Some cause diseases in fish; others are free-living aquatic species.
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Its promise: extending our years of healthy, disease-free living by decades.
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The end of tube-free living was staring us in the face.
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Formal time-free living would be an alternative option, Sommaroy's residents said.
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There must something about warmer temperatures and sunshine that inspires care-free living.
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Japan has a lot of practice with a culture of gun-free living.
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They're free-living predators that live in soil and hunt like other micro-arthropods.
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His mother was a heavy-drinking, free-living nurse from German farming stock in Wisconsin.
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But the following day, I planned to start my first week of tab-free living.
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Nematodes are free-living, soil-dwelling microscopic worms, only about a millimeter when fully grown.
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The Times found documents from Trump's casino bankruptcy that show Trump's path to tax-free living.
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The most basic form of rent-free living is squatting, or occupying an abandoned home or building.
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"The family that I work on are some of the smallest known free-living creatures," Darby explained.
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Just as we have defenses against free-living viruses, we have also developed defenses against endogenous retroviruses.
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Doubly labeled water is the gold-standard way to measure energy expenditure in "free-living" subjects, i.e.
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Despite their prolific nature, these free living creatures had never been captured or observed directly in the ocean.
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In the late 1900s, researchers discovered that mitochondria were free-living bacteria at some point in the past.
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Many independent lineages from that kind of free-living ancestral condition have undergone this transition to life inside ant societies.
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" Takeshi Furuichi, the only person who has studied both free-living chimps and bonobos, observes, "With bonobos everything is peaceful.
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Vice still has some of the edgy cachet manifested in the free-spending, free-living antics of its co-founder.
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Prosecutors and Cohen's lawyers said they agreed that Cohen should remain free living in England on a $10 million bail.
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Among its accomplishments, TIGR unveiled the first complete genomic sequence of a free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995.
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I may be homeless, but I'm a free living human being and everyone should feel the same way that I should.
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The indoctrination started gently, with a podcast here, a YouTube video there, about minimalism, debt-free living, frugality, decluttering, zero waste.
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And we started an organization called the Coalition for Barrier-Free Living and began to try and educate the public and authorities.
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The Coppingers calculated that in the tropics it takes about 83 people to produce enough garbage to support seven free-living dogs.
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Using stored energy generated from rooftop solar panels to power an electric vehicle could provide a model of fossil fuel–free living.
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Together, this data would give the researchers a sense of my average daily calorie burn as a "free-living subject," outside the hospital.
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He is the director of communications at Barrier Free Living, an emergency shelter for survivors of domestic violence with disabilities in New York.
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"Myxozoans have gone through outstanding morphological and genomic simplifications during their adaptation to parasitism from a free-living cnidarian ancestor," the authors wrote.
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Not long ago while researching my book "Beyond Words," about animals' capacities for thought and emotion, I spent time with free-living killer whales.
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No one knows whether a group of captives could form family-like bonds sufficient to give them a good chance of free-living success.
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Mitochondria have their own genome, which is likely to be a hangover from a time when they may have existed as free-living organisms.
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It resides in structures called mitochondria that are the descendants of once-free-living bacteria and which now act symbiotically as a cell's power packs.
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It resides in structures called mitochondria that are the billion-year descendants of once-free-living bacteria and which now act as a cell's power pack.
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The new paper tested that hypothesis in "free-living" participants — people who aren't confined to a hospital ward or metabolic chamber for the purposes of a study.
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Called "Discovery Tour," the new mode is described as a "combat-free living museum," with guided tours that let you explore the game's detailed rendition of ancient Egypt.
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Knowing exactly how much money you have coming in and going out will help you gain control over your finances, which is a great step toward stress-free living.
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"I do think there are ways to get accurate data in free-living people," Dr. Lydia Bazzano, an epidemiologist at the Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, says.
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Before launching the menu addition across the country, Chick-fil-A has been testing the bun in Washington state, Idaho and Mississippi since April 2016, according to a report by Gluten-Free Living.
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"If you can see the college years as a temporary season of necessary sacrifice for the victory of debt-free living, you'll be able to get through anything," Ramsey writes on his website.
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Paltrow won the 1998 Academy Award for best actress for her role in "Shakespeare in Love" and is also known for her Goop website and store that promotes healthy eating and stress-free living.
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Ms. Vella unearthed the details of a celebrated trial involving the count's wife, Linda Murri, the free-living daughter of a celebrated surgeon — the newspapers called her "the enchantress" — and a cast of co-conspirators.
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Here's how to video conference for free Living in isolation How to keep coronavirus fears from affecting your mental health Everything you need to prep for home quarantine Social distancing doesn't have to doom your weekends.
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Women who practiced four or five of the healthy habits over the next 20 to 30 years, Hu said, had an additional 10.6 years of disease-free living compared to women who adopted no lifestyle changes.
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SYDNEY (Reuters) - From its clubhouses in Melbourne and Sydney, the Lads Society promotes drug-free living and exercise, as well as "white resistance" and Islamophobia, according to online statements and interviews with two of its leaders.
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"The wind farm is a significant contribution to Vattenfall's production portfolio and takes us one step further in our ambition to enable a fossil-free living within one generation," Vattenfall CEO Magnus Hall said in a statement Thursday.
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Michael Rotondo – who was evicted from the home Friday in Camillus after eight years of rent-free living and a lengthy, highly-publicized court battle with his parents – had also been at odds with the mother of his son.
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"Mutualisms are crucial everywhere in nature, but to our knowledge the only comparable foraging partnership between wild animals and our own species involves free-living dolphins who chase schools of mullet into fishermen's nets," she said in a statement.
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"It's the first time we're going to be able to measure free-living whales in the wild," said Rachel Cartwright, a whale biologist who runs the Keiki Kohola Project, an organization that preserves humpback whale habitat in Hawaiian waters.
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Listening to it now immediately takes me back to being a teenager in someone's parent-free living room spilling neon blue WKD all over my low rise jeans while snogging some boy called Mark with a silver chain and square stubble.
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Comprised of a brain-melting number of samples—no one seems to be able to decide if it's 123 or 3,500—it still, somehow, sounds organic, free, living, rather than the horribly affected, horribly distance post-modernism nightmare it should be.
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That he was able to do so is because chloroplasts, the sub-cellular structures which carry out photosynthesis in plants, are the descendants of once-free-living photosynthetic bacteria that teamed up with an ancestral plant cell around a billion years ago.
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The findings cast fresh light on one of only a few known examples of cooperation between humans and free-living wild animals, a partnership that may well predate the love affair between people and their domesticated dogs by hundreds of thousands of years.
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It's very cool to see it in action, but it doesn't work without some intervention from me: I still have to use my TV remote to turn on the TV, which takes away from the hands-free living in the future aspect of it all.
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Anna Newell Jones, money expert, blogger, and author of "The Spender's Guide to Debt-Free Living: How a Spending Fast Helped Me Get From Broke to Badass in Record Time," recommends a little investigating to get around pricey cab prices and surged Uber rates.
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Once she realized that they hardly missed 80 percent of the items that were put in storage, Johnson started a blog in 2009 that ultimately got her a profile in the New York Times (headline: "A Visit From the Priestess of Waste-Free Living").
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"There's a place for meal replacements when people are really having trouble eating for one reason or another, but for healthy, free-living people of any age, they should be eating whole food, and they should be taking the time and the effort to do so," Mueller said.
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But because we know that it is nearly impossible for free-living subjects to achieve a restriction of much below 3 grams per day (the American Heart Associate wants everyone at around 2 or even 1.5 grams per day), the researchers are going to have to get creative.
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In 1992 Dr. Venter founded The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR, now part of JCVI), a not-for-profit research institute, where in 1995 he and his team decoded the genome of the first free-living organism, the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, using his new whole genome shotgun technique.
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And considering the crushing student debt many grads face—the average student loan payment is $393 a month—it's hardly surprising that a rent-free living arrangement is worth the loss of independence that comes with sleeping in your childhood bed and living under the watchful eye of your parents.
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They are barred from the 2018 Games for what I.O.C. President Thomas Bach called an "unprecedented attack on the Olympic Games and sport," though some to-be-determined number of Russian athletes will get to participate if they can prove some to-be-determined degree of performance enhancing drug-free living.
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Recently, several brands, including Kin as well as Curious Elixirs and Proposition Cocktail Co., have combined the concepts of booze-free living and functional drinks, and introduced lines of non-alcoholic "cocktails" ready to fill the cups of non- or former drinkers who still want to feel something from a beverage, sans a hangover.
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The recipe, published in this week's Science in a paper authored by him, Clyde Hutchison (a colleague at the J. Craig Venter Institute in San Diego, California, who led the team that did the actual work) and 21 other researchers, starts with the genome of M. mycoides—which is already, at about 900 genes, one of the smallest belonging to a free-living organism.
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A smaller mean cellular volume recorded in free living flamingos coupled with similar mean hemoglobin content between captive and free living flamingos could show different oxygen diffusion characteristics between these two groups. Plasma chemistry remains relatively stable with age but lower values of protein content, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids were seen in free living flamingos. This trend can be attributed to shortages and variances in food intake in free living flamingos.
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Dictyochloropsis reticulata is a species of green algae in the Trebouxiales. It is a known as a photobiont (photosynthetic symbiont) with several lichen species, like Lobaria pulmonaria, but also as a free-living soil alga as well.Tschermak-Woess E. (1951). Myrmecia reticulata as a phycobiont and free- living―free-living Trebouxia―the problem of Stenocybe septata.
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One exception occurs in free living flamingos with regards to white blood cell count. The number of eosinophils in free living birds are higher because these cells are the ones that fight off parasites with which a free living bird may have more contact than a captive one. Captive birds showed higher hematocrit and red blood cell numbers than the free living flamingos, and a blood hemoglobin increase was seen with age. An increase in hemoglobin would correspond with an adults increase in metabolic needs.
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Direct-developing frogs hatch directly as froglets, without free-living larval stage.
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Ostreopsidaceae is a family of free-living dinoflagellates found in marine environments.
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Nowakiida is an extinct order of free living animals from the Dacryoconarida subclass.
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Nowakiidae is an extinct family of free-living animals from the Nowakiida subclass.
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Nowakia is an extinct genus of free living animals from the Nowakiidae family.
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They are burrowing animals, which lay eggs that hatch into free-living larvae.
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Sexual reproduction can also occur with eggs being liberated into the sea by the adult medusa. When fertilised, these develop into a free-living planula, then to a scyphistoma, to a strobila, and lastly to a free-living young medusa.
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Acotylea is a suborder of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms in the order Polycladida.
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Cotylea is a suborder of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms in the order Polycladida.
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Prosthiostomidae is a family of free-living marine polyclad flatworms in the suborder Cotylea.
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Amakusaplana is a genus of free-living marine polyclad flatworms in the family Prosthiostomidae.
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The oedogoniales include free-living and epiphytic members on other algae or freshwater angiosperms.
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This theory is typically used with reference to free-living organisms in oligotrophic environments.
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Free-living bacteria tend to have large population-sizes and are subject to more opportunity for gene transfer. As such, selection can effectively operate on free-living bacteria to remove deleterious sequences resulting in a relatively small number of pseudogenes. Continually, further selective pressure is evident as free-living bacteria must produce all gene- products independent of a host. Given that there is sufficient opportunity for gene transfer to occur and there are selective pressures against even slightly deleterious deletions, it is intuitive that free-living bacteria should have the largest bacterial genomes of all bacteria types.
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Haplozoon (/hæploʊ’zoʊən/) are unicellular endo-parasites, primarily infecting maldanid polychaetes. They belong to Dinoflagellata but differ from typical dinoflagellates. Most dinoflagellates are free-living and possess two flagella. Instead, Haplozoon belong to a 5% minority of parasitic dinoflagellates that are not free-living.
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Archaeosporales is an order of fungi best known as arbuscular mycorrhiza to vascular land plants (Tracheophyta). But also form free living endocyte symbioses with cyanobacteria. The free living forms have a Precambrian fossil record back 2.2 Ga, well before evolution of Tracheophyta.
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This copepod has a large number of developmental-stages, some free-living and some parasitic. Two naupliar stages and the first copepodid stage are free-living and are followed by a second copepodid stage where the larva grasps a host fish. This is followed by four chalimus stages (nymphal stages) where the larvae are parasitic on the host. During the next stage, the adults are free- living and mate, the male dying soon after copulation.
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Chemoreception plays an important role in the free-living miracidial larva recognising and locating its host.
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Notoplanidae is family of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms in the order Polycladida, sub order Acotylea.
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R. prowazekii also appears to be the closest free-living relative of mitochondria, based on genome sequencing.
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Pentacrinites dichotomus'Pentacrinites may have evolved from early, free living isocrinids, which occur today on the sea floor.
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Cyartonema elegans is a species of free-living marine nematode in the genus Cyartonema found in Scotland.
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Field metabolic rate (FMR) refers to a measurement of the metabolic rate of a free-living animal.
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Chromosphaera perkinsii is a species of Ichthyosporea from the order Dermocystida. Named after Professor Frank Perkins, it was isolated in shallow marine sediments in Hawaii by Stuart Donachie and collaborators. It is a rare case of a putatively free-living ichthyosporean, and possibly the only free- living dermocystid.
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Pseudoceros canadensis is a species of free-living, flatworm in the genus Pseudoceros, belonging to the family Pseudocerotidae.
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54Martens & Savatenalinton 2011. A subjective checklist of the Recent, free- living, non-marine Ostracoda (Crustacea). Zootaxa 2855: 64.
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Macrostomum rostratum is a free-living, hermaphroditic flatworm in the family Macrostomidae, found in freshwater and brackish environments.
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Eggs are laid in moss and leaf-litter. The eggs develop directly without a free-living tadpole stage.
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Free-living, amphizoic amebae of genera Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia can cause central nervous system infection in humans.
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The strongyloid's life cycle is heterogonic—it is more complex than that of most nematodes, with its alternation between free-living and parasitic cycles, and its potential for autoinfection and multiplication within the host. The parasitic cycle is homogonic, while the free-living cycle is heterogonic. The heterogonic life cycle is advantageous to the parasite because it allows reproduction for one or more generations in the absence of a host. In the free-living cycle, the rhabditiform larvae passed in the stool can either molt twice and become infective filariform larvae (direct development) or molt four times and become free-living adult males and females that mate and produce eggs from which rhabditiform larvae hatch.
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Rhyacophila angelita is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyacophila fuscula is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyacophila manistee is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Himalopsyche phryganea is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyacophila acutiloba is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyacophila carolina is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Macrostomum hystrix is a free-living flatworm of the genus Macrostomum. It is small, transparent, and a simultaneous hermaphrodite.
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Rhyacophila nigrita is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyacophila carpenteri is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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Rhyacophila grandis is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae. It is found in North America.
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The endosymbionts have a significantly reduced genome when compared to their free-living relatives (1.56 Mbp vs. 2.16 Mbp).
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Reproduction occurs by direct development, that is, there is no free-living tadpole stage. The average egg diameter is .
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Nematodes, especially free-living species such as some dioecious soil nematodes, exhibit a type of parthenogenesis known as gynogenesis.
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Coccomyxa has a worldwide distribution, and are able to form biofilms, inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments. They can be dominant in certain ecosystems and display an impressive diversity in habitat, possessing lifestyles that range from free-living to parasitic. Coccomyxa has been recorded free-living in terrestrial biofilms, as soil algae, connected with mosses, planktonic in limnic ecosystems, in symbiotic associations with fungi and higher plants, and parasitic to marine mussels. There is, however, no current studies that show Coccomyxa free-living in marine environments.
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Breeding is explosive and takes place in temporary pools. Eggs float on the surface and hatch into free-living tadpoles.
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The Lecithoepitheliata are an order of rhabditophoran flatworms. They are free-living worms, found in both freshwater and marine environments.
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Percolomonas is a genus of free-living flagellate Heteroloboseans, forming a clade with Stephanopogon. It includes the species Percolomonas cosmopolitus.
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It is presumed that the development is direct, i.e., the eggs hatch directly into froglets, bypassing free-living larval stage.
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Most solutes were free-living, but the basal solutan Coleicarpus used its homoiostele as a holdfast, as did juvenile Castericystis.
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Causes of morbidity and mortality in free-living birds in an urban environment in Germany. Ecohealth, 10(4), 352–365.
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Veterinary Record, 159(5), 148-153. Damage to the occular area was recorded in 128 of 216 free-living tawnys in southwest England, and in 60.5% of 147 admitted birds the injury were due to road accidents.Cousquer, G. (2005). Ophthalmological findings in free-living tawny owls (Strix aluco) examined at a wildlife veterinary hospital.
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In 1978, the city of Paris issued a Declaration of Rights of the Free-living Cat."Declaration of Rights of the Free-living Cat (translation)", École du Chat, accessed Oct. 30, 2014. In that year, Cambazard founded École du Chat and TNR'd its first cat, continuing to help thousands of cats in the following years.
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The mechanism presented is that ectomycorrhizal fungi can compete with free-living decomposers for nutrients, and thereby limit the rate of total decomposition. Since then there have been several other reports of ectomycorrhizal fungi reducing activity and decomposition rates of free-living decomposers and thereby increasing soil carbon storage.Berg B and Lindberg T. 1980.
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Primary endosymbiosis involves the engulfment of a cell by another free living organism. Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when the product of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another free living eukaryote. Secondary endosymbiosis has occurred several times and has given rise to extremely diverse groups of algae and other eukaryotes. Some organisms can take opportunistic advantage of a similar process, where they engulf an alga and use the products of its photosynthesis, but once the prey item dies (or is lost) the host returns to a free living state.
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Himalopsyche is a genus of free-living caddisflies in the family Rhyacophilidae. There are more than 40 described species in Himalopsyche.
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When a free-living male B. apogon encounters a female he latches onto her belly with his mouth and their tissues gradually fuse, with the male becoming parasitic. Free-living males and unparasitised females never have fully developed gonads, but after fusion, the male's gonads enlarge and he continues to grow, the largest known parasitic male being about long.
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The symbiotic Nephroselmis is different from the free-living form. It retains its cytoplasm, nucleus and plastid, while other organelles including mitochondria, Golgi body, cytoskeleton, and endomembrane system are degraded. The plastid is also comparatively enlarged up to ten times the normal size of free-living form. The enlarged plastid is compensated by reduced cytoplasmic components.
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Prasinophyte algae of the genus Ostreococcus are the smallest free-living eukaryote. The single cell of an Ostreococcus measures 0.8 μm across.
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In Australia it is reported as being an obligate commensal inside solitary, free-living corals such as Heterocyathus aequicostatus and Heteropsammia cochlea.
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All Ceratobatrachidae lay eggs outside of water and undergo direct development where eggs hatch directly into froglets, without free-living tadpole stages.
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Dehalococcoides have very small genomes of about 1.4-1.5 Mio base pairs. This is one of the smallest value for free-living organisms.
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The type strain dwells as a free-living, planktonic bacterium in the water column of the lake, thus is part of freshwater bacterioplankton.
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In terms of generating nitrogen available to all organisms, the symbiotic associations greatly exceed the free-living species with the exception of cyanobacteria.
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Most Actinobacteria grow in soils that are of a neutral pH. Actinobacteria are also important in plant-associated microbial communities are referred to as "free-living." This means that they are not dependent on another organism to live. For example: A non-free-living organism would be a parasite that depends on a host as a food source and a place for shelter.
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Ultrastructural characters are not known.David J. Patterson, Naja Vors, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Charles O. Kelly: Residual Free-Living And Predatory Heterotrophic Flagellates In: Residual Free-Living And Predatory Heterotrophic Flagellates In: Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, 2nd Edition. Vol. 2, Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kansas 2000, , p. 1302-1328. Kamera lens lives as a saprobiont and can be found in hay infusions.
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Pseudogenes are found in bacteria. Most are found in bacteria that are not free-living; that is, they are either symbionts or obligate intracellular parasites. Thus, they do not require many genes that are needed by free-living bacteria, such as gene associated with metabolism and DNA repair. However, there is not an order to which functional genes are lost first.
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Although Carpediemonas is a member of the metamonads, it is unusual in the sense that it is free-living and has three basal bodies.
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Although some free-living Verrucomicrobia are reported to have tubulin genes, they have not been found to have tubular structures like those of epixenosomes.
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Development is direct, without free-living larval stage. No major threats to this species are known. It occurs in the Parima Tapirapecó National Park, Venezuela.
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After informed consent was obtained, venous samples were drawn by a registered nurse or physician and sent to CDC's Free-living Amebae Laboratory for analysis.
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Dinoflagellates are alveolates possessing two flagella, the ancestral condition of bikonts. About 1,555 species of free-living marine dinoflagellates are currently described. Another estimate suggests about 2,000 living species, of which more than 1,700 are marine (free-living, as well as benthic) and about 220 are from fresh water. The latest estimates suggest a total of 2,294 living dinoflagellate species, which includes marine, freshwater, and parasitic dinoflagellates.
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The free-living males and females of S. stercoralis die after one generation; they do not persist in the soil. The latter, in turn, can either develop into a new generation of free-living adults or develop into infective filariform larvae. The filariform larvae penetrate the human host skin to initiate the parasitic cycle. The infectious larvae penetrate the skin when it contacts soil.
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Unlike Perkinsus, Colpodella are free-living and are voracious predators of other free-living protists. Most species apparently penetrate through the cell membrane and consume the prey's cytoplasm - this mode of feeding is known as myzocytosis. While feeding the predator attaches its anterior portion - the rostrum - to the prey. The rostrum contains the pseudoconoid, which transforms into a ring of microtubules encircling the attachment zone.
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The parasitic flatworms, which includes tapeworms, flukes and monogeneans, evolved from a single major lineage of free-living flatworm ancestors. The switch from a free-living to a parasitic lifestyle in the common ancestor of the parasitic flatworms involved a fundamental change in their tegument, which is found in all contemporary groups. Early-branching tapeworm groups are found in bony (e.g. teleost) and cartilaginous fishes (e.g.
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Free-living amoebae (or "FLA") in the Amoebozoa group are important causes of disease in humans and animals. Naegleria fowleri is sometimes included in the group "free-living amoebae", and it causes a condition traditionally called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. However, Naegleria is now considered part of the Excavata, not the Amoebozoa, and is considered to be much more closely related to Leishmania and Trypanosoma.
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During eversion, the yolk of the host oocyte fills the gastral cavities of the parasite, supplying the future free-living stage with nutrients. Finally, upon emerging from the host egg in fresh water, the free-living stolon fragments into individual medusoid-like forms that go on to multiply by means of longitudinal fission, form sexual organs, and ultimately infect host fish with their gametophores.
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It lives on the forest floor. Presumably, breeding involves direct development (i.e., no free-living larval stage). It is a rare species with a patchy distribution.
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It was sequenced in 2010 and has one of the smallest genomes of free-living actinobacteria sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.
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Free-living, parasitic, herbivorous, carnivorous, fungivorous, flying, walking, running, swimming, social, and solitary forms are known, but their life histories are almost unknown at the species level.
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Gattyana cirrhosa has a commensal relationship with chaetopterid, terebellid, and pectinariid polychaete worms, living within the tubes they construct. However, it is also a free-living taxon.
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Schewiakoff (1893) theorized about the cosmopolitan habitat of free-living protozoans.Schewiakoff, W.T. 1893. Über die geographische Verbreitung der Süßwasser-protozoen. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. Ser.
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Reproduction presumably involves free-living tadpoles. Threats to this species are unknown. Its known range is protected—all Venezuelan tepuis are designated as national monument protected areas.
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Rhabdias bufonis has a heterogonic lifestyle in which a generation of parasitic individuals is succeeded by a free-living generation. This is advantageous to the parasite as it allows reproduction for one or more generations in the absence of the host. The free-living male and female worms mate and produce eggs which hatch inside the mother. They feed on her internal organs and moult twice before they leave her body.
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Pelagibacter ubique is one of the smallest known free-living bacteria, with a length of 370 to 890 nm and an average cell diameter of 120 to 200 nm. They also have the smallest free-living bacterium genome: 1.3 Mbp, 1354 protein genes, 35 RNA genes. They are one of the most common and smallest organisms in the ocean, with their total weight exceeding that of all fish in the sea.
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Bacterial symbionts, commensals, parasites, and pathogens often have even smaller genomes and fewer genes than free-living organisms, and non-pathogenic bacteria. They reduce their "core" metabolic repertoire, making them more dependent on their host and environment. Their genome reduction occurs by different evolutionary mechanisms than those of streamlined free-living organisms. Pathogenic organisms are thought to undergo genome reduction due to genetic drift, rather than purifying selection.
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However, the resulting inbreeding has consequences much like those of parthenogenesis, and the females are not actually pregnant on hatching but become pregnant before emerging into free living.
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Clutch size is 11–12; egg clusters might contain eggs from more than one female. The development is direct (i.e., without free-living tadpole stage). The hatchlings measure .
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Cornufer batantae is presumably a lowland forest species. The holotype was collected at . Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. The eggs are laid on the ground.
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Males call even during the daytime. Raorchestes tinniens has direct development (i.e, there is no free- living larval stage). Eggs are laid in a hole in a ground.
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Diplonema is a genus of free living organisms in the Euglenozoa. They are distinguished from Rhynchopus in Class Diplonemea by the absence of a fully flagellate dispersive stage.
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Frölich, K., Prusas, C., Schettler, E., & Hafez, H. M. (2002). Antibodies to adenoviruses in free- living common buzzards from Germany. Journal of wildlife diseases, 38(3), 633–636.
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In addition, the genera Carpediemonas and Trimastix are now known to be close relatives of the retortamonad-diplomonad line and the oxymonads, respectively. Both are free-living and amitochondriate.
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They develop archegonia that produce egg cells that are fertilized by sperm of the male gametophyte originating from the microspore. This results in the formation of a fertilized diploid zygote, that develops into the sporophyte embryo. While heterosporous plants produce fewer megaspores, they are significantly larger than their male counterparts. In exosporic species, the smaller spores germinate into free-living male gametophytes and the larger spores germinate into free-living female gametophytes.
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In 2014, Francesco Dal Grande used microsatellite markers to discover that Dictyochloropsis as previously defined was polyphyletic, forming two distinct clades. The first clade is composed exclusively of free-living algae which reproduce using autospores. The second clade included lichenized as well as free-living algae that reproduce using zoospores or aplanospores. Organisms in both clades have similar morphologies and life cycles, and this is why they were initially classified in this polyphyletic genus.
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While many types of bacteria have reduced in genome size from an ancestral state, there are still a huge number of bacteria that maintained or increased genome size over ancestral states. Free-living bacteria experience huge population sizes, fast generation times and a relatively high potential for gene transfer. While deletional bias tends to remove unnecessary sequences, selection can operate significantly amongst free-living bacteria resulting in evolution of new genes and processes.
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The turbellarian Pseudoceros dimidiatus These have about 4,500 species, are mostly free-living, and range from to in length. Most are predators or scavengers, and terrestrial species are mostly nocturnal and live in shaded humid locations such as leaf litter or rotting wood. However some are symbiotes of other animals such as crustaceans, and some are parasites. Free-living turbellarians are mostly black, brown or gray, but some larger ones are brightly colored.
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Koide RT and Wu T. 2003. Ectomycorrhizas and retarded decomposition in a Pinus resinosa plantation. New Phytologist, 158: 401-407. It is possible that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may be outcompeting free-living decomposers for either water or nutrients in some systems as well; however, to date there is no demonstration of this, and it seems that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may more often increase, rather than decrease rates of decomposition by free- living microbial decomposers.
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The final stage of the nematomorphs is the free-living aquatic adult; the development only takes about thirty days where the P. varius is able to produce three generations in one year. They break through the body wall of the host and become free-living. Eventually the P. varius will leave the definitive host when the host is near water. This is done by manipulating its host to migrate to a shallow body of water.
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With the possible exception of Craugastor laticeps that may be ovoviviparous, craugastorid frogs have direct development: no free-living tadpole stage is known; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.
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Choerophryne swanhildae occurs in mid-montane rainforest at above sea level. The type locality is a Pandanus grove. Development is presumably direct; i.e., there is no free-living larval stage.
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Legionella drancourtii is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus Legionella which occurs in nature as a strictly intracellular parasite of free-living amoebae. L. drancourtii is named after Michel Drancourt.
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Choerophryne siegfriedi is known from rainforest. The altitude of the type locality is variously given as above sea level. Development is presumably direct; i.e., there is no free-living larval stage.
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Some years before, Schewiakoff (1893) also theorized about the cosmopolitan habitat of free-living protozoans.Schewiakoff, W.T. 1893. Über die geographische Verbreitung der Süßwasser-protozoen. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. Ser.
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Environmental reservoirs include living and non-living reservoirs that harbor infectious pathogens outside the bodies of animals. These reservoirs may exist on land (plants and soil), in water, or in the air. Pathogens found in these reservoirs are sometimes free-living. The bacteria Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular parasite which causes Legionnaires' disease, and Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera, can both exist as free-living parasites in certain water sources as well as in invertebrate animal hosts.
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Unidentified planarian A planarian is one of many flatworms of the traditional class Turbellaria. It usually describes free-living flatworms of the order Tricladida (triclads), although this common name is also used for a wide number of free-living platyhelminthes. Planaria are common to many parts of the world, living in both saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers. Some species are terrestrial and are found under logs, in or on the soil, and on plants in humid areas.
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Neobodo are free-living and active microbial predators that swim around and feed on prey in aquatic ecosystems. As free-living flagellates, they are the most important bacterivorous forms in aquatic environments. Neobodo, like other bodonids, are heterotrophic flagellates (HF) which are a very diverse and heterogeneous group of protists with a size range between 1 and 450 microns. They play an essential role in aquatic and terrestrial food webs as major consumers of bacterial biomass.
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Anderson, ME, Leslie RW, Review of the deep-sea anglerfishes (lophiiformes: ceratioidei) of southern Africa. Ichthyological Bulletin 70-:1-32, 2001. read online Based on finding empty stomachs in captured free-living males, scientists think linophrynid males are unable to feed during their free-living stage after metamorphosis. Also, the “short and stout” denticulars of the upper and lower jaws of these males do not seem suitable for prey capture, and the alimentary canal is undeveloped.
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Pecten novaezelandiae is completely free-living, mobile and somewhat migratory. The two valves are asymmetric. The left valve is convex while the right is flat. The concave valve has approximately 16 ribs.
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A 24-mm SVL female, amplexed with a 17-mm male, had 52 mature eggs in her oviduct. Development is presumed to be direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Austrochaperina basipalmata occurs in rainforests in association with small mountain streams at elevations of above sea level. It is locally abundant. Development is direct (i.e. there is no free-living larval stage).
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Choerophryne siegfriedi is known from montane rainforest at above sea level. Development is presumably direct; i.e., there is no free-living larval stage. This species was quite common at the type locality.
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This particular strain of Methanocaldococcus is cocci in shape. FS406-22 is gram negative and is not pathogenic to humans. Strain FS406-22 is a free-living marine archaean and motile via flagella.
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Arthroleptis lameerei is a leaf-litter species that presumably occurs in savanna woodlands and forests. Development is direct (i.e., no free- living larval stage). It is very common in parts of its range.
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Males call during the day from shallow burrows at the base of dense grass. Development is, presumably, direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage). Threats to this species are not known.
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Like frogs in the family Brevicipitidae in general,Vitt and Caldwell (2014), p. 513. Breviceps fuscus show direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).Vitt and Caldwell (2014), p. 166.
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Phrynopus juninensis inhabits primary montane cloud forest and forest edges at elevations of about above sea level. It is a terrestrial species. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Males call from concealed positions, possibly holes. Development is direct (i.e., there is no free- living larval stage). It is a very adaptable species that appears not to be facing any serious threats.
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The male advertisement call is a series of peeping notes with dominant frequency of 3500–3600 Hz. Development is presumably direct, without free-living tadpole stage, as in other members of this genus.
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P. elongatus is a fully terrestrial salamander. Clutch size is three to 11 eggs (mean eight). No free-living larval stage exists, and juveniles hatch completely metamorphosed, measuring about in snout–vent length.
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The larva has a planktonic, free-living stage then the sponge larvae eventually adjusts on the sea floor, usually on rough surfaces. Many times, the larvae does not survive these first few stages.
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Recurva is a genus of freshwater and free-living triclad platyhelminth that belongs to the Dugesiidae family. It contains two known species although, according to molecular evidences, there is probably a third one.
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Different free-living species feed on materials as varied as bacteria, algae, fungi, small animals, fecal matter, dead organisms, and living tissues. Free-living marine nematodes are important and abundant members of the meiobenthos. They play an important role in the decomposition process, aid in recycling of nutrients in marine environments, and are sensitive to changes in the environment caused by pollution. One roundworm of note, C. elegans, lives in the soil and has found much use as a model organism.
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The lifestyles of bacteria play an integral role in their respective genome sizes. Free-living bacteria have the largest genomes out of the three types of bacteria; however, they have fewer pseudogenes than bacteria that have recently acquired pathogenicity. Facultative and recently evolved pathogenic bacteria exhibit a smaller genome size than free-living bacteria, yet they have more pseudogenes than any other form of bacteria. Obligate bacterial symbionts or pathogens have the smallest genomes and the fewest pseudogenes of the three groups.
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The free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus (sour paste nematode,Stock, S., and Nadler, N. 2006. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Panagrellus spp. (Cephalobina: Panagrolaimidae): taxonomic status and phylogenetic relationships". Nematology, 8(6), 921-938.
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They are passed in the feces and develop into free-living forms. In the soil, the worms feed on bacteria and other organic matter. The female may produce a pheromone to attract a male.
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They possess digestive systems, which allows them to process complex dietary items. They possess a protrusible pharynx to collect food.Martín-Durán J.M., Egger, B. (2012) Developmental diversity in free-living flatworms. Evodevo 3(7).
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Stentor roeselii is a free-living ciliate species of the genus Stentor, in the class Heterotrichea. It is a common and widespread protozoan, found throughout the world in freshwater ponds, lakes, rivers and ditches.
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Arthroleptis aureoli occurs in forests, plantations, and rural gardens near forests at elevations below . It lives on rocks, often near streams and rivers. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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The species inhabits pine-oak and pine forests at elevations around above sea level. It is a terrestrial species living under bark and leaves. The development is direct (i.e., without free- living tadpole stage).
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Sphenophryne thomsoni occurs on forest floor in primary tropical rainforests at elevations below . Some specimens were found calling at night during light rain. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Callulops stictogaster occurs in hill and montane rainforests at elevations of above sea level, often in steep terrain. It appears to be terrestrial. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Corythodinium elegans is a species of dinoflagellates in the family Oxytoxaceae. It is found Worldwide. The type locality is the Mediterranean.Gómez, F. (2005). A list of free-living dinoflagellate species in the world’s oceans.
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They also observed free-living tadpoles in stream-side puddles. In 2015, the International Institute for Species Exploration names it as one of the "Top 10 New Species" for new species discovered in 2014.
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" Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:381-385. and parasites may constitute a significant fraction of ecosystem biomass.Kuris, Armand M. et al. (2008). "Ecosystem energetic implications of parasite and free-living biomass in three estuaries.
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Oreophryne biroi occurs in lowland rainforests and degraded forest to elevations of about above sea level. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. It is not a common species. Threats to it are unknown.
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The larvae are released at an advanced stage of development and spend just a few hours as free-living organisms before attaching themselves to the nearest suitable surface, often the same seaweed as the parent.
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Despite the considerable interest in free-living bodonids, their true biodiversity has most likely been grossly underestimated by simple light microscopy, as it does not differentiate most ‘species’ very well. rRNA gene primers were used to test Neobodo’s global distribution and genetic diversity. The non-overlap between environmental DNA sequences and those from cultures suggests that there are hundreds, possibly thousands, of different rRNA gene sequences of free-living Neobodo species globally. Some of the species identified to date are: -Neobodo designis -Neobodo cf.
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Therefore, they should be able to determine host quality. However, they are unable to detect free-living individuals of their own species, suggesting that they do not have significant interactions with them beyond competition for hosts.
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Labidostommatidae is a family of acariform mites. These egg-shaped free-living predators have the body completely covered with sclerotized plates, often with a reticulated pattern, two or three eyes and two claws on each tarsus.
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The open brain coral (Trachyphyllia geoffroyi) is a brightly colored free- living coral species in the family Merulinidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Trachyphyllia and can be found throughout the Indo-Pacific.
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Oligosoma maccanni are host to at least two species of parasitic mites, these being Odontacarus prostigmata and Odontacarus leeuwenhoekiidae. These mites become parasites to Oligosoma maccanni during the free-living adult part of their life cycle.
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The Rhyacophilidae are a family in the insect order of Trichoptera. Larvae of this family are free living and most species are predatory. The largest genus is Rhyacophila, with near 500 species distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere.
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Tsukubea is a monotypic class of excavates that contains a single species, Tsukubamonas globosa Yabuki et al. 2011. T. globosa is a free-living flagellate that was isolated from a pond in the University of Tsukuba, Japan.
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Pristionchus borbonicus is a species of free-living nematodes (roundworms) in the family Diplogastridae. The species was described from Réunion Island, and is notable for developing one of five different mouth forms depending on available food sources.
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Craugastor amniscola inhabits premontane dry forests along small tributary streams at elevations of above sea level. Development is direct, i.e., there is no free-living larval stage. This species is threatened by habitat loss and water pollution.
