-self recognition system exists in Fungi and usually prevents fusions with non-self.Glass, N. L. and I. Kaneko. 2003. Fatal attraction: Nonself recognition and heterokaryon incompatibility in filamentous fungi.
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About 444 species of marine fungi have been described, including seven genera and ten species of basidiomycetes, and 177 genera and 360 species of ascomycetes. The remainder of the marine fungi are chytrids and mitosporic or asexual fungi.Species of Higher Marine Fungi University of Mississippi. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
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Blue stain fungi (also known as sap stain fungi) is a vague term including various fungi that cause dark staining in sapwood. The staining is most often blue, but could also be grey or black. Because the grouping is based solely on symptomatics, it is not a monophyletic grouping.
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W.May & A.E.Wood (1997) Fungi of Australia Volume 2A: Catalogue and Bibliography of Australian Macrofungi 1. Basidiomycota. CSIRO Publishing. and Volume 2B was published in 2003.T.W. May, J. Milne, S. Shingles & R.H. Jones (2003) Fungi of Australia Volume 2B: Catalogue and Bibliography of Australian Fungi 2 Basidiomycota p.p.
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There are basically two distinct types of sexual reproduction among fungi. The first is outcrossing (in heterothallic fungi). In this case, mating occurs between two different haploid individuals to form a diploid zygote, that can then undergo meiosis. The second type is self-fertilization or selfing (in homothallic fungi).
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Frontiers in microbiology, 5: 166. . 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License. Roles of fungi in the marine carbon cycle by processing phytoplankton-derived organic matter. Parasitic fungi, as well as saprotrophic fungi, directly assimilate phytoplankton organic carbon.
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Among the groups he treated were the plant pathogenic rust fungi, smut fungi and Exobasidium. He also treated taxonomy and biogeography of various groups of vascular plants, e.g. the arctic Poa laxa complex. Nannfeldt published the exsiccate work Fungi Exsiccati Suecici, praesertim Upsalienses together with Lennart Holm and others.
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Certain fungi, in particular white-rot fungi, can degrade insecticides, herbicides, pentachlorophenol, creosote, coal tars, and heavy fuels and turn them into carbon dioxide, water, and basic elements. Fungi have been shown to biomineralize uranium oxides, suggesting they may have application in the bioremediation of radioactively polluted sites.
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Mycoviruses are common in fungi (Herrero et al., 2009) and are found in all four phyla of the true fungi: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fungi are frequently infected with two or more unrelated viruses and also with defective dsRNA and/or satellite dsRNA.Ghabrial, S. A., Suzuki, N. (2008).
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Mycorrhizal fungi inhabit plant roots and increase nutrient uptake for the plant in exchange for food resources. These fungi are also able to alter the tolerance of plants to herbivory and may cause undercompesation, full compensation and overcompensation depending of the species of fungi involved (Bennett and Bever 2007).
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He investigated luminous fungi and ant-hill fungi from termite nests. He proved with the help of P.W.Wilson of Wisconsin University that, contrary to prevailing view, Phoma casuarinae did not fix nitrogen directly from the air. Bose studied edible fungi in India and advised widely on their cultivation.
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Clathrus is a genus of fungi of the family Phallaceae, the stinkhorn fungi. As with other members of the family, mature fruit bodies are covered with olive- brown slimy gleba, containing spores, that attracts flies. These fungi are saprobic (feeding on dead organic matter) and are common in mulch.
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Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with several crop and ornamental species, such as blueberries, cranberries and Rhododendron. Inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi can influence plant growth and nutrient uptake.Scagel, C. F. 2005 Inoculation with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi alters fertilizer use of highbush blueberry cultivars. HortScience 40: 786-794.
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Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide.
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Fungi from habitats with high concentration of salt are mostly halotolerant (i.e. they do not require salt for growth) and not halophilic. Halophilic fungi are a rare exception. Halotolerant fungi constitute a relatively large and constant part of hypersaline environment communities, such as those in the solar salterns.
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Xylindein is a quinone pigment, a dimeric naphthoquinone derivative. It is produced by fungi from genus Chlorociboria. This pigment causes green staining of wood infected by the fungi.
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Mutualism between humans and fungi is not yet well understood, and there is much to be learned about how fungi interact with the nonfungal constituents of the microbiome.
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Nesolechia is a genus of fungi that grows on lichens. It probably evolved from a lichen ancestor, as it is closely related to many lichenized species of fungi.
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Between 1921 and 1944 he wrote 13 "Studies on entomogeneous fungi" and 7 "Notes on entomogeneous fungi", all except the first published in the Transactions of the British Mycological Society (which Petch had served as president of in 1920). He also compiled a list of entomogeneous fungi in England (1932).
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Spizellomycetales is an order of fungi in the Chytridiomycetes. Spizellomycetalean chytrids are essentially ubiquitous zoospore-producing fungi found in soils where they decompose pollen. Recently they have also been found in dung and harsh alpine environments, greatly expanding the range of habitats where one can expect to find these fungi.
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Nilsson S, Persson O.(1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). pp. 36–37. Penguin Books. H. sulcata; once separated, because of certain differences in the lobe structure is now dropped, or just a synonym. It was not possible to draw a clear distinction between the two.
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Ugola is a genus of fungi in the Lyophyllaceae family. The genus was first described scientifically by the French naturalist Michel Adanson in his 1763 Familles des Plantes. The three fungi in the genus are anamorphs of species of Asterophora, a genus of fungi that are parasitic on other mushrooms.
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Organisms responsible for bunch rot of grape berries are filamentous fungi, the most common of these being Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) However, there are a range of other fungi responsible for the rotting of grapes such as Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and fungi found in subtropical climates (e.g., Colletotrichum spp.
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Only around 20 species of fungi are macroscopic. The non-lichenised species come from 416 different genera, representing all major fungi phyla. The first fungi identified from the sub- antarctic islands was Peziza kerguelensis, which was described in 1847. In 1898 the first species from the mainland, Sclerotium antarcticum, was sampled.
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The genus name Mycoplana consists of two words, mykos ("mushroom") and planos ("wandering"). It refers to the mobility and the similarity with fungi (the genus produces filaments like fungi).
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Clavarioid fungi have a worldwide distribution, though some genera—such as Aphelaria and Lachnocladium—are principally tropical. They are one of the most common of the four fungi groupings.
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Trichoderma spp. are fungi that are present in nearly all soils. In soil, they frequently are the most prevalent culturable fungi. They also exist in many other diverse habitats.
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The hindwings are dark fuscous. The species has a unique relationship with fungi that cover the cocoon. The fungi have antibacterial properties and could protect pupae from bacterial infections.
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Raper, J.R., 1966. Genetics of sexuality in higher fungi. Genetics of sexuality in higher fungi. Individuals of any sex are compatible for mating with all but their own sex.
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Rhynchogastremataceae is a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. Only a single species is known, Rhynchogastrema coronatum, isolated from soil, and probably a facultative parasite of other fungi.
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Mammalian Endothermy Optimally Restricts Fungi and Metabolic Costs. mBio Nov 2010, 1 (5) e00212-10. Vincent A. Robert, Arturo Casadevall. 2009. Vertebrate Endothermy Restricts Most Fungi as Potential Pathogens.