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Oreophryne atrigularis is known from both dense and open tropical rainforest at elevations of above sea level. It lives in low vegetation, up to above the ground. Development is presumably direct (i.e., no free-living tadpole stage).
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The eggs have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). Eleutherodactylus eileenae is a common and widespread species. Nevertheless, agricultural development, pollution, and infrastructure development for human settlement and tourism are threats to it.
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Polynucleobacter duraquae is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, sometimes motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from Lake Mondsee in Austria. The species represents planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in alkaline freshwater systems.
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Internal symbiont: mitochondrion has a matrix and membranes, like a free- living proteobacterial cell, from which it may derive. Symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory, is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms. The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes (more closely related to bacteria than archaea) taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis. Mitochondria appear to be phylogenetically related to Rickettsiales proteobacteria, and chloroplasts to nitrogen-fixing filamentous cyanobacteria.
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Alternation of generations is defined as the alternation of multicellular diploid and haploid forms in the organism's life cycle, regardless of whether or not these forms are free- living. In some species, such as the alga Ulva lactuca, the diploid and haploid forms are indeed both free-living independent organisms, essentially identical in appearance and therefore said to be isomorphic. The free- swimming, haploid gametes form a diploid zygote which germinates into a multicellular diploid sporophyte. The sporophyte produces free-swimming haploid spores by meiosis that germinate into haploid gametophytes.
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The typical protonymphon larva is most common, is free living and gradually turns into an adult. The encysted larva is a parasite that hatches from the egg and finds a host in the shape of a polyp colony where it burrows into and turns into a cyst, and will not leave the host before it has turned into a young juvenile. Little is known about the development of the atypical protonymphon larva. The adults are free living, while the larvae and the juveniles are living on or inside temporary hosts such as polychaetes and clams.
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This alga has remarkable characteristics, including four flagella, a theca (polysaccharide envelope) and a vacuole (stigma or "eyespot") that contains photo-receptor molecules. T. convolutae lives in the free living state in the water column but is mainly benthics. Thus, in hospite, the alga does not have the same phenotype as in the free living state: it no longer has its flagella, its theca and stigma. These phenotypical differences did not allow Geddes, Delage and Haberlandt to deduce that the green cells in the tissues could have been micro-algae.
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All nematodes pass through an embryonic stage, four juvenile stages (J1–J4) and an adult stage. Juvenile Meloidogynes parasites hatch from eggs as vermiform, second-stage juveniles (J2), the first moult having occurred within the egg. Newly hatched juveniles have a short free-living stage in the soil, in the rhizosphere of the host plants. They may reinvade the host plants of their parent or migrate through the soil to find a new host root. J2 larvae do not feed during the free-living stage, but use lipids stored in the gut.
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In the genus Cycloseris, both are thick but have fine teeth and are characteristic of the different species. Cycloseris can be confused with specimens of the related genus Fungia but the former are free living, even as juveniles, while the latter bear a scar showing where they were attached when young. The genus was reclassified in 2012, to include some species that had previously been classified in the genus Coscinaraea, that are colonial with multiple mouths, in addition to the original species that are free living, with a single central mouth.
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Compared to ticks and insects of domestic animals, the parasitic mites are of limited importance as transmitters (vectors) of pathogenic organisms to domestic animals. Some mites are the intermediate host of parasitic worms, but not defined as vectors because they do not parasitize a host. For example, free-living mites of the family Oribatidae ingest the eggs of Moniezia expansa tapeworm of sheep; the sheep then ingest the mites whilst grazing. As another example, free-living hay mites are a suspected reservoir for scrapie, a prion disease of sheep.
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Craugastor tabasarae occurs in premontane forest at elevations of above sea level. They are typically at night up to above the ground on vegetation overhanging or near streams. Development is presumably direct (i.e., no free-living larval stage).
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Craugastor monnichorum occurs in humid montane forests at elevations of about above sea level. It can be found on the ground, rocks, and in low vegetation. The development is direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
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Development is direct, without free-living larval stage. Eleutherodactylus zugi is a rare species with a restricted range. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, infrastructure development, and tourism. Agricultural pollution may also be a threat.
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Development is direct; i.e., there is no free-living larval stage. Choerophryne rostellifer is a widespread species that can be locally abundant. There are no known major threats to it, and its range overlaps with some protected areas.
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Barygenys atra occurs in lowland and hill forests at elevations below , but its specific habitat requirements are poorly known. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage). There are no known threats to this species.
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Iais pubescens is a species of marine isopod in the family Janiroidea. It inhabits seashores in a large number of locations in the southern hemisphere and may be found both free-living, and as commensals on larger isopods.
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It feeds on detritus, fitoplancton and zooplancton. The larvae of this feather star swim freely with plankton for a few weeks, then they settle down growing into a stalked form. Mature specimen break the stalk becoming free-living.
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Philautus ingeri inhabits montane forests at elevations of above sea level. It is nocturnal. Males call from shrubs above the ground. Reproduction is presumed to be direct (that is, eggs hatching to froglets, without free-living tadpole stage).
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Ostreopsis is a genus of free-living dinoflagellates found in marine environments. Some species are benthic; the planktonic species in the genus are known for the toxic algal blooms that they sometimes cause, threatening human and animal health.
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The adult worm is a free-living animal. It is hairlike, very long and very thin. It commonly grows over a meter long,Capinera, J. L. Horsehair Worms, Hairworms, Gordian Worms, Nematomorphs, Gordius spp. (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea). EENY-117.
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It includes all parasitic flatworms (clade Neodermata) and several free-living species that were previously grouped in the now obsolete class Turbellaria. Therefore, it contains the majority of species in the phylum Platyhelminthes, excluding the Catenulida, and the Macrostomorpha.
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Nyctimystes trachydermis live along small streams in montane rainforests at elevations of above sea level. Development is presumably direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage), as in other species in the genus. This species is locally common.
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Reproduction is terrestrial and direct, without a free-living larval stage. Under laboratory conditions, eggs are laid just under the soil surface. Clutch size is 5–13 eggs measuring in diameter. The eggs hatch as froglets that measure approximately .
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Wylie T, Martin J, Dante M, Mitreva M, Clifton SC, Chinwalla A, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, McCarter JP. (2004) Nematode.net: a tool for navigating sequences from parasitic and free- living nematodes Nucleic Acids Research. 32 (suppl 1): D423-D426.
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Otomesostoma auditivum is a free-living, hermaphroditic flatworm in the order Proseriata, found in brackish and freshwater environments. It is a palearctic species living in shallow-water coastal habitats, and occurring in some freshwater lakes far from the sea.
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Microplana terrestris is a species of free-living, terrestrial flatworm in the order Tricladida. It was first described in 1773 by the Danish naturalist Otto Friedrich Müller as Fasciola terrestris, but has since been reassigned to the genus Microplana.
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Tetrahymena is a genus of free-living ciliates that can also switch from commensalistic to pathogenic modes of survival. They are common in freshwater ponds. Tetrahymena species used as model organisms in biomedical research are T. thermophila and T. pyriformis.
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Mastigamoeba is a genus of the Archamoebae group of protists. Mastigamoeba are characterized as anaerobic, amitochondriate organisms that are polymorphic. Their dominant life cycle stage is as an amoeboid flagellate. Species are typically free living, though endobiotic species have been described.
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Four species of free-living mites are present as well as over 60 species of microalgae, including some that are endemic to the valley. The site is protected under the Antarctic Treaty System as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.141.
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Cycloseris distorta is a species of disc coral in the family Fungiidae. It is a free-living, solitary coral and is native to the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region where it is found on soft sediment in shallow water.
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Aplanochytrium is exclusively marine and their isolates have been found in water samples, sediments, detritus, oyster mantle, gastropods and seagrasses. They can either be free- living in water or as symbiont in host organisms, where some species act as parasitic symbiont.
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Pristimantis riveroi lives in cloud forest at an elevation of about above sea level. It is an arboreal species that breeds by direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). It is locally common and faces no known threats.
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The holotype was found under a small, decayed log lying in leaf litter on a rainforested ridge at above sea level. The Mount Tafa specimen is from . Breeding is presumably by direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Aphantophryne sabini is known from montane grassy meadows, montane forest edges, and treefern-dominated grasslands at elevations of above sea level. Breeding is presumably by direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). It is a common species.
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Austrochaperina blumi occurs in disturbed habitats, including villages, lawns, and rural gardens, and presumably also in forests, at elevations of above sea level. It is locally very abundant. Presumably, development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Pristimantis elegans occurs in páramos and cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. It is typically found in herbaceous vegetation and very small bushes. Males mostly call at night, perched in vegetation. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage.
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Xenorhina zweifeli is known from primary forest and forest clearings at elevations of about above sea level. These frogs are fossorial, with individuals occupying small cavities on the forest floor. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Animals have been collected perching in vegetation some above the ground. It presumably has direct development (i.e, there is no free- living larval stage), like other Oreophryne. Oreophryne kapisa is assumed to be a common species within its small range.
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Aphantophryne nana occurs in mossy and montane rainforests. The types were collected in dipterocarp forest at elevations between above sea level. Eggs presumably belonging to this species have been found under mosses. Development is direct, without a free-living tadpole stage.
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Platymantis montanus is an arboreal species found in mossy and montane rainforests. On Mount Banahaw, it occurs above . The eggs are deposited in shrub layer vegetation, in tree ferns, aerial ferns, and Pandanus. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage.
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Platymantis punctatus occurs in rainforest at elevations below , usually near streams. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. Platymantis punctatus is a not a common species. No overall threats to it are unknown, although logging can impact it locally.
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This species was originally placed in genus Philautus and later moved to Chirixalus because it was described as having free-living tadpoles. For a time, Chirixalus was recognized as synonymous with Chiromantis but is now recognized as a separate genus.
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Arificial defaunation of Reticulitermes species by force- feeding on starch or starvation leads to a loss of flagellates and, by association, these endosymbiotic Endomicrobia, and an increase in abundance of free-living relatives. A rare free-living member of this class, Endomicrobium proavitum, the first Endomicrobia species to be cultured and named, was isolated from sterile-filtered gut homogenates from defaunated (starch-fed) R. flavipes workers. It is believed to play a role in nitrogen fixation. While some gut bacteria live free in the gut lumen or attached to the gut wall, many others live in close association with flagellates.
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Light microscope view of cyanobacteria from a microbial mat Cyanobacteria , also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of prokaryotes consisting of both free- living photosynthetic bacteria and the endosymbiotic plastids that are present in the Archaeplastida autotrophic eukaryotes (which are a sister group to the free-living Gloeomargarita). They commonly obtain their energy through oxygenic photosynthesis, which produces the oxygen gas in the atmosphere of Earth. The name cyanobacteria comes from their color (), giving them their other name, "blue-green algae", though some modern botanists restrict the term algae to eukaryotes. They appear to have originated in freshwater or a terrestrial environment.
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Stygiella /ˌstɪ.d͡ʒiˈɛ.lə/ is a genus of free-living marine flagellates belonging to the family Stygiellidae in the jakobids (excavata). The genus currently includes four species, all of which are secondary obligate anaerobes.. The species are all unicellular and crescent-shapedBernard, C, Simpson, A. G. B. & Patterson, D. J. (2000) Some free-living flagellates (protista) from anoxic habitats, Ophelia, 52:2, 113-142, DOI: 10.1080/00785236.1999.10409422.. All members possess hydrogenosomes, a type of acristate mitochondrion-derived organelle (MRO) that produces hydrogen gas as a metabolic productLeger, M. M., Eme, L., Hug, L. A., & Roger, A. J. (2016).
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Birds from three continents live in the Krefeld bird house in a tropical and humid climate. The themes of the aviary are "South-East Asia", "South America", "Madagascar", and "Africa". In the Bird Tropics Hall you can also find free-living birds.
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Cavalier-Smith, T. (1991). Cell diversification in heterotrophic flagellates. The Biology of Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates. 113-131. The divisions between gonocytes are described as consisting of outer continuous membranes and flattened vesicles but pressed so closely together they are impossible to distinguish.
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Expression of SmrC7 increased ~13-fold in nodules when compared with free-living bacteria (log phase TY or MM cultures), suggesting the induction of this sRNAs during bacterial infection and/or bacteroid differentiation. SmrC7 expression has also been proved in parallel studies.
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Aglae is a genus of euglossine bees, with the only described species Aglae caerulea. Like all orchid bees, it is restricted to the Neotropics. They are metallic blue. This species, like the genus Exaerete, is a nest parasite on free-living Euglossini.
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Spirostomum is a genus of free-living ciliate protists, belonging to the class Heterotrichea. Species of Spirostomum are found in both salt and fresh water. All are elongated, flexible and highly contractile. Although unicellular, members of some species can grow as long as .
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Symbionts are not being digested. Free- living forms of Phaeocystis are globally distributed and occur in a variety of marine habitats, including coastal oceans, open oceans, polar seas and sea ice.Thomsen, H.A., Buck, K.R., Chavez, F.P., 1994. Haptophytes as components of marine phytoplankton.
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Most Tetraselmis species are free-living, however, some species are symbionts within animals. Marine species often populate rapidly and densely, causing plankton blooms in shoreline and bay areas. Tetraselmis has a specifically important genus for studying and understanding plankton growth rate dynamics.
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The MicrostomidaeLuther, A. 1907. Über die systematische Stellung der Rhabdocoelen-Familie Catenulidae s. str. (Stenostomidae Vejd.). Zool. Anz. 31:718-723. are a family of small basal free-living flatworms (Macrostomida, Rhabditophora, Platyhelminthes), and members of the marine, brackish, freshwater meiobenthos and plankton.
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This means that there is little need for maternal transfer of symbionts. This is not the case in temperate seas where free-living zooxanthellae are scarce. A. ballii is gonochoric, with individuals being either male or female. It is a broadcast spawner.
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MPPG also offers significant potential for data mining, e.g. using deep learning, as well as a range of other innovative pulse wave analysis techniques. Motion artifacts have been shown to be a limiting factor preventing accurate readings during exercise and free living conditions.
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Sylvacaecilia grandisonae was described based on two specimens, the female holotype measuring in total length, and the male paratype measuring in total length. The body is relatively thick, with body width in length approximately 24 times. Sylvacaecilia grandisonae has free- living larval stage.
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Pristimantis pycnodermis primarily inhabits paramos but it can also occur in meadows and pastures in upper cloud forests. Specimens have been found under rocks and logs. The altitudinal range is above sea level. Development is probably direct, without free-living tadpole stage.
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Cophixalus shellyi occurs in low vegetation of hill and montane rainforests, including formerly logged forests, at elevations of above sea level. Specimens have also been found in landslides, rockslides, and rocky areas. Development is presumably direct (i.e., no free-living larval stage).
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This species lives on the forest floor in rainforests at elevations up to above sea level. Males call from low trees and rock crevices. Development is probably direct, without a free-living larval stage. Callulops doriae is a widespread but uncommon species.
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Barygenys nana is known from a number of high-altitude localities, presumably representing montane rainforests and forest/grassland mosaics, at above sea level. It is considered not to be common. Development is presumably direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Heterocyathus aequicostatus is a small species of coral in the family Caryophylliidae in the order Scleractinia, the stony corals. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. It is a large polyp, solitary, free-living coral and is usually found on soft substrates.
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Pristimantis lindae occurs in montane tropical cloud forest at elevations of above sea level. Specimens have often been found perched about above the ground, although the holotype was on a bush. Development is presumably direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
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Pristimantis factiosus occurs in forest (including degraded former forest), pastureland, along roadsides, and in adjacent areas at elevations of above sea level. It is nocturnal and can be found on low vegetation. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Pristimantis frater occur in premontane humid forests at elevations of or above sea level, depending on the source. They can be found on low vegetation and have also been recorded from secondary forest. Reproduction is direct (i.e., without free-living larval stage).
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Oreophryne hypsiops occurs in tropical rainforests at elevations up to about above sea level. Calling males are perched in vegetation as high as five meters above the ground. Development is probably direct, without free-living tadpole stage. Threats to this species are unknown.
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Ingerana reticulata has been found among rocks next to small rivers and brooks within tropical moist forest. Its altitudinal range is probably about above sea level. Development might be direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage), as in its relatives.
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Platymantis isarog is an arboreal frog that occurs in mossy and montane rainforests at elevations of above sea level. It deposits its eggs on leaves in shrub layer vegetation. The egg have direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Cornufer parkeri occurs in uplifted coral landscapes at elevations below . It is a terrestrial frog that can be found in lowland rainforest, regrowth forest, rural gardens, villages, and other anthropogenic habitats. Development is, presumably, direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Cornufer schmidti occurs in lowland rainforests, disturbed forests, plantations, and gardens, often in association with coconut husk piles. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage). It is an abundant and adaptable species that seems not to be threatened.
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Philautus abditus occurs in shrubs and grassy vegetation in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests at elevations of above sea level. Reproduction is probably direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). This species is potentially threatened by forest and stream degradation.
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Mycobacteria are widespread organisms, typically living in water (including tap water treated with chlorine) and food sources. Some, however, including the tuberculosis and the leprosy organisms, appear to be obligate parasites and are not found as free- living members of the genus.
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A few species are parasitic on other marine organisms. One of these is Peachia quinquecapitata, the larvae of which develop inside the medusae of jellyfish, feeding on their gonads and other tissues, before being liberated into the sea as free-living, juvenile anemones.
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Molecular studies suggest that this order is the sister to Plecoptera or to Ephemeroptera.Wan X, Kim MI, Kim MJ, Kim I (2012) Complete mitochondrial genome of the free-living earwig, Challia fletcheri (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae) and phylogeny of Polyneoptera. PLoS One 7(8):e42056.
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Pietsch, TW, Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes), Ichthyol Res (2005) 52: 207–236 Current understanding is that free-living males die after a few months if they do not attach to a female.
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Chonioconarida is an extinct subclass of free living animals from the Tentaculita class, which were common in the Silurian and Devonian oceans. Chonioconarids have a slim and long needle-like larval parts. They are covered with sculpture throughout (Farsan 2005). Their affinity is unknown.
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Many of these characterize the Lobarion communities of higher rainfall areas in western Britain, e.g., in the Celtic rain forest. Strains of cyanobacteria found in various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another. They differ from the most closely related free-living strains.
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The Polycladida represents a highly diverse clade of free-living marine flatworms. They are known from the littoral to the sublittoral zone (extending to the deep hot vents), and many species are common from coral reefs. Only a few species are found in freshwater habitats.
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Norman is a human rights activist, regularly touring the country as part of the Black History Mobile Museum speaking about gender, race, and Hollywood. Norman is also vocal about animal rights; she works with a number of organizations to promote veganism and cruelty-free living.
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Raap, T.; Sun, J.; Pinxten, R. & Eens, M. (2017). "Disruptive effects of light pollution on sleep in free-living birds: Season and/or light intensity-dependent?". Behavioural Processes: 144. In this study, birds woke up earlier due to ALAN factors such as seasonal timekeeping.
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The common watersnake mates from April through June. It is ovoviviparous (live- bearing), which means it does not lay eggs like many other snakes. Instead, the mother carries the eggs inside her body and gives birth to free-living young, each one long.Conant R (1975).
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It is a characteristic feature of cnidarians. For example, Obelia has feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles; and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusaearyana. Balanced polymorphism refers to the maintenance of different phenotypes in population.
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Mycoplasma hominis is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma. M.hominis has the ability to penetrate the interior of human cells. Along with ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms known. They have no cell wall and therefore do not Gram stain.
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3, p. 621, . Rösel's illustrations show an unidentifiable freshwater amoeba, similar in appearance to the common species now known as Amoeba proteus. The term "Proteus animalcule" remained in use throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, as an informal name for any large, free-living amoeboid.
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Upon dissecting a fig, one can see the wings of the wasps at the opening of the fig and adult wasps, larvae, and eggs are found within the fig. Because these wasps are free-living, they only live for a few days or weeks.
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Rhinella ruizi occurs in high- Andean interior forests at elevations of above sea level. Development is probably direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). It is a common species within its range and it may tolerate a low degree of habitat perturbation.
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J. N. Sasser and W. R. Jenkins, eds. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. From 1750 to the early 1900s, nematology research continued to be descriptive and taxonomic, focusing primarily on free-living nematodes and plant and animal parasites.Van Gundy, S. D. (1987).
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Hydroids in this family can be solitary or colonial. When colonial, the hydranths or hydroid polyps are either linked by stolons or are branched. The hydranths have one or more whorls of fine tentacles. The gonophores are free-living medusae or are fixed sporosacs.
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Leptopelis karissimbensis occurs at elevations of above sea level. It is associated with forests and wetlands within forests, and towards the high end of its elevational range, seasonally flooded marshes. Reproduction is unknown but presumably involves free-living larvae. Leptopelis karissimbensis is locally abundant.
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Its natural habitats are premontane and lower montane wet forests at elevations of above sea level. It has been found along streams at both pristine and moderately disturbed sites. Reproduction takes place in stream margins; the development is direct (i.e., without free-living tadpole stage).
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Pristimantis racemus occurs in páramos at elevations of above sea level. It is mostly found in gramineous or sparse vegetation. Development is direct (no free-living larvae); the female may "brood" her eggs. It is a common species that is not facing known threats.
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Cophixalus riparius is found in montane rainforests among boulders and grass near streams at elevations of above sea level. Development is direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). This species is common and adaptable, probably able to withstand a degree of habitat degradation.
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Eleutherodactylus gundlachi occurs closed mesic forests at elevations of or above sea level. It is a terrestrial species; males call from the ground. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage. It is a common species in suitable habitat, but its range is restricted.
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JÁN LAKOTA, ROMAN LOHAJ, GEJZA DUNAY. TAXONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE GENUS SCOTOPLANETES. NAT. CROAT. VOL. 19 No 1 99–110 ZAGREB June 30, 2010 from Herzegovina. In contrast, none of the free-living related carabids have such sensory setae on the elytra.
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Mallomonas lacuna is a species of heterokont algae. It is a tiny free-living cell, about the width of a human hair. It has ornate scales and bristles, as well as long spines. It is a relatively common part of lake or pond plankton.
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Mallomonas hexareticulata is a species of heterokont algae. It is a tiny free- living cell, about the width of a human hair. It has ornate scales and bristles, as well as long spines. It is a relatively common part of lake or pond plankton.
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Mallomonas pseudomatvienkoae is a species of heterokont algae. It is a tiny free-living cell, about the width of a human hair. It has ornate scales and bristles, as well as long spines. It is a relatively common part of lake or pond plankton.
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Mallomonas sorohexareticulata is a species of heterokont algae. It is a tiny free-living cell, about the width of a human hair. It has ornate scales and bristles, as well as long spines. It is a relatively common part of lake or pond plankton.
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Ancyromonads are small free-living cells with a narrow longitudinal groove down one side of the cell. The ancyromonad groove is not used for 'suspension feeding', unlike in 'typical excavates' (e.g. malawimonads, jakobids, Trimastix, Carpediemonas, Kiperferlia, etc). Ancyromonads instead capture prokaryotes attached to surfaces.
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It is a semi-fossorial frog that lives on the ground. The eggs are deposited under grass tufts in burrows and have direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage). This species tolerates marginally disturbed habitats and can locally be relatively common.
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Mycoplasmal bacteria are also known as mollicutes. They are the simplest and the smallest free-living prokaryotes. Mycoplasmal bacteria have been found in the pleural cavities of cattle suffering from pleuropneumonia. These organisms are often called MLO (mycoplasma-like organisms) or PPLO (pleuropneumonia-like organisms).
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Slowed decomposition is biotically mediated in an ectomycorrhizal, tropical rain forest. Oecologia, 164: 785-795. A theoretical ecosystem model recently demonstrated that greater access to organic nitrogen by mycorrhizal fungi should slow decomposition of soil carbon by free-living decomposers by inducing nutrient limitation.
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Moreover, it has been collected from the feathers and droppings from free-living birds. A. clavatus is also common is decomposing materials. Their ability to resist strongly alkaline conditions, allows them to act as decomposition catalysts in situations where other fungus usually do not function.
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In addition to the mobile phase flagellate stages also produces a cyst. R. euleeides is a free-living marine flagellate. In the trophic stage, the cells are predominantly elliptical and flattened laterally, but often change their shape . Slippage is the predominant form of locomotion.
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Mermithids are wire-like and have a smooth cuticle with layers of spiral fibres. The digestive tract is similar to that of free-living nematodes only in the young larvae prior to their parasitic life; in the parasitic stages the oesophagus is disconnected from the mid-intestine, and females lack an anus. The female genital opening is at the midbody, while the male opening is at the tip and visible as one or two spicules. The eggs are laid either in water or on land, and the newly hatched larvae are free-living, as are the adults that emerge from the hosts to lay eggs.
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Ketterson and her trainees, with her longtime collaborator and partner Val Nolan, Jr., have conducted long-term field studies combined with experimental manipulation of free-living dark-eyed juncos at the Mountain Lake Biological Station in Virginia since the 1970s. Early in her career, Ketterson focused on differential migration, a pattern of movement in which females migrate farther than males. Ketterson developed the experimental approach of manipulating levels of the hormone testosterone in free-living birds and comparing behavior, physiology, and fitness to controls in order to study the evolution of life history trade-offs. She coined the coined the term ‘phenotypic engineering’ to describe this approach.
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The genome of P. ubique strain HTCC1062 was completely sequenced in 2005 showing that P. ubique has the smallest genome (1,308,759 bp) of any free living organism encoding only 1,354 open reading frames (1,389 genes total). The only species with smaller genomes are intracellular symbionts and parasites, such as Mycoplasma genitalium or Nanoarchaeum equitans It has the smallest number of open reading frames of any free living organism, and the shortest intergenic spacers, but it still has metabolic pathways for all 20 amino acids and most co-factors. Its genome has been streamlined. This streamlining concept is important because it reduces the amount of energy required for cell replication.
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If both forms are required, the organisms are mixotrophic sensu stricto. Some free-living dinoflagellates do not have chloroplasts, but host a phototrophic endosymbiont. A few dinoflagellates may use alien chloroplasts (cleptochloroplasts), obtained from food (kleptoplasty). Some dinoflagellates may feed on other organisms as predators or parasites.
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Catenulida is an order of flatworms in the classical classification, or a class of flatworms in a phylogenetic approach. They are relatively small free- living flatworms, inhabiting freshwater and marine environments. There are about 100 species described worldwide, but the simple anatomy makes species distinction problematic.
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Sarah Gadon A free-living journalist, portrayed by Sarah Gadon. She is the sister of Dr. Julia Ogden, and encourages Julia to be with Detective Murdoch. She also flirts with George Crabtree and Murdoch, making her sister Julia very jealous. She is first seen with Harry Houdini .
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Gegeneophis ramaswamii occurs in wet evergreen forests, plantations, low-intensity agricultural land, at forest fringes, and along streams and rivers at elevations below . It is largely subterranean and lives in soil. The eggs are laid terrestrially. The development is direct, without a free-living larval stage.
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The genome sequence of the strain was fully determined.NCBI Genome The type strain dwells as a free-living, planktonic bacterium in the water column of the lake, thus is part of freshwater bacterioplankton. Among the described Polynucleobacter species, P. hirudinilacicola is closest related to P. campilacus.
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This analysis showed the thermophily of S. thermophila and T. pallidum arose from a common ancestor between them and B. burgdorferi that was a mesophile. This was an interesting revelation because it was previously assumed that the thermophilic, free-living spirochaetes gave rise to all extant spirochaetes.
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Sinorhiozbium medicae is a species of gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing, rod- shaped bacteria. They can be free-living or symbionts of leguminous plants in root nodules. S.medicae was first isolated from root nodules on plants in the genus Medicago. Some strains of S.medicae, like WSM419, are aerobic.
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Pilargidae is a family of polychaetes. These marine worms are cylindrical, somewhat flattened, and can be ribbon-like. They can be found free-living on sediment, or shallowly in sediment. Some species within the genera Hermundura and Litocorsa are known to burrow, having reduced heads and parapodia.
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The larvae of Integripalpians are polypod (poorly sclerotized detritivores, with abdominal prolegs in addition to thoracic legs, living permanently in tight-fitting cases). The affinities of the third suborder, Spicipalpia, are unclear; the larvae are free-living with no cases, instead creating net-like traps from silk.
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Pristimantis variabilis occurs in primary and secondary forests and in disturbed areas at elevations of above sea level. It can be found on low vegetation at night and on the forest floor during the day. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Pristimantis vertebralis occurs in cloud forests and in humid and temperate montane forests at elevations of above sea level. It has been found near streams and in bromeliads. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. Pristimantis vertebralis is rare in most parts of its range.
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Development is direct (i.e., no free-living larval stage). This species is threatened by habitat destruction and deforestation caused by subsistence farming and charcoaling; also mining is a potential threat. It occurs in the Alejandro de Humboldt National Park, but the park is not effectively managed.
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Pristimantis repens occurs in sub-páramo and páramo as well as high-Andean forest habitats at elevations of above sea level. Specimens have been found under rocks or inside the sparse páramo vegetation. Breeding is by direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
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Oreophryne brachypus is an arboreal species that occurs in lowland rainforests, degraded forests, and gardens at elevations up to about above sea level, perhaps higher. Males call from bushes and trees at night. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. It is an abundant species.
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Copiula pipiens occurs in open secondary woodland slightly above sea level in the Wewak area, and in degraded forest on the Yapen Island at above sea level. Presumably, it has direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). Copiula pipiens is a common species.
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The holotype was collected from Kosarek at above sea level. No further information on its habitat is available, but it presumably occurs in rainforest and has direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage). Sufficient data to assess conservation status of this species are lacking.
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Choerophryne valkuriarum occurs in mid-montane rainforest and on the forest edge at elevations of above sea level. It has been found in a few rural gardens but does not tolerate severe habitat degradation. Development is presumably direct; i.e., there is no free- living larval stage.
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Eleutherodactylus emiliae occurs in closed-canopy, humid forests at elevations of above sea level. It is a terrestrial species that can be found under rocks, trunks, and among the rhizomes of tree ferns. Eggs are deposited on the ground. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage.
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Mallomonas pleuriforamen is an extinct species of heterokont algae. It was first found in Middle Eocene lacustrine deposits from northwestern Canada. It was a tiny free-living cell, about the width of a human hair. It had ornate scales and bristles, as well as long spines.
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Mites are small crawling animals related to ticks and spiders. Most mites are free-living and harmless. Other mites are parasitic, and those that infest livestock animals cause many diseases that are widespread, reduce production and profit for farmers, and are expensive to control.Wall, R. (2001).
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Colpidium colpoda are free-living ciliates commonly found in many freshwater environments including streams, rivers, lakes and ponds across the world. Colpidium colpoda is also frequently found inhabiting wastewater treatment plants. This species is used as an indicator of water quality and waste treatment plant performance.
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Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw.: une nouvelle espèce d'orchidée pour le Canton de Genève. Saussurea 23: 15-21. He also participated in a multidisciplinary study of the free-living fauna and flora of Basel's Zoo.Burckhardt, D. , Billen, W., Cuénoud, P., Mühlethaler, R., Thieme T. & Wyniger, D. (2008).
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The classification of the free-living nematodes and their relationship to the parasitic nematode. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection. Publication 3216, Leiden: E. J. Brill. 66ppStoll, N. R., R. Ph. Dollfus, J. Forest, N. D. Riley, C. W. Sabrosky, C. W. Wright, and R. V. Melville, eds. 1964.
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In north-western Guatemala, Bradytriton silus is known from both disturbed and undisturbed wet forest at an elevation of about above sea level. Specimens were found under pieces of wood and logs. Development is presumably direct (i.e., no free-living larval stage) and not dependent on water.
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Bacteriovoracaceae is a family of gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. All members have a two-part life cycle consisting of a free-living motile "attack phase" and a "predatory phase" that lives in the periplasm of other gram- negative bacteria. Bacteriovoracaceae are found in freshwater and in the soil.
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Eleutherodactylid frogs vary considerably in size, from the minuscule Eleutherodactylus iberia (female snout–vent length ) to the relative giant E. inoptatus (female snout–vent length ). Except for the ovoviviparous E. jasperi, these frogs have direct development: no free-living tadpole stage exists; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets.
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The first record of an aquatic fungus living in the pitcher organ of a carnivorous plant came from a specimen of N. mirabilis growing along the Jardine River in Australia. The mycelial fungus was observerd as both free- living in the trap's fluid and attached to chitinous insect remains.
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Euplotes is a genus of ciliates in the subclass Euplotia. Species are widely distributed in marine and freshwater environments, as well as soil and moss. Most members of the genus are free-living, but two species have been recorded as commensal organisms in the digestive tracts of sea urchins.
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Colpodella is a genus of alveolates comprising 5 species, and two further possible species: They share all the synapomorphies of apicomplexans, but are free-living, rather than parasitic. Many members of this genus were previously assigned to a different genus - Spiromonas. The type species is Colpodella pugnax Cienkowski 1865.
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Asexual stages in mollusc intermediate hosts feed mostly by direct absorption, although the redia stage found in some groups does have a mouth, pharynx and simple gut and may actively consume host tissue or even other parasites. Encysted metacercarial stages and free-living cercarial stages do not feed.
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The eggs hatch within 2–4 days. The free-living and swimming larva, the oncomiracidium, is viable for 4-8 h and should find a host within this delay. After attachment, the oncomiracidium transforms into an adult in 4–7 days. The parasite produces eggs after 7 days.
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Lichens reproduce by means of spores or vegetatively. This characteristic is also seen in free-living fungi and many other plants. There are three common spore-bearing structures found in lichens: the apothecium, the perithecium and the pycnidium. The apothecium is described as being either sessile or immersed.
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Members of Roseobacter clade display diverse physiologies, and are commonly found to be either free living, particle associated, or in commensal relationships with marine phytoplankton, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Roseobacter are similar with phytoplankton in ways of living. Both of them colonize surface, scavenge iron and produce bioactive secondary metabolites.
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Mr. Free has a house which is slated for demolition. He puts an ad in a newspaper advertising free living quarters to anyone who helps him find a mysterious lost object hidden in the house. Four strangers (a mystic, a private eye, a prostitute, and a salesman) arrive.
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Arthroleptis schubotzi occurs in closed tropical forest, forest edges, savanna, and agricultural areas outside forest at elevations of approximately above sea level, perhaps wider. It is an adaptable leaf-litter species. It breeds by direct development, (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage) thereby not depending on water.
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Egg formation in M. javanica has been studied in detail, and is similar to egg formation in the well studied, free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.Wood, W. B. 1988 Introduction to C.elegans. In::The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, W. B. Wood (Ed), Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York. pp 1 – 16.
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Craugastor stadelmani occurs in premontane and lower montane wet forests at elevations of above sea level. Reproduction takes place through direct development (i.e., without free-living larval stage) on the ground along streams. Craugastor stadelmani was formerly a relatively common species, but populations underwent dramatic declines in the 1990s.
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Micronuclearia is a genus of free-living protozoa. While originally thought to be a nucleariid, as reflected in the name, it is now inferred to be a member of the taxon Rigifilida, and to belong to the 'CRuMs' assemblage (whereas nucleariids are opisthokonts). The type species is Micronuclearia podoventralis.
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Some pathogens have used this to their advantage, however, and evolved to be able to avoid being broken down and, thus, survive encased in the amoeba – this includes Holosporaceae, Pseudomonaceae, Burkholderiacceae, among others.Greub, G., & Raoult, D. (2004). Microorganisms Resistant to Free-Living Amoebae. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 413–33.
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The free-living flagellate Trimastix is closely related to the oxymonads. It lacks mitochondria and has four flagella separated by a preaxostyle, but unlike the oxymonads has a feeding groove. This character places the Oxymonads and Trimastix among the Excavata, and in particular they may belong to the metamonads.
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Free-living Poynucleobacter bacteria represent important members of bacterioplankton in freshwater systems such as lakes, ponds, and streams.Jezberová, J., J. Jezbera, U. Brandt, E.S. Lindström, S. Langenheder, and M.W. Hahn (2010). Ubiquity of Polynucleobacter necessarius ssp. asymbioticus in lentic freshwater habitats of a heterogenous 2000 km2 area. Environ. Microbiol.
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Cornufer macrops occurs on steep mountain slopes in dense forest and along streams, but not on ridge tops, at elevations of above sea level. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage) and the eggs are laid on the ground. Cornufer macrops is an uncommon species.
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Platymantis spelaeus live in limestone karst and caves in forested limestone areas at elevations of above sea level. They can be very common and abundant during the rainy season, but are rarely encountered during the dry season. Development is direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
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Free living stolon. Polypodium hydriforme is an endocellular parasite with an unusual life cycle, a peculiar morphology, and high rates of DNA evolution. Polypodium spends most of its life inside the oocytes of acipenseriform fishes (sturgeons and paddlefish). Its hosts include Acipenser ruthenus, Polyodon spathula and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus.
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From April to June, they care for their young. Fledglings are ready to leave the nest before monsoon.Krishnaprasadan, T. N., Kotak, V. C., Sharp, P. J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. (1988). Environmental and hormonal factors in seasonal breeding in free-living male Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri).
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Desulfotomaculum are straight or curved rods, are highly heat resistant and a free-living fixer of atmospheric nitrogen. They are motile with a peritrichous flagella and are common inhabitants of soil, water, geothermal run-off, insect intestines and in rumen. They also cause "sulphide stinker" spoilage of canned foods.
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The life cycle of C. oncophora is direct. Free-living L3 stage larvae residing on the pasture are taken up by grazing cattle and pass to the small intestine. Here, they molt to L4 larvae and then to adults. Eggs are passed in the faeces to the pasture.
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It was widely thought that avian blood had special properties which attributed to a very efficient extraction and transportation of oxygen in comparison to mammalian blood. This is not true; there is no real difference in the efficiency of the blood, and both mammals and birds use a hemoglobin molecule as the primary oxygen carrier with little to no difference in oxygen carrying capacity. Captivity and age have been seen to have an effect on the blood composition of the American flamingo. A decrease in white blood cell numbers was predominate with age in both captive and free living flamingos, but captive flamingos showed a higher white blood cell count than free living flamingos.
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This model locates the "last universal common ancestor" (LUCA) within the inorganically formed physical confines of an alkaline hydrothermal vent, rather than assuming the existence of a free-living form of LUCA. The last evolutionary step en route to bona fide free-living cells would be the synthesis of a lipid membrane that finally allows the organisms to leave the microcavern system of the vent. This postulated late acquisition of the biosynthesis of lipids as directed by genetically encoded peptides is consistent with the presence of completely different types of membrane lipids in archaea and bacteria (plus eukaryotes). The kind of vent at the foreground of their suggestion is chemically more similar to the warm (ca.
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When the attaching larva hatches it still looks like an embryo, and immediately attaches itself to the ous legs of the father, where it will stay until it has turned into a small and young juvenile with two or three pairs of walking legs ready for a free-living existence.
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Azotobacter vinelandii is Gram-negative diazotroph that can fix nitrogen while grown aerobically. It is a genetically tractable system that is used to study nitrogen fixation. These bacteria are easily cultured and grown. A. vinelandii is a free-living N2 fixer known to produce many phytohormones and vitamins in soils.
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It does this only during the juvenile stage. After reaching maturity, it ceases to feed and becomes a free-living, benthic organism. It survives on the blood it has consumed until the time of its death. During this period, believed to be about two to three weeks, it seeks to reproduce.
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Open brain corals can be solitary or colonial. They are small corals, rarely reaching over 20 cm in diameter. They are free-living and exhibit a flabello-meandroid growth form, meaning they have distinct valley regions separated by walls. In colonial forms, the valley regions can contain multiple individual polyps.
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Thoracica is a superorder of crustaceans which contains the most familiar species of barnacles found on rocky coasts, such as Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus. They have six well-developed limbs, and may be either stalked or sessile. The carapace is heavily calcified. The group includes free-living and commensal species.
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Mammomonogamus auris is a free-living nematode has been reported to infect cats. M. auris is a species of nematodes in the family Syngamidae. They are parasites of the nasal sinuses and trachea of mammals. Cases of M. auris infection have been reported in Asia and Micronesia (Saipan), causing otitis interna.
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In biochemistry, the oxygen effect refers to a tendency for increased radiosensitivity of free living cells and organisms in the presence of oxygen than in anoxic or hypoxic conditions, where the oxygen tension is less than 1% of atmospheric pressure (i.e., <1% of 101.3 kPa, 760 mmHg or 760 torr).
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Pseudophilautus singu occurs in lowland and mid-elevation rainforests at above sea level. Males have been found perched in vegetation some above the ground. The eggs are laid in a depression in the soil; the eggs are later covered by the female. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage.
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Although fixed to the substrate as a juvenile, this coral becomes detached later and is free-living as an adult. It is circular or oval with a diameter of up to and height of . The corallum (stony skeleton) is thick and solid. The septa (stony ridges) are in several orders.
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Bernal regarded the third stage, in which biological reactions were incorporated behind a cell's boundary, as the most difficult. Modern work on the way that cell membranes self-assemble, and the work on micropores in various substrates, may be a key step towards understanding the development of independent free-living cells.
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Azotobacter chroococcum is a bacterium that has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. It was discovered by Martinus Beijerinck in 1901, and was the first aerobic, free-living nitrogen fixer discovered. A. chroococcum could be useful for nitrogen fixation in crops as a biofertilizer, fungicide, and nutrient indicator, and in bioremediation.
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The natural habitats of Arthroleptis tanneri are montane forests at elevations of above sea level. It is in a leaf-litter species that has not been recorded outside good-quality forest. It is presumed to have direct development (i.e., no free-living tadpole stage), like all the other Arthroleptis species.
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When the eggs hatch, they develop in to rediae. These undergo asexual reproduction and multiply before becoming motile cercariae. The cercariae are few in number and large in size, in comparison to their small gastropod host. They emerge from the snail into the water at night and become free-living.
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Pristimantis pseudoacuminatus inhabits primary and secondary forests and flooded forests at elevations of above sea level. It is primarily nocturnal and occurs both among leaf litter on the ground and in low vegetation, often in epiphytes. Reproduction is presumably direct, without free-living larval stage. This species uncommon but widespread.
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Callulops personatus occurs in lowland rainforest, secondary forest, and anthropogenic grassland at elevations of above sea level, perhaps lower. The holotype was collected from the mouth of one-foot deep burrow and was spotted based on its call. Presumably, development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Its natural habitats are primary or secondary lowland rainforests and cloudforests, and have been found at altitudes up to above sea level. It is a fossorial species that can be moderately common several centimeters beneath the soil surface. Development is presumably direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Pristimantis actinolaimus occurs in the understory of primary humid forest at elevations of above sea level. The type series was collected from low vegetation, no higher than 1.5 m above the ground. The eggs are laid on the ground and have direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Lynchius flavomaculatus lives in the páramo habitats at the elevations of asl. It is a terrestrial frog that probably has direct development (i.e., no free-living larvae). It is a rare species that is threatened by habitat destruction and degradation caused by agriculture and non-timber plantations, potentially also fires.
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Rhabditida is an order of free-living, zooparasitic, and phytoparasitic microbivorous nematodes living in soil. The Cephalobidae, Panagrolaimidae, Steinernematidae, and Strongyloididae seem to be closer to the Tylenchia, regardless of whether these are merged with the Rhabditia or not.Tree of Life Web Project (2002b): Nematoda. Version of 2002-JAN-01.
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Infection and Immunity, 3759–67. Studies have shown that T. gondii oocysts can live within amoebas after being engulfed for at least 14 days without significant obliteration of the parasite.Winiecka-Krusnell, J., Dellacasa-Lindberg, I., Dubey, J., & Barragan, A. (2009). Toxoplasma gondii: Uptake and survival of oocysts in free-living amoebae.
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To improve phosphorus nutrition, the use of phosphate- solubilising bacteria (PSB) such as Agrobacterium radiobacter has also received attention (Belimov et al., 1995a; 1995b; Singh & Kapoor, 1999). As the name suggests, PSB are free-living bacteria that break down inorganic soil phosphates to simpler forms that enable uptake by plants.
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The calls of Yapen males consist of single creaks, small groups of creaks with comparatively long and often irregular inter-note intervals, and longer series of creaks. Males guard the eggs. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. On Yapen, a male was observed carrying eight juveniles on his back.
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Fungia sp. Corals of Fungia fungites are mostly solitary, some attaining in diameter. The juveniles attach themselves to rock but larger individuals detach themselves and become free living. They are found in various bright colours including white, pink, red, purple, blue and yellow and are popular with keepers of reef aquariums.
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Cornufer heffernani is a very rare species that is found on low vegetation and trees in tropical rain forests. It can also be found in good- quality secondary forests. It has direct development, that is, it breeds without free-living tadpole stage. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging.
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Aceria anthocoptes is a 'free-living' eriophyid. Because of its life history and its morphology, this mite is considered to be a vagrant species. This mite can be found in a number of European countries and in the United States. As of 2001, it is known to exist in 21 countries.
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Polynucleobacter sinensis is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from a freshwater pond in China. The species represents planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in non-acidic freshwater systems. The species name refers to the origin of the type strain from China.
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Ctenactis echinata is a free-living species of solitary disc coral in the family Fungiidae. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. This is a common species throughout its wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".
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Although widespread in the Neotropics, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Megalomyrmex species are never abundant. They occur in low to middle elevation wet to dry forest habitats. Some species are free-living with large diffuse nests in the soil (e.g. Megalomyrmex modestus) or small nests in dead wood (e.g.
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Features suggesting a relationship with the hornworts include the general form of its sporangia; its corm also resembles the foot of some hornworts. The free living nature of its sporophytes, and the fact that they branching repeatedly, are marked differences which force it into the stem group of tracheophytes (along with Aglaophyton).
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Reesimermis nielseni is a nematode in the family Mermithidae. It is a parasite of the larvae of mosquitoes, spending part of its life cycle in its host's body cavity and part in the water as a free-living worm. It has been investigated as a biological pest control agent to control mosquitoes.
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Chlorobium chlorochromatii, strain CaD, was originally isolated from the phototrophic microbial consortium Chlorochromatium aggregatum. The ability of this epibiont to grow in pure culture indicates that it is not an obligately symbiotic organism. Despite this fact, C. chlorochromatii has never been found in a free-living state in naturally occurring bacterial communities.
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Whereas males grow to only about in length, females can grow from . Both sexes also possess a tiny buccal capsule and cylindrical esophagus without a posterior bulb. In the free-living stage, the esophagi of both sexes are rhabditiform. Males can be distinguished from females by two structures: the spicules and gubernaculum.
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Planktonic prokaryotes are further defined into two categories, free-living or particle associated. The two are separated by filtration. Particle-associated bacteria are often difficult to study, because marine snow aggregates are often ranging in sizes from 0.2 to 200 μm, sampling efforts are often difficult. These aggregates are hotspots for microbial activity.
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The Placozoa are a basal form of marine free-living (non-parasitic) multicellular organism. They are the simplest in structure of all animals. Three genera have been found: the classical Trichoplax adhaerens, Hoilungia hongkongensis, and Polyplacotoma mediterranea, where the last appears most basal. The last two have been found only since 2017.
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Most members of Vampyrella obligatorily alternate between a free living trophozoite stage and cyst stage. In the trophozoite stage amoebae are free moving. Vampyrella is characterized by a roughly spherical shape, however, it often changes shapeLeidy, J., Biodiversity Heritage Library, & Canadian Libraries. (1879). Fresh-water rhizopods of north America. p. 253-256.
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The MacrostomidaMeixner, J. 1924. Über das Ovarium von Microstomum lineare (Müll.) und die Abscheidungsfolge des Schalen- und Dottermaterials bei rhabdocoelen Turbellarien. Zool. Anz. 58:195-213. are a taxon of small basal free-living flatworms (Turbellaria, Platyhelminthes), which inhabit freshwater, brackish, and marine environments. The taxon name was coined by Josef Meixner (1924).
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The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, has recently been circumscribed for them. Most species of the Entomophthorales are pathogens of insects. A few attack nematodes, mites, and tardigrades, and some (particularly species of the genus Conidiobolus) are free-living saprotrophs.
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Chivers, D. P., & Smith, J. F. (1995). Free-living fathead minnows rapidly learn to recognize pike as predators.Journal of Fish Biology, 46, 949–954. Prey fishes with chemical predator recognition abilities can inhabit areas with low visibility and more quickly detect ambush predators like the fathead minnow's primary predator, the northern pike.
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Polynucleobacter sphagniphilusHahn MW, Karbon G, Koll U, Schmidt J, Lang E. (2017) Polynucleobacter sphagniphilus sp. nov. a planktonic freshwater bacterium isolated from an acidic and humic freshwater habitat. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67:3261-3267. , is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.
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Mark Carwardine (1995) The Guinness Book of Animal Records. Guinness Publishing. p. 232. Various types of worm occupy a small variety of parasitic niches, living inside the bodies of other animals. Free-living worm species do not live on land, but instead, live in marine or freshwater environments, or underground by burrowing.
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In other words, these obligately host- associated bacteria accumulate mutations. They also accumulate deleterious mutations through Muller's Ratchet, such that genome reduction reflects an evolutionary phenomenon known as genetic drift. Her research continued to involve sequencing genes of symbionts through whole genome sequencing and comparing them to free-living relatives using comparative genomics.
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Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. The ecological roles of these fungi are diverse and still poorly understood. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems. Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles.
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The holotype was found under moss at the foot of a tree at an elevation of about above sea level. This species presumably lives in rainforest and breeds by direct development, (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage), as other Callulops (and asterophryinids in general). Threats to this species are unknown.
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Austrochaperina adamantina has been recorded from elevations between above sea level (the upper limit is imprecise and could be lower). Its ecological requirements are unknown but it is presumably a forest inhabitant that breeds by direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage), as its congeners. Threats to it are unknown.
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Distribution of Pristimantis euphronides is limited to central and southeast Grenada at elevations between above sea level. Its natural habitats are rainforests as well as forest edges and montane meadows surrounded by agriculture. The eggs are deposited on the ground and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
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The eggs are carried on the female's back and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage). This species can be locally abundant, but it has declined in many places where it used to be common. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development.
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Mesostigmata is an order of mites belonging to the Parasitiformes. Unlike most members of that group, many of these mites are not parasitic but free-living and predatory. They can be recognized by the single pair of spiracles positioned laterally on the body. The family with the most described species is Phytoseiidae.
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The life stages of dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. (A) Electron micrographs of a Symbiodinium mastigote (motile cell) with characteristic gymnodinioid morphology (S. natans; Hansen & Daugbjerg 2009) and (B) the coccoid cell in hospite. As free-living cells the mastigote allows for short-range dispersal and can exhibit chemotaxis toward sources of nitrogen.
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Dactylogyrus vastator has one host and no intermediate hosts. New hosts are located and infected by free-living larvae (oncomiracidium). D. vastator lives in the gills of carp species, including goldfish. The adult lays eggs on the gill filaments which are then washed out of the gill cavity and into the water.
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All members of this phylum are parasitic and evolved from a free-living ancestor. This lifestyle is presumed to have evolved at the time of the divergence of dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. Further evolution of this phylum has been estimated to have occurred about . The oldest extant clade is thought to be the archigregarines.
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Male gnats often assemble in large mating swarms, or ghosts, particularly at dusk. Gnat larvae are mostly free-living, and some are aquatic. Many feed on plants, though some are carnivorous. Larval plant feeders (such as the Hessian fly larva) cause root, stem, or leaf galls to be formed by the host plant.
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Kinetoplastids may be free-living or parasitic. The order trypanosomatida is notable as it includes many genera which are exclusively parasitic. Trypanosomatids may have simple life cycles in a single host or more complex ones which progress through multiple differentiation stages in two hosts. Dramatic morphological changes are possible between lifecycle stages.
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Microstigmatidae is a small family of spiders with about 25 described species in eight genera. They are small ground-dwelling and free-living spiders that make little use of silk. The family was removed from the family Dipluridae in 1981. The subfamily Pseudonemesiinae from the family Ctenizidae was also transferred into the Microstigmatidae.
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Both Claire and Alex appear to be rather superficial and do not share their spouse's emotional and artistic passions. John's sister Skelly also comes with a boy-friend. She is a flighty soul who never really settles anywhere or with anyone for long. She talks a lot about love and other free living.
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As the disease progresses, these spots become larger and darker with a spongy or hollow appearance. Tubers develop sunken areas and the skin becomes dry, cracked, and detached from the underlying flesh. There is further discoloration at this stage that is often due to secondary invasions of fungi, bacteria, and free-living nematodes.
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Bolitoglossa engelhardti inhabits pristine cloud forests at elevations of above sea level. It is an arboreal species often found in bromeliads, rarely on the ground. Breeding is direct (without free-living larvae) and not dependent on water. This species was formerly common, but appears to have declined and is now uncommon or rare.
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This species is known from hilly evergreen and mixed forests at elevations of above sea level. It is associated with swiftly flowing, clear rocky streams, but specimens have also been recorded away from water. They are typically found above the ground in forest vegetation. Breeding probably involves free-living tadpoles developing in streams.
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Caenorhabditis elegans () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek caeno- (recent), rhabditis (rod- like)καινός (caenos) = new, recent; ῥάβδος (rhabdos) = rod, wand. and Latin elegans (elegant).
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The euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate Excavata. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the euglenids and kinetoplastids. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around in size, although some euglenids get up to long.
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M. rubrum is a free-living marine ciliate. It is reddish in colour and form dark-red mass during blooming. Its body is almost spherical, looking like a miniature sunflower with its radiating hair-like cilia on its body surface. It measures up to 100 μm in length and 75 μm in width.
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Pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes) are free-sporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating, free-living gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. The root system is always adventitious. The stem is either underground or aerial.
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The infection site in the adult worm occurs at the stomach where the female attaches to, but parasite could also be free-living as found in rectum and intestine of fishes. As for immature Hedruris spinigera, the site of infection occurs at hemocoelomic cavity, where the worms are coiled but not encysted.
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Polynucleobacter yangtzensis is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, sometimes motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from Yangtze River in the City of Nanjing (China). The species represents planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in alkaline freshwater systems. The species name refers to the origin of the type strain.
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This differs from many other free-living birds who forage relatively constantly throughout the day, with the risk of starvation being the main driving factor for their foraging patterns. Rock firefinches are dominant over another species of estrildid finches of the area, L. senegala, and therefore exclude them from abundant food patches.
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Initially, members of Sappinia were thought to be only coprozoic, as they were first found in animal feces; however, they have now been found in many other habitats, and are considered typical free living amoebae. Sappinia species are found worldwide in soil, plant litter, and standing decaying plants, freshwater ponds, and have also been found in the feces of horses, lizards, bison, elk, buffalo, and dogs. They are heterotrophic, and feed mostly on bacteria and smaller amoebae.Corsaro, D., Wylezich, C., Walochnik, J., Venditti, D., & Michel, R. 2016: Molecular identification of bacterial endosymbionts of Sappinia strains. Parasitology Research, 116(2), 549-558. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5319-4 Sappinia species, like many other free-living amoebae, play an important role in nutrient cycling in soil.
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Spirorbis spirorbis are cross fertilising hermaphrodites, who brood their young in a tube attached to the worm inside the shell. The larvae are released at an advanced stage of development and spend just a few hours as free-living organisms before attaching themselves to the nearest suitable surface, often the same seaweed as the parent.
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Miltefosine, sold under the trade name Impavido among others, is a medication mainly used to treat leishmaniasis and free-living amoeba infections such as Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris. This includes the three forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous, visceral and mucosal. It may be used with liposomal amphotericin B or paromomycin. It is taken by mouth.
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Motile larvae emerge from the jelly capsule after seven days of embryonic development. Early embryonic development occurs in moist mud after the pre-monsoon rains. The tadpoles are free-living and aquatic. The tadpole is oval and depressed with a brown body and a pale-brown to off-white tail that has translucent fins.
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All of the different species in genus Psalteriomonas are all free-living amoeboflagellates living worldwide in freshwater anaerobic sediments. Both the amoeboid stage and the flagellated stage of Psalteriomonas can feed on bacterial prey, like most heteroloboseans. Psalteriomonas forms an symbiotic relationship with methanogenic bacteria. This was first observed in the type species P. lanterna.
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Polynucleobacter aenigmaticusHahn, M.W., Koll, U., Karbon, G., Schmidt, J., and Lang, E. (2017) Polynucleobacter aenigmaticus sp. nov. isolated from the permanently anoxic monimolimnion of a temperate meromictic lake. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67:4646-4654. , is an aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.
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CFW can be used in both clinical mycology and parasitology. Free-living amoebae in ocular species can have cysts that can be vividly seen with the stain. These have been seen in eye-wash stations in laboratories. CFW can be used with the Papanicolaou stain to help strengthen the response of yeasts in Pap smears.
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Osornophryne bufoniformis occurs in montane forests, bush land, and páramo at elevations of above sea level. They can be found on fallen leaves and on the ground, but also in terrestrial bromeliads and on vegetation up to half a meter above the ground. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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The male advertisement call is a rather tonal, brief "tok", repeated once or twice (sometimes even three times). The males call at sites far from water (ponds or puddles). This, together with the large (diameter ) and heavily yolked eggs, suggests that L. brevirostris has direct development, i.e. there is no free-living tadpole stage.
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Paracatenula is a genus of millimeter sized free-living marine gutless catenulid flatworms. Paracatenula is found worldwide in warm temperate to tropical subtidal sediments. They are part of the interstitial meiofauna of sandy sediments. Adult Paracatenula lack a mouth and a gut and are associated with intracellular symbiotic alphaproteobacteria of the genus Candidatus. Riegeria.
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Aspidogaster conchicola is a trematode parasite of the Aspidogastrea subclass that commonly infects freshwater clams. It has not been well studied since it is of little economic or medical importance, but A. conchicola and its fellow aspidogastreans are of significant biological importance since they may represent a step between free-living and parasitic organisms.
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Pristimantis zophus occurs along streams inside primary or secondary forest or forest edge at elevations of above sea level. It can also occur in coffee plantations and along road sides. It is nocturnal and usually encountered perched on very low vegetation, no more than above the ground. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage.
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Veigaiidae is a family of mites belonging to the superorder Parasitiformes. However they are not parasitic but free-living and predatory and are found in soil and decaying organic matter. Some species are specialists of rocky shorelines. Members of this family can be distinguished by a hyaline appendage on the tarsus of the pedipalp.
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The developing embryos have umbrella-like external gills that spread out against the pouch wall, which is highly vascular. Gas exchange takes place through the wall of the pouch. There is no free-living tadpole stage for this species and when their development is complete, tiny froglets make their way out of the brood pouch.
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Merrick MJ, Edwards RA (1995). Nitrogen control in bacteria. Microbiol Review 59(4):604-22 Rhodobacter capsulatus—a free-living anaerobic phototroph containing a transcriptional nif gene regulatory system. R. capsulatus regulates nif gene expression through nifA in the same manner described before, but it uses a different nifA activator which initiates the NtrC.
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Cycloseris curvata is a species of disc coral in the family Fungiidae. Cyclosteris curvata is a mostly solitary free living scleractinian disc coral found in the indo-pacific region. They grow on soft substrates and are known to tolerate turbid waters. Like other anthozoan corals they lack a medusa stage characteristic of other cnidarians.
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The male is believed to dig the nest. Unusual amongst amphibians, they have direct development where eggs develop to small froglets without free-living tadpole stage. The nest needs to remain moist for successful development. The eggs take 26 days to develop and metamorphose, at which stage they leave the nest as 4-mm froglets.
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Sober living houses (SLHs) are "alcohol- and drug-free living environments for individuals attempting to maintain abstinence from alcohol and drugs". They are typically structured around 12-step programs or other recovery methodologies. Residents are often required to take drug tests and demonstrate efforts toward long-term recovery. Most SLHs serve only one gender.
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Pseudoeurycea rex occurs in coniferous forests of the temperate forest zone, par-like forest, and above tree line in open bunchgrass communities; its altitudinal range is above sea level, although it mostly occurs above . It can survive in degraded forest. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage. The types were collected from under logs.
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Kazakh shepherd with horse and dogs. Their job is to guard the sheep from predators. The directed pathway was a more deliberate and directed process initiated by humans with the goal of domesticating a free-living animal. It probably only came into being once people were familiar with either commensal or prey-pathway domesticated animals.
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It tolerates still water and low to moderate flow gradients, but usually not high flow areas.Strophitus undulatus. NatureServe. It lives in mud, sand, and gravel substrates. Like other freshwater mussels, this species releases larvae called glochidia, which must attach parasitically to a host organism, generally a fish, so they can develop into free-living juveniles.
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The fish that lives in a sea cucumber anus, Australian Geographic, 8 August 2014 Regardless of the habits of the adults, the larvae of pearlfish are free-living among the plankton. Pearlfish larvae can be distinguished by the presence of a long filament in front of their dorsal fins, sometimes with various appendages attached.
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Panagrolaimus detritophagus is a terrestrial free-living nematode (roundworm). It has been reported in California, South America and Europe. It is the type species of the genus Panagrolaimus. In 2018, it, along with another nematode species (Plectus parvus) became the first multicellular organism to be thawed back into a living state after prolonged cryopreservation.
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The process of characterizing and sequencing the strain D5610 is still undergoing investigation. Because this strain is still being investigated, no specific metabolism has been shown for L. clemsonensis. Yet, Legionella’s usual metabolism is a facultative intracellular pathogen that increases in large numbers inside free-living amoebae, as well as macrophages and other protozoa.
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Certain ceratioids rely on parabiotic reproduction. Free-living males and unparasitized females in these species never have fully developed gonads. Thus, males never mature without attaching to a female, and die if they cannot find one. At birth, male ceratioids are already equipped with extremely well-developed olfactory organs that detect scents in the water.
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Butterfoss, Viktors Berstis, Keith Uplinger, Jonathan Armstrong, MichaelRiffle, Erik Schweighofer, Bill Bovermann, David R. Goodlett, Trisha N. Davis,Dennis Shasha, Lars Malmstrom, and Richard Bonneau. Genome Research, August 8, 2011)Bonneau, R, Facciotti, MT, Reiss, DJ, Madar A, Baliga, NS, et al. A predictive model for transcriptional control of physiology in a free living cell. (2007) Cell.
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Parachlamydia acanthamoebae are bacterium that fall into the category of host- associated microorganisms. This bacterium lives within free-living amoebae that are an intricate part of their reproduction. Originally named Candidatus Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, its current scientific name was introduced shortly after. This species has shown to have over eighty percent 16S rRNA gene sequencing identity with the class Chlamydiae.
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Most free-living copepods feed directly on phytoplankton, catching cells individually. A single copepod can consume up to 373,000 phytoplankton per day. They generally have to clear the equivalent to about a million times their own body volume of water every day to cover their nutritional needs. Some of the larger species are predators of their smaller relatives.
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Parallel studies assessed Smr7C expression in S. meliloti 1021 under different biological conditions; i.e. bacterial growth in TY, minimal medium (MM) and luteolin-MM broth and endosymbiotic bacteria (i.e. mature symbiotic alfalfa nodules). Expression of Smr7C in free-living bacteria was found to be growth- dependent, being the gene strongly down-regulated when bacteria entered the stationary phase.
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Spores were released through a slit at the top of each lobe. The sporangia of Horneophyton contained trilete meiospores, the surfaces of which were decorated with short conical protuberances. The female gametophyte of the plant has been recognised and described as the form taxon Langiophyton mackiei. It grew to a height of around 6 cm, and was free living.
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Parorchis acanthus is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda. It is a parasitic castrator of the common periwinkle Littorina littorea. Unlike many trematode species it encysts on hard surfaces and not inside a second intermediate host. Free-living cercariae are released from the snail hosts to encyst on hard surfaces, generally the shells of bivalves.
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Habitats typically include freshwater rivers and lakes, with the highest abundance of organisms in stagnant water, where low-oxygen environments are common. Marine environments are also found to host pelobionts. Habitats in which pelobionts are found are organically rich. Though most pelobionts are free-living, some members are considered endobiotic, meaning they survive only in the guts of hosts.
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Erythraeidae is a family of mites belonging to the Trombidiformes. Larval forms of these mites are parasitic on various other arthropods, for example harvestmen, but the adults are free-living predators. These oval mites are rather large, usually reddish coloured and densely hairy. The legs, especially the first and fourth pairs, are long and adapted for running.
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It was estimated that about 25% of free-living adults in England had some variety of ocular lesions, which may lead to cases of bacterial infections and conjunctiva.Cousquer, G. O., Cooper, J. E., & Cobb, M. A. (2010). Conjunctival flora in tawny owls (Strix aluco). Concentrations of Enterobacteriaceae, which can be fatal to humans, are sometimes found in nest boxes.
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In most ferns, for example, in the leptosporangiate fern Dryopteris, the gametophyte is a photosynthetic free living autotrophic organism called a prothallus that produces gametes and maintains the sporophyte during its early multicellular development. However, in some groups, notably the clade that includes Ophioglossaceae and Psilotaceae, the gametophytes are subterranean and subsist by forming mycotrophic relationships with fungi.
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Extant lycophytes produce two different types of gametophytes. In the homosporous families Lycopodiaceae and Huperziaceae, spores germinate into bisexual free-living, subterranean and mycotrophic gametophytes that derive nutrients from symbiosis with fungi. In Isoetes and Selaginella, which are heterosporous, microspores and megaspores are dispersed from sporangia either passively or by active ejection. Microspores produce microgametophytes which the produce sperm.
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Microbial communities that form on the aggregates vary from the communities in the water column. The concentration of attached microbes are typically orders of magnitude larger than free-living microbes. Isolated bacterial cultures have up to 20-times more enzymatic activity within 2 hours of aggregate attachment. The dark ocean harbors around 65% of all pelagic Bacteria and Archaea.
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The light of the pineapplefish is produced by symbiotic colonies of the bacteria Vibrio fischeri within its photophores. V. fischeri are also found free-living in sea water and are naturally released from the pineapplefish's photophores. However, their luminescence dims within a matter of hours after being released. This species has lived up to 10 years in captivity.
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Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of fungal lineages suggest that EcM fungi have evolved and persisted numerous times from non-EcM ancestors such as humus and wood saprotrophic fungi. The estimates range from 7-16 to ~66 independent evolutions of EcM associations. Some studies suggest that reversals back to the ancestral free-living condition have occurred, but this is controversial.
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In November 2012, Kicinski launched Simply Gluten Free magazine, a national lifestyle magazine for gluten and allergen-free living. The magazine is written by gluten- and allergen-free writers as well as medical doctors and professionals. The magazine is published by Edgewater Park Media, Inc., a media company based in Dunedin, Florida, owned by Simply Gluten Free Omnimedia.
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Mature female of Chaetosoma chalaredii. a, Oesophagus; b, intestine; c, anus; d, ovary; e, generative pore; f, ventral bristles. Chaetosomatida is a small group of minute, free-living, aquatic organisms which are usually placed as an annex to the Nematoda. Indeed Mechnikov, to whom we owe much of our knowledge of these forms, calls them "creeping Nematoda".
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B. mandrillaris is a free-living, heterotrophic amoeba, consisting of a standard complement of organelles surrounded by a three- layered cell wall (thought to be made of cellulose), and with an abnormally large cell nucleus. On average, a Balamuthia trophozoite is about 30 to 120 μm in diameter. The cysts fall around this range, as well.
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Vampyrella is a genus of amoebae belonging to the vampyrellid cercozoans usually ranging from 30-60 um. Members of the genus alternate between two life stages: a free-living trophozoite stage and a cyst stage in which mitosis occurs.RÖPSTORF, P., HÜLSMANN, N., & HAUSMANN, K. (1994). Comparative fine structural investigations of interphase and mitotic nuclei of vampyrellid filose amoebae.
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Kamera lens is a free-living, swimming, heterotrophic organism. It is 6 to 7 by 2.5 to 3 micrometers on averageH. M. Woodcock: Observations on Coprozoic Flagellates: Together with a Suggestion as to the Significance of the Kinetonucleus in the Binucleata, In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Vol. 207, 1916, p.
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66: 2883–2892. it contains exclusively obligate endosymbionts dwelling in cells of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus and related species. This is in contrast to other species of the genus Polynucleobacter, which exclusively harbour free-living bacteria dwelling in the water column of freshwater systems (lake, ponds, puddles and running waters). The genome of P. necessarius has been completely sequenced.
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The Macrostomidaevan Beneden, E. 1870. Étude zoologique et anatomique du genre Macrostomum comprenant la description de deux especes nouvelles. Bulletin de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 30:116-133, one plate. are a family of small basal free-living flatworms (Macrostomida, Rhabditophora, Platyhelminthes), and members of the marine, brackish, freshwater meiobenthos.
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Macrostomum is a genus of flatworm with a worldwide distribution, with over a hundred species described to date. These hermaphroditic, free-living flatworms are usually small in size, with large species reaching up to 5 mm in body length (e.g. Macrostomum tuba). They are usually transparent, and the smaller species appear rather round in cross-section than dorsoventrally flattened.
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Mononchoides fortidens, of the order Diplogasterida, is a free-living predacious nematode that feeds on both nematodes and bacteria . The predatory behavior of this nematode presents the opportunity to use it as a bio-control agent against other plant parasitic nematodes. It has been shown to have a preference for the second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita.
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When this sperm is drawn into another individual zooid, internal fertilisation can occur. The early developmental stages take place inside the zooid and the larvae are later liberated into the sea. After a short free-living stage, these attach themselves to a surface, undergo metamorphosis, and start a new colony. Further development is by budding of new zooids.
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Scuticociliatia is a subclass of ciliates in the class Oligohymenophorea. Its members are called scuticociliates. These unicellular eukaryotes are marine microorganisms that are usually free-living and widely distributed in the world's oceans. Around 20 members of the group have been identified as causative agents of the disease scuticociliatosis, in which the ciliates are parasites of other marine organisms.
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Oreophryne celebensis occurs in montane forests above . It probably lays terrestrial eggs that develop directly into froglets, without a free-living larval stage. The distribution area of this species is experiencing serious habitat loss from forest clearance. It probably occurs in the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve, and Dua Sudara Nature Reserve.
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Cophixalus parkeri inhabits montane rainforest and forest edges at elevations of above sea level. It occurs in vegetation up to one metre above ground at night and in leaf litter during the daytime. Reproduction is through direct development (no free-living larval stage). This species is distributed in a remote area where it is unlikely to be threatened.
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It is a fossorial frog that inhabits scrub-covered sandy areas in the succulent karroo biome. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free- living larval stage) and does require an aquatic habitat. It is a locally abundant frog, but it can experience some habitat loss because of agricultural expansion in the south of its range.
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Proteobacteria is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogenic genera, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many others. Others are free-living (nonparasitic) and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives".
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The best-known species are D. cylindricum and D. divergens, which come to the attention of humans annually due to transient blooms in the photic zone of temperate lakes and ponds. Such blooms may produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that produce odors and affect water quality. Dinobryon can exist as free-living, solitary cells or in branching colonies.
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Regeneration indicates the ability to regrow a missing part. This is very prevalent amongst plants, which show continuous growth, and also among colonial animals such as hydroids and ascidians. But most interest by developmental biologists has been shown in the regeneration of parts in free living animals. In particular four models have been the subject of much investigation.
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Photobacterium are primarily marine organisms (hence the use of sodium for growth). They may be free-living or found as colonies associated with certain species of fish. These organisms do not contain any pigmentation and therefore will appear white or colorless. When there is a high density of cells forming a colony, they will exhibit fluorescence.
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Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Chlamydiae fall into the clade Planctobacteria in the larger clade Gracilicutes. However, phylogeny and shared presence of CSIs in proteins that are lineage-specific indicate that the Verrucomicrobia are the closest free-living relatives of these parasitic organisms. Comparison of ribosomal RNA genes has provided a phylogeny of known strains within Chlamydiae.
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Noctiluca scintillans, commonly known as the sea sparkle, and also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living, marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence when disturbed (popularly known as mareel). Its bioluminescence is produced throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist, by a luciferin-luciferase reaction in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, called scintillons.
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P. eriomerus is a filter feeder subsisting largely on diatoms which it gathers with the setae on its mouthparts. It also uses the tufts of setae on its chelipeds to sweep deposits off the surfaces of rocks for consumption. Females usually have two broods per year. The larvae are free living and form part of the zooplankton.
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This species occurs in aquatic habitats in the lowland rainforest region at elevations of above sea level. It is typically found in forested habitats in slow-flowing forest streams and springs, but may also be found in swamps. Reproduction presumably involves free-living larvae. It is threatened by deforestation and habitat degradation as well as water pollution.
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Court Barn near West Pennard, Somerset. This barn is in the care of the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty in the United Kingdom. A property caretaker is a person, group, or organization that cares for real estate for trade or financial compensation, and sometimes as a barter for rent-free living accommodations.Dunn, Gary.
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Cornufer wolfi occurs in lowland and hill rainforests at elevations below . It prefers primary forest but can be found on the forest edge and in wild banana plants. It is an arboreal species that lays its eggs in leaves in trees some two meters above the ground. The eggs develop directly into froglets, without free-living tadpole stage.
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Little is known about this inhabitant of hilly tropical rainforests. The type series from the Cyclops Range was collected at above sea level, whereas the Bewani Mountains record is from above sea level. The eggs are laid on the ground and development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. The threats to Cornufer cheesmanae are unknown.
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Males have a large, external subgular vocal sac. Reproduction is through direct development, that is, eggs hatch directly into froglets, without free-living larval (tadpole) stage. Before this was confirmed for Adelophryne maranguapensis, the relatively large size of the eggs in this genus led many researcher to conclude that direct development was likely to be present.
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Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period.
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Entovalva nhatrangensis can grow to about in length. It has a very small, delicate shell which is internal, being entirely enclosed by large folds of the mantle which fuse above the hinge. The gills are small but their structure is similar to those of other free-living bivalves. The foot extends permanently from the ventral side of the animal.
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The Cavanaugh Laboratory at Harvard works on a number of projects related to bacterial symbiosis in marine invertebrates from deep sea hydrothermal vents, methane seeps, and coastal reducing sediments. Researchers there have a special interest in characterizing the metabolic and genetic capabilities of symbionts, their evolutionary relationships with free-living bacteria, and the co-evolution of symbiont and host.
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The prasinophytes are morphologically diverse, including flagellates with one to eight flagella and non-motile (coccoid) unicells. The cells of many species are covered with organic body scales; others are naked. Well studied genera include Ostreococcus, considered to be the smallest (ca. 0.95 μm) free-living eukaryote, and Micromonas, both of which are found in marine waters worldwide.