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Chemical structure of a unit from a chitin polymer chain There are several groups of organisms that have been called "fungi". Some of these groups (Oomycete and Myxogastria) have been transferred out of the Kingdom Fungi, in part because of fundamental biochemical differences in the composition of the cell wall. Most true fungi have a cell wall consisting largely of chitin and other polysaccharides. True fungi do not have cellulose in their cell walls.
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In the past, mycology was regarded as a branch of botany, although it is now known fungi are genetically more closely related to animals than to plants. Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds.
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Some of these lichenized fungi occur in orders with nonlichenized fungi that live as saprotrophs or plant parasites (for example, the Leotiales, Dothideales, and Pezizales). Other lichen fungi occur in only five orders in which all members are engaged in this habit (Orders Graphidales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, and Teloschistales). Lichenized and nonlichenized fungi can even be found in the same genus or species. Overall, about 98% of lichens have an ascomycetous mycobiont.
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Next to the Ascomycota, the largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the unassigned fungi imperfecti. Comparatively few Basidiomycetes are lichenized, but these include agarics, such as species of Lichenomphalia, clavarioid fungi, such as species of Multiclavula, and corticioid fungi, such as species of Dictyonema. The autotrophic symbionts occurring in lichens are a wide variety of simple, photosynthetic organisms commonly and traditionally known as algae. These symbionts include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
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Coelomycetes are a form-class of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. These are conidial fungi where the conidia form in a growing cavity in the host's tissue. The fruiting structures are spherical with an opening at the apex (pycnidia) or are disc-shaped (acervuli). The formation of conidia in a fruiting body separates this group from the hyphomycetes, who have "naked" conidia.
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Hymenomycetes was formerly the largest taxonomic group of fungi within the division Basidiomycota, but the term is no longer taxonomically relevant. Many familiar fungi belong to this class, including bracket fungi and toadstools. This class contained the orders Agaricales, Boletales, and Russulales. The erstwhile class, now understood to be a polyphyletic assemblage of basidiomycetes, refers to fungi with fruit bodies whose hymenophore develops in an exposed manner, or only with a veil (velum).
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Even parasitic fungi – often regarded only negatively – are a vital part of healthy ecosystems, regulating ecosystem functions. Cortinarius sinapicolor As primary recyclers of organic matter, saprobic fungi break down fallen branches and leaf litter, making vital nutrients available to other organisms. Other fungi form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Although rarely acknowledged, the great majority of plants in Mount Field National Park (indeed in the world) form mutually beneficial mycorrhizal relationships with fungi.
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Lysurus is a genus of fungi in the Phallaceae, a family known collectively as the stinkhorn fungi. The species have a widespread distribution, but are specially prevalent in tropical areas.
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Ichthyophonus is a genus of unicellular eukaryotic parasites of fish. They were once considered to be fungi, but phylogenetic evidence suggests they are protists related to both fungi and animals.
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University of Illinois Press. p. 222. Adanson made a serious attempt to classify fungi based on their fruit body complexity. He was the first botanist to classify lichens with fungi.
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While evidence from 2000 suggests that AM fungi are not specialists on their host species, studies as of 2002 have indicated that at least some fungi taxa are host specialists.
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Pathogenic fungi have been recorded on the leaves and other organs of some vascular plants. Fossil Uhlia palms have tar spot fungi on their leaves known as Paleoserenomyces. These fungi are in turn parasitized by a mycoparasite, Cryptodidymosphaerites princetonensis. Symbiotic mycorrhizal relationships have also been discovered in roots of Pinus and Metasequoia.
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The range of enzymes, though wide in many species, is not sufficient for survival in all environments. Fungi require other competitive attributes to ensure continued survival. The opposite is also true. Some fungi have highly specific metabolic capabilities which enable occupation of specific habitats, utilizing molecules which are unavailable to other fungi.
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Many more species remain to be discovered. Little is known about the bionomy or specificity of ambrosia fungi. Ambrosia fungi are thought to be dependent on transport and inoculation provided by their beetle symbionts, as they have not been found in any other habitat. All ambrosia fungi are probably asexual and clonal.
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Comparatively few Basidiomycetes are lichenized, but these include agarics, such as species of Lichenomphalia, clavarioid fungi, such as species of Multiclavula, and corticioid fungi, such as species of Dictyonema. The largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the Ascomycota, with about 40% of species forming such an association.Kirk et al., pp. 378–81.
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In arid ecosystems, many primary producers, such as grasses and biological soil crusts, form symbioses with fungi. Mycorrhizal fungi colonizing plant roots acquire carbon directly from plant roots, provide phosphorus sources to plants, and have been shown to transport water.Allen, M.F. 2007. Mycorrhizal Fungi: Highways for Water and Nutrients in Arid Soils.
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The subdivision Agaricomycotina, also known as the hymenomycetes, is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia). The Agaricomycotina contain some 20,000 species, and about 98% of these are in the class Agaricomycetes, which comprises most of the fungi known as mushrooms, including the bracket fungi and puffballs. Species in the Agaricomycotina that are not Agaricomycetes include the jelly fungi, certain "yeasts", ear fungi, and others; these are gathered together as the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes. Numerous species of Agaricomycotina are able to produce multicellular fruiting bodies, however, resupinate species form a hyphae structure.
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The corticioid fungus Terana caerulea, growing on the undersurface of dead branches The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus Corticium ("corticioid" means Corticium-like) and subsequently to the family Corticiaceae, but it is now known that all corticioid species are not necessarily closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of convergent evolution.
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There are also ectomycorrhiza-forming fungi with cosmopolitan distributions which can allow non-native plant species to spread in the absence of their specific EcM fungi from the native ecosystem. Plants can compete through attacking each other's fungal networks. Dominant native plants can inhibit EcM fungi on the roots of neighboring plants, and some invasive plants can inhibit the growth of native ectomycorrhizal fungi, especially if they become established and dominant. Invasive garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, and its allelochemical benzyl isothiocyanate were shown to inhibit the growth of three species of EcM fungi grown on white pine seedlings.
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Mycena interrupta in Myrtle Forest, Collinsvale, Tasmania The Fungi of Australia form an enormous and phenomenally diverse group, a huge range of freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats with many ecological roles, for example as saprobes, parasites and mutualistic symbionts of algae, animals and plants, and as agents of biodeterioration. Where plants produce, and animals consume, the fungi recycle, and as such they ensure the sustainability of ecosystems. Knowledge about the fungi of Australia is meagre. Little is known about aboriginal cultural traditions involving fungi, or about aboriginal use of fungi apart from a few species such as Blackfellow's bread (Laccocephalum mylittae).
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Scratching directly transfers fungi and dead skin particles that are infested with the fungi to the fingers and under the finger nails. From there they can be transmitted to other parts of the host's body when the host touches or scratches those. Scratching also damages skin layers, making it easier for the fungi to spread at the site of the infection. If the fungi and infested debris are not washed from the fingers and fingernails soon enough, the fungi can also infect the skin of the fingers (tinea manuum), and burrow underneath and into the material of the fingernails (tinea unguium).
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Megalodacne species feed on harder bracket fungi than smaller members of the family. The fungi eaten include Ganoderma and Fomes species. Some tropical nocturnal species of Megalodacne are attracted to light.
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The Vuilleminiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Corticiales. The family in its current sense is based on molecular research and contains just three genera of temperate corticioid fungi.
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Relationships with fungi in Vanilla are not well studied but they are closely related to mycoheterotrophic lineages, like Pseudovanilla, and may therefore also form some kind of relationship with these fungi.
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Related fungi attack and kill other invertebrates (e.g. nematodes).
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Megalodacne deposit eggs on the fungi on which they feed. Upon hatching, the larvae, like adults, also feed on the fruiting bodies of bracket fungi by burrowing into it... There are two kinds of larvae of Megalodacne depending on the species. In some species, the larvae are elongated and feed on fungi by drilling holes inside of it. In others, the larvae feed alongside adults by gnawing out shallow depressions on the fruiting bodies of fungi.
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Evidence from DNA analysis suggests that all fungi are descended from one common ancestor, at least 600 million years ago. It is probable that these earliest fungi lived in water, and had flagella. Fungi moved to land at about the same time as plants, about 460 million years ago, at least. Although fungi are opisthokonts—a grouping of evolutionarily related organisms broadly characterized by a single posterior flagellum—all phyla except for the chytrids have lost their posterior flagella.
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The largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the Ascomycota, with about 40% of species forming such an association. Some of these lichenized fungi occur in orders with nonlichenized fungi that live as saprotrophs or plant parasites (for example, the Leotiales, Dothideales, and Pezizales). Other lichen fungi occur in only five orders in which all members are engaged in this habit (Orders Graphidales, Gyalectales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales, and Teloschistales). Overall, about 98% of lichens have an ascomycetous mycobiont.
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Throughout human history, fungi have been utilized as a source of food and harnessed to ferment and preserve foods and beverages. In the 20th century, humans have learned to harness fungi to protect human health (antibiotics, anti-cholesterol statins, and immunosuppressive agents), while industry has utilized fungi for large scale production of enzymes, acids, and biosurfactants. With the advent of modern nanotechnology in the 1980s, fungi have remained important by providing a greener alternative to chemically synthesized nanoparticle.
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Fungi are abundant in soil, but bacteria are more abundant. Fungi are important in the soil as food sources for other, larger organisms, pathogens, beneficial symbiotic relationships with plants or other organisms and soil health. Fungi can be split into species based primarily on the size, shape and color of their reproductive spores, which are used to reproduce. Most of the environmental factors that influence the growth and distribution of bacteria and actinomycetes also influence fungi.
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All symbionts within a plant host interact, often in unpredictable ways. A 2010 meta-analysis indicated that plants colonized by both AM fungi and vertically transmitted endophytes often are larger than plants independently colonized by these symbionts. However, this relationship is context-dependent as AM fungi can interact synergistically with fungal endophytes inhabiting the leaves of their host plant, or antagonistically. Similar ranges of interactions can occur between AM fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi and dark septate endophytes.
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Mangrove-associated fungi have prominent antibacterial effects on several common pathogenic human bacteria including, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. High competition between organisms within mangrove niches lead to increases in antibacterial substances produced by these fungi as defensive agents. Penicillium and Aspergillus species are the largest producers of antibacterial compounds among the marine fungi.
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Boddy has presented fungi on the television and radio. She contributed to the film Superfungi: Will fungi help save the world?. She served as President of the British Ecological Society in 2009. She founded the British Mycological Society Fungus Day, which is held annually in October to highlight the importance of fungi in ecosystems.
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Since dermatophytes are found worldwide, infections by these fungi are extremely common. Infections occur more in males than in females, as the predominantly female hormone, progesterone, inhibits the growth of dermatophyte fungi.
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Some fungi exhibit trap closure similar to the venus fly trap. Mycologists have discovered action potentials in fungi but it is not currently clear whether they have any significance to thigmonastic behavior.
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Bacteria, archaea and fungi use NOR. qNOR is found in denitrifying bacteria and archaea, as well as pathogenic bacteria not involved in denitrification. Denitrifying fungi reduce NO using P-450nor soluble enzyme.
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In spite of this evidence to the contrary, many species of oomycetes are still described or listed as types of fungi and may sometimes be referred to as pseudofungi, or lower fungi.
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Bars = 10 μm. Marine fungi associated with algae are largely unexplored, despite their ecological role and potential industrial applications. For example, it has been shown that fungi associated with algae produce many bioactive secondary metabolites.Overy, D.P.; Bayman, P.; Kerr, R.G.; Bills, G.F. An assessment of natural product discovery from marine (sensu strictu) and marine-derived fungi.
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The Tulasnellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family comprises mainly effused (patch-forming) fungi formerly referred to the "jelly fungi" or heterobasidiomycetes. Species are wood- or litter-rotting saprotrophs, but many are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids and some have also been thought to form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants.
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The Stereopsidales contain corticoid fungi (Clavulicium and Stereopsis) and stalked, funnel shaped fungi (Stereopsis). They are united by features of their spores, which have refractive contents, and become angular and amber-like as they dry. All known members also possess basidia with two sterigmata, although this is also a feature of fungi in many other orders.
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However new phylogenetic trees placing Corallochytrium closer to fungi are emerging (Sumanthi et al. 2006). Phylogenetic trees based on the α-AAR gene, put Corallochytrium as a sister group to fungi, however trees using other genes, such as C-14 reductase, have been inconclusive in their placement in relation to animals or fungi (Sumanthi et al. 2006).
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N. nambi Foxfire is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. While there may be multiple different luciferins within the kingdom of fungi, 3-hydroxy hispidin was determined to be the luciferin in the fruiting bodies of several species of fungi, including Neonothopanus nambi, Omphalotus olearius, Omphalotus nidiformis, and Panellus stipticus.
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The Pucciniomycotina include the rust fungi, the insect parasitic/symbiotic genus Septobasidium, a former group of smut fungi (in the Microbotryomycetes, which includes mirror yeasts), and a mixture of odd, infrequently seen, or seldom recognized fungi, often parasitic on plants. The eight classes in the Pucciniomycotina are Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Mixiomycetes, and Pucciniomycetes.
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An herbarium of fungal specimens was also established. The journal Index of Fungi, covering all new fungal names, began in 1940 and the Bibliography of Systematic Mycology in 1947. In 1943, the first edition of the standard reference work, the Dictionary of the Fungi was published. A culture collection of living fungi was initiated in 1947.
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An early industrial penicillin bioreactor, from 1957 Fungi are the sources of many types of medicinal drug including antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and statins. Major classes of antibiotics, the penicillins and the cephalosporins, are derived from substances produced by fungi. So also are the immunosuppressant macrolides, the cyclosporins. The cholesterol-lowering drugs, the statins, were initially produced by fungi including Penicillium.
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The Tremellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family is cosmopolitan and contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic genera, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species of fungi in the Tremellaceae are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous.
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Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota. Pezizomycetes are apothecial fungi, meaning that their spore- producing/releasing bodies (ascoma) are typically disk-like, bearing on their upper surfaces a layer of cylindrical spore-producing cells called asci, from which the spores are forcibly discharged. Important groups include: cup fungi (Peziza), morels, Elfin saddles, and truffles.