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Here are his main points. A free-living ancestor of Polyergus, that is a scavenger, would band together with others for intraspecific contest. Occasionally a queen invaded colonies of Formica. Initially the queen drove off the Formica queen and workers and appropriated the Formica pupae (he gives as example the queens of Formica wheeleri that do this now).
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Antonidae von Linden D. & Prof. Med. Pract. Ord. (ca 10 B.C.), GalenGalen, C. (130–200) 1552. De simplicum medicamentorum faculatibus libre xi. Lugdoni. (ca. 180 A.D.) and RediRedi, F. (1684) p. 253 in Osservazioni...intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi. 26 pls. Firenze. (1684) all described nematodes parasitizing humans or other large animals and birds. BorellusBorellus, P. (1653) p. 240 in Historiarum, et observationum medicophysicarum, centuria prima, etc. Castris. (1653) was the first to observe and describe a free-living nematode, which he dubbed the "vinegar eel;" and Tyson (1683) used a crude microscope to describe the rough anatomy of the human intestinal roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides. Other well-known microscopists spent time observing and describing free-living and animal- parasitic nematodes: HookeHooke, R. (1667). Micrographia: etc. London.
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Chiggers are the parasitic larval stages of these free-living mites."The chigger Eutrombicula (Trombicula) alfreddugesi isn't picky", Daily Parasite blog, 28 May 2010. They are rarely seen in the dry Western states because the species prefers humid climates."Eutrombicula alfreddugesi", Encyclopædia Britannica online, retrieved 10 August 2011: "occurs from the Atlantic coast to the Midwest and southward to Mexico".
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The expression of Smr45C in S. meliloti 1021 was assessed under different biological conditions; i.e. bacterial growth in TY, minimal medium (MM) and luteolin-MM broth and endosymbiotic bacteria (i.e. mature symbiotic alfalfa nodules). The expression of Smr45C in free-living bacteria was found to be growth-dependent, being the gene strongly down-regulated when bacteria entered the stationary phase.
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Foraminifera are protists classified as a sub-phylum of Domain Eukarya and have been preserved in The Husky Formation. Foraminifera are free-living heterotrophic marine organisms suggesting the Aklavik Range was a marine environment during the Jurassic. Bivalves including clams, scallops and mussels were discovered in The Husky Formation. Bivalves are a sub-category of Class Bivalvia and Phylum Mollusca.
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Dacryoconarida is an extinct subclass of free living animals from the Tentaculita class, which were common in the Devonian oceans (Fisher, 1962). Dacryoconarids have a subspherical, drop- or tear-shaped embryonic chamber (Farsan 2005). Their affinity is unknown; they have often been placed among molluscs. Their fossils are known from Devonian rocks of Australia, Asia, Europe, North Africa and North America.
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There are dozens of species of seals and whales along the coast. Land fauna consists predominantly of animals which have spread from North America or, in the case of many birds and insects, from Europe. There are no native or free-living reptiles or amphibians on the island. Phytogeographically, Greenland belongs to the Arctic province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.
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With the exception of Palmophyllophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae and Chlorophyceae, which show various degrees of multicellularity, all the Chlorophyta lineages are unicellular. Some members of the group form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges, and cnidarians. Others form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens, but the majority of species are free-living. Some conduct sexual reproduction, which is oogamous or isogamous.
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Because the louse have neither free-living stages nor vectors for infection of H. suis, control is difficult when using insecticides and quarantines. Sows can be treated with avermectin, a common therapy treating arthropods and nematodes, prior to farrowing to keep lice from moving to younger hogs. Pesticides such as amitraz, coumaphos, and fenthion can be used in hay bedding for prevention.
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The approximately 320 remaining species are distributed between two families, comprising seven genera, within order Gordioida. Gordioidean adults are free-living in freshwater or semiterrestrial habitats and larvae parasitise insects, primarily orthopterans. Unlike nectonematiodeans, gordioideans lack lateral rows of setae, have a single, ventral epidermal cord and their blastocoels are filled with mesenchyme in young animals but become spacious in older individuals.
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Free-living cells can show a variety of morphologies, depending on the species. All species can exist as scaled flagellates, and this is the only form that has been observed for P. scrobiculata and P. cordata. Three species have been observed as colonies (P. globosa, P. pouchetii and P. antarctica) and these can also exist as a flagellate devoid of scales and filaments.
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Generally, Barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in alloparental care of young. The diet of Barbary macaque consists primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to around 25 years old while females may live up to 30 years. Besides humans, they are the only free-living primates in Europe.
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Rhabdomys is a seasonal breeder and reproductively active from spring to autumn. After a gestation period of 22–23 days, free-living females give birth to approximately five pups; captive females have slightly larger litters (e.g. 7.2 ±1.8). Pups begin to consume solid food at ten days, leave the nest from twelve days, and weaning occurs at around 16 days.
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Analysis of the M. hominis PG21 genome sequence shows that this organism is the second smallest genome among self-replicating free living organisms. Due to their minimal genomes, M. hominis have reduced metabolic capabilities which are characterized by distinct energy-generating pathways. Three energy pathways that M. hominis is capable of going through is Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP), arginine dihydrolase and Riboflavin metabolism.
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Autotrophic picoeukaryotes commonly found in nature are members of groups such as the Prasinophyceae (a kind of green algae) and the Haptophyceae. Despite their small size, these organisms have been found to contribute >10% of the total global aquatic net primary productivity.Fouilland, E. et al. Productivity and growth of a natural population of the smallest free-living eukaryote under nitrogen deficiency and sufficiency.
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The Class Alphaproteobacteria is divided into three subclasses Magnetococcidae, Rickettsidae and Caulobacteridae. The basal group is Magnetococcidae, which is composed by a large diversity of magnetotactic bacteria, but only one is described, Magnetococcus marinus. The Rickettsidae is composed of the intracellular Rickettsiales and the free-living Pelagibacterales. The Caulobacteridae is composed of the Holosporales, Rhodospirillales, Sphingomonadales, Rhodobacterales, Caulobacterales, Kiloniellales, Kordiimonadales, Parvularculales and Sneathiellales.
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Amoebophilus species have been reported from forest and agricultural soils and freshwater ponds where they infect free living amoeba. Infection begins when a conidium comes in contact with an amoeba. The conidium produces a penetration tube to invade the host and form the haustorium. Once the haustorium is formed, the conidium germinates and gives rise to a chain of conidia.
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Nif and fix are important genes involved in nitrogen fixation among Bradyrhizobium species. Nif genes are very similar to genes found in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a free- living diazotroph. The genes found in bradyrhizobia have similar function and structure to the genes found in K. pneumoniae. Fix genes are important for symbiotic nitrogen fixation and were first discovered in rhizobia species.
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In general, members of subclass Dorylaimia exhibit a great diversity of terrestrial and freshwater species, most of which are large predators or omnivorous free-living species. Some are plant parasites, whereas others are animal parasites (Trichinellida and Mermithida). No members of the Dorylaimia are found in marine habitats. Dorylaimia bear an odontostyle, a protrusible, hollow, needlelike tooth for puncturing and emptying food items.
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Dictyochloropsis is a genus of unicellular green alga of the phylum Chlorophyta. This genus consists of free-living algae which have a reticulate (net-like) chloroplast that varies slightly in morphology between species, and that when mature always lacks a pyrenoid. Dictyochloropsis is asexual and reproduces using autospores. Previously, many species of the morphologically similar genus Symbiochloris were incorrectly classified to this taxon.
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Members of Dictyochloropsis are free-living, unicellular green algae. Their cells lack flagella and are globular at all life cycle stages. In this genus, young cells from autospores can be as small as 6 μm in diameter, and the largest species grow up to 50 μm in diameter before reproducing. The cell is often surrounded by a thick envelope of mucilage when mature.
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Skenea profunda is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae. A marine nematode Endeolophos skeneae (family Chromadoridae) is epibiotically associated with Skenea profundaEndeolophos skeneae sp nov (Chromadoridae)-a free-living marine nematode epibiotically associated with deep-sea gastropod Skenea profunda (Skeneidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2011;91(2 Sp. Iss.):387–394.
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Clostridium pasteurianum (previously known as Clostridium pastorianum) is a bacterium discovered in 1890 by the Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky. It was the first free living (non-symbiotic) micro-organism discovered that could fix free nitrogen from the air. Clostridium pasteurianum is a producer of carboxylic acids. It has the ability to convert carbohydrates to butyrate, acetate, carbon dioxide, and molecular hydrogen through fermentation.
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With few exceptions, crotalines are ovoviviparous, meaning that the embryos develop within eggs that remain inside the mother's body until the offspring are ready to hatch, at which time the hatchlings emerge as functionally free-living young. In such species the eggshells are reduced to soft membranes that the young shed, either within the reproductive tract, or immediately after emerging.
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Not only fish and free-living organisms can ingest microplastics. Scleractinian corals, which are primary reef-builders, have been shown to ingest microplastics under laboratory conditions. While the effects of ingestion on these corals has not been studied, corals can easily become stressed and bleach. Microplastics have been shown to stick to the exterior of the corals after exposure in the laboratory.
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There is no direct information on habitat and ecology of this species, but it is likely to be a terrestrial frog inhabiting lowland forest, and possibly other habitats. It probably has direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage), like other Arthroleptis. Threats to this species are unknown, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas.
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During courtship, the male and female P. longipes exhibiting ritualized displays in a stereotyped sequence. Males deposit a spermatophore that the female retrieves to fertilize eggs. After a few weeks to months she exudes a brood sac containing from 40 to 90 eggs. Newly hatched offspring move to the mothers dorsal opisthosoma before molting once more into a free-living stage.
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Hayflick demurred in favor of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This smallest free-living microorganism was the first to be isolated and proven to be the cause of a human disease. For his discovery, Hayflick was presented with the Presidential Award by the International Organization of Mycoplasmology. The inverted microscope under which Hayflick discovered Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been accessioned by the Smithsonian Institution.
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Allobates chalcopis is a small frog with males measuring about in snout–vent length and females about . Its dorsum is light brown with darker markings. Males have a distinctive, black throat, tapering off to a dark gray, whereas females have uniformly pale orange throat and venter. The tadpoles are terrestrial, free-living, and endotrophic—they do not feed but rely on stored yolk.
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Craugastor sabrinus occurs in lowland and premontane wet and moist forests at elevations up to above sea level. It lives in and alongside pristine streams and does not occur in degraded forests, although it can be found in areas that have been farmed in the past. The eggs are laid on land and the development is direct (i.e., no free-living larval stage).
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Pristimantis rufioculis inhabit humid montane forests at elevations of above sea level where they can be found on low vegetation (<1 m above the ground) at night. Presumably, as in other Pristimantis, development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage). Population status and threats to this species are poorly known, but it is present in some protected areas.
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The species' natural habitats are secondary and old growth coastal rainforests at elevations of above sea level. It occurs in vegetation as well as on the forest floor. The eggs are laid on the ground where they develop directly into froglets, without free-living tadpole-stage. Ischnocnema sambaqui is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging, cattle ranching, and tourism.
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Pristimantis savagei occur in forests close to fast-flowing streams at elevations of or above sea level, depending on the source. They can be found on low vegetation (up to half a meter above the ground) and also occur in secondary forest. The eggs are laid in leaf litter and have direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage).
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The type series was collected from the transition zone between Nothofagus-dominated vegetation with a rather open understorey and a denser, higher-altitude moss forest at above sea level. The specimens were found calling from within leaf litter on the forest floor. Development is presumably direct (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage), as in other species in the genus.
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Biotic phases: cyst, trophozoite, flagellate Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic, free-living amoeba. It is found in warm and hot freshwater ponds, lakes and rivers, and in the very warm water of hot springs. As the water temperature rises, its numbers increase. The amoeba was identified in the 1960s in Australia but appears to have evolved in the United States.
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Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms; Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0.5 to 0.7 micrometres in diameter. The coccoid shaped cells are non- motile and free-living. Their small size and large surface-area-to-volume ratio, gives them an advantage in nutrient-poor water. Still, it is assumed that Prochlorococcus have a very small nutrient requirement.
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Aliivibrio fischeri (also called Vibrio fischeri) is a Gram-negative, rod- shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments. A. fischeri has bioluminescent properties, and is found predominantly in symbiosis with various marine animals, such as the Hawaiian bobtail squid. It is heterotrophic, oxidase-positive, and motile by means of a single polar flagella. Free-living A. fischeri cells survive on decaying organic matter.
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Verminephrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that colonize the nephridia of earthworms within the family Lumbricidae. The first species in the genus, V. eiseniae, was isolated from the earthworm Eisenia foetida, and its description published in 2008. Their closest free-living relatives are bacteria of the genus Acidovorax. Reports of bacteria inhabiting the nephridia of earthworms first appeared in 1926.
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Recently, several new Polynucleobacter species were described,Hahn, M.W., E. Lang, U. Brandt, H. Lünsdorf, Q. L. Wu, and E. Stackebrandt (2010) Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus sp. nov., free-living planktonic bacteria inhabiting freshwater lakes and rivers. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:166-173. (doi:10.1099/ijs.0.010595-0)Hahn, M.W., E. Lang, U. Brandt, and C. Spröer (2011) Polynucleobacter acidiphobus sp. nov.
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In 2004, a captive yellow-tailed black cockatoo and two free-living tawny frogmouths (Podargus strigoides) suffering neurological symptoms were shown to be hosting the rat nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis. They were the first non- mammalian hosts discovered for the organism. A species of feather mite, Psittophagus calyptorhynchi, has also been isolated from the yellow-tailed black cockatoo, its only host to date.
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Xenorhina subcrocea occurs beneath leaf-litter in rainforests at elevations below . All the males in the type series were located by their calling and then excavated from beneath the leaf litter from holes or open spaces among plant roots. The female type was found incidentally when searching below the leaf litter. Reproduction is through direct development (no free-living larval stage).
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Oreophryne rookmaakeri occurs in tropical dry forest and shrubland at elevations of above sea level. It lives in bushes and trees. Presumably, it lays its eggs on the ground and the eggs develop directly to froglets, without free-living larval stage. There is little specific information on threats to this species, but it would probably be suffer from extensive habitat loss.
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The turbellarian Pseudoceros dimidiatus Two turbellarians are mating by penis fencing. Each has two penises, the white spikes on the undersides of their heads. These have about 4,500 species, are mostly free-living, and range from to in length. Most are predators or scavengers, and terrestrial species are mostly nocturnal and live in shaded, humid locations, such as leaf litter or rotting wood.
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Mature suctorians lack cilia altogether, and initially were not classified as ciliates. The mouths of Phyllopharyngea are characteristically surrounded by microtubular ribbons, called phyllae. Nematodesmata, rods found in several other classes of ciliates, occur among the subclass Phyllopharyngia, most of which are free-living. In others, the mouth is often modified to form an extensible tentacle, with toxic extrusomes at the tip.
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Thus CWD is important actor contributing to soil nutrients cycles. CWD, while itself not particularly rich in nitrogen, contributes nitrogen to the ecosystem by acting as a host for nonsymbiotic free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Scientific studies show that coarse woody debris can be a significant contributor to biological carbon sequestration. Trees store atmospheric carbon in their wood using photosynthesis.
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In many cases, there are both free living and parasitic species that can be compared and their lost genes identified. Good examples are the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the latter of which has a dramatically reduced genome. Another beautiful example are endosymbiont species. For instance, Polynucleobacter necessarius was first described as a cytoplasmic endosymbiont of the ciliate Euplotes aediculatus.
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The results determined, "depressed body condition and elevated plasmacorticosteron levels in the free-living animals suggest that a lack of food resources was placing individuals under chronic stress, resulting in suppression of the reproductive system." The study suggested that snakes living under stressful conditions such as high population densities or low prey resources had suppressed reproduction at multiple stages, including steroidogenesis and gametogenesis.
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Rhabditophora (from rhabdito-, rhabdite + Greek -φορος [-phoros], bearer, i.e., "rhabdite bearers") is a class of flatworms. It includes all parasitic flatworms (clade Neodermata) and most free-living species that were previously grouped in the now obsolete class Turbellaria. Therefore, it contains the majority of species in the phylum Platyhelminthes, excluding only the catenulids, to which they appear to be the sister group.
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In eukaryotes PIN domains are found in proteins involved in nonsense mediated mRNA decay, in proteins such as SMG5 and SMG6, and in processing of 18S ribosomal RNA. The majority of PIN-domain proteins found in prokaryotes are the toxic components of toxin-antitoxin operons. These loci provide a control mechanism that helps free-living prokaryotes cope with nutritional stress.
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The species were later shown to represent varieties of a single species. Although they are now interpreted as detached bracts (parts) of the entire siphonophore (which, as stated above, remains unidentified), the specimens were first interpreted as free-living organisms, as they did not appear to show evidence of having been attached to something else, whether a surface or each other.
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The frequency of occurrence of environmental factors exists between two extremes: the completely periodic events and completely random events. Certain events, when viewed in isolation, appear completely random. However, then taken in conjunction with another event, these events can appear highly “predictable.” Such relationships can exist at multiple time scales, which reflect the highly structural habitats of free-living organisms.
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Mites that infest and parasitize domestic animals cause disease and loss of production. Mites are small invertebrates, most of which are free living but some are parasitic. Mites are similar to ticks and both comprise the order Acari in the phylum Arthropoda. Mites are highly varied and their classification is complex; a simple grouping is used in this introductory article.
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After the engorged larva molts to a nymph the remaining life-cycle comprises stages that are not parasitic, but free-living. There are several nymphal stages. The adults can be found crawling on vegetation, conspicuous with a dense covering of red setae (similar to hairs). Trombicula autumnalis, the harvest mite, causes severe pruritus to its host after it has detached.
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Leptopelis are mainly arboreal, but some species, especially in more arid areas, are terrestrial or even subfossorial. Breeding typically starts with the heavy rains in the beginning of the wet season. Eggs may be deposited either in water or in/on the ground. Development includes a free-living tadpole stage, with a possible exception of Leptopelis brevirostris, whose large eggs suggest that development could be direct.
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Alt-Tannenbusch was a settlement at the northwest outskirts of the town of Bonn, which was first developed between the wars, and developed further in the early postwar years. Alt-Tannenbusch surrounds a dune, which is a nature reserve, but is so closely forested that it is hard to tell. Among the inhabitants of the dune is a colony of free-living parrots. Today (2004) approx.
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The second pair of cephalic appendages in free-living copepods is usually the main time-averaged source of propulsion, beating like oars to pull the animal through the water. However, different groups have different modes of feeding and locomotion, ranging from almost immotile for several minutes (e.g. some harpacticoid copepods) to intermittent motion (e.g., some cyclopoid copepods) and continuous displacements with some escape reactions (e.g.
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Expression of Smr35B in free-living bacteria was found to be growth-dependent, being the gene down- regulated when bacteria entered the stationary phase. Supplementation of MM with luteolin, the plant flavone that specifically induces transcription of the S. meliloti nodulation genes, stimulated the expression of Smr35B by ~4 fold. In contrast, the Smr35B transcript was not detected in mature nodule tissues. Schlüter et al.
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Parasitology Research, 113(5), 1909-1918. doi:10.1007/s00436-014-3838-4 Sappinia species are not generally susceptible to bacterial infection; but, they have been shown to harbor bacterial endosymbionts. In a recent study, Corsaro et al. (2016), found that all of the Sappinia strains tested harbored distinct species of Flavobacterium and/or Pedobacter, which are not known to be commensals of any other free-living amoebae.
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Trichonympha has a variety of ectosymbionts. Some of the most common bacterial ectosymbionts are spirochetes, of the order Bacteroidales. They are found on a variety of flagellate termite and wood roach endosymbionts, including Trichonympha, but also as free-living bacteria in the hindgut of lower termites. They are thought to be involved in a variety of processes including nitrogen fixation, acetogenesis and the degradation of lignin.
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Miltefosine is commercially available in the United States through Profounda. Previously one could only get it from the CDC for emergency use under an expanded access IND protocol for treatment of free-living amoeba (FLA) infections: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba species. Miltefosine is also produced by Profounda, a private pharmaceutical company.
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Coccomyxa is often used as a model organism, as its entire genome sequence has been published. This allows for further research as Coccomyxa can serve as a frame of reference or for further experimentation. Additionally, a free living Coccomyxa species, Coccomyxa sp.C-169, was suggested to be used for biofuels, as their enzyme-digestable cell wall and lipid production gained traction for research use above other strains.
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Some groups, such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land. Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes, including fungi (to form lichens), ciliates, forams, cnidarians and molluscs. Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic, either free- living or parasitic. Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga Prototheca are pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals.
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In the United States, Acanthamoeba keratitis is nearly always associated with soft contact lens use. Acanthamoeba spp. is most commonly introduced to the eye by contact lenses that have been exposed to the organism through the use of contaminated lens solution, using homemade saline-based solution or tap water, or from wearing contact lenses while bathing or swimming.JOHN D.T. (1993) Opportunistically pathogenic free-living amebae.
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Alcalus sariba occurs along seepage areas close to small streams as well as in leaf litter in primary forest; it does not tolerate habitat disturbance. Breeding biology is unknown but presumably involves direct development (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage), as in other Alcalus. Alcalus sariba is considered common and occurs in the Santubong National Park, Kubah National Park, and Matang Wildlife Centre.
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Certain segments of rickettsial genomes resemble those of mitochondria. The deciphered genome of R. prowazekii is 1,111,523 bp long and contains 834 genes. Unlike free-living bacteria, it contains no genes for anaerobic glycolysis or genes involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of amino acids and nucleosides. In this regard, it is similar to mitochondrial genomes; in both cases, nuclear (host) resources are used.
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They have a relatively large head with big mouth, and they are ambush predators able to consume large prey, including lizards, other frogs, and small mammals. They inhabit arid areas and are seasonal breeders, depositing many small eggs in aquatic habitats. Tadpoles are free-living and carnivorous (Ceratophrys and Lepidobatrachus) or grazers (Chacophrys). Some species (especially from the genera Ceratophrys and Lepidobatrachus) are popular in herpetoculture.
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Bacteria are present in large numbers in lotic waters. Free-living forms are associated with decomposing organic material, biofilm on the surfaces of rocks and vegetation, in between particles that compose the substrate, and suspended in the water column. Other forms are also associated with the guts of lotic organisms as parasites or in commensal relationships. Bacteria play a large role in energy recycling (see below).
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This is an example of a copulatory mechanism where the female actively hinders a successful mating. The Sand Lizard, Lacerta agilis, provides us an example of cryptic female choice during the insemination phase of mating. Females routinely and indiscriminately copulate with several males. The females who mate more often have greater hatching success, lowering the incidence of deformities among offspring, and enhancing survival of free- living offspring.
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Breeding begins in April in the Puget Sound area; the female carries the eggs around on the underside of her abdomen for their protection and they hatch from May onwards. Many females carry a second brood which hatches in August. After hatching, the zoea larvae become free-living and form part of the plankton. Many individuals of this species are parasitized by the barnacle Loxothylacus panopaei.
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Acorn worms are solitary worm-shaped organisms. They generally live in burrows (the earliest secreted tubes) and are deposit feeders, but some species are pharyngeal filter feeders, while the family Torquaratoridae are free living detritivores. Many are well known for their production and accumulation of various halogenated phenols and pyrroles. Pterobranchs are filter-feeders, mostly colonial, living in a collagenous tubular structure called a coenecium.
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Phaeocystis is a genus of algae belonging to the Prymnesiophyte class and to the larger division of Haptophyta. It is a widespread marine phytoplankton and can function at a wide range of temperatures (eurythermal) and salinities (euryhaline). Members of this genus live in the open ocean, as well as in sea ice. It has a polymorphic life cycle, ranging from free-living cells to large colonies.
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A number of soft-bodied animal phyla are typically described as vermiform. The better- known ones are undoubtedly the annelids (earthworm and relatives) and the roundworms (a very common, mainly parasitic group), but a number of less well- known phyla answer to the same description. Examples range from the minute parasitic mesozoans to the larger-bodied free-living phyla like ribbon worms, peanut worms, and priapulids.
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A few species are known to be ovoviviparous. The eggs are protected by an outer shell, secreted by the uterus. In free-living roundworms, the eggs hatch into larvae, which appear essentially identical to the adults, except for an underdeveloped reproductive system; in parasitic roundworms, the lifecycle is often much more complicated. Nematodes as a whole possess a wide range of modes of reproduction.
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Moist heat causes destruction of micro-organisms by denaturation of macromolecules, primarily proteins. Destruction of cells by lysis may also play a role. While "sterility" implies the destruction of free-living organisms which may grow within a sample, sterilization does not necessarily entail destruction of infectious matter. Prions are an example of an infectious agent that can survive sterilization by moist heat, depending on conditions.
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The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living, transparent nematode, about 1 mm in length, that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. An adult Caenorhabditis elegans worm C. elegans has one of the simplest nervous systems of any organism, with its hermaphrodite type having only 302 neurons. Furthermore, the structural connectome of these neurons is fully worked out.
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Protists grow in a wide variety of moist habitats and a majority of them are free-living organisms. In these moist environments, plankton and terrestrial forms can also be found. Protists are chemoorganotrophic [organisms which oxidize the chemical bonds in organic compounds as their energy source] and are responsible for recycling nitrogen and phosphorus. Parasites also are responsible for causing disease in humans and domesticated animals.
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Scydosella is a genus of beetles that consists of only one species Scydosella musawasensis. The species is regarded as the smallest free-living insect, as well as the smallest beetle. They are among featherwing beetle, named because of their feather-like spiny wings. It was first discovered in Nicaragua, and described in 1999 by Wesley Eugene Hall of the University of Nebraska State Museum.
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The polyps resemble those of closely related anthozoans, such as sea anemones and corals. The jellyfish polyp may be sessile, living on the bottom, boat hulls or other substrates, or it may be free-floating or attached to tiny bits of free-living plankton or rarely, fish or other invertebrates. Polyps may be solitary or colonial.Jellyfish – The Life Cycle of a Jellyfish ThoughtCo. Animals.about.com.
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In: The Physiology and Biochemistry of free- living and plant-parasitic nematodes. Perry, R. N. & Wright, D. J. (Eds), CABI Publishing, UK. pp 213 – 243. to form feeding cells, generally known as giant cells, from which the J2 and later the adults feed. Concomitant with giant cell formation, the surrounding root tissue gives rise to a gall in which the developing juvenile is embedded.
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Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, Scapegoats, and the Holocaust, Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 75, The last free-living wolf to be killed on the soil of present-day Germany before 1945 was the so-called "Tiger of Sabrodt", which was shot near Hoyerswerda, Lusatia (then Lower Silesia) in 1904. Today, wolves have returned to the area.Verbreitung in Deutschland at Wolf Region Lausitz .
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The free-living bioluminescent marine bacterium, Vibrio harveyi, uses another signaling molecule in addition to an acylated homoserine lactone. This molecule, termed Autoinducer-2 (or AI-2), is a furanosyl borate diester. AI-2, which is also produced and used by a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, is believed to be an evolutionary link between the two major types of quorum sensing circuits.
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Boulengerula fischeri is known from primary montane forest and small-holder farmland adjacent to the forest at elevations of above sea level. It lives in the soil, occasionally on the ground under leaf litter or plant stems. If similar to other Boulengerula, it would be oviparous and have direct development (no free-living larvae). This species is locally abundant and tolerates some habitat modification.
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The tadpole development may take longer because it is dependent on water temperature. Free-living larvae stay in the vegetation areas at the edge of the pond and feed of algae. During this period the larvae are at high risk of many predators such as dragonfly and beetle larvae, turtles, and most fish. The tadpole stage lasts six to eight weeks, before the tadpoles metamorphose.
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Some notable exceptions include recently formed pathogenic bacteria. This was initially described in a study by Cole et al. in which Mycobacterium leprae was discovered to have a significantly higher percentage of pseudogenes to functional genes (~40%) than its free-living ancestors. Furthermore, amongst species of bacteria, there is relatively little variation in genome size when compared with the genome sizes of other major groups of life.
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P. mirabilis, once attached to the urinary tract, infects the kidney more commonly than E. coli. P. mirabilis is often found as a free- living organism in soil and water. About 10–15% of kidney stones are struvite stones, caused by alkalinization of the urine by the action of the urease enzyme (which splits urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide) of Proteus (and other) bacterial species.
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The eggs hatch after about three weeks and the young develop directly into juveniles without a free-living larval stage. The juveniles tend to live underwater while the adults mostly live above high water mark. The juveniles reach maturity by August or September. Over time, the shells of adults become eroded and they are often parasitized by trematodes; most individuals probably die in their second winter.
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Partnered with the Expositor (an Osprey Media Newspaper) in 2006, Tobey lends his talents to an annual "Christmas Traditions" songbook and sing-a-long CD in support of the Sunshine Dreams for Kids. Tobey is also a strong advocate creating awareness of preventable tinnitus, educating people against hearing loss and ear damage. In 2004 he launched his book Tinnitus Free Living, which includes audio downloads and workbooks.
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However, the fluorescence is based on the accumulation of autoinducers which is proportional to cell density and therefore free-living photobacterium will not fluoresce. Their association with fish may be: symbiotic growth within fish for the formation of light organs, as a neutral entity on the surface or within the intestines of fish, as decomposers of dead fish, or as an agent of disease.
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At the onset of pupation, the abdomen is reduced and the head loses its prognathous form. After 3 days, the eyes start to be pigmented, followed by the mandibles at six days and the elytra at nine days. Pupae are capable of moving the abdomen from side to side. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, free-living, able to fly, and can locate wood via olfactory cues.
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All of the species from this family have free-living, aquatic tadpoles. The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate, so the tadpole stage is unusually brief, with rapid development to the adult form in as little as two weeks. To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.
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The larval form (planula) and adult form show two different body plans. The planula is a small, free-living larva, and is diploblastic with two layers: the endoderm and ectoderm with an additional mesoglea. The ectoderm thickness decreases from the anterior to posterior poles. Further, the ectoderm has mucous gland cells for secretory purposes, support, and sense along with cnidocytes with nematocysts in the posterior end.
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The planula remain free-living for a short time, after which they settle onto hard substrate and then complete metamorphosis to become its adult form. During metamorphosis, the species destroys most of its endoderm and ectoderm tissues as it undergoes a massive reorganization of its body. In this form it stays attached to a substrate as a polyp. Features on the polyp include a mouth and tentacles.
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DNA belonging to members of the genus has not been recovered from surveys of soil samples even in the presence of high densities of earthworms, suggesting that Verminephrobacter species are confined to their earthworm hosts. Observations for comparative analyses of the genome sequence of V. eiseniae suggest that this organisms shares features associated with the transition from a free-living to a host-associated lifestyle.
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J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 66: 2883-2892. (doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001073)Hahn, M.W., L.R. Huymann, U. Koll, J. Schmidt, E. Lang, M. Hoetzinger (2017) Polynucleobacter wuianus sp. nov., a free-living freshwater bacterium affiliated with the cryptic species complex PnecC. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 67: 379-385. (doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001637)Pitt A., Schmidt J., Lang E., Whitman W.B., Woyke T., Hahn M. W. (2018).
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Further, the correct use of a well-maintained indirect calorimeter includes achieving a natural and steady breathing pattern in order to reveal oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production rates under a reproducible resting condition. Indirect calorimetry is considered the gold-standard method to measure RMR. Indirect calorimeters are usually found in laboratory and clinical settings, but technological advancements are bringing RMR measurement to free-living conditions.
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It feeds on detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton caught by means of a sticky substance on the arms. It can cling onto corals with short appendages called cirri, but it also can freely swim. The larvae of this feather star swim freely with plankton for a few weeks, then they settle down growing into a stalked form. Mature specimen break the stalk becoming free-living.
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Most biological nitrogen fixation occurs by the activity of Mo-nitrogenase, found in a wide variety of bacteria and some Archaea. Mo-nitrogenase is a complex two-component enzyme that has multiple metal-containing prosthetic groups. An example of free-living bacteria is Azotobacter. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium usually live in the root nodules of legumes (such as peas, alfalfa, and locust trees).
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Globigerinoidea is a superfamily of free-living, calcareous, planktonic foraminiferal protists that have lived in the open ocean since the Eocene. It is part of the suborder Globigerinina.Globigerinoidea, World Foraminifera Database, accessed 27 November 2018 Tests are trochospiral but later chambers may be enveloping. walls are perforate with numerous small pores or fewer larger ones and the surface may be covered with narrow elongate monocrystalline spines.
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Sandalolitha robusta is a large, heavy colonial coral that is free living, not being attached to the substrate. The numerous individual corallites, in which the polyps are embedded, are separate from each other. They are bordered by alternating wide and narrow septa, calcareous ridges which bear serrated spines. The spines on the costae, the ridges which join the septa to other corallites, are minutely spiny.
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Limnonectes limborgi has nidicolous development: eggs are oviposited terrestrially in a nest; the larvae hatch in the nest and are free-living but non-feeding. Male frogs attend the nest; their skin secretions might inhibit fungal or bacterial infections. This contrast to the earlier belief that Limnonectes limborgi has direct development, i.e., no free-swimming tadpole stage, and hatching as tiny full-formed frogs.
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Fragilaria is a genus of freshwater and saltwater diatoms. It is usually a colonial diatom, forming filaments of cells mechanically joined by protrusions on the face and in the center of their valves. The individual diatoms appear swollen in their centers where they are joined to the colonial ribbon. the genus grows as both plankton and benthic species, free living in colonies or epiphytic.
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Genetic analysis showed that in the American coastal areas, the primary food of M. rubrum is the algae most closely related to the free-living Geminigera cryophila. But in Japanese coasts, the major algal species is Teleaulax amphioxeia. When these plastid-containing algae are ingested by the ciliate, they are not digested. The plastids remain functional and provide nutrition to the ciliate by photosynthesis.
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Herpolitha is a monotypic genus of mushroom corals in the family Fungiidae. The only member of the genus is Herpolitha limax, commonly known as the tongue, slipper, mole or striate boomerang coral. It is a free-living species and is native to reefs and lagoons in the Indo-Pacific region. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this coral as being of "least concern".
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Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC Streptomyces and other actinobacteria are major contributors to biological buffering of soils. They are also the source of many antibiotics. Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinobacteria, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.
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Free-living copepods have translucent bodies divided into a broad head, a thorax bearing swimming legs and a narrow, limbless abdomen. They have a major articulated joint between the front and rear portions where the body flexes ventrally. Male Dioithona oculata are long, with females being slightly larger at . A distinguishing feature for this species is the structure of the lens of the eye.
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Genomic analysis of streamlined organisms have shown that low GC content, low percentage of non-coding DNA, and a low fraction of genes encoding for cytoplasmic membrane proteins, periplasmic proteins, transcriptionally related proteins, and signal transduction pathways are all characteristic of free- living streamlined prokaryotic organisms. Oftentimes, highly streamlined organisms are difficult to isolate by culturing in a laboratory (SAR11 being a central example).
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Globigerinana are free living pelagic foraminiferan, included in the class Rotaliata that range from the Jurassic to recent. Test are commonly planospiral or trochospiral but may be uniserial to multiserial and are of secreted hyaline (glassy) calcite. Chambers are flattned in planospiral forms and spheroidal in trochospiral and serial forms. Some have long radial spines, or needles that may be solidly fixed or moveable in sockets.
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As far as is known, all Indian Caecilians are oviparous i.e. they lay eggs and have a free-living, aquatic larval stage except Gegeneophis seshachari. The smallest Indian caecilian is about in length (Gegeneophis krishni) and the longest is (Ichthyophis malabarensis). As per the available information, most caecilians are opportunistic feeders and feed on earthworms, termites, larvae and pupae of a variety of insects.
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The suborder Symphyta includes the sawflies, horntails, and parasitic wood wasps. The group may be paraphyletic, as it has been suggested that the family Orussidae may be the group from which the Apocrita arose. They have an unconstricted junction between the thorax and abdomen. The larvae are herbivorous, free-living, and eruciform, with three pairs of true legs, prolegs (on every segment, unlike Lepidoptera) and ocelli.
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Trachelomonas is a genus of swimming, free-living euglenoids characterized by the presence of a shell-like covering called a lorica. Details of lorica structure determine the classification of distinct species in the genus. The lorica can exist in spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, and pyriform (pear- shaped) forms. The lorica surface can be smooth, punctuate or striate and range from hyaline, to yellow, or brown.
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The expression of Smr15C1 and Smr15C2 in free-living bacteria was found to be growth-dependent but in an opposite manner. While Smr15C1 is accumulated in the stationary phase Smr15C2 is The expression of Smr15C1 and Smr15C2 in free-living bacteria was found to be growth-dependent but in an opposite manner. While Smr15C1 is accumulated in the stationary phase, Smr15C2 is preferentially expressed in log bacterial cultures. Additionally, Schlüter et al. recently described the up-regulation of Smr15C2 under cold shock stress, while no effects of a temperature downshift were observed in the expression of Smr15C1. The growth-dependent opposite expression profiles of Smr15C1 and Smr15C2, have not been observed in their Agrobacterium tumefaciens counterparts referred to as AbcR1 and AbcR2, respectively, by Wilms et al. (Atr15C1 and Atr15C2 in this work). AbcR1 and AbcR2 are induced simultaneously and both accumulate in stationary phase.
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Environmental stressors such as lack of shelter, climate change, overcrowding, and loss of prey have been researched as primary causes of diminished snake density, as they have been found to have direct correlation with the reproductive success of the snake. Current research on the breeding patterns of the brown tree snake is being conducted in hopes of further understanding how these environmental stressors are affecting the population density of the snake on Guam. A study conducted by I.T. Moore predicted that low body condition would correlate to high levels of stress hormones and low levels of sex steroids in free-living brown tree snakes on Guam when compared with the native snake population in Australia and snakes held in captivity on Guam. After extensive research, the body condition in the free-living snakes was found to be significantly different from the body condition of native and captive snakes.
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Parallel studies assessed Smr14C expression in S. meliloti 1021 under different biological conditions; i.e. bacterial growth in TY, minimal medium (MM) and luteolin-MM broth and endosymbiotic bacteria (i.e. mature symbiotic alfalfa nodules) and high salt stress, oxidative stress and cold and hot shock stresses. Expression of Smr14C2 in free-living bacteria was found to be growth-dependent, being the gene strongly down-regulated when bacteria entered the stationary phase.
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These frogs have been found perched on top of limestone rocks within large rock formations in the forest and around the entrances to cave systems; males have also been observed up to 5 m inside caves, some perched above ground within depressions and holes in the karst rock walls. They occur at about above sea level. Development is probably direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage).
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Mysids form an important part of the diet of such fish as shad and flounder. In general, they are free-living, but a few species, mostly in the subfamily Heteromysinae, are commensal and are associated with sea anemones and hermit crabs. Several taxa have also been described from different freshwater habitats and caves. Mysis relicta and its close relatives inhabit cold, deep lakes and have a diurnal cycle of vertical migrations.
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The haploid gametophyte has n unpaired chromosomes, i.e. half the number of the sporophyte. The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte. The life cycle of a typical fern proceeds as follows: # A diploid sporophyte phase produces haploid spores by meiosis (a process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes by a half).
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Amoebophyra (or Amoebophrya) is a genus of dinoflagellates. Amoebophyra is a syndinian parasite that infects free-living dinoflagellates that are attributed to a single species by using several host-specific parasites. It acts as "biological control agents for red tides and in defining species of Amoebophrya." Researchers have found a correlation between a large amount of host specify and the impact host parasites may have on other organisms.
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The Entoniscidae are a family of marine isopod crustaceans in the suborder Cymothoida. Members of this family are parasites of brachyuran and anomuran crabs, living in their hosts' haemocoel. A small chitinised hole develops through the host's exoskeleton through which the isopod can communicate with the environment. The female isopod bears little resemblance to any free-living isopod, but the morphology of the larvae show their taxonomic affiliations.
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Willaertia /ˈwɪləɹʃə/ is a genus of non-pathogenic, free-living, thermophilic amoebae in the family Vahlkampfiidae. Originally discovered in 1984 by Johan De Jonckheere, their life cycle, like that of other heterolobosians, has been found to alternate between 3 distinct stages: a cyst, amoeba, and temporary flagellated stage. Willaertia lives in a variety of environments and in recent years has been researched to potentially become a biocide for Legionella pneumophila.
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As of 2015 the U.S. CDC offered miltefosine to doctors for the treatment of free- living ameobas including naegleria. In one of the cases, a 12-year-old female, was given miltefosine and targeted temperature management to manage cerebral edema that is secondary to the infection. She survived with no neurological damage. The targeted temperature management commingled with early diagnosis and the miltefosine medication has been attributed with her survival.
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The praniza is usually a replete, haematophagous phase while the zuphea is an unfed benthic dweller phase. Adults can be found in groups with a single male and up to 43 females and immature specimens. The free-living adults do not feed and are usually hidden in a cavity or sponge where reproduction will occur. The larvae of gnathiid isopods are known to parasitise a large variety of intertidal fish worldwide.
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Free- living armophoreans live in anoxic or microaerobic habitats, in the sediment or water column where there is reduced or absent oxygen. Thus their distribution is quite limited, although they are found globally in both marine and freshwater habitats, as well as in terrestrial sediment. Clevelandellids live as commensal symbionts inside of the digestive tracts of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Armophoreans can survive by encystment when in unfavorable environmental conditions.
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They pass through four or five zoeal stages and one post- larval, glaucothoe stage before sinking to the bottom and metamorphosing into juveniles. The free-living glaucothoe larvae sometimes find a suitable sized shell before metamorphosis, otherwise the juveniles need to find suitable new homes before they are consumed by predators. An adult female has several broods each year and may produce 180,000 eggs during the reproductive season.
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They are now infective larvae and can penetrate the skin of a frog. Once inside, they can migrate to the lungs and further develop there, feeding on the lung tissue. The adult parasitic worm is a hermaphrodite and grows to be about ten times the length of the free-living form. The eggs it produces are coughed into the frog's mouth, are swallowed and develop in its intestine.
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Underside. The fan-shaped segments can break off and form a new polyp, a form of asexual reproduction. Cycloseris distorta is a solitary, free-living coral that grows to a diameter of about . The large polyp is irregular in shape and has a central mouth from which radiate wedge-shaped segments. The corallite (the stony cup in which the polyp sits) has numerous beaded septa (partitions) of varying heights.
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This anglerfish is similar in appearance to Linophryne, but lacks the barbel on the chin. A free-living metamorphosed male grows to a length of about . It differs from other leftvent anglerfish in having no premaxillae and having large sphenotic spines. The jaws bear no teeth, but there are up to six or seven strong, short placoid scales above and below the mouth which meet when the jaws are closed.
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"The development of alarm-call response behavior in free-living juvenile Belding's ground squirrels." Animal Behavior 52: 489–505. Individuals that are close to the alarm caller will respond by standing on their back legs (posting), running on a rock to get a better view of the predator or by returning to their core area. Another alarm call is known as the whistle, which is a single high-pitched note.
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The story is an ill-fated love affair with a background of espionage. Set during the Second World War, Alicia Hauser, a free-living daughter of a Nazi, is engaged by American Secret Services to infiltrate a group of émigré German scientists in Brazil who are working on creating a powerful and destructive weapon. Recruited by Devlin with whom she is attracted, she ends up marrying one of the scientists, Alex.
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Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living amoeba that is known to cause the rare but deadly neurological condition known as Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). B. mandrillaris is a soil dwelling amoeba and was first discovered in 1986 in the brain of a mandrill that died in the San Diego Wild Animal Park. B. mandrillaris can infect the body through open wounds or by inhalation. Balamuthia has been isolated in nature.
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Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living saprophagous nematode species identified and named in 1954 by Stefanski. It is a facultative parasite of horses, invading the nasal cavity, and sometimes numerous other areas, where it produces granulomatous masses. On rare occasion, it can infect humans as well, in whom it is invariably fatal. Based on studies performed on infected horses in Florida, the parasite is associated with swampland environments.
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Amakusaplana acroporae, the Acropora-eating flatworm or AEFW, is a species of free-living marine polyclad flatworms in the genus Amakusaplana.Taxonomy and life history of the Acropora-eating flatworm Amakusaplana acroporae nov. sp. (Polycladida: Prosthiostomidae). K. A. Rawlinson, J. A. Gillis, R. E. Billings Jr. and E. H. Borneman, Coral Reefs, September 2011, Volume 30, Issue 3, pages 693-705, This species preys on the genus Acropora in reef aquariums.
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Trimastix is a genus of excavates, the sole occupant of the order Trimastigida. Trimastix are bacterivorous, free living and anaerobic. When first observed in 1881 by William Kent, the morphology of Trimastix was not well describedKent, W. S. (1881). A manual of the infusoria: including a description of all known flagellate, ciliate, and tentaculiferous protozoa, British and foreign, and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges (Vol. 1).
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Wulguru cuspidata is a microscopic acoel species that lives in the sandy beaches of northern Queensland (Australia). It is the second species of Australian free-living acoel to be described (the first is Heterochaerus australis). Its generic name “Wulguru” is derived from Wulgurukaba, an Indigenous Australian people from Queensland; and the specific epithet is derived from “cuspis” (Latin: point, tip), alluding to the characteristic single pointed tail of this animal.
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Acanthamoeba is a genus of amoebae that are commonly recovered from soil, fresh water, and other habitats. Acanthamoeba has two evolutive forms, the metabolically active trophozoite and a dormant, stress-resistant cyst. Trophozoites are small, usually 15 to 25 μm in length and amoeboid in shape. In nature, Acanthamoeba species are free-living bacterivores, but in certain situations, they can cause infections (acanthamebiasis) in humans and other animals.
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Nectonema is a genus of horsehair worms first described by A. E. Verrill in 1879. It is the only genus in the family Nectonematidae described by H. B. Ward in 1892, in the order Nectonematoidea, and in the class Nectonematoida. The genus contains five species, including all marine species of horsehair worm. All species have parasitic larval stages inhabiting crustacean hosts, and free-living adult stages that swim in open water.
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Oreophryne geislerorum occurs in rainforests, rural gardens, and urban areas at elevations up to about above sea level Active by night, males call from shrubs and trees, sometimes high up. They have been observed to lay eggs inside the stalk of a banana leaf near the main stem. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. Oreophryne geislerorum is a very common, adaptable species that is not facing any known threats.
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Eleutherodactylus angustidigitorum occurs in pine-oak forests at elevations of about above sea level; the record from Jalisco is from .. It is a terrestrial frog typically found under stones and on the ground. Development is direct, that is, there is no free-living larval stage. This species is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and infrastructure development. It might occur in the Pico de Tancítaro National Park.
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Like other Eleutherodactylidae, E. locustus does not have interdigital membranes, so is not well adapted to swimming; instead, it has pads on its toes that allow it to adhere to leaves and branches. The species uses internal fertilization – the fertilized eggs undergo direct development. The tadpole stage occurs entirely within the egg, rather than as a free-living tadpole. Thus, a tiny but fully functional froglet hatches directly from the egg.
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Genome size is of little relevance when considering the number of functional genes in eukaryotic species. In bacteria, however, the strong correlation between the number of genes and the genome size makes the size of bacterial genomes an interesting topic for research and discussion. The general trends of bacterial evolution indicate that bacteria started as free-living organisms. Evolutionary paths led some bacteria to become pathogens and symbionts.
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Roth, A. J., Jones, G. S., & French, T. W. (2002). Incidence of naturally-healed fractures in the pectoral bones of North American accipiters. Journal of Raptor Research, 36(3), 229-230.Morishita, T. Y., Fullerton, A. T., Lowenstine, L. J., Gardner, I. A., & Brooks, D. L. (1998). Morbidity and mortality in free-living raptorial birds of northern California: a retrospective study, 1983-1994. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 78-81.
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Excavata is a major supergroup of unicellular organisms belonging to the domain Eukaryota. It was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and introduced by Thomas Cavalier- Smith in 2002 as a formal taxon. It contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and also includes some important parasites of humans, including Giardia and Trichomonas. Excavates were formerly considered to be included in the now obsolete Protista kingdom.
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After the engorged larva has completed feeding, it detaches from its stylostome feeding tube, drops to the ground, and molts to a nymph. The remaining lifecycle comprises the free-living nymph and adult stages predatory on other minute arthropods. The adults resemble spiders. They actively hunt amongst the ground-level debris layer of vegetation and are conspicuous by their red color and dense outer covering of fine setae, appearing like fur.
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The head and body colour is black, with the melanophores mostly arranged in two longitudinal bars, and the fins are colourless. Females grow to a length of about while free-living males may achieve . The males are similar to other members of the genus but can be distinguished from them by the pigmentation, with melanophores concentrated in two longitudinal bars, and by the lack of sphenotic spines (above the eyes).
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The two competing hypotheses as to the phylogeny of Xenoturbella are shown in red. One suggests it is a deuterostome (right), while the other suggests it is a basal bilaterian (left) When it was discovered, X. bocki was placed in a new genus Xenoturbella. Above the genus level, the classification of this animal is controversial. Westbald placed it in the phylum Platyhelminthes in the class turbellaria (free-living flatworms).
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Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with a host and only become parasitic when environmental conditions deteriorate. A parasite may have a long-term relationship with its host, as is the case with all endoparasites.
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However, some are symbiotes of other animals, such as crustaceans, and some are parasites. Free- living turbellarians are mostly black, brown or gray, but some larger ones are brightly colored. The Acoela and Nemertodermatida were traditionally regarded as turbellarians, but are now regarded as members of a separate phylum, the Acoelomorpha, or as two separate phyla. Xenoturbella, a genus of very simple animals, has also been reclassified as a separate phylum.
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Oedipina cyclocauda occurs in humid lowland forests at elevations generally below ; Honduran records from elevations up to might refer to another species. It is terrestrial and semi-fossorial. The type series was collected from rotting logs in which they appeared to follow tunnels made by beetle larvae (a microhabitat shared with Oedipina gracilis) and from piles of rotting weeds or stumps. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage.
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The latter species dies soon after being cured of the endosymbiont. In the few cases in which P. necessarius is not present, a different and rarer bacterium apparently supplies the same function. No attempt to grow symbiotic P. necessarius outside their hosts has yet been successful, strongly suggesting that the relationship is obligate for both partners. Yet, closely related free-living relatives of P. necessarius have been identified.
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Phone Homer: Clytemnestra's Guide to Surveillance-Free Living reimagines the epic poem The Iliad by investigating the dynamics of being a “first lady.” For the work, Ellsworth developed a standalone internet, pre-recorded conversations, and other tools to imagine a life that is protected from surveillance and liberated from interpersonal drama. It premiered at the Made in the USA Festival at the Onassis Cultural Center in Athens, Greece in 2016.
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The genome of Monosiga brevicollis, with 41.6 million base pairs, is similar in size to filamentous fungi and other free-living unicellular eukaryotes, but far smaller than that of typical animals. In 2010, a phylogenomic study revealed that several algal genes are present in the genome of Monosiga brevicollis. This could be due to the fact that, in early evolutionary history, choanoflagellates consumed algae as food through phagocytosis. Carr et al.
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In August 2004 they came live from Athens to defeat the Olympics. Yorin FM conducted several projects with high prices; so the station gave twice a year "free" living in a villa in the Algarve away. It was also regularly to the format doctored, until there is also again dance and urban was rotated at a given time. Despite everything, not Yorin FM managed to raise the listening figures.
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The slender spider crab is a free living, solitary, epibenthic, and gonochoristic omnivore. It has a life span of 3 to 5 years, with the duration of the larval development of 11 to 30 days. It can be found in European waters, from the Faroe Islands to Portugal, most commonly around the British Isles. It usually occurs in waters 9–97 meters deep, on muddy to hard substrata, or in estuaries.
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Diplonema feature two short flagella of equal length and two subapical openings. Most are free living, but there have been reported cases of infection in clams and sudden decomposition of aquarium plants. It was described initially in 1914 and later rediscovered in the 60s and called Isonema, wrongly classified among euglenids.W. Marande, J. Lukeš y G. Burger, Unique Mitochondrial Genome Structure in Diplonemids, the Sister Group of Kinetoplastids, Eukaryot Cell.
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Scuticociliatosis consists of overwhelming infection of an animal's body by any one of around 20 species of scuticociliate. These unicellular organisms are free-living in marine environments but are opportunistic parasites with a diverse host range. It is unclear what triggers infection, although infection rates are known to be higher, in both experimental and aquaculture conditions, in warmer water. Low salinity has also been reported to reduce disease rates.
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The Coyote argues that he is wild and free living the hunter's life as opposed to the Cat's domesticated lifestyle. The Cat argues that she is loved and taken care of, which the Coyote cannot understand. The Coyote challenges her to spend one day in the wild and see the world as he sees it. The Cat, while possibly tempted, is suspicious that the Coyote wants to eat her.
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Row, Peterson and Company, Elmsford, New York. 1961. The female looks very different from the male. It resembles a larva, and though it is free-living and has legs and antennae, it lacks elytra and hind wings. The larva of the odd beetle resembles that of most other Dermestidae, but it lacks a tuft of hair at the posterior end and any long hairs along the dorsal surface.
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The medusa (jellyfish) is free-living in the plankton. Dense nerve net cells are also present in the epidermis in the cap. They form a large ring-like structure above the radial canal commonly presented in cnidarians. Turritopsis dohrnii also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of stolons that run along the substrate and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.
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Some polar copepods reach . Most copepods have a single median compound eye, usually bright red and in the centre of the transparent head; subterranean species may be eyeless. Like other crustaceans, copepods possess two pairs of antennae; the first pair is often long and conspicuous. Free-living copepods of the orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida typically have a short, cylindrical body, with a rounded or beaked head, although considerable variation exists in this pattern.
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It is also tolerant of a wide range of temperatures. Individuals have survived temperatures as high as and as low as , though growth and reproduction are restricted to the range from . It can also live without air for about 6 weeks, using up its stored glycogen reserves. Dispersal to new habitats occurs both during the free-living larval stage, by floating timbers carried along by currents, and, historically, from the hulls of wooden vessels.
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The various genera of the Panopeidae are morphologically similar, partly as a result of many instances of convergent evolution to similar habitats and food preferences. Crabs of the family Panopeidae are all free-living (not commensal or parasitic), and typically live in soft-bottomed parts of the ocean, lending them the common name "mud crabs" (a name also shared by other organisms). They burrow into the sediment and feed on a variety of marine invertebrates.
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Parasites recorded for the eastern pygmy possum are the fleas Acanthopsylla rothschildi, A. scintilla, Choristopsylla thomasi, and Ch. ochi; the mites Guntheria newmani, G. shieldsi, Ornithonyssus bacoti (normally a parasite of captive rats), and Stomatodex cercarteti (type described from C. nanus); two nematodes Tetrabothriostrongylus mackerrasae and Paraustrostrongylus gymnobelideus; and the common marsupial tick Ixodes tasmani. There is also a record of a free- living platyhelminth Geoplana sp., although this was possibly an accidental infection.
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Michael Syvanen, Clarence I. Kado Horizontal Gene Transfer Academic Press, p. 405 The host cell and organelle need to develop a transport mechanism that enables the return of the protein products needed by the organelle but now manufactured by the cell. Cyanobacteria and α-proteobacteria are the most closely related free-living organisms to plastids and mitochondria respectively. Both cyanobacteria and α-proteobacteria maintain a large (>6Mb) genome encoding thousands of proteins.
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2191 Sappinia species were once thought to be coprozoic (living in feces), as the first strains were isolated from animal dung. More research has shown that they are typical free- living amoebae, and can be found worldwide in soil, plant litter, and standing decaying plants, as well as freshwater ponds. In 2001, the first and only case of human pathogenesis in Sappinia was confirmed.Gelman, B. B. 2001: Amoebic Encephalitis Due to Sappinia diploidea.
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Some bacteria can convert N2 into ammonia by the process termed nitrogen fixation; these bacteria are either free-living or form symbiotic associations with plants or other organisms (e.g., termites, protozoa), while other bacteria bring about transformations of ammonia to nitrate, and of nitrate to N2 or other nitrogen gases. Many bacteria and fungi degrade organic matter, releasing fixed nitrogen for reuse by other organisms. All these processes contribute to the nitrogen cycle.
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Picrophilus torridus is a species of Archaea described in 1996. Picrophilus torridus was found in soil near a hot spring in Hokkaido, Japan. The pH of the soil was less than 0.5. P. torridus also has one of the smallest genomes found among organisms that are free-living and are non-parasitic and a high coding density, meaning that the majority of its genes are coding regions and provide instructions for building proteins.
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This species is unique among ergasilids in that it only has three pairs of legs: the fourth and fifth pairs are reduced to single spines or are completely absent. The second antenna is very distinctive, hooks on the last and penultimate segments creating an obviously claw-like structure, more obvious in the female. The male is free-living, forming part of the plankton. Both sexes have an average length of 0.5 mm.
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Articulata exhibit pentamerous symmetry. The stalk, which consists of numerous disks held together by ligaments, supports a calyx or cup made of circlets of calcerous plates. In Comatulids, the stalk develops following the larval stage, but the juveniles shed all but the topmost disk to take up a free-living existence. Five often branched arms, which consist of articulated series of ossicles, extend from the oral plate and form the food-capture mechanism of Articulata.
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The Seriata are an order of turbellarian flatworms. They are found in both freshwater and marine environments, and also include a number of species found in damp terrestrial conditions. Most are free-living, but the group includes the genus Bdelloura, which lives comensally on the gills of horseshoe crabs. Seriatans are distinguished from other related groups by the presence of a folded pharynx and of a number of diverticula arising from the intestine.
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The Strepsiptera have two major groups: the Stylopidia and Mengenillidia. The Mengenillidia include three extinct families (Cretostylopidae, Protoxenidae, and Mengeidae) plus two extant families (Bahiaxenidae and Mengenillidae; the latter is not monophyletic, however.) They are considered more primitive, and the known females (Mengenillidae only) are free-living, with rudimentary legs and antennae. The females have a single genital opening. The males have strong mandibles, a distinct labrum, and more than five antennal segments.
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A red variety of Trachyphyllia in a reef aquariumOpen brain corals can be found throughout the Indo-Pacific, from the Red Sea to New Caledonia. They are found up to a maximum depth of 40 meters. Open brain corals are less common directly in coral reef communities, and are more often found on sandy reef slopes, around continental islands, and lagoons. Open brain corals can often be found near other free-living corals.
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"Free-living" also allows these organisms to require less energy and food for survival. Pseudonocardia is a catalase-positive, non-motile, aerobic and a non-acid-fasting bacteria and produces a gram positive reaction. Under the microscope they exhibit branching, rod-shaped organisms. There are many different strains of Pseudonocardia and a good portion of these strains have been found in China, in soils of the forest and in Eucalyptus trees of Australia.
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However, these bacteria all play similar roles in sustaining the vestimentiferans. Endosymbionts have a wide variety of metabolic genes, which may allow them to switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic methods of nutrient acquisition. When the host dies, the bacteria are released and return to the free-living population in the seawater. Discovery of the hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific Ocean was quickly followed by the discovery and description of new vestimentiferan tubeworm species.
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The adults are mostly free-living in freshwater or marine environments, and males and females aggregate into tight balls (Gordian knots) during mating. Spinochordodes tellinii and its katydid host In Spinochordodes tellinii and Paragordius tricuspidatus, which have grasshoppers and crickets as their hosts, the infection acts on the infected host's brain. This causes the host insect to seek water and drown itself, thus returning the nematomorph to water. — according to Thomas et al.
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When sufficiently mature, the terminal proglottids are shed, being expelled from the host with the whale's fæces. Compared with their free-living relatives, parasites tend to be more fecund, and the whale tapeworm is likely to produce billions of eggs during its lifetime. Considering why the worms should have evolved this enormous fecundity, Gerald D. Schmidt and Larry S. Roberts (1977) reflected that "There are few whales and the ocean is large".
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A megasporangium enclosed in a protective layer called an integument is known as an ovule. After fertilisation by means of sperm produced by pollen grains, an embryo sporophyte develops inside the ovule. The integument becomes a seed coat, and the ovule develops into a seed. Seed plants can survive and reproduce in extremely arid conditions, because they are not dependent on free water for the movement of sperm, or the development of free living gametophytes.
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Internal anatomy of a male C. elegans nematode Nematodes are very small, slender worms: typically about 5 to 100 µm thick, and 0.1 to 2.5 mm long. The smallest nematodes are microscopic, while free-living species can reach as much as , and some parasitic species are larger still, reaching over in length. The body is often ornamented with ridges, rings, bristles, or other distinctive structures. The head of a nematode is relatively distinct.
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Like gastropods, the veliger of bivalves typically follows a free-living trochophore stage. Shipworms, however, hatch directly as veligers, with the trochophore being an embryonic stage within the egg capsule. Many freshwater species go further, with the veliger also remaining within the egg capsule, and only hatching after metamorphosing into the adult form. The shell of a bivalve veliger first appears as a single structure along the dorsal surface of the larva.
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Pristionchus pacificus is a species of free-living nematodes (roundworms) in the family Diplogastridae. The species has been established as a satellite model organism to Caenorhabditis elegans, with which it shared a common ancestor 200-300 million years ago. The genome of P. pacificus has been fully sequenced, which in combination with other tools for genetic analysis make this species a tractable model in the laboratory, especially for studies of developmental biology.
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He preached against the harmful effects that addictions such as tobacco, alcohol, opium, other intoxicants, and gambling have on the mind and asked society to give up these activities. Shastri Narayanswarupdas (also known as Pramukh Swami Maharaj), further contributed to the founding vision and highlighted the importance of service to society as an extension of spiritual endeavors. He traveled around the world emphasizing the importance of family harmony, community service, and addiction-free living.
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Claviger testaceus. Many species of Staphylinidae (commonly known as “rove beetles”) have developed complex interspecies relationships with ants, known as myrmecophily. Rove Beetles are among the most rich and diverse families of myrmecophilous beetles, with a wide variety of relationships with ants. Ant associations range from near free-living species which prey only on ants, to obligate inquilines of ants, which exhibit extreme morphological and chemical adaptations to the harsh environments of ant nests.
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The photosynthetic symbionts, or photobionts, associated with X. parietina are from the green algal genus Trebouxia. Species that have been found include Trebouxia arboricola and T. irregularis. Both of these photobionts are known to occur free-living in nature, having been found on bark colonized by X. parietina as well as on bark not colonized by lichens. In one study, the photobiont was shown to occupy 7% of the volume of the thallus.
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Tinidazole may be effective in curing children. The usage of conventional therapeutics to treat amoebiasis if often linked with substantial side effects, a threat to the efficacy of these therapeutics, further worsened by the development of drug resistance in the parasite. Amoebic meningoencephalitis and keratitis is a brain-eating amoeba caused by free-living Naeglaria and Acanthomoeba. One way this pathogen can be acquired is by soaking contact lenses in water instead of contact solution.
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Psychrophiles are protected from freezing and the expansion of ice by ice-induced desiccation and vitrification (glass transition), as long as they cool slowly. Free living cells desiccate and vitrify between −10 °C and −26 °C. Cells of multicellular organisms may vitrify at temperatures below −50 °C. The cells may continue to have some metabolic activity in the extracellular fluid down to these temperatures, and they remain viable once restored to normal temperatures.
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Polynucleobacter hirudinilacicolaHahn MW, Koll U, Schmidt J, Huymann LR, Karbon G, Lang E (2018) Polynucleobacter hirudinilacicola sp. nov. and Polynucleobacter campilacus sp. nov., both isolated from freshwater systems, International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 68(8):2593-2601 is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature The type strain was isolated from a small alkaline lake located in Austria.
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442x442px Free-living Protists occupy almost any environment that contains liquid water. Many protists, such as algae, are photosynthetic and are vital primary producers in ecosystems, particularly in the ocean as part of the plankton. Protists make up a large portion of the biomass in both marine and terrestrial environments. Other protists include pathogenic species, such as the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness, and species of the apicomplexan Plasmodium, which cause malaria.
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The D. discoideum genome sequencing project was completed and published in 2005 by an international collaboration of institutes. This was the first free-living protozoan genome to be fully sequenced. D. discoideum consists of a 34-Mb haploid genome with a base composition of 77% [A+T] and contains six chromosomes that encode around 12,500 proteins. Sequencing of the D. discoideum genome provides a more intricate study of its cellular and developmental biology.
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This bacterium is often involved in mutualistic relationships with legumes. It performs atmospheric nitrogen fixation for the plants and in exchange it receives organic carbon through the process of rhizodeposition. Free-living bacteria become housed inside specialized root cells in root nodules, which creates anaerobic microhabitat in which efficient N-fixation can occur. This mutualism has been observed with many plant species, including Medicago polymorpha and Medicago truncatula plants from around the world.
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The snood functions in both intersexual and intrasexual selection. Captive female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males, and during dyadic interactions, male turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods. These results were demonstrated using both live males and controlled artificial models of males. Data on the parasite burdens of free- living wild turkeys revealed a negative correlation between snood length and infection with intestinal coccidia, deleterious protozoan parasites.
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The duration of encystment is associated with ecological foraging strategies. Short dormancy period could facilitate rapid cycling between life cycle stages that could be beneficial to heterotrophic species in case of fluctuating food availability. However, possibility of chemical signalling involved in cyst hatching for Polykrikos is yet to be determined. Germling, a single zooid cell, emerging from the cyst, had a unique development that has never been documented for any free-living dinoflagellate.
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Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous, free-living green algae, first discovered in the fresh waters of Poland 1860 by W. Hilse and later named by German scientist K. E. Hirn. The morphology of Oedogonium is unique, with an interior and exterior that function very differently from one another and change throughout its life cycle. These protists reside in freshwater ecosystems in both hemispheres and are both benthic and planktonic in nature. Mrozińska T. 1958.
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There are few examples of documented populations of free-living Symbiodinium. Given that most host larvae must initially acquire their symbionts from the environment, viable Symbiodinium cells occur outside the host. The motile phase is probably important in the external environment and facilitates the rapid infection of host larvae. The use of aposymbiotic host polyps deployed as "capture vessels" and the application of molecular techniques has allowed for the detection of environmental sources of Symbiodinium.
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They travel by pseudopodia, which means that they extend parts of their body's cell membrane (the pseudopods) and then fill them with protoplasm to force locomotion. The pseudopods form at different points along the cell, thus allowing the trophozoite to change directions. In their free-living state, trophozoites feed on bacteria. In tissues, it appears they phagocytize (consume by enclosing and then digesting prey) red blood cells and destroy tissue by releasing cytolytic substances.
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Most are predators, and all live in water or in moist terrestrial environments. Most forms reproduce sexually and with few exceptions all are simultaneous hermaphrodites. The Acoelomorpha and the genus Xenoturbella were formerly included in the Turbellaria, but are no longer regarded as Platyhelminthes. All the exclusively parasitic Platyhelminthes form a monophyletic group Neodermata, and it is agreed that these are descended from one small sub-group within the free-living Platyhelminthes.
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Morphogenetic movements not only change the shape and structure of the embryo, but by bringing cell sheets into new spatial relationships they also make possible new phases of signaling and response between them. Growth in embryos is mostly autonomous. For each territory of cells the growth rate is controlled by the combination of genes that are active. Free-living embryos do not grow in mass as they have no external food supply.
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The retortamonads are a small group of flagellates, most commonly found in the intestines of animals as commensals, although a free-living species called the Chilomastix cuspidata exists. They are grouped under the taxon, Archezoa. They are usually around 5-20 μm in length, and all of their small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences are very similar to each other. There are two genera: Retortamonas with two flagella, and Chilomastix with four.
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The kinetoplastids were first defined by Bronislaw M. Honigberg in 1963 as the members of the flagellated protozoans. They are traditionally divided into the biflagellate Bodonidae and uniflagellate Trypanosomatidae; the former appears to be paraphyletic to the latter. One family of kinetoplastids, the trypanosomatids, is notable as it includes several genera which are exclusively parasitic. Bodo is a typical genus within kinetoplastida and including various common free-living species which feed on bacteria.
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Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is a microscopic nematode that kills slugs. Its complex life cycle includes a free-living, infective stage in the soil where it becomes associated with a pathogenic bacteria such as Moraxella osloensis. The nematode enters the slug through the posterior mantle region, thereafter feeding and reproducing inside, but it is the bacteria that kill the slug. The nematode is available commercially in Europe and is applied by watering onto moist soil.
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Fungia fungites may be confused with specimens of the related genus Cycloseris but the latter are always free living, even as juveniles, while the former bear a scar showing where they were attached when young. Fungia corals, like other large polyp stony corals, have developed several feeding strategies. They also capture planktonic organisms, food particles from the water column, and can absorb dissolved organic matter. Feeding tentacles are usually visible at night.
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Cornufer acrochordus occurs at elevations of above sea level on Bougainville and at , possibly higher, on Choiseul and Isabel. The lowland locations were in tropical rainforest where the frogs were active at night on the forest floor, whereas the Bougainville specimens were found on cliffs in steep mountains, and in cracks and fissures in the ground. Development is direct (i.e, there is no free-living larval stage) and the eggs are laid in fissures.
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Desmognathus wrighti is a member of the family Plethodontidae and is commonly known as the pygmy salamander. As the name suggest the pygmy salamander is the smallest of the nineteen species in the genus Desmognathus. D. wrighti undergoes direct development and does not have a free-living larval stage. Only two other taxa in Desmognathus, D. aeneus and D. organi, exhibit direct development along with the pygmy salamander.Hining, K. J. and R. C. Bruce. 2005.
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Corals in the genus Cycloseris are mostly solitary and free living, some attaining in diameter. The discs are either round or oval and the central mouth, which is surrounded by tentacles, may be a slit. The polyp sits in a calcareous cup, the corallite, and only extends its tentacles to feed at night. The septa are vertical skeletal elements inside the corallite wall and the costae unite the septae at the base of the coral.
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K. oxytoca and K. rhinoscleromatis have also been demonstrated in human clinical specimens. In recent years, Klebsiella species have become important pathogens in nosocomial infections. It naturally occurs in the soil, and about 30% of strains can fix nitrogen in anaerobic conditions. As a free-living diazotroph, its nitrogen-fixation system has been much-studied, and is of agricultural interest, as K. pneumoniae has been demonstrated to increase crop yields in agricultural conditions.
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Schistosomes, which cause the devastating tropical disease bilharzia, also belong to this group. Adults range between and in length. Individual adult digeneans are of a single sex, and in some species slender females live in enclosed grooves that run along the bodies of the males, partially emerging to lay eggs. In all species the adults have complex reproductive systems, capable of producing between 10,000 and 100,000 times as many eggs as a free-living flatworm.
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The bioluminescent bacterium A. fischeri is the first organism in which QS was observed. It lives as a mutualistic symbiont in the photophore (or light-producing organ) of the Hawaiian bobtail squid. When A. fischeri cells are free-living (or planktonic), the autoinducer is at low concentration, and, thus, cells do not show luminescence. However, when the population reaches the threshold in the photophore (about cells/ml), transcription of luciferase is induced, leading to bioluminescence.
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Most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free- living forms are generally predatory and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. Others are detritivores that help to break down forest litter and dead organic matter, such as skin cells. Others still are plant feeders and may damage crops. The feather mites, Astigmata, are found on almost all species of birds, except for penguins, and are highly specialized for life on their hosts.
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Victor Nigon and Ellsworth C. Dougherty, JEZ-A Ecological and Integrative Physiology, Volume 112, Issue 3, December 1949, Pages 485–503, Jean-Louis Brun, a student of Nigon, continued experiments on the 'Bergerac' variety of C. elegans.History of research on C. elegans and other free-living nematodes as model organisms. Victor Marc Nigon and Marie-Anne Félix at wormbook.org The specific epithet given to the nematode species Caenorhabditis nigoni is a tribute to Victor Nigon.
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Polynucleobacter wuianus is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter, isolated from a small pond located in the Austrian Alps in the area of Salzburg.Hahn, M.W., Pöckl, M. and Wu, Q.L. (2005) Low intraspecific diversity in a Polynucleobacter subcluster population numerically dominating bacterioplankton of a freshwater pond. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 4539–4547. Bacteria affiliated with this species represent planktonic bacteria (bacterioplankton) dwelling in acidic freshwater systems.
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Cladosporium herbarum can also spoil cheese and pasteurized soft cheese, causing problems during its manufacturing. Being able to survive at temperatures below freezing, C. herbarum can cause “black spot” spoilage of meat in cold storage (between and ). It has been isolated from fresh, frozen, and processed meats. Cladosporium herbarum has been isolated from caterpillars, nests, feathers, pellets of free-living birds, nests of gerbils, bee honeycombs, internal organs of frogs, and earthworms.
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Vegan permaculture (also known as veganic permaculture, veganiculture, or vegaculture) avoids the use of domesticated animals. It is essentially the same as permaculture except for the addition of a fourth core value; "Animal Care." Zalan Glen, a raw vegan, proposes that vegaculture should emerge from permaculture in the same way veganism split from vegetarianism in the 1940s. Vegan permaculture recognizes the importance of free-living animals, not domesticated animals, to create a balanced ecosystem.
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The host Specificity and Life Cycle is a major factor in the risk of coextinction. Species of mutalists, parasites, and many free- living insects that have staged life cycles are more likely to be a victim of coextinction. This is due to the fact that these organisms may depend on multiple hosts throughout their lives in comparison to simple life cycled organisms. Also, if organisms are evolutionary flexible, then these organisms may escape extinction.
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This is a large copepod that may grow to a length of . The mature female found attached to its host bears little resemblance to a free-living copepod. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing the host's cuticle and sucking fluids, the second antennae are modified with hooked claws for gripping the host, and the other appendages are vestigial. The body gradually widens towards the posterior and has transverse bands of dark colour.
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The adult female copepod is parasitic while the adult male is free-living. The head and neck of the female burrow into the host fish and large, hard cysts are formed in the host's organs. The attachment is made by hooking to the fish with the prehensile second antennae, the remaining parts of the copepod's body hanging free. This copepod is in its turn often parasitised by a goose barnacle, Conchoderma virgatum.
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The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina. Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian.
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Parallel studies assessed Smr9C expression in S. meliloti 1021 under different biological conditions; i.e. bacterial growth in TY, minimal medium (MM) and luteolin-MM broth and endosymbiotic bacteria (i.e. mature symbiotic alfalfa nodules) and high salt stress, oxidative stress and cold and hot shock stresses. Expression of Smr9C in free-living bacteria was found to be growth-dependent, being the gene strongly down-regulated when bacteria entered the stationary phase, whereas no expression was detected in endosymbiotic bacteria.