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Lichenostigma is a genus fungi. It includes 8 species of lichenicolous fungi (fungi that are parasitic on lichens).A synopsis of Lichenostigma subgen. Lichenogramma (Arthoniales) with a key to the species, Vicent Calatayud1, Pere Navarro-Rosinés, Josef Hafellner, Mycological Research, Volume 106, Issue 10, October 2002, Pages 1230–1242, Some species in the genus form lichens.
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However, a recent set of experiments demonstrates the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi results in net losses of soil carbon,Cheng et al. 2012 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase organic carbon decomposition under elevated CO2. Science, 337: 1084-1087. calling into question the role of glomalin produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi leading to increased soil carbon storage.
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Cryptomyces is a genus of fungi within the Cryptomycetaceae family. The searches throughout Europe that have been conducted for this fungi since 2000 revealed sites only in Southwest Wales, Slovakia, and Northern Sweden.
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Molecular phylogeny of the Blastocladiomycota (Fungi) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Fungal Biology 115:381-392. This early diverging branch of kingdom Fungi is the first to exhibit alternation of generations.Kendrick, Bryce. 2000.
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Because mychorrhizal fungi can supply water and nutrients to the plant. Experiments with karamu shows its growth is assisted by the presence of mychorrhizal fungi assuming there is sufficient phosphorus in the soil.
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Puccinia is a genus of fungi. All species in this genus are obligate plant pathogens and are known as rusts."Fungi", Lillian E Hawker, 1966, p. 167 The genus contains about 4000 species.
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Hypotrachyna angustissima is a species of lichenized fungi within the Parmeliaceae family.Marcelli, M. P., and Celio Henrique Ribeiro. "Twenty-one new species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized fungi) from southeastern Brazil." Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot.
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Canoparmelia cassa is a species of lichenized fungi within the Parmeliaceae family.Marcelli, M. P., and Celio Henrique Ribeiro. "Twenty-one new species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized fungi) from southeastern Brazil." Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot.
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The effect of anthropic soil conditions on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the production of glomalin by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are both of particular interest due to their roles in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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Bulbothrix cinerea is a species of lichenized fungi within the family Parmeliaceae.Marcelli, M. P., and Celio Henrique Ribeiro. "Twenty-one new species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized fungi) from southeastern Brazil." Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot.
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Cephalodiplosporium elegans is a species of fungi in the Nectriaceae.
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Leucoscypha is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Melastiza is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Moravecia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Mycogalopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Nannfeldtiella is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Octospora is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Aigialus is a genus of fungi in the family Massariaceae.
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Trichodelitschia is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotrichaceae.
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Phaeotrichum is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotrichaceae.
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Syncarpella is a genus of fungi in the family Cucurbitariaceae.
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Curreya is a genus of fungi in the family Cucurbitariaceae.
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Delitschia is a genus of fungi in the family Delitschiaceae.
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Ohleriella is a genus of fungi in the family Delitschiaceae.
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Comoclathris is a genus of fungi in the family Diademaceae.
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Diadema is a genus of fungi in the family Diademaceae.
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Diademosa is a genus of fungi in the family Diademaceae.
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Graphyllium is a genus of fungi in the family Diademaceae.
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Appendispora is a genus of fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae.
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Didymosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae.
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Phaeodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae.
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Verruculina is a genus of fungi in the family Didymosphaeriaceae.
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Massaria is a genus of fungi in the family Massariaceae.
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Dothivalsaria is a genus of fungi in the family Massariaceae.
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Decaisnella is a genus of fungi in the family Massariaceae.
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Sphaerosporella is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Smardaea is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Rhodotarzetta is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Rhizoblepharia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Ramsbottomia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Octosporella is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Petchiomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Oviascoma is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Paratrichophaea is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Trichophaeopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Cladobotryum is a genus of fungi in the family Hypocreaceae.
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Chaetocladium is a genus of fungi in the family Mucoraceae.
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Chaetothyriothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Microthyriaceae.
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Erikssonia is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Phragmaspidium is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Phaeothyriolum is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Palawania is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Muyocopron is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Microthyrium is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Maublancia is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Lichenopeltella is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Psorinia is a genus of fungi in the family Lecanoraceae.
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Bryonora is a genus of fungi in the family Lecanoraceae.
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Clauzadeana is a genus of fungi in the family Lecanoraceae.
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Maronina is a genus of fungi in the family Lecanoraceae.
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Myrionora is a genus of fungi in the family Lecanoraceae.
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Pycnora is a genus of fungi in the family Lecanoraceae.
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Trichocladium is a genus of fungi within the Chaetomiaceae family.
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Tuberculariella is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Endoconidiophora is a genus of fungi within the Ceratocystidaceae family.
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Lillicoa is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Nanostictis is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Ostropa is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Robergea is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Schizoxylon is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Biostictis is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Cyanodermella is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Stictis is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Stictophacidium is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Topelia is a genus of fungi within the family Stictidaceae.
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Chalazion is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Geneosperma is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Aparaphysaria is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Arpinia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Ascosparassis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Boubovia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Byssonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Boudierella is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Lasiobolidium is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Lamprospora is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Hiemsia is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae.
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Actinoplaca is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Arthotheliopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Gomphillaceae.
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Asterothyrium is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Aulaxina is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Calenia is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Caleniopsis is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Diploschistella is a genus of fungi within the family Gomphillaceae.
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Gyalectidium is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Gyalidea is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Lithogyalideopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Gomphillaceae.
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Psorotheciopsis is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Rubrotricha is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Sagiolechia is a genus of fungi within the Gomphillaceae family.
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Criella is a genus of fungi within the Rhytismataceae family.
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Neococcomyces is a genus of fungi within the Rhytismataceae family.
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Nymanomyces is a genus of fungi within the Rhytismataceae family.
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Sporomega is a genus of fungi within the Rhytismataceae family.
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Pseudophacidium is a genus of fungi within the Ascodichaenaceae family.
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Delpinoina is a genus of fungi within the Ascodichaenaceae family.
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Macroderma is a genus of fungi within the Cryptomycetaceae family.
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Potebniamyces is a genus of fungi within the Cryptomycetaceae family.
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Ascozonus is a genus of fungi in the Thelebolaceae family.
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Coprotus is a genus of fungi in the family Thelebolaceae.
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Dennisiopsis is a genus of fungi in the Thelebolaceae family.
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Mycoarctium is a genus of fungi in the Thelebolaceae family.
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Trichobolus is a genus of fungi in the Thelebolaceae family.
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Psorula is a genus of fungi within the Psoraceae family.
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Mytilinidiales is an order of fungi within the class Dothideomycetes.
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Gelasinospora is a genus of fungi within the order Sordariales.
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Phallomycetidae is a subclass of the class Agaricomycetes of fungi.
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Nidulariopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Geastraceae.
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Cyclotheca is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Cirsosiopsis is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Caudella is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Calothyriopsis is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Asteronia is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Asterinema is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Arnaudiella is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Actinopeltis is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Seynesiella is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Xenostomella is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Trichothyrium is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Trichothyriopsis is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Trichothyrinula is a genus of fungi in the Microthyriaceae family.
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Tuberculina is a genus of fungi in the family Helicobasidiaceae.
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Haematonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Lanatonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Leuconectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Nectricladiella is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Neocosmospora is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Neonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Ophionectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Pleogibberella is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Pseudonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Viridispora is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Xenonectriella is a genus of fungi in the family Nectriaceae.