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Expression of Smr14C2 increased ~5-fold in nodules when compared with free-living bacteria (log phase TY or MM cultures), suggesting the induction of these sRNAs during bacterial infection and/or bacteroid differentiation. Recent deep sequencing data found differential expression of the plasmic copies. Smr14A1 showed differential expression conditions, with a very low expression level in complex medium and in the same medium at decreased temperature. However, it was strongly up-regulated by heat-shock stress.
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Bicosoecida (ICZN) or Bicosoecales/Bicoecea (ICBN) is an order of Bikosea, a small group of unicellular flagellates, included among the heterokonts. Informally known as bicosoecids, they are a small group of unicellular flagellates, included among the heterokonts. The cells are free-living, with no chloroplasts, and in some genera are encased in a lorica. The name of the type genus Bicosoeca described by James-Clark in 1866 is derived from Greek roots (, vase, bowl, plus oekein, inhabit).
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The last free-living wolf to be killed on the soil of present-day Germany before 1945 was the so-called "Tiger of Sabrodt", which was shot near Hoyerswerda, Lusatia (then Lower Silesia) in 1904. Today, wolves have returned to the area. Wolf hunting in France was first institutionalized by Charlemagne between 800–813, when he established the ', a special corps of wolf hunters. The ' was abolished after the French Revolution in 1789, but was re-established in 1814.
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Various species of Ergasilidae parasitise hosts in various habitats, mostly freshwater, but some attack marine species, especially euryhaline fishes such as mullet. Because the best-known species are adapted to attack the gill filaments of the fishes, Ergasilidae are known by common names such as gill lice. However, some species have been found infesting, and presumably causing, external skin lesions of fish. Immature instars and mature males of Ergasilidae are fairly typical free-living planktonic copepods.
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Frontonia is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists, belonging to the order Peniculida. As Peniculids, the Frontonia are closely related to members of the genus Paramecium. However, whereas Paramecia are mainly bacterivores, Frontonia are capable of ingesting large prey such as diatoms, filamentous algae, testate amoebas,Dias, Roberto and D'Agosto, Marta. 2006. "Feeding Behavior of Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg)." Revista Brasiliera de Zoologia 23 (3): 758-763 and even, in some circumstances, members of their own species.
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In 2013, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended miltefosine for the treatment of free-living amoeba infections such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, two fatal protozoal diseases. Historically, only four survivors have been recorded out of 138 confirmed infections in North America. One American survived the infection in 1978 and one individual from Mexico in 2003. In 2013, two children survived and recovered from primary amoebic meningoencephalitis after treatment with miltefosine.
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Over time, many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host, a process called endosymbiotic gene transfer. As a result, the chloroplast genome is heavily reduced compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often have more than 1500 genes in their genome. Recently, a plastid without a genome was found, demonstrating chloroplasts can lose their genome during endosymbiotic the gene transfer process.
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Behaviorally, cockles live buried in sediment, whereas scallops either are free-living and will swim into the water column to avoid a predator, or in some cases live attached by a byssus to a substrate. The mantle has three apertures (inhalant, exhalant, and pedal) for siphoning water and for the foot to protrude. Cockles typically burrow using the foot, and feed by filtering plankton from the surrounding water. Cockles are capable of "jumping" by bending and straightening the foot.
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The Spicipalpia are a suborder of Trichoptera, the caddisflies. The four families included in this suborder all have the character of pointed maxillary palps in the adults. The larvae of the different families have varying lifestyles, from free-living to case-making, but all construct cases in their final larval instar for pupation or at an earlier instar as a precocial pupation behavior. Although recognized under some phylogenies, molecular analysis has shown this group is likely not monophyletic.
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Naegleriasis (also known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis; PAM) is an almost invariably fatal infection of the brain by the free-living unicellular eukaryote Naegleria fowleri. Symptoms are meningitis-like and include headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, a stiff neck, confusion, hallucinations and seizures. Symptoms progress rapidly over around five days, and death usually results within one to two weeks of symptoms. N. fowleri is typically found in warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers and hot springs.
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1991), yet there is strong evidence that they affect the species diversity of other nematodes. In a golf course ecosystem, the application of H. bacteriophora, an introduced nematode, significantly reduced the abundance, species richness, maturity, and diversity of the nematode community (Somaseker et al. 2002). EPNs had no effect on free-living nematodes. However, there was a reduction in the number of genera and abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes, which often remain enclosed within growths on the plant root.
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The eggs typically develop in 2–3 weeks,Beaver 1939; Basch and Sturrock 1969; Johnson et al. 2004 but the time varies depending on water temperature. Eggs hatch into miracidia, a ciliated free-living parasite stage, which infect the first intermediate host, ram’s horn snails in the family Planorbidae, colonizing the snail’s reproductive tissue and eventually forming rediae, a slow-moving worm- like parasite stage. The rediae reproduce asexually, castrating the snail as they feed on its reproductive tissue.
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The arthropod digestive system is divisible into three areas: the fore gut, mid gut, and hind gut. All free-living species exhibit a distinct and separate mouth and anus, and in all species, food must be moved through the digestive tract by muscular activity rather than cilia activity since the lumen of the fore gut and hind gut is lined with cuticle. Digestion is generally extracellular. Nutrients are distributed to the tissues through the hemal system.
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These flatworms are acoelomate bilaterians. They lack respiratory and circulatory systems and therefore diffuse oxygen and CO2 through the body surface, which is made possible due to them being highly flattened, which increases their surface area to volume ratio.Schockaert E.R., Hooge, M., Sluys R., Schilling, S., Tyler, S., and Artois, T. (2008) Global diversity of free living flatworms (Platyhelminthes, ‘Turbellaria’) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 41–48, doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9002-8 However, this limits their maximum in size.
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Many vacuoles can sometimes be seen in the periphery of the organi in addition to large, bubble-like non-contractile vacuoles. Young trophozoites range from about 25-40um, while mature trophozoites can reach to about 70um. Organisms tend to have multiple spherical nuclei with a central compact nucleolus. Some species of Vampyrella have been observed to fuse with each other to form large plasmodia with the same structure and colouration as a single free-living cell.
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Scaphopods have separate sexes, and external fertilisation. They have a single gonad occupying much of the posterior part of the body, and shed their gametes into the water through the nephridium. Once fertilized, the eggs hatch into a free-living trochophore larva, which develops into a veliger larva that more closely resembles the adult, but lacks the extreme elongation of the adult body. The three-lobed foot originates prior to metamorphosis while the cephalic tentacles develop post metamorphosis.
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Polynucleobacter victoriensisHahn MW, Schmidt J, Asiyo GS, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Whitman WB (2017). Reclassification of a Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus strain isolated from tropical Lake Victoria as Polynucleobacter victoriensis sp. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67:5087-5093 , is an aerobic, chemo-organotrophic, non-motile, free-living bacterium of the genus Polynucleobacter.LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature The type strain was isolated from Lake Victoria near Kampala in Uganda, East Africa.
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LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature The type strain was isolated from a small alkaline lake located in Austria. This strain differes from other Polynucleobacter type strains due to its origin from a deep anoxic water layer. The genome sequence of the strain was fully determined.,NCBI GenomeIMG - Integrated Microbial Genomes The type strain dwells as a free-living, planktonic bacterium in the water column of the lake, thus is part of freshwater bacterioplankton.
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The current research goals of Invertebrate Biology describes its research goals as spanning the fields of "morphology and ultrastructure, genetics and phylogenetics, evolution, physiology and ecology, neurobiology, behavior and biomechanics, reproduction and development" and includes "cell and molecular biology related to all types of invertebrates: protozoan and metazoan, aquatic and terrestrial, free-living and symbiotic". The AMS guidelines specify that discussions of taxonomy as strictly complementary to these research goals, and should function as a secondary component.
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Their life cycle is indirect, requiring a definitive host such as ruminants, an intermediate host such as snail, and a free-living of external phases in water and plants. The sexually mature monoecious self-fertilises in the mammalian rumen, and release the eggs along with faeces. Eggs hatch in water into ciliated miracidia. The miracidia then enters the body of an intermediate host, which are snails belonging to the genera Bulinus, Planorbis, Physa Stagnicola and Pseudosuccinea.
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Most can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of the adult mouthparts. The characteristics of adults depend on the palps, wing venation and genitalia of both sexes. The latter two characters have undergone such extensive differentiation among the different superfamilies that the differences between the suborders is not clear-cut. The larvae of Annulipalpians are campodeiform (free-living, well sclerotized, long legged predators with dorso-ventrally flattened bodies and protruding mouthparts).
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S. marcescens on an agar plate The pathogen responsible is believed to be Serratia marcescens, a common intestinal bacterium found in humans and other animals. This is the first time it has been linked to the death of coral. The specific source of the bacteria that is killing the coral is currently unknown. As well as being a part of human and animal gut flora, S. marcescens can live in soil and water as a "free living" microbe.
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Pristimantis ruthveni lives in moist forests and rocky high mountain habitats (subpáramo and páramo) at elevations of above sea level; it is more common in the latter types of habitats. It is associated with streams and the stream-side vegetation. Development is direct, without free-living tadpole stage. This species is threatened by habitat loss and deterioration of its forest, páramo, and riparian habitats, primarily because of agricultural activities (slash-and-burn cultivation of crops and cattle raising).
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The species' natural habitats are montane forests at elevations of above sea level. Individuals have been found in dense ridge-top forest where males were calling both day and night, in low vegetation in a stream-side forest at night, and on the ground in a forest bordering a river. Calling activity suggested an abundant population at the ridge-top site, even though individuals were difficult to locate. Development is direct, without free-living larval stage.
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Analysis of over 2000 Escherichia coli genomes reveals an E. coli core genome of about 3100 gene families and a total of about 89,000 different gene families. 50px This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Genome sequences show that parasitic bacteria have 500–1200 genes, free-living bacteria have 1500–7500 genes, and archaea have 1500–2700 genes. A striking discovery by Cole et al.
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Bacteria lose a large amount of genes as they transition from free-living or facultatively parasitic life cycles to permanent host-dependent life. Towards the lower end of the scale of bacterial genome size are the mycoplasmas and related bacteria. Early molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that mycoplasmas represented an evolutionary derived state, contrary to prior hypotheses. Furthermore, it is now known that mycoplasmas are just one instance of many of genome shrinkage in obligately host-associated bacteria.
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Like other nitrogen-fixing bacteria, they can either be free- living or have symbiotic relationships with plants. Other sources of nitrogen include acid deposition produced through the combustion of fossil fuels, ammonia gas which evaporates from agricultural fields which have had fertilizers applied to them, and dust. Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs account for about 80% of all nitrogen fluxes in ecosystems. When plant tissues are shed or are eaten, the nitrogen in those tissues becomes available to animals and microbes.
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Bryozoans have contributed to carbonate sedimentation in marine life since the Ordovician period. Bryozoans take responsibility for many of the colony forms, which have evolved in different taxonomic groups and vary in sediment producing ability. The nine basic bryozoan colony-forms include: encrusting, dome-shaped, palmate, foliose, fenestrate, robust branching, delicate branching, articulated and free-living. Most of these sediments come from two distinct groups of colonies: domal, delicate branching, robust branching and palmate; and fenestrate.
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During the day when the squid are inactive and hidden, bioluminescence is unnecessary, and expelling the A. fischeri conserves energy. Another, more evolutionarily important, reason may be that daily venting ensures selection for A. fischeri that have evolved specificity for a particular host, but can survive outside of the light organ.Differentially expressed genes reveal adaptations between free-living and symbiotic niches of Aliivibrio fischeri in a fully established mutualism. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52(12): 1218-1227.
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The nervous system and musculoskeletal system provide the majority of mammalian motility. In addition to animal locomotion, most animals are motile, though some are vagile, described as having passive locomotion. Many bacteria and other microorganisms, and multicellular organisms are motile; some mechanisms of fluid flow in multicellular organs and tissue are also considered instances of motility, as with gastrointestinal motility. Motile marine animals are commonly called free-swimming, and motile non-parasitic organisms are called free-living.
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TRV spraing vectored by free living nematodes (trichodorid) most typically occurs on light sandy soils during incidence of heavy rain or over irrigation. These conditions are ideal for the nematodes to swim to the surface in order to feed on the tubers and subsequently cause infection. During non wet periods they return to the depths of the soil profile making soil sample testing for trichodorid often unreliable. Different potato varieties show varying levels of resistance to TRV tuber symptoms.
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However, Hochstetter's frog lays its eggs in shallow ponds and has free-living tadpoles, although they do not swim far from the place of hatching, or even feed, before metamorphosing into adult frogs. Lifespans may be long (more than 30 years) for such small organisms. Introduced fauna are thought to have had a negative impact on these native frogs, with 93% of all reported predation events on native frogs being attributed to introduced fauna, primarily ship rats.
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Predatory lacewings are available from biocontrol dealers. Predators are mainly free-living species that directly consume a large number of prey during their whole lifetime. Given that many major crop pests are insects, many of the predators used in biological control are insectivorous species. Lady beetles, and in particular their larvae which are active between May and July in the northern hemisphere, are voracious predators of aphids, and also consume mites, scale insects and small caterpillars.
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Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing. Juveniles of some representatives of the genera Bodianus, Epibulus, Cirrhilabrus, Oxycheilinus, and Paracheilinus hide among the tentacles of the free-living mushroom coral Heliofungia actiniformis. The word "wrasse" comes from the Cornish word wragh, a lenited form of gwragh, meaning an old woman or hag, via Cornish dialect wrath. It is related to the Welsh gwrach and Breton gwrac'h.
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The medusae of hydrozoans are smaller than those of typical jellyfish, ranging from in diameter. Although most hydrozoans have a medusoid stage, this is not always free-living, and in many species, exists solely as a sexually reproducing bud on the surface of the hydroid colony. Sometimes, these medusoid buds may be so degenerated as to entirely lack tentacles or mouths, essentially consisting of an isolated gonad. The body consists of a dome-like umbrella ringed by tentacles.
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These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some of their own proteins. Both the genetic and energy-converting systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria are descended, with little modification, from those of the free-living bacteria that these organelles once were. The existence of these cytoplasmic genomes is consistent with, and counts as evidence for, the endosymbiont hypothesis. Most genes for proteins of chloroplasts and mitochondria are, however, now located on chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
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While adults live freely and are often found wandering about, searching for small animals and insect eggs for food, the larvae try to find a host to attach themselves to, often an insect like a grasshopper or diptere, but also arachnids like harvestmen or spiders. At this stage they are seen as red globules on their hosts, sucking body liquid without severely harming the host. These larvae then develop into free- living nymphs that resemble adults.
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Peranema is a genus of free-living phagotrophic euglenids (Euglenida; Euglenozoa; Excavata). There are more than 20 nominal species, varying in size between 8 and 200 micrometers. Peranema cells are gliding flagellates found in freshwater lakes, ponds and ditches, and are often abundant at the bottom of stagnant pools rich in decaying organic material. Although they belong to the class Euglenoidea, and are morphologically similar to the green Euglena, Peranema have no chloroplasts, and do not conduct autotrophy.
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Urastoma cyprinae is a turbellarian that infects the gills of numerous species. It has been reported as free-living organism in marine mud and on algae. Urastoma cyprinae is reported as an opportunistic mantle inhabitantMcGladdery, S.E. and Bower, S.M. (1999) Synopsis of Infectious Diseases and Parasites of Commercially Exploited Shellfish: Malpeque Disease of Oysters. on the gills of various bivalve species, including the clams Tridacna maxima and Tridacna gigas, and the mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis.
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The life cycle of C. parvum begins when eggs are released into the water and hatch into free-swimming miracidia. The miracidia then penetrate the first intermediate host, Potamopyrgus antipodarum (the New Zealand mud snail), where they multiply and develop into sporocysts. Next, free-living cercariae are asexually produced from the sporocysts and shed by the snails. These shed cercarial larvae then penetrate the hemocoel of the second intermediate host, Paracalliope fluviatilis (amphipod) and encyst as metacercariae (Kelly, 2009).
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Parablepharismea is a class of free-living marine and brackish anaerobic ciliates that form a major clade of obligate anaerobes within the SAL group (Spirotrichea, Armophorea, and Litostomatea), together with the classes Muranotrichea and Armophorea. Parablepharismea are medium to large, elongated ciliates with navicular outline and holotrichous somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids without postciliodesmata. Their oral ciliature is composed of bipartite paroral membrane and adoral zone of membranelles. They host a thick coat of prokaryotic ectosymbionts and cytoplasmic endosymbionts.
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Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. It has the particularity that all the species of the genus live in symbiosis with soil entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema. Although no free-living forms of Xenorhabdus have ever been isolated outside of the nematode host, the benefits for the bacteria are still unknown. However, it has been demonstrated that the nematode can't establish within his insect host without the bacteria.
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Discocotyle sagittata is a species of freshwater monogenean gill ectoparasites of Salmo and Oncorhynchus. Their lifestyle is characterised by a free-living larval stage that may be inhaled by a suitable freshwater fish host, after which they may attach upon expulsion over the gill onto a single gill filament. Upon reaching maturity, parasites can remain attached by a posterior opisthaptor with its 8 associated clamps (4 in 2 rows). Adults may reach a few millimetres in length.
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Over time, many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host, a process called endosymbiotic gene transfer. As a result, the chloroplast genome is heavily reduced compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often have more than 1500 genes in their genome. Contrarily, there are only a few known instances where genes have been transferred to the chloroplast from various donors, including bacteria.
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Scuticociliatosis is a severe and often fatal parasitic infection of several groups of marine organisms. Species known to be susceptible include a broad range of teleosts, seahorses, sharks, and some crustaceans. The disease can be caused by any one of about 20 distinct species of unicellular eukaryotes known as scuticociliates, which are free-living marine microorganisms that are opportunistic or facultative parasites. Scuticociliatosis has been described in the wild, in captive animals in aquariums, and in aquaculture.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae was the first eukaryotic organism to have its complete genome sequence determined. This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle- only sequences. DNA was first sequenced in 1977. The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995.
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Bacteria are present in all regions of lentic waters. Free-living forms are associated with decomposing organic material, biofilm on the surfaces of rocks and plants, suspended in the water column, and in the sediments of the benthic and profundal zones. Other forms are also associated with the guts of lentic animals as parasites or in commensal relationships. Bacteria play an important role in system metabolism through nutrient recycling, which is discussed in the Trophic Relationships section.
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Frogspawn development. The larvae that emerge from the eggs, known as tadpoles (or occasionally polliwogs), typically have oval bodies and long, vertically flattened tails. As a general rule, free-living larvae are fully aquatic, but at least one species (Nannophrys ceylonensis) has semiterrestrial tadpoles which live among wet rocks. Tadpoles lack eyelids and have cartilaginous skeletons, lateral line systems, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), and vertically flattened tails they use for swimming.
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However, A. wilsoni retains the embryos in cavities in the pinnules and brood the larvae as they develop. They are not released until the doliolaria larvae have lost their cilia and undergone metamorphosis, developing a stalk and holdfast. They fall to the seabed and immediately attach to the substrate, the mouth at the centre of the oral surface opens, the first tube feet emerge and they start to feed. The stem is later shed and the juvenile becomes free-living.
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The Košice Zoo () is a zoo in Košice, Slovakia in the local city part of Kavečany. Encompassing , it is the largest zoo in Slovakia and the third largest in Europe, though visitors are allowed only in about one third of this area. Another area around the visitors area is preserves as the Carpathian Biom with many free living protected species of Slovak fauna and flora, including Imperial Eagle, Black Storc, Raven, etc. The zoo hosts about 250,000 visitors each year.
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Levipalatum texanum is a free-living nematode (roundworm) in the family Diplogastridae. The species is androdioecious, consisting of self-fertile hermaphrodites, which are morphologically females, and males. It is known from the south-eastern United States and has been found to live in association with scarab beetles (Cyclocephala sp.), although it has also been baited from soil. Nematodes of this species can be cultured on bacterium Escherichia coli in the laboratory, and they are presumed to also feed on microorganisms in the wild.
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While most castle citizens value their traditions and social customs and standing higher than their own survival, one gentleman however, Xanten, takes it upon himself to research the situation and search for allies outside of the castle. He eventually accepts that he can learn from the "barbaric" free-living outsiders and tribes. After a short and hard battle, the Meks take over Castle Hagedorn. Xanten and his allies win by destroying the Meks' food supply, which starves the Meks after several months.
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Species within the genus, Acanthamoeba, are generally free-living trophozoites. These trophozoites are relatively ubiquitous and can live in, but are not restricted to, tap water, freshwater lakes, rivers and soil. In addition to the trophozoite stage, the organism can also form a double-walled cyst which may also be present in the environment, and can be very difficult to eradicate through medical treatment. Both of these stages are usually non-nucleated and reproduce by the means of binary fission.
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In the direct development, first-stage larvae (L1) transform into infective larvae (IL) via three molts. The indirect route results first in the development of free- living adults that mate; the female lays eggs, which hatch and then develop into IL. The direct route gives IL faster (three days) versus the indirect route (seven to 10 days). However, the indirect route results in an increase in the number of IL produced. Speed of development of IL is traded for increased numbers.
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These in turn undergo further asexual reproduction, ultimately yielding large numbers of the second free-living stage, the cercaria (pl. cercariae). Free-swimming cercariae leave the snail host and move through the aquatic or marine environment, often using a whip- like tail, though a tremendous diversity of tail morphology is seen. Cercariae are infective to the second host in the life cycle, and infection may occur passively (e.g., a fish consumes a cercaria) or actively (the cercaria penetrates the fish).
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The peppermint shrimp (Lysmata vittata) is a species of shrimp, native to the Indo-Pacific from East Africa to the Philippines, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Lysmata vittata has been suggested as a cleaner shrimp species in aquaculture. This species has been show to successfully remove different parasite species from Epinephelus coioides fish hosts as well as free living stages of Cryptocaryon irritans. Out of four species of clear shrimp that were compared it was the most effective in reducing parasite numbers.
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His cell strain WI-38 soon replaced primary monkey kidney cells and became the substrate for the production of most of the world's human virus vaccines. Hayflick discovered that the etiological agent of primary atypical pneumonia (also called "walking pneumonia") was not a virus as previously believed. He was the first to cultivate the causative organism called a mycoplasma, the smallest free-living organism, which Hayflick isolated on a unique culture medium that bears his name. He named the organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
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In the book, Zero Waste Home: The Ultimate Guide to Simplifying your Life by Reducing your WasteZero waste#cite note-28, the author, Bea Johnson, provides a modified version of the 3Rs, the 5Rs: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot to achieve Zero Waste at home. The method, which she developed through years of practicing waste free living and used to reduce her family’s annual trash to fit in a pint jar, is now widely used by individuals, businesses and municipalities worldwide.
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Macrostomum lignano is a free-living, hermaphroditic flatworm. It is transparent and of small size (adults reaching about 1.7 mm), and is part of the intertidal sand meiofauna of the Adriatic Sea. Originally a model organism for research on developmental biology and the evolution of the bilaterian body plan, it has since expanded to other important fields of research such as sexual selection and sexual conflicts, ageing and the evolution of the bilaterian body plan, ecotoxicology, and, more recently, genomics.
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For a parasitic organism, its habitat is the particular part of the outside or inside of its host on or in which it is adapted to live. The life cycle of some parasites involves several different host species, as well as free-living life stages, sometimes within vastly different microhabitats. One such organism is the trematode (flatworm) Microphallus turgidus, present in brackish water marshes in the southeastern United States. Its first intermediate host is a snail and the second, a glass shrimp.
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Cercozoan amoeboids, such as Euglypha and Gromia, have slender, thread-like (filose) pseudopods. Foraminifera emit fine, branching pseudopods that merge with one another to form net-like (reticulose) structures. Some groups, such as the Radiolaria and Heliozoa, have stiff, needle-like, radiating axopodia (actinopoda) supported from within by bundles of microtubules. Morphology of a naked amoeba in the genus Mayorella Free-living amoebae may be "testate" (enclosed within a hard shell), or "naked" (also known as gymnamoebae, lacking any hard covering).
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Chital and barking deer were introduced here since its inception in 1978. The present population of chital (spotted deer) is quite high. Besides these, the wild animals in captivity kept in the zoo are leopard, sloth bear, saltwater crocodile, peafowl, adjutant stork, Emu, Porcupine, Golden Pheasant, Silver Pheasant, Red Jungle Fowl, Box turtle, Star Turtle, Barking deer, Sambar deer, Rhesus Macaque etc. Not just captive animals , many free living animals and birds are also present in the forest cum Sanctury area.
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Aspidogastreans have a nervous system of extraordinary complexity, greater than that of related free-living forms, and a great number of sensory receptors of many different types. The nervous system is of great complexity, consisting of a great number of longitudinal nerves (connectives) connected by circular commissures. The brain (cerebral commissure) is located dorsally, in the anterior part of the body, the eyes dorsally attached to it. A nerve from the main connective enters the pharynx and also supplies the intestine.
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The other species have a very reduced body musculature and are too gelatinous and fragile to do so. Instead they live directly on the seafloor. The extra-wide-lipped species shows the most obvious adaptations to the free living lifestyle, and they are found almost exclusively on rocks of deep-sea lava formations.Diversification of acorn worms (Hemichordata, Enteropneusta) revealed in the deep sea At depths between 1500 and 3700m, these animals are often the most numerous, along with echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans and fish.
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The Buchnera genome is 641-kb and consists of a circular chromosome with 2 plasmids. It has been reduced to one-seventh of the size of its closest free- living relative, E. coli. Buchnera has lost genes that would allow it to live outside the host but maintains genes essential for the nutrition of A. pisum. The Buchnera genome is missing genes required for surface membrane construction such as lipopolysaccharides and phosopholipids as well as genes associated with cellular defense.
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However, some scientists argue they could have lived as early as 2.7 billion years ago, as this was roughly before the time of the Great Oxygenation Event, meaning oxygen levels had time to increase in the atmosphere before it altered the ecosystem during this event. The rise in atmospheric oxygen led to the evolution of Proteobacteria. Today this phylum includes many nitrogen fixing bacteria, pathogens, and free-living microorganisms. This phylum evolved approximately 1.5 billion years ago during the Paleoproterozoic era.
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According to the endosymbiont theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living organisms that were each taken up by a eukaryotic cell. Over time, mitochondria and chloroplasts formed a symbiotic relationship with their eukaryotic hosts. Although the transfer of a number of genes from these organelles to the nucleus prevents them from living independently, each still possesses genetic material in the form of double stranded DNA. It is the transmission of this organellar DNA that is responsible for the phenomenon of extranuclear inheritance.
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LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature The type strain was isolated from a small acidic bog pond located in Austria. In contrast to other Polynucleobacter type strains, for instance the type strain of P. duraquae, the strain inhabits and prefers acidic waters. The genome sequence of the strain was fully determined.,NCBI GenomeIMG - Integrated Microbial Genomes The type strain dwells as a free-living, planktonic bacterium in the water column of a bog pond, thus is part of freshwater bacterioplankton.
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Polytomella is a genus of green algae in the family Dunaliellaceae. Polytomella is a free-living, flagellated, nonphotosynthetic green alga with a highly reduced, linear fragmented mitochondrial genome. Polytomella, as it exists today, bears evidence of once having a functional photosynthetic plastid which has over evolutionary time changed such that it would appear now to have no genome or gene expressing mechanisms remaining to it. Having transitioned completely to heterotrophy, Polytomella uses organic acids, alcohols and monosaccharides as its carbon source.
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In the legume-rhizobia symbioses the symbiosome is the nitrogen-fixing unit in the plant, formed by an interaction of plant and bacterial signals, and their cooperation. The legumes are protein-rich, and have a high demand for nitrogen that is usually available from nitrates in the soil. When these are scarce the plant secretes flavonoids that attract free-living diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) rhizobia to their root hairs. In turn the bacteria release Nod factors that stimulate the infection process in the plant.
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The outer host-cell derived symbiosome membrane encloses a space called the symbisome space or the peribacteroid space that surrounds the endosymbiont. In order for the symbiosome to be established as a nitrogen-fixing unit the enclosed bacterium has to be terminally differentiated into a morphologically changed bacteroid. The bacterium in the soil is free-living and motile. In the symbiosome it has to change its gene expression to adapt to a non-motile, non- reproductive form as the bacteroid.
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The endosymbiont dinoflagellates are used for their ability to photosynthesise and provide energy, giving the host cnidarians such as corals, and anemones, plant properties. Free-living dinoflagellates are ingested into the gastrodermal cells of the host, and their symbiosome membrane is derived from the host cell. The process of symbiosome formation is often seen in the animal host to be that of phagocytosis, and it is hypothesised that the symbiosome is a phagosome that has been subject to early arrest.
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Subclass Rhabditia is mostly composed of parasitic nematodes (particularly in the Strongylida), though there are some free-living species as well (particularly in the Rhabditida). Phasmids (posterior sensory structures) are well-developed, while amphids (anterior sensory structures) are poorly developed or absent in this group. In an alternate classification system, they are treated as suborder Rhabditina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders. Also, the Diplogasterida, which are sometimes considered a monotypic subclass, are probably better placed in the Rhabditia.
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Vascular plants are also represented in the ocean by groups such as the seagrasses. Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, the majority of primary production in the ocean is performed by free-living microscopic organisms called phytoplankton. It has been estimated that half of the world's oxygen is produced by phytoplankton. Larger autotrophs, such as the seagrasses and macroalgae (seaweeds) are generally confined to the littoral zone and adjacent shallow waters, where they can attach to the underlying substrate but still be within the photic zone.
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As part of a scientific study, a pair of Eurasian beaver was released in 2011 near Dartmoor in southern Devon. The 13 beaver ponds now in place impacted flooding to the extent of releasing precipitation over days to weeks instead of hours. Free-living beaver populations also occur around the River Tay and Knapdale areas in Scotland. The Knapdale population was released by the Scottish Wildlife Trust and the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, while the other populations are of unknown origin.
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Jakobids are an order of free-living, heterotrophic, flagellar eukaryotes in the supergroup Excavata. They are small (less than 15 μm), and can be found in aerobic and anaerobic environments. The order Jakobida, believed to be monophyletic, consists of only twenty species at present, and was classified as a group in 1993. There is ongoing research into the mitochondrial genomes of jakobids, which are unusually large and bacteria-like, evidence that jakobids may be important to the evolutionary history of eukaryotes.
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Frog larvae are known as tadpoles and typically have oval bodies and long, vertically flattened tails with fins. The free-living larvae are normally fully aquatic, but the tadpoles of some species (such as Nannophrys ceylonensis) are semi-terrestrial and live among wet rocks. Tadpoles have cartilaginous skeletons, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later), lateral line systems and large tails that they use for swimming. Newly hatched tadpoles soon develop gill pouches that cover the gills.
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Balamuthia infection is a cutaneous condition resulting from Balamuthia that may result in various skin lesions. Balamuthia mandrillarisis a free-living amoeba (a single-celled living organism) found in the environment. It is one of the causes of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord. Balamuthia is thought to enter the body when soil containing it comes in contact with skin wounds and cuts, or when dust containing it is breathed in or gets in the mouth.
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Heterocyathus aequicostatus is a small, solitary, free-living coral with a flat base. The polyp sits in a roughly circular corallite (stony cup) which has up to four cycles of toothed septa (stony ridges) radiating from it, making 48 septa in total. These continue over the rim of the corallite as prominent costa (ridges) down to the smooth, flat base. This coral grows to a maximum diameter of and is a pale brown colour, often with a pale green oral disc.
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Entamoeba belongs to the Archamoebae, which like many other anaerobic eukaryotes have reduced mitochondria. This group also includes Endolimax and Iodamoeba, which also live in animal intestines and are similar in appearance to Entamoeba, although this may partly be due to convergence. Also in this group are the free-living amoebo-flagellates of the genus Mastigamoeba and related genera. Certain other genera of symbiotic amoebae, such as Endamoeba, might prove to be synonyms of Entamoeba but this is still unclear.
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Whale barnacles attached to the throat of a humpback whale Barnacles are encrusters, attaching themselves temporarily to a hard substrate. The most common, "acorn barnacles" (Sessilia), are sessile, growing their shells directly onto the substrate. The order Pedunculata (goose barnacles and others) attach themselves by means of a stalk. Free-living barnacles are attached to the substratum by cement glands that form the base of the first pair of antennae; in effect, the animal is fixed upside down by means of its forehead.
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Naegleria fowleri, colloquially known as the "brain-eating amoeba",This happens to also be the common name of Balamuthia mandrillaris – An unrelated and even deadlier protist neuropathogen. is a species of the genus Naegleria, belonging to the phylum Percolozoa, which is technically not classified as true amoeba, but a shapeshifting amoeboflagellate excavate.Schuster, Frederick L., and Govinda S. Visvesvara. "Free-living Amoebae as Opportunistic and Non- opportunistic Pathogens of Humans and Animals." International Journal for Parasitology 34.9 (2004): 1001–1027. Web.
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Many species are also predators, fungivores, and animal parasites. Some of the most conspicuous species of free-living mites are the relatively large and bright red velvet mites, that belong to the family Trombidiidae. Oribatid mites and to a much lesser extent others are a source of alkaloids in poison frogs (namely small species like the strawberry poison-dart frog Oophaga pumilio). Such frogs raised without these orbatids in their diets do not develop the strong poisons associated with them in the wild.
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Bioluminescent plate Bioluminescent bacteria are light-producing bacteria that are predominantly present in sea water, marine sediments, the surface of decomposing fish and in the gut of marine animals. While not as common, bacterial bioluminescence is also found in terrestrial and freshwater bacteria. These bacteria may be free living (such as Vibrio harveyi) or in symbiosis with animals such as the Hawaiian Bobtail squid (Aliivibrio fischeri) or terrestrial nematodes (Photorhabdus luminescens). The host organisms provide these bacteria a safe home and sufficient nutrition.
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They are found globally, as free-living, symbiotic or parasitic forms and possibly as opportunistic pathogens. Factors that affect the distribution of bioluminescent bacteria include temperature, salinity, nutrient concentration, pH level and solar radiation. For example, Aliivibrio fischeri grows favourably in environments that have temperatures between 5 and 30 °C and a pH that is less than 6.8; whereas, Photobacterium phosphoreum thrives in conditions that have temperatures between 5 and 25 °C and a pH that is less than 7.0.
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Group II introns are the best characterized bacterial retroelement and the only type known to exhibit autonomous mobility; they consist of an RT encoded within a catalytic, self-splicing RNA structure. Group II intron mobility is mediated by a ribonucleoprotein comprising an intron lariat bound to two intron-coded proteins. The second family of bacterial retroelement, DGRs, are not mobile, but function to diversify DNA sequences. For example, DGRs mediate the switch between pathogenic and free-living phases of Bordetella.
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This suggests that the symbiotic relationships within this genus are complex, and merit further investigation. Additionally, no clear benefit has been demonstrated for scale insects associated with the fungus compared to free- living scale insects. The scale insect itself is a parasite of the host tree or shrub, resulting in a tri-partite symbiosis between the fungus, insect, and tree. The fungus itself does not parasitize the tree tissue and the scale insects do not need the fungus to survive.
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The mouth is on the upper side of the large, thick body, otherwise known as the centrodorsal. Attached to the centrodorsal are many long, robust cirri (3-4.5 cm). These cirri are used by O. bennetti to hold on to substrate in the beginning portion of their lives, after the larvae settle out of the water column. They begin their lives attached to a stalk, held onto a substrate by cirri, and once mature, they can break the stalk and become free-living.
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Once they are free-living, however, they still use these cirri to elevate themselves to put themselves in a better position to trap food. Because these cirri are so long and robust, the posture of O. bennetti can be used to easily distinguish it from other similar species. O. bennetti is diurnally active, meaning it is active during the day, unlike many other species of crinoids. The color of this species is quite variable, ranging from yellow to brown and purple.
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The clouded salamander feeds on small invertebrates, mainly woodlice, ants and beetles, but also include flies, termites, mites, centipedes, millipedes, spiders and pseudoscorpions. Breeding takes place in June and July with females laying clutches of nine to seventeen eggs, usually in chambers hollowed out in rotting logs. The larvae develop inside the eggs, emerging as juveniles in about two months, thus bypassing the free-living larval stage. One or both parents may provide care for the eggs before they hatch.
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Manicina areolata is a hermaphrodite, the gametes are produced around the time of the full moon in May and June. Fertilisation is internal and the larvae are brooded inside the colony for two weeks before being released simultaneously on the night of the new moon. The larvae may drift planktonically or settle immediately. Other corals that occupy a similar habitat, and which often co-occur with rose coral, are the free-living corals Porites divaricata, Cladocora arbuscula and several species of Oculina.
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An outline of the origins of the parasitic life style has been proposed; epithelial feeding monopisthocotyleans on fish hosts are basal in the Neodermata and were the first shift to parasitism from free living ancestors. The next evolutionary step was a dietary change from epithelium to blood. The last common ancestor of Digenea + Cestoda was monogenean and most likely sanguinivorous. The earliest known fossils confidently classified as tapeworms have been dated to , after being found in coprolites (fossilised faeces) from an elasmobranch.
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The glossiphoniids brood their eggs, either by attaching the cocoon to the substrate and covering it with their ventral surface, or by securing the cocoon to their ventral surface, and even carrying the newly hatched young to their first meal. When breeding, most marine leeches leave their hosts and become free-living in estuaries. Here they produce their cocoons, after which the adults of most species die. When the eggs hatch, the juveniles seek out potential hosts when these approach the shore.
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Chirixalus vittiger occurs in vegetation surrounding ponds in mostly secondary montane forest at elevations of above sea level; it can also be found in ponds near pine and tea plantations. Females lay their eggs on leaves overhanging ponds and attend to them until the eggs hatch into free- living tadpoles. Chirixalus vittiger can be locally common. It is potentially threatened by habitat loss caused by small-scale farming, provided that the vegetation surrounding ponds in the plantations is completely removed.
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In another part of the cycle, the process of nitrogen fixation constantly puts additional nitrogen into biological circulation. This is carried out by free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil or water such as Azotobacter, or by those that live in close symbiosis with leguminous plants, such as rhizobia. These bacteria form colonies in nodules they create on the roots of peas, beans, and related species. These are able to convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into nitrogen- containing organic substances.
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Freezing, temperatures exceeding , drying, or exposing A. caninum to sunlight all give reduced survival of the free-living stage, with rates of infection rising with temperature, provided 37°C is not exceeded. A. caninum is, therefore, largely restricted to warm, moist climates, though infections are seen in the United States and southern Canada where the temperature is suboptimal. Specific niches are also able to satisfy the environmental requirements of A. caninum, despite not necessarily being in the tropics, such as mines.
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Third stage dauer larva (resting stage) of Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Under conditions of stress such as crowding and high temperature, L2 larvae of some free living nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans can switch development to the so- called dauer larva state, instead of going the normal molts into a reproductive adult. These dauer larvae are a stress-resistant, non-feeding, long-lived stage, enabling the animals to survive harsh conditions. On return to favorable conditions, the animal resumes reproductive development from L3 stage onwards.
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Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems – a journey towards relevance? New Phytologist, 157: 475-492 it is generally thought that they stimulate free-living decomposer communities to increase activity by exuding labile energy substrates, a process termed priming. Recent lab experiments have shown that the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increases losses of soil carbon compared to soils where arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are excluded, and that the difference is greater under elevated CO2 when the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is greater.
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Rhynchopus is a genus of flagellate excavates in the class Diplonemea. They usually have flagella of different lengths and a single subapical opening with the flagellar pocket openings and adjacent feeding apparatus merging into one. When food is scarce, mobile flagellated cells are produced, suggesting the presence of a fully flagellated and dispersive phase in the life cycle, serving to distinguish Rhynchopus from Diplonema. Most species are free- living, others are symbionts and R. coscinodiscivorus is an intracellular parasite of diatoms.
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As a zoologist, his research included studies of segmented marine worms, free-living roundworms of the Mediterranean, nemerteans, rotifers, zoantharians, alcyonarians, parasites that affected crustaceans and investigations of the class Enteropneusta. As a result of his work in the fight against Phylloxera (an aphid-like pest), he was given awards by the French and foreign governments. He was a founder of the publication "Annales du Musée d'histoire naturelle de Marseille". His painting The Village Church now belongs to the Fitzwilliam Museum.
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Buchnera aphidicola, a member of the Proteobacteria, is the primary endosymbiont of aphids, and has been studied in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Buchnera is believed to have had a free-living, Gram-negative ancestor similar to a modern Enterobacterales, such as Escherichia coli. Buchnera is 3 µm in diameter and has some of the key characteristics of their Enterobacterales relatives, such as a Gram-negative cell wall. However, unlike most other Gram-negative bacteria, Buchnera lacks the genes to produce lipopolysaccharides for its outer membrane.
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Ostreococcus tauri is a unicellular species of marine green alga about 0.8 micrometres (μm) in diameter, the smallest free-living (non-symbiotic) eukaryote yet described. It has a very simple ultrastructure, and a compact genome. As a common member of global oceanic picoplankton populations, this organism has a major role in the carbon cycle in many areas. Recently, O. tauri has been the subject of studies using comparative genomics and functional genomics, as it is of interest to researchers because of its compact genome and green lineage.
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Amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica uses holozoic nutrition. Holozoic nutrition (Greek: holo-whole ; zoikos-of animals) is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that is characterized by the internalization (ingestion) and internal processing of gaseous, liquids or solid food particles. Protozoa, such as amoebas, and most of the free living animals, such as humans, exhibit this type of nutrition.this kind of nutrition where food is taken into the body as a liquid or solid and then further broken down is called holozoic nutrition most animals exhibit this kind of nutrition.
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Unlike other caecilians, they have only primary annuli; these are grooves running incompletely around the body, giving the animal a segmented appearance. All other caecilians have a complex pattern of grooves, with secondary or tertiary annuli present. Also uniquely amongst tetrapods, the scolecomorphids lack a stapes bone in the middle ear. At least some species of scolecomorphids give birth to live young, retaining the eggs inside the females' bodies until they hatch into fully formed offspring, without the presence of a free-living larval stage.
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Before humans built dwellings, these creatures lived in the wider environment, but co-evolved with humans, adapting to the warm, sheltered conditions that a house provides, the wooden timbers, the furnishings, the food supplies and the rubbish dumps. Many no longer exist as free-living organisms in the outside world, and can therefore be considered to be domesticated. The St Kilda house mouse rapidly became extinct when the last islander left the island of St Kilda, Scotland in 1930, but the St Kilda field mouse survived.
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Since 1993, a total of around 2,800 horses have been removed from the range. Only one injury resulting in the death of a horse is known to have occurred. The United Nations' Food and Agricultural Organization lists the Kaimanawa horses as a herd of special genetic value that can be compared with other groups of feral horses such as New Forest ponies, Assateague ponies, wild Mustangs, and with free-living zebras. Kaimanawas are of special value because of their low rate of interaction with humans.
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An analysis of the genome of cyanobacteria associated with O. magnificus found that it had a reduced genome when compared to free-living cyanobacteria. This indicates it had lost some genes as functions were provided for it by the host. However, its genome reduction was less severe than that seen in other cyanobacterial symbionts. Therefore it was proposed that the cyanobacteria is not dependent on the host for critical functions such as metabolism, thus supporting the theory that Ornithocercus feeds on its “garden” of bacteria.
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Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians, particularly the polyp and medusa forms, or of zooids within colonial organisms like those in Hydrozoa. In Hydrozoans, colonial individuals arising from individuals zooids will take on separate tasks. For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.
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Double anglers are a family, Diceratiidae, of anglerfishes. They are found in deep, lightless waters of the Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific Oceans. They are easily distinguished from other anglerfishes by their possession of a second light-bearing dorsal fin spine immediately behind the illicium (the bioluminescent lure present in other anglerfishes). As in other anglerfishes, the male is very much smaller than the female, and after a larval and adolescent free-living stage, spends the rest of his life parasitically attached to a female.
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Bryophytes are non-vascular plants encompassing mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which most often form symbioses with members from the cyanobacterial genus Nostoc. Depending on the host, the cyanobiont can be inside (endophytic) or outside the host (epiphytic). In mosses, cyanobacteria are major nitrogen fixers and grow mostly epiphytically, aside from two species of Sphagnum which protect the cyanobiont from an acidic-bog environment. In terrestrial Arctic environments, cyanobionts are the primary supplier of nitrogen to the ecosystem whether free-living or epiphytic with mosses.
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Nematomorpha (sometimes called Gordiacea, and commonly known as horsehair worms or Gordian worms) are a phylum of parasitoid animals superficially similar to nematode worms in morphology, hence the name. Most species range in size from long, reaching 2 metres in extreme cases, and in diameter. Horsehair worms can be discovered in damp areas, such as watering troughs, swimming pools, streams, puddles, and cisterns. The adult worms are free-living, but the larvae are parasitic on arthropods, such as beetles, cockroaches, mantids, orthopterans, and crustaceans.
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The flagella are hollow with heteromorphic paraxonemal rods, covered with sheaths of hairs. In accordance to its name, the anterior emergent flagella is longer and thicker, directed anteriorly and used for locomotion, and the shorter, thinner flagellum is directed posteriorly. The feeding apparatus is usually quite small, composed of separate microtubule rods and surrounded by spiral striations at the anterior end of the cell.Schroeckh, Sabrina; Lee Won J.; Patterson, David J. (2006). “Free-living heterotrophic euglenids from freshwater sites in mainland Australia”. Hydrobiologia. 493:1-3.
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The veliger is the characteristic larva of the gastropod, bivalve and scaphopod taxonomic classes. It is produced following either the embryonic or trochophore larval stage of development. In bivalves the veliger is sometimes referred to as a D-stage (early in its development) or pediveliger (late in its development) larva. This stage in the life history of these groups is a free-living planktonic organism; this mode of life potentially enhances dispersal to new regions far removed from the adult mollusks that produced the larvae.
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The BQH explains the existence of connectedness in a community and how evolution favors dependencies within free-living microbial communities. It was initially proposed to explain the dependence of marine bacteria on helper organisms to protect themselves from hydrogen peroxide. Later, it was extended to explain nitrogen fixation, nutrient acquisition and biofilm production in microbes. Studies have also shown that local interactions within bacterial communities can promote the right amount of trade-off between resource production and resource limitation to stimulate mutual dependencies as proposed by BQH.
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Tetanus was well known to ancient people who recognized the relationship between wounds and fatal muscle spasms. In 1884, Arthur Nicolaier isolated the strychnine-like toxin of tetanus from free-living, anaerobic soil bacteria. The etiology of the disease was further elucidated in 1884 by Antonio Carle and Giorgio Rattone, two pathologists of the University of Turin, who demonstrated the transmissibility of tetanus for the first time. They produced tetanus in rabbits by injecting pus from a person with fatal tetanus into their sciatic nerves.
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The trophocore stage lacks endosymbionts, which are acquired once larvae settle in a suitable environment and substrate. Free-living bacteria found in the water column are ingested randomly and enter the worm through a ciliated opening of the branchial plume. This opening is connected to the trophosome through a duct that passes through the brain. Once the bacteria are in the gut, the ones that are beneficial to the individual, namely sulfide- oxidizing strains are paghocytized by epithelial cells found in the midgut and are then retained.
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Bronnie Ware (born 19 February 1967) is an Australian author, songwriter and motivational speaker best known for her writings about the top deathbed regrets she heard during her time as a palliative carer described in her book The Top Five Regrets of the Dying. In 2014 she published a second book, Your Year For Change: 52 Reflections For Regret-Free Living. After having her first child at 45, Ware wrote about her experiences in the book Bloom: A Tale of Courage, Surrender, and Breaking Through Upper Limits.
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This variation will be dependent largely on the genetic structure and demographic characteristics of individuals. As a result, small or isolated populations are at high risk of experiencing behavioural degradation. For instance, the rate of mutation for behavioural traits has more effects for behavioural mutation within captive populations and some endangered species. The study of two closely related behavioural traits of the free-living soil nematode C. elegans, chemotaxis and locomotion, indicates that behavioural degradation is a direct source of competitive fitness loss under genomic mutation accumulation.
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The advent of these technologies resulted in a rapid intensification in the scope and speed of completion of genome sequencing projects. The first complete genome sequence of a eukaryotic organelle, the human mitochondrion (16,568 bp, about 16.6 kb [kilobase]), was reported in 1981, and the first chloroplast genomes followed in 1986. In 1992, the first eukaryotic chromosome, chromosome III of brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (315 kb) was sequenced. The first free-living organism to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae (1.8 Mb [megabase]) in 1995.
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Eggs hatch on the female's back as froglets, without free-living larval stage. Juveniles stay on their mother's back until they are about in length, although smaller ( SVL) independent juveniles can also be found. It is speculated that the juveniles leave their mother's back when the resorption of the gill stalks is complete, coinciding with the consumption of all yolk. Juveniles may leave their mother also prematurely, showing residual gill stalks and yolk in their bellies, in response to stress caused by handling or predation.
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Obligate endosymbiotic species are characterized by a complete inability to survive external to their host environment. These species have become a considerable threat to human health, as they are often capable of evading human immune systems and manipulating the host environment to acquire nutrients. A common explanation for these manipulative abilities is their consistently compact and efficient genomic structure. These small genomes are the result of massive losses of extraneous DNA, an occurrence that is exclusively associated with the loss of a free-living stage.
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The authors observed that though the "debate between the heterotrophic and chemotrophic theories revolved around carbon fixation", in actuality "these pathways evolved first to make energy. Afterwards, they evolved to fix carbon." The scientists further proposed mechanisms which would have allowed the mineral-bound proto-cell to become free-living and for the evolution of acetate metabolism into methane, using the same energy-based pathways. They speculated that M. acetivorans was one of the first lifeforms on Earth, a direct descendant of the early proto-cells.
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Mice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them, a behavior known as muricide. Despite this, free-living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in New Zealand, North America, and elsewhere. House mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals, such as wood mice, are present. However, in some areas (such as Australia), mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species.
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Chlamys distorta and Hinnites multirigosus). However, the majority of scallops are free-living and can swim with brief bursts of speed to escape predators (mostly starfish) by rapidly opening and closing their valves. Indeed, everything about their characteristic shell shape – its symmetry, narrowness, smooth and/ or grooved surface, small flexible hinge, powerful adductor muscle, and continuous and uniformly curved edge – facilitates such activity. They often do this in spurts of several seconds before closing the shell entirely and sinking back to the bottom of their environment.
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Most species of the scallop family are free-living, active swimmers, propelling themselves through the water through the use of the adductor muscles to open and close their shells. Swimming occurs by the clapping of valves for water intake. Closing the valves propels water with strong force near the hinge via the velum, a curtain-like fold of the mantle that directs water expulsion around the hinge. Scallops swim in the direction of the valve opening, unless the velum directs an abrupt change in course direction.
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Vermicularia spirata is a filter feeder and is a protandrous hermaphrodite; individuals start their adult life as males, at which stage they are free-living, but later become females and attach themselves to various substrates. Many are found embedded in the tissues of the white encrusting sponge Geodia gibberosa. Male individuals, being motile, are able to move to the vicinity of the aperture of the sessile females before liberating sperm into the water. Capsules containing eggs are brooded in the mantle cavities of the females.
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A riverine site in Ghana endemic for Buruli ulcer It is not known how M. ulcerans is introduced to humans. Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare, and Buruli ulcer is not considered contagious. In areas endemic for Buruli ulcer, cases are near stagnant bodies of water, leading to the long-standing hypothesis that M. ulcerans is somehow transmitted to humans from aquatic environments. Supporting this, M. ulcerans is widespread in aquatic environments, where it can survive as free-living or associated with other aquatic organisms.
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With few exceptions, crotalines are ovoviviparous, meaning that the embryos develop within eggs that remain inside the mother's body until the offspring are ready to hatch, at which time the hatchlings emerge as functionally free-living young. In such species the eggshells are reduced to soft membranes that the young shed, either within the reproductive tract, or immediately after emerging. Among the oviparous (egg-laying) pit vipers are Lachesis, Calloselasma, and some Trimeresurus species. All egg-laying crotalines are believed to guard their eggs.
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LuxI is autoinducer synthase that produces autoinducer (AI) while LuxR functions as both a receptor and transcription factor for the lux operon. When LuxR binds AI, LuxR-AI complex activates transcription of the lux operon and induces the expression of luciferase. Using this system, A. fischeri has shown that bioluminescence is expressed only when the bacteria are host-associated and have reached sufficient cell densities. Another example of quorum sensing by bioluminescent bacteria is by Vibrio harveyi, which are known to be free-living.
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C. elegans was first described in 1900 by Émile Maupas, who isolated it from soil in Algeria. Ellsworth Dougherty proposed in 1948 that free-living nematodes of the sub-order Rhabditina might be useful for genetic study, noting their relative structural simplicity and invariant cell lineage (eutely). Dougherty and Victor Nigon obtained the first mutant, from a laboratory culture of the closely related nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae. However much of the early laboratory work on Caenorhabditis nematodes was directed towards the establishment of a defined axenic culture medium.
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Protelean organisms are widely regarded as a special class of parasites, often referred to as parasitoids. Protelean parasites refer to insects that begin the juvenile phase of their lives as parasites and ultimately destroy or consume their host to emerge as free-living adults. Defining attributes of Protelean parasitoids include a parasitic nature that is confined to the larval stage, destruction of a single host, and an independent mature stage. Other distinguishing characteristics include a body size similar to its host and a comparatively simple life style.
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Although there are a few exceptions, members of the candidate phyla radiation generally lack several biosynthetic pathways for several amino acids and nucleotides. To date, there has been no genomic evidence that indicates that they are capable of producing the lipids essential for cell envelope formation. Additionally, they tend to lack complete TCA cycles and electron transport chain complexes, including ATP synthase. This lack of several important pathways found in most free-living prokaryotes indicates that the candidate phyla radiation is composed of obligate fermentative symbionts.
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Insect-associated symbionts have been found to share a similar set of features. All symbionts appear to possess a reduced genome, have a high GC- content and bear a more frequent base-pair substitution rate compared to their free-living ancestors. Because of symbiosis, hosts may be able to utilize metabolic pathways they might not be able to use if their endosymbionts were absent; one relevant example is the ability for sap-feeding insects to survive off of relatively nutrient-poor food sources, e.g. xylem and phloem.
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The choanoflagellates are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial flagellate eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives of the animals. Choanoflagellates are collared flagellates having a funnel shaped collar of interconnected microvilli at the base of a flagellum. Choanoflagellates are capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction. They have a distinctive cell morphology characterized by an ovoid or spherical cell body 3–10 µm in diameter with a single apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 30–40 microvilli (see figure).
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These bacteria can be free-living or symbiotic and are the base of the food web of these communities where 90% of the species are endemic to this special environment. The tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae grows in large colonies in diffuse venting areas, supported by the symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria developing in their cells. These worms have no mouth and rely on their internal symbiotic bacteria to survive. Other species living within hydrothermal communities include limpets, worms (scale worms and sulphide worms), fish, and sea spiders.
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These corals consist of free-living, single polyps, of a diameter of around 2.5 cm. They form a symbiotic relationship with a sipunculid worm, Aspidosiphon corallicola. The worm lives in a cavity situated on the under surface of the coral and it pulls the polip over sandy substrates. They also present a facultative symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae of the Symbiodinium genus, as this link has been observed at shallow waters (under 40 m), but not at greater depths (where the corals live without the algae).
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Experimental infections under laboratory conditions have produced varying results on the mechanism of infection; results in different conditions and with different host species vary in whether free-living ciliates can infect healthy fish or require an abraded or damaged skin surface. Protease enzymes are commonly expressed by infectious parasites that damage host tissue, and are believed to play a role in M. avidus infections. Transformation in M. avidus has been shown to be induced by a prey derived soluble factor, although its exact identity is unknown.
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The two flagella, which are normally hidden in the sub-apical pocket, are short and of unequal length and have conventional axonemes, but seems to lack the paraxonemales rods. Swimmer cells, which are only occasionally seen, are smaller and have two conspicuous flagella, more than twice the length of the body.Roy, J. Faktotova, D. Benada, O. Lukes, J. Burger, G., Description of Rhynchopus euleeides n. sp. (Diplonemea), a Free-Living Marine Euglenozoan, Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, Volume 54, Number 2, March–April 2007 , pp. 137-145(9).
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These can be caused indirectly by free living mites within the fabric of building and on stored foods such as grain and hay. They are most commonly seen as asthma and dermatitis in humans living in the housing or handling the materials but domestic animals such as dogs and horses can also develop similar diseases. The allergic reactions develop in response to foreign proteins within the fecal pellets of the mites. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the house-dust mite is the best known species causing such problems.
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They display alternation of generations; in addition to gametophyte generation, many have two sporophyte generations, the carposporophyte- producing carpospores, which germinate into a tetrasporophyte – this produces spore tetrads, which dissociate and germinate into gametophytes. The gametophyte is typically (but not always) identical to the tetrasporophyte. Carpospores may also germinate directly into thalloid gametophytes, or the carposporophytes may produce a tetraspore without going through a (free- living) tetrasporophyte phase. Tetrasporangia may be arranged in a row (zonate), in a cross (cruciate), or in a tetrad.
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Ostreococcus tauri was discovered in 1994 in the Thau lagoon, France, in a year-long study of the picoplankton population of the lagoon using flow cytometry. O. tauri was found to be the main component of the picoplankton population in the lagoon, and images of cells produced by transmission electron microscopy revealed the smallest yet described free-living eukaryotic cells. O. tauri was immediately placed in the class Prasinophyceae based on the presence of characteristic chlorophyll pigments and Chlorophyceae-related carotenoids, and this classification was confirmed by further work.
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The Orsten sites reveals the oldest well-documented benthic meiofauna in the fossil record. For the first time, fossils have been found of tardigrades ("water bears") and apparently free-living pentastomids.Modern pentastomids, or "tongue worms" are internal parasites of most modern terrestrial vertebrates. The Cambrian strata consist of alum shales with limestone nodules (the Alum Shale Formation), which are interpreted as the products of an oxygen-depleted ("dysoxic")The distribution of pyrites in the limestone, together with the organic content indicate levels of oxygen that prevented normal decomposition.
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Omnidens amplus, meaning "large all-tooth", is an extinct species of large Cambrian animal known only from a series of large mouth apparatus, originally mistaken as the mouthparts of anomalocaridids. When first named, it was interpreted as a giant priapulid, but is now considered a panarthropod. Its mouth apparatus closely resembles that of the smaller gilled lobopodian Pambdelurion, indicating it is likely to have been a close relative of that species, with which it may be synonymous. With a maximum estimated body length of , Omnidens is the largest known free-living Cambrian organism.
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The exact effect of domestic dogs from human households on the social structure of free living dogs in Australia is not well documented. However, it is regarded as likely that the same factors that influence the social organization of dingoes in different areas also influence the social behaviour of other feral domestic dogs and dingo-hybrids. The biology and ecology of dingo-hybrids has only been insufficiently researched, because most studies were limited on the topic of controlling these dogs. However, some changes in the wild dog population could be observed.
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In 2012, McCartney collaborated with mobile phone manufacturer Vertu and children's medical charity Smile Train. Traveling to Beijing and Volgograd, McCartney photographed four children who benefited from the rehabilitative surgery provided by Smile Train. The Constellation Smile project culminated in a photography exhibition in London on 12 June, followed by an international tour. Outside of photography and filmmaking, McCartney is a committed vegetarian and co-founder of Meat Free Monday and an ambassador for Green Monday, both nonprofit organizations that campaign for sustainable, meat-free living across the globe.
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Although Chaetopterus variopedatus is of cosmopolitan distribution, P. chaetopterana and another pea crab, Polyonyx gibbesi, are only found associated with it along the eastern seaboard of America from Massachusetts to Uruguay. The latter is an obligate commensal of the tube worm whereas P. chaetopterana is a facultative one. The latter is occasionally free living and also sometimes associates with other hosts such as another polycheate worm, Amphitrite ornata. The two species of crab are intolerant of each other and if placed together in a dish will fight and tear off each other's limbs.
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Free- living species are common in both salt and freshwater as well as soil, moss and leaf litter. Some live as parasites or symbiotes of other organisms, and some are known to cause disease in humans and other organisms. While the majority of amoebozoan species are unicellular, the group also includes several clades of slime molds, which have a macroscopic, multicellular stage of life during which individual amoeboid cells remain together after mutliple cell division to form a macroscopic plasmodium or, in cellular slime molds, aggregate to form one. Amoebozoa vary greatly in size.
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Despite some sources stating this is a free living amoeba, various studies worldwide have shown it contains the ability to infect humans, with some cases of pathogenic potential being reported. Some of the symptoms that often occur are diarrhea, weight loss, bloody stool, and abdominal pain. The first known human infection also known as the "Laredo strain" of Entamoebic mushkovskii was in Laredo, Texas in 1991, although it was first described by a man named Tshalaia in 1941 in Moscow, Russia. It is known to affect people of all ages and genders.
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Azotobacter species are free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacteria; in contrast to Rhizobium species, they normally fix molecular nitrogen from the atmosphere without symbiotic relations with plants, although some Azotobacter species are associated with plants. Nitrogen fixation is inhibited in the presence of available nitrogen sources, such as ammonium ions and nitrates. Azotobacter species have a full range of enzymes needed to perform the nitrogen fixation: ferredoxin, hydrogenase, and an important enzyme nitrogenase. The process of nitrogen fixation requires an influx of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate.
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Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931), discoverer of the genus Azotobacter The genus Azotobacter was discovered in 1901 by Dutch microbiologist and botanist Martinus Beijerinck, who was one of the founders of environmental microbiology. He selected and described the species Azotobacter chroococcum – the first aerobic, free-living nitrogen fixer. In 1909, Lipman described Azotobacter vinelandii, and a year later , which he named in honor of Beijerinck. In 1949, Russian microbiologist Nikolai Krasilnikov identified the species of which was divided in 1981 by Thompson Skerman into two subspecies – Azotobacter nigricans subsp.
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Coccomyxa is a genus of green algae, in the family Coccomyxaceae. This genus is defined by their small, elliptical to spherical shape, and the presence of a simple parietal chloroplast. These features, along with their occurrence in various lifestyles such as free-living, parasitic, or as photobionts, have been used to identify over 40 species. Using additional morphological features, such as brown akinetes formation, allows for the differentiation between Coccomyxa and the genus Pseudococcomyxa, as they tend to share some morphological characteristics like the general cell shape and one-sided mucilage cap.
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Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae, as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle (one of the fungal hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids, Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites.
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Restoration of a Tyrannosaurus with holes possibly caused by a Trichomonas-like parasite Parasitism is a major aspect of evolutionary ecology; for example, almost all free-living animals are host to at least one species of parasite. Vertebrates, the best- studied group, are hosts to between 75,000 and 300,000 species of helminths and an uncounted number of parasitic microorganisms. On average, a mammal species hosts four species of nematode, two of trematodes, and two of cestodes. Humans have 342 species of helminth parasites, and 70 species of protozoan parasites.
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Both the traps using visual cues and the control traps, which were empty or contained only a rock, yielded similar results. Juvenile specimens Findings of the study suggest that, particularly during nocturnal and crepuscular periods, attempting to attract specimens using only visual cues by resting or slow-moving fish is not enough to attract Gnathia marleyi. However, using only olfactory cues will attract this species. As a side benefit, the traps engineered for use in this study provide a new method that can be used to sample free-living gnathiid isopods.
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Fanfins or hairy anglerfish are a family, Caulophrynidae, of anglerfishes. They are found in deep, lightless waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. They are distinguished from other anglerfishes by the lack of the expanded escal bulb — the bioluminescent lure at the end of the illicium — and by their very long dorsal and anal fin rays. As in other anglerfishes, males are one-tenth the size of females and, after larval and adolescent free-living stages, spend the rest of their lives parasitically attached to a female.
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Following infection and establishment of an endosymbiotic relationship, the new cyanobionts will no longer be free living and autonomous, but rather begin to dedicate their physiological activities in tandem with their hosts'. Over time and evolution, the cyanobiont will begin to lose portions of their genome in a process known as genome erosion. As the relationship between the cyanobacteria and host evolves, the cyanobiont genome will develop signs of degradation, particularly in the form of pseudogenes. A genome undergoing reduction will typically have a large proportion of pseudogenes and transposable elements dispersed throughout the genome.
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All vascular plants are sporophyte dominant, and a trend toward smaller and more sporophyte-dependent female gametophytes is evident as land plants evolved reproduction by seeds. Vascular plants such as ferns that produce only one type of spore are said to be homosporous. They have exosporic gametophytes—that is, the gametophyte is free-living and develops outside of the spore wall. Exosporic gametophytes can either be bisexual, capable of producing both sperm and eggs in the same thallus (monoicous), or specialized into separate male and female organisms (dioicous).
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The hatched eggs continue life as tadpoles, which typically have oval bodies and long, vertically flattened tails. As a general rule, free living larvae are fully aquatic. They lack eyelids and have a cartilaginous skeleton, a lateral line system, gills for respiration (external gills at first, internal gills later) and tails with dorsal and ventral folds of skin for swimming. They quickly develop a gill pouch that covers the gills and the front legs; the lungs are also developed at an early stage as an accessory breathing organ.
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The crab may be immune to or able to tolerate the jellyfish stings. It is thought that the crab benefits from using the jellyfish as a nursery because free-living, young crabs are eaten by predatory fish. Other benefits of this arrangement to the crab are a potential increase in food supply and transport to new locations. There do not seem to be any benefits to the jellyfish and the arrangement may be deleterious to it if the crab nibbles its interior tissues, as happens in some other crab/jellyfish relationships.
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The deepwater stingray is presumed to be similar to other stingrays in being aplacental viviparous, and having the developing embryos nourished by maternally produced histotroph ("uterine milk"). Given its large size and deepwater habits, it is probably not highly prolific, with a small litter size and a long gestation period. The young are apparently born at close to long, as evidenced by the capture of a free-living specimen of that size that still bore a yolk sac scar. Males and females mature sexually at and long respectively.
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An example of this is the sponge Astroclera willeyana which has a gene that is used in expressing spherulite-forming cells which has an origin in bacteria. Another example is the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, which has genes from bacteria that have a role in producing UV radiation protection in the form of shikimic acid. Another way for symbiotic relationships to co-evolve is through genome erosion. This is a process where genes that are typically used during free-living periods aren't necessary because of the symbioses of the organisms.
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This high resilience may be contributed to the presence of melanin in their cell walls, as well as the greater similarity to host cells which are both eukaryotes than other pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. Current antifungal agents the fungi are not resistant to are posaconazole, voriconazole, and azole isavuconazole. In 2006, a free-living Eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina, was found with a form of phaeohyphomycosis and was brought in the Wildlife Center of Virginia.Janovsky, M., A. Gröne, D. Ciardo, J. Völlm, A. Burnens, R. Fatzer, and L.N. Bacciarini. 2006.
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On removal of the pea crab, breeding in the slipper limpet resumes. It is unclear whether the cessation of breeding in the presence of the crab is due to a reduction in nutrients available to the slipper limpet, or to some other mechanism such as "steric interference" where castration occurs because the parasite physically prevents host reproduction in some way. The life cycle of this crab has been studied, and involves five zoeal larval stages and one postlarval stage, all of which are free-living. The infective stage is probably the first instar juvenile.
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A: T2-weighted MRI showing liquefied, necrotic brain tissue as a result of GAE caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris B: T1-weighted MRI showing expansion and addition of necrotic areas 4 days later Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare, usually fatal, subacute-to-chronic central nervous system disease caused by certain species of free-living amoebae of the genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Sappinia pedata. The term is most commonly used with Acanthamoeba. In more modern references, the term "balamuthia amoebic encephalitis" (BAE) is commonly used when Balamuthia mandrillaris is the cause.
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These worms are dioecious, with female and male organs having been found in separate individuals. Eggs and immature larvae have been found in tissue samples, indicating an asexual reproductive cycle , and free-living males have been found in soil environments, indicating that sexual reproduction also occurs. The site of entry for the parasite is thought to be through breaks in the skin or through mucous membranes. This nematode is now distributed worldwide, as cases of equine infections have been found in Canada, Florida, the Nordic regions, and Arabian horses alike.
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The embryos have yolks from which they derive nourishment while they are brooded inside the colonial tunic. When they hatch, after about two weeks, the larvae have a short free-living stage lasting up to a few hours, before undergoing metamorphosis into a zooid ready to found a new colony. The new colony grows by asexual reproduction, with new zooids budding off existing ones. A fragment of a colony may become detached (perhaps by "dripping" off a floating structure), adhere to a new substrate and found a new colony.
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Free- living protozoans are common and often abundant in fresh, brackish and salt water, as well as other moist environments, such as soils and mosses. Some species thrive in extreme environments such as hot springs and hypersaline lakes and lagoons. All protozoa require a moist habitat; however, some can survive for long periods of time in dry environments, by forming resting cysts that enable them to remain dormant until conditions improve. Parasitic and symbiotic protozoa live on or within other organisms, including vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as plants and other single-celled organisms.
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Ants imbibe the secretion produced by the nectary organ, and tentacle organs function in chemical communication between caterpillars and ants. The sounds produced by lycaenid caterpillars are similar to those produced by ants, an interesting cross species convergence which facilitates caterpillar-ant communication. Lycaenid caterpillars vary tremendously in their behaviors and level of association with ants. While some species feed on plant tissues, are free-living, and attract ants to their company, others are taken inside ant nests and are fed mouth-to-mouth by ants (trophallaxis), or consume ant brood without being molested.
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Initially, Moran and Baumman used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to demonstrate that Buchnera aphidicola bacteria and their aphid hosts co-evolve, or evolve together, due to their long-term symbiotic relationship. Subsequently, they demonstrated this coevolution of symbionts in mealybugs. As new technologies emerged and improved, Moran transitioned to examining the genomic evolution of symbiotic bacteria. By comparing Buchnera, an obligately host-associated bacteria, with closely related free-living bacteria, she demonstrated that Buchnera tends to accumulate nonsynonymous, silent mutations, more rapidly, increasing the AT-content of the genome with an accelerated rate of evolution.
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The UK Natural Environment Research Council appointed Priede as the scientific member of the Project board for construction of the Royal Research Ship James Cook. The ship went into service in 2007 and Priede was principal scientist during three subsequent expeditions to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. These international expeditions formed part of the 2000-2010 Census of Marine Life (CoML) Mid- Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem (MARECO) project. The team mapped and sampled large areas around the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone discovering new species including unusual free-living Hemichordate, acorn worms.
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If it did, it was probably microbial, existing communally in fluids or on sediments, either free-living or as biofilms, respectively. The exploration of terrestrial analogues provide clues as to how and where best look for signs of life on Mars. Impactite, shown to preserve signs of life on Earth, was discovered on Mars and could contain signs of ancient life, if life ever existed on the planet. On June 7, 2018, NASA announced that the Curiosity rover had discovered organic molecules in sedimentary rocks dating to three billion years old.
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Sporic meiosis is the alternation of heteromorphic generations and is characterized by each phase having a different free-living phase: one is the gametophyte which is usually haploid while the other is a sporophyte which is often diploid. Additionally, sporic meiosis is a type of life cycle where meiosis results in spores not gametes. The haploid gametophyte makes gametes from mitosis and the two gametes combine to form a zygote (2n), which then develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte creates spores via meiosis which are haploid and then develops into the gametophyte.
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Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis. In marine habitats, especially along the coasts, swimmer's itch can occur as well. These parasites use both freshwater snails and vertebrates as hosts in their parasitic life cycles as follows: # Once a schistosome egg is immersed in water, a short-lived, non-feeding, free-living stage known as the miracidium emerges. The miracidium uses cilia to follow chemical and physical cues thought to increase its chances of finding the first intermediate host in its life cycle, a freshwater snail.
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With these methods employed, investigators may resolve the distribution of different species on various benthic surfaces and cell densities suspended in the water column. The genetic identities of cells cultured from the environment are often dissimilar to those found in hosts. These likely do not form endosymbioses and are entirely free-living; they are different from "dispersing" symbiotic species. Learning more about the "private lives" of these environmental populations and their ecological function will further our knowledge about the diversity, dispersal success, and evolution among members within this large genus.
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Genomes fluctuate in size regularly, and genome size reduction is most significant in bacteria. The most evolutionarily significant cases of genome reduction may be observed in the eukaryotic organelles known to be derived from bacteria: mitochondria and plastids. These organelles are descended from primordial endosymbionts, which were capable of surviving within the host cell and which the host cell likewise needed for survival. Many present-day mitochondria have less than 20 genes in their entire genome, whereas a modern free-living bacterium generally has at least 1,000 genes.
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Many genes have apparently been transferred to the host nucleus, while others have simply been lost and their function replaced by host processes. Other bacteria have become endosymbionts or obligate intracellular pathogens and experienced extensive genome reduction as a result. This process seems to be dominated by genetic drift resulting from small population size, low recombination rates, and high mutation rates, as opposed to selection for smaller genomes. Some free-living marine bacterioplanktons also shows signs of genome reduction, which are hypothesized to be driven by natural selection.
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While free-living bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella species, or Bacillus species, usually have 1500 to 6000 proteins encoded in their DNA, obligately pathogenic bacteria often have as few as 500 to 1000 such proteins. One candidate explanation is that reduced genomes maintain genes that are necessary for vital processes pertaining to cellular growth and replication, in addition to those genes that are required to survive in the bacteria's ecological niche. However, sequence data contradicts this hypothesis. The set of universal orthologs amongst eubacteria comprises only 15% of each genome.
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Results indicated that mutational deletions tend to be larger than insertions in bacteria in the absence of gene transfer or gene duplication. Insertions caused by horizontal or lateral gene transfer and gene duplication tend to involve transfer of large amounts of genetic material. Assuming a lack of these processes, genomes will tend to reduce in size in the absence of selective constraint. Evidence of a deletional bias is present in the respective genome sizes of free-living bacteria, facultative and recently derived parasites and obligate parasites and symbionts.
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In 1968, when the New York building they were renting was put up for sale, Sun Ra and the Arkestra relocated to the Germantown section of Philadelphia. Sun Ra moved into a house on Morton Street that became the Arkestra's base of operations until his death. Apart from occasional complaints about the noise of rehearsals, they were soon regarded as good neighbors because of their friendliness, drug-free living, and rapport with youngsters. The saxophonist Danny Ray Thompson owned and operated the Pharaoh's Den, a convenience store in the neighborhood.