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Neofusicoccum is a genus of fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae.
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Anthurus is a genus of fungi in the family Phallaceae.
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In eukaryotes, steroids are found in fungi, animals, and plants.
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Ceratostoma is a genus of fungi within the Ceratostomataceae family.
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Atkinsonella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Atricordyceps is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Berkelella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Cavimalum is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Cordycepioideus is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Dussiella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Konradia is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Moelleriella is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Mycomalmus is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Myriogenospora is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
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Neobarya is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
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Parepichloë is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
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Regiocrella is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
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Podocrella is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
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Shimizuomyces is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Sphaerocordyceps is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Stereocrea is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Wakefieldiomyces is a genus of fungi within the Clavicipitaceae family.
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Cazia is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Hydnobolites is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Hydnotryopsis is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Iodophanus is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Boudiera is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Sphaerozone is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Scabropezia is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Mycoclelandia is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Mattiroliomyces is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Lepidotia is a genus of fungi within the Pezizaceae family.
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Natantispora is a genus of fungi in the family Halosphaeriaceae.
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Phaeonectriella is a genus of fungi in the family Halosphaeriaceae.
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Ocostaspora is a genus of fungi in the family Halosphaeriaceae.
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Trailia is a genus of fungi in the family Halosphaeriaceae.
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Faurelina is a genus of fungi in the family Chadefaudiellaceae.
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Kernia is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Enterocarpus is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Canariomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Anekabeeja is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Chadefaudiella is a genus of fungi in the family Chadefaudiellaceae.
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Microascus is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Lophotrichus is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Sphaerodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Schizochora is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Rikatlia is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Retroa is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Gibellina is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Apiosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Brobdingnagia is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Coccodiella is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Diachora is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Diatractium is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Fremitomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Isothea is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Orphnodactylis is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Ophiodothella is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Muelleromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Malthomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Lichenochora is a genus of fungi in the order Phyllachorales.
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Rehmiodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Polystigma is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Phyllocrea is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Phylleutypa is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Phyllachora is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Phaeochorella is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Parberya is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Vitreostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Trabutia is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Telimenella is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Telimena is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Stigmochora is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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Guignardia is a genus of fungi in the family Botryosphaeriaceae.
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Wernerella is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Stigmidium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Sphaerulina is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Sphaerellothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Melanodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Euryachora is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Cymadothea is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Achorodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Gillotia is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Stephanotheca is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Molleriella is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Micularia is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Hyalotheles is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Hemimyriangium is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Butleria is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Beelia is a genus of fungi in the family Elsinoaceae.
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Javaria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Calyptronectria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Byssosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Bicrouania is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Asymmetricospora is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Acrocordiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Streptomycin, neomycin, and erythromycin are derived from tropical soil fungi.
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Lichesterol is a sterol made by certain fungi and lichens.
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Fecosterol is a sterol made by certain fungi and lichens.
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Xenomeris is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Uleodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Trichodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Rosenscheldiella is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Rhizogene is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Pyrenobotrys is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Phragmogibbera is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Phaeocryptopus is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Caryospora is a genus of fungi in the family Zopfiaceae.
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Pontoporeia is a genus of fungi in the family Zopfiaceae.
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Richonia is a genus of fungi in the family Zopfiaceae.
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Yatesula is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Phaeosaccardinula is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Microcallis is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Euceramia is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Chaetothyrium is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Treubiomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Ceramothyrium is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Actinocymbe is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetothyriaceae.
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Melchioria is a genus of fungi within the Niessliaceae family.
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Extrawettsteinina is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae.
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Kriegeriella is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae.
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Capronia is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae.
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Adelococcus is a genus of fungi in the family Adelococcaceae.
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Sagediopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Adelococcaceae.
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Endocarpon is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Dermatocarpella is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Clavascidium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Catapyrenium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Bellemerella is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Anthracocarpon is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Agonimia is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Placidiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Neocatapyrenium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Mycophycias is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Merismatium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Leucocarpia is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Involucropyrenium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Heteroplacidium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Heterocarpon is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Henrica is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Thelidium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Thelidiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Telogalla is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Scleropyrenium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Rhabdopsora is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Psoroglaena is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Placopyrenium is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
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Ommatomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Xylochora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Amphisphaerella is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Amphisphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Arecophila is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Ceriophora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Discostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Griphosphaerioma is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Iodosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Lanceispora is a genus of fungi in the family Amphisphaeriaceae.
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Stegophora is a genus of fungi in the family Sydowiellaceae.
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Ophiovalsa is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae.
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Mamianiella is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae.
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Lambro is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae.
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Ostreichnion is a genus of fungi in the family Mytilinidiaceae.
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Actidium is a genus of fungi in the family Mytilinidiaceae.
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Leptosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Katumotoa is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Hadrospora is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Phaeosphaeriopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Ophiobolus is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Nodulosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Phaeosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Neophaeosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Asteromassaria is a genus of fungi in the family Pleomassariaceae.
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Splanchnonema is a genus of fungi in the family Pleomassariaceae.
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Eudarluca is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeosphaeriaceae.
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Phragmocapnias is a genus of fungi within the Capnodiaceae family.
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Polychaeton is a genus of fungi within the Capnodiaceae family.
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Aithaloderma is a genus of fungi within the Capnodiaceae family.
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Capnophaeum is a genus of fungi within the Capnodiaceae family.
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Ceramoclasteropsis is a genus of fungi within the Capnodiaceae family.
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Echinothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Capnodiaceae.
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Ditopella is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae.
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Diplacella is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae.
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Diaporthella is a genus of fungi in the family Valsaceae.
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Anisomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Gnomoniaceae.
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Acanthophiobolus is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Acanthostigmella is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Allonecte is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Boerlagiomyces is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Byssocallis is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Chaetosphaerulina is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Malacaria is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Melioliphila is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Paranectriella is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Podonectria is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Puttemansia is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Rebentischia is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Taphrophila is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Thaxteriella is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Tubeufia is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Uredinophila is a genus in the Tubeufiaceae family of fungi.
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Bulgaria is a genus of fungi in the family Bulgariaceae.
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Xenolophium is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Pseudotrichia is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Ostropella is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Ohleria is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Karstenula is a genus of fungi in the family Melanommataceae.
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Didymosphaerella is a genus of fungi in the family Montagnulaceae.
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Crassoascus is a genus of fungi in the family Clypeosphaeriaceae.
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Clypeosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Clypeosphaeriaceae.
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Brunneiapiospora is a genus of fungi in the family Clypeosphaeriaceae.
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Palmomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Clypeosphaeriaceae.
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Anthostoma is a genus of fungi in the family Diatrypaceae.
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Echinomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Diatrypaceae.
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Eutypella is a genus of fungi in the family Diatrypaceae.
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Leptoperidia is a genus of fungi in the family Diatrypaceae.
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Peroneutypa is a genus of fungi in the family Diatrypaceae.
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Quaternaria is a genus of fungi in the family Diatrypaceae.
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Hyponectria is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Pseudomassaria is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Micronectria is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Rhachidicola is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Apiothyrium is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Arwidssonia is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Cesatiella is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Charonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Discosphaerina is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Exarmidium is a genus of fungi in the family Hyponectriaceae.
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Lewia is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae.
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Neotestudina is a genus of fungi in the family Testudinaceae.
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Eremodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Sporormiaceae.
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Pycnidiophora is a genus of fungi in the family Sporormiaceae.
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Sporormia is a genus of fungi in the family Sporormiaceae.
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Westerdykella is a genus of fungi in the family Sporormiaceae.
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Bertiella is a genus of fungi in the family Teichosporaceae.
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Chaetomastia is a genus of fungi in the family Teichosporaceae.
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Immothia is a genus of fungi in the family Teichosporaceae.
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Sinodidymella is a genus of fungi in the family Teichosporaceae.
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Teichospora is a genus of fungi in the family Teichosporaceae.
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Platysporoides is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae.
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Setosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae.
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Antennularia is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Crotone is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Dibotryon is a genus of fungi in the family Venturiaceae.
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Some other contributing fungi are Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum.
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Massariovalsa is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Kensinjia is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Hapalocystis is a genus of fungi in the family Sydowiellaceae.
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Freminaevia is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Dictyoporthe is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Dicarpella is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Ceratoporthe is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Botanamphora is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Wuestneiopsis is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Wuestneia is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Sydowiella is a genus of fungi within the family Sydowiellaceae.
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Pseudovalsella is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Pseudovalsa is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Prosthecium is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Plagiostigme is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Plagiophiale is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Phragmodiaporthe is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Melanconis is a genus of fungi within the Melanconidaceae family.
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Serpula is a genus of fungi in the family Serpulaceae.
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Pseudogymnoascus is a genus of fungi in the family Pseudeurotiaceae.
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Chanoclavine II is an ergoline compound produced by certain fungi.
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Haloguignardia is a genus of fungi in the family Lulworthiaceae.
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Kohlmeyeriella is a genus of fungi within the Lulworthiaceae family.
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Lulworthia is a genus of fungi within the Lulworthiaceae family.
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Lindra is a genus of fungi within the Lulworthiaceae family.
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Appendicospora is a genus of fungi in the family Apiosporaceae.
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Apiospora is a genus of fungi in the family Apiosporaceae.
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Amoebophilus is a genus of zygomycete fungi that parasitizes amoeba.
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Crassochaeta is a genus of fungi within the Chaetosphaerellaceae family.
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Chaetosphaerella is a genus of fungi within the Chaetosphaerellaceae family.
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Antennulariella is a genus of fungi within the Antennulariellaceae family.
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Achaetobotrys is a genus of fungi within the Antennulariellaceae family.
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Melanogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Boletales.
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Erratomyces is a genus of fungi in the Tilletiaceae family.
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Scedosporium is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Ceratocystiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Ophiostomataceae.
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Australiasca is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae.
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Chaetosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae.
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Melanochaeta is a genus of fungi in the family Chaetosphaeriaceae.
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Anhellia is a genus of fungi in the family Myriangiaceae.
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Diplotheca is a genus of fungi in the family Myriangiaceae.
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Myriangium is a genus of fungi within the family Myriangiaceae.
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Eurytheca is a genus of fungi in the family Myriangiaceae.
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Arxiomyces is a genus of fungi within the Ceratostomataceae family.
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Melanospora is a genus of fungi within the Ceratostomataceae family.
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Rhytidospora is a genus of fungi within the family Ceratostomataceae.
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Sphaerodes is a genus of fungi within the Ceratostomataceae family.
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Pteridiosperma is a genus of fungi within the Ceratostomataceae family.
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Dennisiella is a genus of fungi within the Coccodiniaceae family.
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Theissenia is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Stromatoneurospora is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Stilbohypoxylon is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Stereosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Sarcoxylon is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Spirodecospora is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Rhopalostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Xylotumulus is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Whalleya is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Wawelia is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Nipicola is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Myconeesia is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Lopadostoma is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Jumillera is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Podosordaria is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Phylacia is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Pandanicola is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Occultitheca is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Areolospora is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Astrocystis is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Creosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Hypocopra is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Holttumia is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Helicogermslita is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Fasciatispora is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Euepixylon is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Entoleuca is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Daldinia is a genus of fungi in the family Hypoxylaceae.
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Chaenocarpus is a genus of fungi in the family Xylariaceae.
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Cryptomarasmius is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae.
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Sporopachydermia is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Dipodascus is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Endomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Eremothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Coccidiascus is a genus of fungi in the family Eremotheciaceae.
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Zygozyma is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Lipomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Dipodascopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Dipodascaceae.
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Dothidasteroma is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Cyclostomella is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Cycloschizon is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Cocconia is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Campoa is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Aulacostroma is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Aldona is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Englerodothis is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Ferrarisia is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Hysterostomella is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Inocyclus is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Pachypatella is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Palawaniella is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Parmulina is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Perischizon is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Coltriciella is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae.
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Cyclomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae.
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Rhagadolobium is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Pseudolembosia is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Protothyrium is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Polycyclus is a genus of fungi in the family Parmulariaceae.
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Clavariachaete is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae.
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Amyloporiella is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae.
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Calosphaeriaceae is a family of fungi in the order Calosphaeriales.
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Pleurostomataceae is a family of fungi in the order Calosphaeriales.
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Calosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Calosphaeriaceae.
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Jattaea is a genus of fungi in the family Calosphaeriaceae.
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Amyloflagellula is a genus of fungi in the family Marasmiaceae.
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Anastrophella is a genus of fungi in the family Marasmiaceae.
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Henningsomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Marasmiaceae.
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Tilachlidiopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae.
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Camaropella is a genus of fungi within the Boliniaceae family.
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Pilatoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae.
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Allantoporthe is a genus of fungi within the Diaporthaceae family.
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Xerotus is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae.
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Amphilogia is a genus of fungi within the family Cryphonectriaceae.
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Cryphonectriaceae is a family of fungi in the order Diaporthales.
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Chrysoporthe is a genus of fungi in the family Cryphonectriaceae.
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Endothia is a genus of fungi within the family Cryphonectriaceae.
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Endothiella is a genus of fungi within the family Cryphonectriaceae.
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Microthia is a genus of fungi within the family Cryphonectriaceae.
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Buergenerula is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Ceratosphaerella is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Clasterosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Clasterosporium is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Gaeumannomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Sporoschisma is a genus of fungi within the Chaetosphaeriaceae family.
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Zignoëlla is a genus of fungi within the Chaetosphaeriaceae family.
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Harpophora is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Muraeriata is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Mycoleptodiscus is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Nakataea is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Ophioceras is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Pseudohalonectria is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.
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Apioplagiostoma is a genus of fungi within the family Valsaceae.
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Rossmania is a genus of fungi within the family Valsaceae.
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Sillia is a genus of fungi within the Sydowiellaceae family.
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Valsella is a genus of fungi within the family Valsaceae.
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Leucostoma is a genus of fungi in the family Valsaceae.
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Laeviomeliola is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Metasteridium is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Ophiociliomyces is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Ophiomeliola is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Pleomeliola is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Prataprajella is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Ticomyces is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Xenostigme is a genus of fungi within the Meliolaceae family.
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Cainiella is a genus of fungi in the family Sordariaceae.
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Guilliermondia is a genus of fungi within the Sordariaceae family.
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Apinisia is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Ascocalvatia is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Auxarthron is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Bifidocarpus is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Kuehniella is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Leucothecium is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Nannizziopsis is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Neogymnomyces is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Datroniella fungi cause a white rot, usually on angiosperm wood.
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Panus is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae.
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Lasiobolus is a genus of fungi in the family Ascodesmidaceae.
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Tryblis is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Rogellia is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Potriphila is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Odontotrema is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Geltingia is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Coccomycetella is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Bryodiscus is a genus of fungi in the family Odontotremataceae.
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Apiocamarops is a genus of fungi within the Boliniaceae family.
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Endoxyla is a genus of fungi within the Boliniaceae family.
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Pyrgidium is a genus of fungi within the Sphinctrinaceae family.
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Echinosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Helminthosphaeriaceae.
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Mycocalicium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae.
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Phaeocalicium is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae.
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Stenocybe is a genus of fungi in the family Mycocaliciaceae.
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Porphyrellus is a genus of fungi of the family Boletaceae.
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Spathulosporaceae is a family of fungi in the order Lulworthiales.
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Zygospermella is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Zygopleurage is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Achaetomium is a genus of fungi within the Chaetomiaceae family.
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Corynascella is a genus of fungi within the Chaetomiaceae family.
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Corynascus is a genus of fungi within the Chaetomiaceae family.
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Farrowia is a genus of fungi within the Chaetomiaceae family.
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Subramaniula is a genus of fungi within the Chaetomiaceae family.
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Anopodium is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Apiosordaria is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Apodospora is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Arniella is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Arnium is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Bombardia is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Apodus is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Bombardioidea is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Camptosphaeria is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Cercophora is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Diplogelasinospora is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Emblemospora is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Fimetariella is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Lasiosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Lasiosphaeriaceae.
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Podospora is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Schizothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Lasiosphaeriaceae.
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Tripterosporella is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Strattonia is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Thaxteria is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Triangularia is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Zopfiella is a genus of fungi within the Lasiosphaeriaceae family.
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Lulworthiales is an order of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.
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Amphiporthe is a genus of fungi within the family Valsaceae.
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Clypeoporthella is a genus of fungi in the family Diaporthaceae.
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Hypospilina is a genus of fungi within the family Valsaceae.
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Durispora is a genus of fungi in the family Valsaceae.
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Martininia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Grovesinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Encoelia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Ciborinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Asterocalyx is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Zoellneria is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Stromatinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Streptotinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Septotinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Pycnopeziza is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Poculina is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Phaeosclerotinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Ovulinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Myriosclerotinia is a genus of fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
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Patinellaria is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae.
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Tatraea is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae.
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Velutarina is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae.
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Medusosphaera is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Leveillula is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Golovinomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Cystotheca is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Bulbouncinula is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Bulbomicrosphaera is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Arthrocladiella is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Uncinuliella is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Typhulochaeta is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Setoerysiphe is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Pleochaeta is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Neoerysiphe is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Crumenella is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae.
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Belonioscyphella is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae.
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Sulcopyrenula is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Pyrgillus is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Pyrenographa is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Polypyrenula is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Parapyrenis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Mazaediothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Lithothelium is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Granulopyrenis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Distopyrenis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Clypeopyrenis is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Anthracothecium is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Acrocordiella is a genus of fungi in the family Pyrenulaceae.
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Euzodiomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Euceratomycetaceae.
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Cochliomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Euceratomycetaceae.
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Renispora is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Spiromastix is a genus of fungi within the Onygenaceae family.
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Arachniotus is a genus of fungi within the family Gymnoascaceae.
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Gymnoascoideus is a genus of fungi within the Gymnoascaceae family.
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Mallochia is a genus of fungi in the family Gymnoascaceae.
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Narasimhella is a genus of fungi in the family Gymnoascaceae.
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Quintaria is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Massariosphaeria is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Lophiotrema is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Lophionema is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Lophiella is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Herpotrichia is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Epiphegia is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Entodesmium is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Byssolophis is a genus of fungi in the family Lophiostomataceae.
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Naeviella is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Nothophacidium is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Dibeloniella is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Dermateopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Diplocarpa is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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If left untreated, the fungi continue to grow and spread.
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Calloriella is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Angelina is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Rhytidhysteron is a genus of fungi in the family Patellariaceae.
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Pseudallescheria is a genus of fungi in the family Microascaceae.
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Brunnipila is a genus of fungi within the Hyaloscyphaceae family.
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Bertia is a genus of fungi within the Bertiaceae family.
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Coccobotrys is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae.
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Amazonia is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Appendiculella is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Cryptomeliola is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Ectendomeliola is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Endomeliola is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Ophioirenina is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Pauahia is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Granulobasidium is a genus of fungi in the family Cyphellaceae.
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Saccharicola is a genus of fungi in the Massarinaceae family.
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Proprioscypha is a genus of fungi within the Hyaloscyphaceae family.
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Trichopeziza is a genus of fungi within the Hyaloscyphaceae family.
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Lambertella is a genus of fungi in the family Rutstroemiaceae.
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Lanzia is a genus of fungi within the Rutstroemiaceae family.
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Poculum is a genus of fungi within the Rutstroemiaceae family.
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Scleromitrula is a genus of fungi within the Rutstroemiaceae family.
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Velutaria is a genus of fungi within the Hyaloscyphaceae family.
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Geocoryne is a genus of fungi within the Leotiaceae family.
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Pezoloma is a genus of fungi within the Leotiaceae family.
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Gyrocollema is a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae.
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Calocladia is a genus of fungi in the family Erysiphaceae.
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Neoheppia is a genus of fungi within the Peltulaceae family.
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Phyllopeltula is a genus of fungi within the Peltulaceae family.
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Pyrenocarpon is a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae.
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Thelignya is a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae.
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Thermutis is a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae.
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Phloeopeccania is a genus of fungi within the family Lichinaceae.
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Cresporhaphis is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosphaeriaceae.
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Cryptadelphia is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosphaeriaceae.
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Rizalia is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosphaeriaceae.
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Schweinitziella is a genus of fungi in the family Trichosphaeriaceae.
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Oomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Acrospermaceae.
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Acrospermum is a genus of fungi within the Acrospermaceae family.
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Argynnaceae is a genus of fungi within the Argynnaceae family.
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Mycomicrothelia is a genus of fungi within the Arthopyreniaceae family.
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Anaeromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Neocallimastigaceae.
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Caecomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Neocallimastigaceae.
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Orpinomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Neocallimastigaceae.
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Piromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Neocallimastigaceae.
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Neoscytalidium is a genus of fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae family.
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Architrypethelium is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Astrothelium is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Campylothelium is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Exiliseptum is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Laurera is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Polymeridium is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Pseudopyrenula is a genus of fungi within the Trypetheliaceae family.
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Marssonina is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Favillea is a genus of fungi within the Sclerodermataceae family.
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Thripomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Thaumasiomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Tettigomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Rhynchophoromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Phurmomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Eusynaptomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Autoicomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae.
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Ecteinomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae.
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Porophoromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae.
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Symplectromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae.
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Chaetomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae.
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Clonophoromyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae.
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B. edulis is one of the few fungi sold pickled.
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Acrogenospora is a genus of fungi in the family Hysteriaceae.
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Teratosphaeriaceae is a family of fungi in the order Capnodiales.
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Cerastoma is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratostomataceae.
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Pseudocraterellus is a genus of fungi in the family Cantharellaceae.
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Scolicotrichum is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae.
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Scyphospora is a genus of fungi in the family Apiosporaceae.
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Sinoboletus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae.
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Battarrina is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.
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Bryonectria is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.
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Dimerosporiella is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.
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Cornularia is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
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Polynema is a genus of fungi in the family Clavicipitaceae.
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Meliola is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
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Mycoarachis is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.
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Mycocitrus is a genus of fungi in the family Bionectriaceae.
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Ochronectria is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes.
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Fossil fungi have also been reported from the Kenslow Member.
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The mycobiome, mycobiota, or fungal microbiome, is the fungal community in and on an organism. There is a low abundance of fungi associated with most human body sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, where fungi typically compose just 0.001 - 0.1% of the microbial community. However, fungi compose a significant fraction of the microbiome at some locations, such as the ear canal. The mycobiome is relevant to human physiology as fungi may be important in maintaining microbial community structure, metabolic function, and immune- priming.
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Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a common ancestor (from a monophyletic group), an interpretation that is also strongly supported by molecular phylogenetics. This fungal group is distinct from the structurally similar myxomycetes (slime molds) and oomycetes (water molds). The discipline of biology devoted to the study of fungi is known as mycology (from the Greek μύκης ', mushroom).
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A zygospore is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists. Zygospores are created by the nuclear fusion of haploid cells. In fungi, zygospores are formed in zygosporangia after the fusion of specialized budding structures, from mycelia of the same (in homothallic fungi) or different mating types (in heterothallic fungi), and may be chlamydospores. In many eukaryotic algae, including many species of the Chlorophyta, zygospores are formed by the fusion of unicellular gametes of different mating types.
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Fungi are more difficult to kill inside and underneath a nail than on and in the skin. But if the nail infection is not cured, then the fungi can readily spread back to the rest of the foot. The fungi can also spread to hair, grow inside hair strands, and feed on the keratin within hair, including the hair on the feet, the hair of one's beard, and the hair on one's head. From hair, the fungi can spread back to skin.
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The primary decomposer of litter in many ecosystems is fungi. Unlike bacteria, which are unicellular organisms and are decomposers as well, most saprotrophic fungi grow as a branching network of hyphae. While bacteria are restricted to growing and feeding on the exposed surfaces of organic matter, fungi can use their hyphae to penetrate larger pieces of organic matter, below the surface. Additionally, only wood-decay fungi have evolved the enzymes necessary to decompose lignin, a chemically complex substance found in wood.
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Radiotrophic fungi growth has been described in reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. Several fungi species have radioactive resistance values equal to or greater than more radioresistant bacteria; they perform mycoremediation processes. It was reported that some fungi had the ability of growing into, feeding, generating spores and decomposing pieces of graphite from destroyed reactor No. 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station, which is contaminated with high concentrations of cesium, plutonium and cobalt radionuclides. They were called radiotrophic fungi.
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By 2014 he had published 232 scientific papers and 10 books on smut fungi. His monograph Smut Fungi of the World, published in 2012 by (APS Press) was described as “a culmination of more than 50 years of dedicated work and passion for smut fungi.” The nearly 1500 page monograph has been described as the "Holy Book of Smut Fungi", because it comprises the description of the 1700 known species with their synonyms, important literature, their host plants and over 3.500 illustrations of which 650 are the author's drawings of smutted plants. The third edition of his Illustrated Genera of Smut Fungi was published in 2013.
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Grasshoppers killed by Beauveria bassiana In agriculture, fungi may be useful if they actively compete for nutrients and space with pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria or other fungi via the competitive exclusion principle, or if they are parasites of these pathogens. For example, certain species may be used to eliminate or suppress the growth of harmful plant pathogens, such as insects, mites, weeds, nematodes, and other fungi that cause diseases of important crop plants. This has generated strong interest in practical applications that use these fungi in the biological control of these agricultural pests. Entomopathogenic fungi can be used as biopesticides, as they actively kill insects.
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Micro-nutrient transfer is thought, for the most part, to occur by passive transport across cellular membranes, both during absorption, from soil by fungi, and transfer from fungi to host plants. This is not always the case though and although research on the topic is limited, there is evidence of active transport and allocation of micro-nutrients in certain conditions. The upregulation of cation transporters is observed in orchid D. officinale symbioses, suggesting fungi may assisted in the transfer of nutrients from fungi to plant. Cations, especially iron, are often bound tightly to organic and clay substrates keeping them out of reach of plants, fungi and bacteria, but compounds such as siderophores are often secreted into the soil by fungi and bacteria to aid in the acquisition of these cations.
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The majority of the species found were ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. The secondary metabolites produced by marine fungi have high potential for use in biotechnological, medical and industrial applications.Marine Fungi Retrieved 2012-02-06.
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Voigt K., A.V. Marano, & F.H. Gleason. 2013. Ecological & Economical Importance of Parasitic Zoosporic True Fungi. in: The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic & Applied Research Vol. 11 Agricultural Applications.
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Apart from being a form of festive dance music, fungi often contains humorous social commentaries, as well as BVI oral history.Penn, Dexter J.A. Music of the British Virgin Islands: Fungi . Retrieved 13 January 2008.
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The Forest Flora of New South Wales, v. 3, Australian Government Printing Office. Forest floors have a diverse set of understory shrubs and fungi. One of the widespread fungi is Witch's Butter (Tremella mesenterica).
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The Mycenaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the family contains 10 genera and 705 species.Kirk et al. (2008), p. 446.
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Fantastic Fungi is a 2019 American documentary film directed by Louie Schwartzberg. The film combines time-lapse cinematography, CGI, and interviews in an overview of the biology, environmental roles, and various uses of fungi.
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He often made histological examinations of the field fungi he carefully preserved and recorded for his collection, and gave some valued opinions on rare fungi during Autumn field meetings of the British Mycological Society.
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MetarhiziumSorokīn (1879) Veg. Parasitenk. Mensch Tieren 2: 268. is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family. With the advent of genetic profiling, placing these fungi in proper taxa has now become possible.
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Ecological & Economical Importance of Parasitic Zoosporic True Fungi. in: The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic & Applied Research Vol. 11 Agricultural Applications. 2nd edition Eds: K. Esser & F. Kempken.
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Scutellinia is a genus of cup-fungi in the family Pyronemataceae. The genus is widely distributed, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, and according to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), contains 66 species.
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A variety of natural statins are produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus fungi as secondary metabolites. These natural statins probably function to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzymes in bacteria and fungi that compete with the producer.
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Mushrooms and other fungi play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques (e.g., using mycorrhizae to spur plant growth) and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water).
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Ceratomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratomycetaceae. There are approximately 20 identified species for this genus, with most species occurring on Tropisternus (Hydrophilidae, Coleoptera) from America.Tavares II. 1985. Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycetes). Mycol.
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Ruth Ellen Berkeley was an English mycologist, collector of fungi specimens and scientific botanical illustrator.Berkeley, Rev M. J.; Broome, C. E. (1879-03-01). "XXIV.—Notices of British fungi". Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
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