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Thus far, five species have been described in this taxon, which include: P.infectans, P.sinerae, P.corolla, P.rostrata, and P.prorocentri. The genus Parvilucifera is morphologically characterized by flagellated zoospore. The life cycle of the species in this genus consist of free-living zoospores, an intracellular stage called trophont, and asexual division to form resting sporangium inside host cell. This taxon has gained more interest in research due to its potential significance in terms of negative regulation for dinoflagellates blooms, that have proved harmful for algal species, humans, and the shellfish industry (Norén et al. 1999).
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The size of the mature sporangium seems to have a 1:1 ratio with the size of the host cell. Therefore, if a host cell is smaller the mature sporangium will also be smaller and vice versa if the host cell is larger the sporangium will be larger as well (Garcés et al. 2012). All of the Parvilucifera species have alveoli, flattened vesicles under the plasma membrane, that can be empty or filled with cellulosic material. The free- living zoospores are biflagellated, with a longer anterior flagellum and a short posterior flagellum.
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It is a free-living, bacteria-eating microorganism that can be pathogenic, causing an extremely rare sudden and severe and fatal brain infection called naegleriasis, also known as primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. This microorganism is typically found in bodies of warm freshwater, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, hot springs, warm water discharge from industrial or power plants, geothermal well water, poorly maintained or minimally chlorinated (under 0.5 mg/m3 residual) swimming pools, water heaters, soil, and pipes connected to tap water. It can be seen in either an amoeboid or temporary flagellate stage.
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M. modiolus is found growing on hard substrates including shells and stones and the byssus threads of other mussels. Survival rates of young individuals are low but by the time they reach about 4 cm long, at an age of 4 years, individuals are too large and tough to be predated upon by starfish such as Asterias rubens, the whelk Buccinum undatum and crabs. Juveniles growing on byssus threads are more likely to survive than free living individuals and this results in the formation of cold-water reefs of mussels.Modiolus modiolus UK Marine SAC's Project.
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In biology, field research typically involves studying of free-living wild animals in which the subjects are observed in their natural habitat, without changing, harming, or materially altering the setting or behavior of the animals under study. Field research is an indispensable part of biological science. Animal migration tracking (including bird ringing/banding) is a frequently-used field technique, allowing field scientists to track migration patterns and routes, and animal longevity in the wild. Knowledge about animal migrations is essential to accurately determining the size and location of protected areas.
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Such coupled mites are a natural occurrence in skin- scrape samples of mites for diagnosis. Once mated, the female continues to develop and lay eggs; or in the typical case of Psoroptes for example, females produce one large egg at a time. In most parasitic mites, the entire lifecycle takes place on the host, with all stages present simultaneously (an exception is the trombiculid mites where the nymphs and adults are free-living). This type of lifecycle, with all active stages resembling each other in structure and feeding mechanism, is called incomplete metamorphosis (or hemimetabolism).
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541-554 and participated in the sequencing of the unicellular alga Ostreococcus tauri.E. Derelle et al., « Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features », Proc Natl Acad Sc USA, (2006), 103, p. 11647-11652 Among the genes characterized and discovered in his laboratory are the genes of radish reserve proteins since 1985, the genes of LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins and their regulation, proteins omnipresent in seeds, whose function is undoubtedly to facilitate the survival of the seed during its dehydration,F.
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They had essentially an isomorphic alternation of generations (meaning that the sporophytes and gametophytes were equally free living), which might suggest that both the gametophyte-dominant life style of bryophytes and the sporophyte-dominant life style of vascular plants evolved from this isomorphic condition. They were leafless and did not have true vascular tissues. In particular, they did not have tracheids: elongated cells that help transport water and mineral salts, and that develop a thick lignified wall at maturity that provides mechanical strength. Unlike plants at the bryophyte grade, their sporophytes were branched.
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As an alternative to the "zoopolis" of Will Kymlicka (pictured) and Sue Donaldson, Cochrane argues for a "cosmozoopolis". Some of Cochrane's research concerns animal rights from an international or cosmopolitan perspective. As an alternative to Donaldson and Kymlicka's proposal for a "zoopolis", Cochrane proposes a "cosmozoopolis", drawing upon cosmopolitan theory. The zoopolis picture, Cochrane suggests, unfairly elevates the interests of nonhuman "citizens" over other nonhuman animals, even though these other animals may have comparable interests, and, in offering sovereignty to free-living animals, denies the importance of nonhuman animal mobility.
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2008, pp. 1597-1608. These types of ant-insect interactions involve the ant providing some service in exchange for nutrients in the form of honeydew, a sugary fluid excreted by many phytophagous insects. . Interactions between honeydew-producing insects and ants is often called trophobiosis, a term which merges notions of trophic relationships with symbioses between ants and insects. This term has been criticized, however, on the basis that myrmecophilous interactions are often more complex than simple trophic interactions, and the use of symbiosis is inappropriate for describing interactions among free-living organisms.
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Neobodo are diverse protists belonging to the eukaryotic supergroup Excavata. They are Kinetoplastids in the subclass Bodonidae. They are small, free- living, heterotrophic flagellates with two flagella of unequal length used to create a propulsive current for feeding.Kirchman, D. 2008: Microbial ecology of the oceans / [edited by] David L. Kirchman. (2nd ed.).As members of Kinetoplastids, they have an evident kinetoplast Tikhonenkov, D. V., Janouškovec, J., Keeling, P. J., and Mylnikov, A. P. 2016: The Morphology, Ultrastructure and SSU rRNA Gene Sequence of a New Freshwater Flagellate, Neobodo borokensis n. sp.
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Bodonid flagellates (class Kinetoplastea) are abundant, free-living bacterivores that occur in a wide variety of environments including freshwater, soil and marine habitats ranging from the tropics to the Arctic. Neobodo is one of the most common flagellates in freshwater environments, but can also tolerate marine environments with low salinities of 3-4 ppt. Strains of Neobodo species isolated from different environments fall exclusively into marine and freshwater lineages. Studies show that Neobodo is a complex and ancient species with a major marine clade nested among older freshwater clades.
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Porites astreoides is found growing in shallow water on reefs in the Caribbean Sea and in the western-central and southwestern Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean region and tropical North America, Central America, and South America; and the eastern-central Atlantic Ocean in tropical western Africa. It is a common species on all parts of a reef and in lagoons. It usually grows in water less than deep but may occasionally be found at depths of up to . It is sometimes free-living, growing on loose bits of coral, pebbles or mollusc shells.
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A bipinnaria is the first stage in the larval development of most starfish, and is usually followed by a brachiolaria stage. Movement and feeding is accomplished by the bands of cilia. Starfish that brood their young generally lack a bipinnaria stage, with the eggs developing directly into miniature adults Bipinnaria larva The bipinnaria is free-living, swimming as part of the zooplankton. When it initially forms, the entire body is covered by cilia, but as it grows, these become confined to a narrow band forming a number of loops over the body surface.
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While the cyst component itself is not pathogenic, the formation of a cyst is what gives Giardia its primary tool of survival and its ability to spread from host to host. Ingestion of contaminated water, foods, or fecal matter gives rise to the most commonly diagnosed intestinal disease, Giardiasis. Whereas it was previously believed that encystment only served a purpose for the organism itself, it has been found that protozoan cysts have a harboring effect. Common pathogenic bacteria can also be found taking refuge in the cyst of free-living protozoa.
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The conversion of nitrogen gas (N2) into nitrates and nitrites through atmospheric, industrial and biological processes is called nitrogen fixation. Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed, or "fixed", into a usable form to be taken up by plants. Between 5 and 10 billion kg per year are fixed by lightning strikes, but most fixation is done by free- living or symbiotic bacteria known as diazotrophs. These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia, which is converted by the bacteria into other organic compounds.
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Their cryptic coloration and dorsal patterns aid in their camouflage—often mimicking decaying leaf matter—giving rise to the common name of "leaf frog". They are an interesting example of a species that undergoes direct development—there is no free-living tadpole stage; instead, the juvenile emerges from the egg as a fully developed froglet. Eggs are laid in small hollows at the base of trees. They grow rapidly from a long froglet on a diet of tiny insects until they can take the adult diet of insects, arthropods, smaller amphibians and small reptiles.
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Environmental, dietary, and hormonal factors in the regulation of seasonal breeding in free-living female Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4): 518–527. In Egypt during the spring, they feed on mulberry and in summer they feed on dates and nest inside palm trees and eat from sunflower and corn fields. In captivity, rose-ringed parakeets will take a large variety of food and can be fed on a number of fruits, vegetables, pellets, seeds, and even small amounts of cooked meat for protein.
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Herpolitha limax is a colonial, free- living, zooxanthellate species of coral. Under stressful conditions it is susceptible to bleaching and corals appear white after expelling their symbionts. In a period of high water temperature in Thailand in June 2010, bleaching was common and 52% of the corals of this species were affected, along with many other species of mushroom coral. By the following February, they seemed to have recovered with no trace of thermal-induced bleaching being present, and the species composition being similar to that before the bleaching event.
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The genus Anelasma contains a single species, Anelasma squalicola. The nominal species, however, has a very broad distribution and may in fact be a species complex that contain several undescribed species. It has been suggested that Anelasma diverged from the ancestor it shares with its current closest relatives (the free-living, suspension-feeding species in the genera Capitulum and Pollicipes) a long time ago. The species may represent the only remaining representative of a previously more numerous clade that made the evolutionary transition from filter-feeding to parasitism.
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In 1988, St. Petersburg Times listed them as "A Glendale, Calif.-based group of Scientologists that promotes drug-free living through its Way to Happiness book and like-named campaign, targeted to school-age children." In 1991, Time Magazine listed the CBAA as a Church of Scientology- linked group that "holds antidrug contests and awards $5,000 grants to schools as a way to recruit students and curry favor with education officials." In 1998, the Boston Herald listed them on an organization chart under "Groups that teach Hubbard’s management techniques".
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In contrast to the considerable microbial diversity in soils, free-living microbes distributed by marine currents and exposed to algal exudates exhibit global distributions for a few dominant microbial groups of relatively few species. Streambed sediments displayed a variation in microbial community structure (as measured by PLFA) related to the forest environment and geographic location of the stream, with much of the variation determined by use of the algal biomarker fatty acid 18:3 w3. By PLFA analysis, considerable spatial and seasonal variations were determined in a freshwater reservoir sedimentary microbial community.
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Choanoflagellates are either free-swimming in the water column or sessile, adhering to the substrate directly or through either the periplast or a thin pedicel. Although choanoflagellates are thought to be strictly free-living and heterotrophic, a number of choanoflagellate relatives, such as members of Ichthyosporea or Mesomycetozoa, follow a parasitic or pathogenic lifestyle. The life histories of choanoflagellates are poorly understood. Many species are thought to be solitary; however coloniality seems to have arisen independently several times within the group and colonial species retain a solitary stage.
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Extensive bacterial mats of free-living bacteria are also evident at all hydrocarbon seep sites. These bacteria may compete with the major fauna for sulfide and methane energy sources and may also contribute substantially to overall production (MacDonald, 1998b). The white, nonpigmented mats were found to be an autotrophic sulfur bacteria Beggiatoa species, and the orange mats possessed an unidentified nonchemosynthetic metabolism (MacDonald, 1998b). Heterotrophic species at seep sites are a mixture of species unique to seeps (particularly molluscs and crustacean invertebrates) and those that are a normal component from the surrounding environment.
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Muranotrichea is a class of free-living marine anaerobic ciliates, that, together with the classes Parablepharismea and Armophorea, form a major clade of obligate anaerobes within the SAL group (Spirotrichea, Armophorea, and Litostomatea). Muranotrichea are medium to large, elongated holotrichous ciliates with contractile body and somatic ciliature composed of dikinetids. Their oral ciliature includes an elongated key-hole shaped peristome, an adoral zone of membranelles spiraling rightward around distinctly neck-like anterior body part; and heteromorphic paroral membrane . They inhabit micro- oxic marine to brackish sediments and host prokaryotic ectosymbionts and endosymbionts.
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In nature, Cryptoglena is free-living in both freshwater and marine environments. Species in the genus are photosynthetic autotrophs that live as one of the bases for the water-based food webs in which they live. The species have been shown to be resistant to environmental factors and can survive well even in areas of predation. Cryptoglena are consumed by species that are larger in size or that have the ability to increase oral cavity volume or break down cells prior to ingestion, such as those in the phylum amoebozoa.
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In one comparative study, M. avidus infections spread further within host fish and had a significantly higher mortality rate than did similar scuticociliates. Infections caused by M. avidus have been described in wild fish populations and in aquaculture, where it is an economically significant pathogen. The species is believed to be responsible for a widely reported 2017 scuticociliatosis outbreak on the coast of Northern California, which saw thousands of dead fish and leopard sharks found in the San Francisco Bay. It is unclear what triggers free-living M. avidus to initiate infection.
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The Pelagibacterales are an order in the Alphaproteobacteria composed of free- living bacteria that make up roughly one in three cells at the ocean's surface. Overall, members of the Pelagibacterales are estimated to make up between a quarter and a half of all prokaryotic cells in the ocean. Initially, this taxon was known solely by metagenomic data and was known as the SAR11 clade. It was first placed in the Rickettsiales, but was later raised to the rank of order, and then placed as sister order to the Rickettsiales in the subclass Rickettsidae.
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Many species also have a number of short appendages on their abdominal segments, but the most distinctive feature of the group is the presence of three long, tail-like filaments extending from their last segment. These three generally subequal, except in some members of the family Nicoletiidae, in which they are short, and the cerci are hard to detect. The two lateral filaments are the abdominal cerci and the medial one is the epiproct. Silverfish may be found in moist, humid environments or dry conditions, both as free-living organisms or nest-associates.
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Recent transcriptomic data of C. oncophora from different developmental stages identified protein and domain families that are important in stage-related development. The transcriptome of C. oncophora resulted in approximately 9,600,000 reads and 29,900 assembled transcripts. These transcripts represent an estimated 81% of complete transcriptome (based on estimation from the conserved low copy eukaryotic genes). Further detailed analysis of transcriptomic data and their comparison with genomic data will provide more depth insights about parasite lifecycle and what different genes are important in the free living and parasitic stages.
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By contrast, polar bears have few parasites; many parasitic species need a secondary, usually terrestrial, host, and the polar bear's life style is such that few alternative hosts exist in their environment. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii has been found in polar bears, and the nematode Trichinella nativa can cause a serious infection and decline in older polar bears. Bears in North America are sometimes infected by a Morbillivirus similar to the canine distemper virus. They are susceptible to infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1), with free-living black bears dying rapidly of encephalitis and hepatitis.
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Females in some of these species contain large, developed ovaries and free-living males have large testes, suggesting these sexually mature individuals may spawn during a temporary sexual attachment that does not involve fusion of tissue. Males in these species also have well-toothed jaws that are far more effective in hunting than those seen in symbiotic species. Sexual symbiosis may be an optional strategy in some species of anglerfishes. In the Oneirodidae, females carrying symbiotic males have been reported in Leptacanthichthys and Bertella—and others that were not still developed fully functional gonads.
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Calcinus verrillii, commonly known as Verrill's hermit crab, is a species of hermit crab in the genus Calcinus which is endemic to Bermuda. It was first described by the American zoologist Mary J. Rathbun and named in honour of the American zoologist Addison Emery Verrill, who spent much time with his students studying the geology and marine fauna of Bermuda. Although this hermit crab species generally inhabits the discarded shell of a free-living gastropod mollusc, it sometimes makes use of the empty, tube-like shells of certain gastropod mollusc species while the tube is permanently cemented to rocks in the reef.
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Egg sac of a copepod Most nonparasitic copepods are holoplanktonic, meaning they stay planktonic for all of their lifecycles, although harpacticoids, although free-living, tend to be benthic rather than planktonic. During mating, the male copepod grips the female with his first pair of antennae, which is sometimes modified for this purpose. The male then produces an adhesive package of sperm and transfers it to the female's genital opening with his thoracic limbs. Eggs are sometimes laid directly into the water, but many species enclose them within a sac attached to the female's body until they hatch.
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Immediately west of the west entrance, the Messesee (Fair lake) was created, 390 m long (north-south) and 46 to 94 m wide (east-west), with a water area of 2.6 hectare. In the southern part of the former airport a development area with rental apartments and condominiums was created. With the Riem Arcaden, shopping for daily items is easily accomplished, and because of the numerous pedestrian zones, many kindergartens and three primary schools the fair site is a suitable location for young families to live. The first projects for car- free living in Munich have been established here since 1998.
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A number of eukaryotes are significant contributors to primary production in the ocean, including green algae, brown algae and red algae, and a diverse group of unicellular groups. Vascular plants are also represented in the ocean by groups such as the seagrasses. Unlike terrestrial ecosystems, the majority of primary production in the ocean is performed by free-living microscopic organisms called phytoplankton. Larger autotrophs, such as the seagrasses and macroalgae (seaweeds) are generally confined to the littoral zone and adjacent shallow waters, where they can attach to the underlying substrate but still be within the photic zone.
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Comparisons with their closest free living cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus (having a genome size 3 Mb, with 3300 genes) revealed that chromatophores underwent a drastic genome shrinkage. Chromatophores contained genes that were accountable for photosynthesis but were deficient in genes that could carry out other biosynthetic functions; this observation suggests that these endosymbiotic cells are highly dependent on their hosts for their survival and growth mechanisms. Thus, these chromatophores were found to be non-functional for organelle-specific purposes when compared with mitochondria and plastids. This distinction could have promoted the early evolution of photosynthetic organelles.
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However, the plastids are very different from red algal plastids: phycobiliproteins are present but only in the thylakoid lumen and are present only as phycoerythrin or phycocyanin. In the case of Rhodomonas, the crystal structure has been determined to 1.63Å; and it has been shown that the alpha subunit bears no relation to any other known phycobiliprotein. A few cryptomonads, such as Cryptomonas, can form palmelloid stages, but readily escape the surrounding mucus to become free-living flagellates again. Some Cryptomonas species may also form immotile microbial cysts—resting stages with rigid cell walls to survive unfavorable conditions.
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They internally store large amounts of nitrate and elemental sulfur to overcome the spatial gap between oxygen and sulfide. Some of the Beggiatoaceae are filamentous and can thus glide between oxic/suboxic and sulfidic environments, while the non-motile ones rely on nutrient suspensions, fluxes, or attach themselves to bigger particles. Some marine non-motile LSB are the only known free-living bacteria that have two carbon fixation pathways: the Calvin-Benson cycle (used by plants and other photosynthetic organisms) and the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle. Another evolutionary strategy of SOM is to partner up with motile eukaryotic organisms.
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Greenhill was at first industrious, and married early. But a taste for poetry and drama, and living in Covent Garden in the vicinity of the theatres, led him to associate with many members of the free-living theatrical world, and he fell into "irregular habits". On 19 May 1676, while returning from the Vine Tavern (in Holborn) in a state of intoxication, he fell into the gutter in Long Acre, and was carried to his lodgings in Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he died the same night. He was buried in St Giles in the Fields church.
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She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, and obtained a PhD in ethology. She became the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a BA or BSc. Her thesis was completed in 1965 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open university of Tanzania had the occasion of conferment of Honorary Degree presented to Dr. Jane Goodall for the award of the Doctor of Science degree honoris causa of the Open University of Tanzania.
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H. influenzae was the first free-living organism to have its entire genome sequenced. Completed by Craig Venter and his team at The Institute for Genomic Research – one of the institutes now part of the J. Craig Venter Institute. Haemophilus was chosen because one of the project leaders, Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith, had been working on it for decades and was able to provide high-quality DNA libraries. The genome of strain Rd KW20 consists of 1,830,138 base pairs of DNA in a single circular chromosome that contains 1604 protein-coding genes, 117 pseudogenes, 57 tRNA genes, and 23 other RNA genes.
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In order to maintain a successful symbiosis following host infection, cyanobacteria need to match their life cycles with those of their hosts’. In other words, cyanobacterial cell division must be done at a rate matching their host in order to divide at similar times. As free living organisms, cyanobacteria typically divide more frequently compared to eukaryotic cells, but as symbionts, cyanobionts slow down division times so they do not overwhelm their host. It is unknown how cyanobionts are able to adjust their growth rates, but it is not a result of nutrient limitation by the host.
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The arthropods of Heard Island are comparatively well known with 54 species of mite and tick, one spider and eight springtails recorded. A study over summer at Atlas Cove in 1987/88 showed overall densities of up to 60 000 individual springtails per square metre in soil under stands of Pringlea antiscorbutica. Despite a few recent surveys, the non-arthropod invertebrate fauna of Heard Island remain poorly known. Beetles and flies dominate Heard Island's known insect fauna, which comprises up to 21 species of ectoparasite (associated with birds and seals) and up to 13 free-living species.
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Word that a tribe of this name existed goes back to 1953, when a Pintubi man mentioned them as the Ilda, a statement repeated by other informants over the following years. Contact was finally made in 1964 at Jupiter Creek, and Tindale considered them to have been perhaps 'the last of the free-living aborigines of Australia to come into Western contact.', though subsequently some other groups who had never met white people were encountered, though belonging to a tribe that was already known, the Ngadadjara. They were taken in April 1964 to receive assistance at Papunya.
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Comaster schlegelii from East Timor Like other echinoderms, comatulids have pentamerous symmetry as adults though the larvae have bilateral symmetry. Late in their development, the larvae are attached to the seabed by a stalk, but this is broken at metamorphosis and the juvenile crinoid is free living. The body has an endoskeleton made from a number of articulated calcareous plates known as ossicles covered by a thin epidermis. It is in the shape of a cup (the calyx) with a lid (the tegmen) which has a central mouth and an anus near the edge, the gut being U-shaped.
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There are currently cultures from two filasterean species: Capsaspora owczarzaki and Ministeria vibrans, the first isolated from within a fresh-water snail, the second a marine, free-living bacteriovore. The complete genome sequence of C. owczarzaki has been obtained and the genome sequence of M. vibrans is being sequenced. Comparative analyses have shown that Filasterea are key to unravel the genetic repertoire of the unicellular ancestor of animals and to provide insights into the origin of Metazoa. Metabarcoding analyses of ribosomal 18S in marine environments have failed to recover other filasterean representatives, suggesting this clade may not be especially abundant in natural ecosystems.
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Since blood is a fluid tissue rich in nutritious proteins and lipids that can be taken without great effort, hematophagy is a preferred form of feeding for many small animals, such as worms and arthropods. Some intestinal nematodes, such as Ancylostomatids, feed on blood extracted from the capillaries of the gut, and about 75 percent of all species of leeches (e.g., Hirudo medicinalis), a free-living worm, are hematophagous. Some fish, such as lampreys and candirus, and mammals, especially the vampire bats, and birds, such as the vampire finches, hood mockingbirds, the Tristan thrush, and oxpeckers also practise hematophagy.
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Analysis of environmental metagenomic datasets has revealed that there are other species related to C. velia and V. brassicaformis associated with corals, but yet to be described. These associations are globally distributed. Among these is the uncultured undescribed "apicomplexan-related lineage-V" which was inferred by the authors to be potentially photosynthetic, and appears to be a symbiosis specialist. Cultured chromerids by comparison can be hypothesized to move between the free-living and coral-associated states, as they are found in M. digitata eggs but are also associated with seaweed, judging from correlations in macroalgal metagenomic datasets.
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Root systems capable of obtaining soil water and nutrients also evolved during the Devonian. In modern vascular plants, the sporophyte is typically large, branched, nutritionally independent and long-lived, but there is increasing evidence that Paleozoic gametophytes were just as complex as the sporophytes. The gametophytes of all vascular plant groups evolved to become reduced in size and prominence in the life cycle. In seed plants, the microgametophyte is reduced from a multicellular free-living organism to a few cells in a pollen grain and the miniaturised megagametophyte remains inside the megasporangium, attached to and dependent on the parent plant.
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However, the plastids are very different from red algal plastids: phycobiliproteins are present but only in the thylakoid lumen and are present only as phycoerythrin or phycocyanin. In the case of "Rhodomonas" the crystal structure has been determined to 1.63Å; and it has been shown that the alpha subunit bears no relation to any other known phycobiliprotein. A few cryptophytes, such as Cryptomonas, can form palmelloid stages, but readily escape the surrounding mucus to become free-living flagellates again. Some Cryptomonas species may also form immotile microbial cysts–resting stages with rigid cell walls to survive unfavorable conditions.
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In 2006 the genome of Ca. C. ruddii strain Pv (Carsonella-Pv) of the hackberry petiole gall psyllid, Pachypsylla venusta, was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. It was shown that the genome consists of a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and that it has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome). In comparison, Mycoplasma genitalium, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 521 genes.
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Slave-making ants may either be permanent social parasites, thus depending on enslaved host ants throughout their whole lives or facultative slave-makers. Facultative slave-making ants, like those in the Formica sanguinea complex, represent an intermediate parasitic group, between free-living species and obligatory slave-making species. In laboratory tests, when slaves were removed from colonies of Formica sanguinea and Polyergus rufescens, the behavior of F. sanguinea changed dramatically within 30 days of slave removal, with workers becoming self-sufficient at feeding and brood care. Workers of Polyergus, in contrast, were unable to care for their brood, and experienced high mortality.
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Ancalagon minor is an extinct priapulid worm known from the Cambrian Burgess Shale. Because it superficially resembles the modern-day internal parasites known as the acanthocephalids or "spiny-headed worms," A. minor was once thought to be, or once thought to resemble the hypothetical free-living ancestor of acanthocephalids. Along with the other Cambrian worms such as Ottoia, Selkirkia, Louisella, Fieldia, Scolecofurca, and Lecythioscopa, the organism may fall into a clade termed "Archaeopriapulida," a stem group to the Priapulids proper. However, the morphological similarity of these organisms to their modern cousins is remarkable, especially for the Burgess Shale.
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The scaphopods, or tusk shells, have a veliger larva very similar to that of bivalves, despite the great difference in the appearance of the adults. The shell develops in a similar way, developing a bi-lobed form that surrounds the larval body. However, unlike bivalves, this never splits into two, and, in fact, fuses along the ventral margin, eventually becoming a tube that encloses the length of the body, and is open at both ends. The scaphopod veliger is free-living, and metamorphosis is marked by a great elongation of the body, in order to assume the adult form.
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The Prize is slated to be given every year from 2021 until 2030 to five winners each year, in accordance with five categories detailing the restoration of nature, air cleanliness, ocean conservation, waste-free living, and climate change. The selection process will be performed by the Duke, alongside a council of judges from six continents, overseen by a panel of experts. The first awards ceremony is slated to take place in London in autumn 2021. In October 2020, the Duke took over the patronages of Flora and Fauna International and the British Trust for Ornithology, passed on from the Queen and Prince Philip.
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The contact between non- symbiotic juveniles, reared under sterile conditions, with these flagellate green cells allowed to induce photosymbiosis: these founding works demonstrated that the green cells in hospite were in fact flagellated microalgae in the free living state and that they were the "infective" factor causing the green coloration of adults (absent in non-symbiotic juveniles). Thus, there is no vertical transmission of the symbionts (transmitted by the parents) but a horizontal acquisition at each new generation (i.e., the symbionts are in the environment). Tetraselmis convolutae belongs to the class Chlorodendrophyceae within the division Chlorophyta.
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This strain was previously included in the description of P. cosmopolitanus, however subsequent sequencing and comparative analysis of the genome,NCBI GenomeIMG - Integrated Microbial Genomes of strain MWH-VicM1 revealed that this strain represented a new species, which was subsequently described as P. victoriensis. The species name reflects the origin of the type strain of the species from Lake Victoria. Strain MWH-VicM1 is remarkable due to its small genome size of only 1.6 Mbp. The type strain dwells as a free-living, planktonic bacterium in the water column of the lake, thus is part of freshwater bacterioplankton.
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Spirochaeta thermophila is a fairly recently discovered free-living, anaerobic, spirochaete that seems to be the most thermophilic of the Spirochaetales order. The type species was discovered in 1992 in Kuril islands, Russia and described in Aksenova, et al. It has been isolated in the sediments and water columns of brackish aquatic habitats of various ponds, lakes, rivers, and oceans. This organism is identified as a new species based on its unique ability to degrade cellulose, xylan, and other α- and β-linked sugars and use them as the sole carbon source by encoding many glycoside hydrolases.
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Both partners gain water and mineral nutrients mainly from the atmosphere, through rain and dust. The fungal partner protects the alga by retaining water, serving as a larger capture area for mineral nutrients and, in some cases, provides minerals obtained from the substrate. If a cyanobacterium is present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities of the green alga. Although strains of cyanobacteria found in various cyanolichens are often closely related to one another, they differ from the most closely related free-living strains.Sciencemag.
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After Craig Venter published the genome of the first free-living organism in 1995, the genomes of other microorganisms became more readily available throughout the end of the twentieth century. Reverse vaccinology, designing vaccines using the pathogen's sequenced genome, came from this new wealth of genomic information, as well as technological advances. Reverse vaccinology is much more efficient than traditional vaccinology, which requires growing large amounts of specific microorganisms as well as extensive wet lab tests. In 2000, Rino Rappuoli and the J. Craig Venter Institute developed the first vaccine using Reverse Vaccinology against Serogroup B meningococcus.
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As a generalized system, Gosner stages may not be adequate for describing development of some anuran tadpoles. For example, in the torrent-dwelling tadpoles of Ansonia longidigita and Meristogenys orphnocnemis, the usual Gosner stages become inappropriate beyond the stage 41 because the tadpoles retain their oral disc longer than the system depicts. This is interpreted as an adaptation that allows the tadpoles to cling to the rocks until the tail is almost fully resorbed. In Limnonectes limborgi, the tadpoles are free-living but non-feeding ("nidicolous") and retain their yolk sac until stage 37, at least.
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In some species of anglerfish, when a male finds a female, he bites into her skin, and releases an enzyme that digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male becomes dependent on the female host for survival by receiving nutrients via their shared circulatory system, and provides sperm to the female in return. After fusing, males increase in volume and become much larger relative to free-living males of the species. They live and remain reproductively functional as long as the female lives, and can take part in multiple spawnings.
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When analysed in the context of the major species concepts, the majority of ITS2 sequence data provide a reasonable proxy for species diversity. Currently, ITS2 types number in the hundreds, but most communities of symbiotic cnidaria around the world still require comprehensive sampling. Furthermore, there appears to be a large number of unique species found in association with equally diverse species assemblages of soritid foraminifera, as well as many other Symbiodinium that are exclusively free- living and found in varied, often benthic, habitats. Given the potential species diversity of these ecologically cryptic Symbiodinium, the total species number may never be accurately assessed.
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Sessile filter feeders like this Carboniferous crinoid, the mushroom crinoid (Agaricocrinus americanus), were significantly less abundant after the P–Tr extinction. Prior to the extinction, about two thirds of marine animals were sessile and attached to the sea floor. During the Mesozoic, only about half of the marine animals were sessile while the rest were free-living. Analysis of marine fossils from the period indicated a decrease in the abundance of sessile epifaunal suspension feeders such as brachiopods and sea lilies and an increase in more complex mobile species such as snails, sea urchins and crabs.
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Living in Bondage is a 1992/93 Nigerian two-part drama thriller film directed by Chris Obi Rapu, written by Kenneth Nnebue and Okechukwu Ogunjiofor, produced by Ogunjiofor, and sponsored by Jafac Wine. The film was shot straight-to-video, and starred Kenneth Okonkwo and Nnenna Nwabueze in their breakout roles. In August 2015, Charles Okpaleke acquired the rights to Living in Bondage for a period of ten years under his production company Play Entertainment Network. On November 2, the highly anticipated sequel, Living in Bondage: Breaking Free,Living in Bondage: Breaking Free premiered in Lagos.
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A high balance of bacterial flora were found the airways of 10 Cooper's hawks, including many with Salmonella (rarely fatal in hawks but can compromise their condition).Lamberski, N., Hull, A. C., Fish, A. M., Beckmen, K., & Morishita, T. Y. (2003). A survey of the choanal and cloacal aerobic bacterial flora in free-living and captive red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 17(3), 131-135. 91% of 47 tested adults in Wisconsin had Leucocytozoon toddi and 62% had Haemoproteus but only 12% of 33 nestlings there had parasites.
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The nif genes are genes encoding enzymes involved in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen available to living organisms. The primary enzyme encoded by the nif genes is the nitrogenase complex which is in charge of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to other nitrogen forms such as ammonia which the organism can use for various purposes. Besides the nitrogenase enzyme, the nif genes also encode a number of regulatory proteins involved in nitrogen fixation. The nif genes are found in both free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria and in symbiotic bacteria associated with various plants.
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The body is filled with maturing eggs enclosed in cocoons. When the veliger larvae, which have miniature coiled shells and operculums, are sufficiently developed, the cocoons are released into the sea cucumber's gut and pass out into the sea with its faeces. On encountering sea water the cocoons burst open and the free-living larvae are liberated. They are about long, and unless swallowed by a sea cucumber, they will soon die, However, any that are ingested undergo metamorphosis in the host's gut, lose their shell and mantle and burrow into the wall of the gut with the aid of a glandular secretion.
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Amit Trivedi composed the music soundtrack simultaneously working on four other ones like Ghanchakkar, Lootera, Bombay Talkies and Kusar Prasad Ka Bhoot in a time span of 5 months. The film based on a woman's self-discovery while travelling; Trivedi also travelled to Europe in Amsterdam, the film's shooting location so that he could understand the vibe and musical demand of the place in accordance with the local philosophy of "free living [..] especially in their [European] nightclubs". During the visit he also spent time in Paris and bonded with the locals there while working over music. Trivedi completed Ghanchakkar and Lootera before Queen.
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Three potential species of Ostreococcus have been identified and differ based on their light requirements. One of the most widely studied prasinoviruses, strain OtV5 whose genome is fully sequenced infects Ostreococcus tauri, the smallest free-living eukaryotes currently known. Prasinoviruses employ a nucleo-cytoplasmic replication strategy where virions adhere to the host-cell surface, followed by injection of DNA into the host cytoplasm. Researchers found that 'empty' OtV5 viruses, or viruses with only the capsid attached to the host membrane, were rarely seen at any stage of the infection, suggesting that virions detach from the host membrane after injection of their DNA.
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By the endosymbiosis theory, which gained acceptance around the 1970s, the mitochondrion, as a major energy factory of the cell, was previously a free-living prokaryote that invaded a eukaryotic cell. Under this theory, symbiotic organelles gradually transferred their genes to the eukaryotic genome, implying that mtDNA was gradually integrated into the nuclear genome. Despite the metabolic alterations and functional adaptations in the host eukaryotes, circular mitochondrial DNA is contained within the organelles. Containing 37 genes, mitochondrial DNA has an essential role in the production of necessary compounds, such as required enzymes for the proper function of mitochondria.
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Aequorea victoria juvenile medusae are asexually budded off hydroid colonies in late spring; these free-living hydromedusae will spend all of their lives in the plankton. The medusa spends its first stage of life growing quickly, and after reaching approximately 3 cm will begin producing gametes for reproduction. Each medusa is either a male or a female. The eggs and spermatozoa mature daily in the medusa gonads, given enough food, and are free-spawned into the water column in response to a daily light cue, where they are fertilized and eventually settle out to form a new hydroid colony.
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The relationships of Platyhelminthes to other Bilateria are shown in the phylogenetic tree: The internal relationships of Platyhelminthes are shown below. The tree is not fully resolved. The oldest confidently identified parasitic flatworm fossils are cestode eggs found in a Permian shark coprolite, but helminth hooks still attached to Devonian acanthodians and placoderms might also represent parasitic flatworms with simple life cycles. The oldest known free-living platyhelminth specimen is a fossil preserved in Eocene age Baltic amber and placed in the monotypic species Micropalaeosoma balticus, whilst the oldest subfossil specimens are schistosome eggs discovered in ancient Egyptian mummies.
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Tiger of Sabrodt () is the name given to a wolf shot in Lusatia in 1904; the last free-living wolf to be shot within the current borders of Germany prior to 1945. The wolf was shot near the town of Hoyerswerda (then part of Silesia) on 27 February 1904, by a forester who received a 100 mark bounty for killing it. It had broken away from hunters several times and reputedly weighed and measured long and high at the shoulder. The wolf had been preying on livestock; the locals referred to it as a raubsüchtiges Ungetüm (ravening monster).
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Eggs located within the soil release motile, free-living worms that must moult twice (L1 and L2) to develop into their infective L3 stage. This L3 stage can penetrate through intact skin in as little as 4 hours. Once inside the host, the worms invade the venous circulation and are carried into the lungs, where they become trapped in the capillaries. When the worms mature into the L4 stage, they rupture the capillaries and are released into the alveoli, where they are coughed up and swallowed. They then reach the small intestines 3–4 days after the initial infection.
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John Vanbrugh (1664–1726), author of The Relapse, by Godfrey Kneller The Relapse, or, Virtue in Danger is a Restoration comedy from 1696 written by John Vanbrugh. The play is a sequel to Colley Cibber's Love's Last Shift, or, The Fool in Fashion. In Cibber's Love's Last Shift, a free-living Restoration rake is brought to repentance and reform by the ruses of his wife, while in The Relapse, the rake succumbs again to temptation and has a new love affair. His virtuous wife is also subjected to a determined seduction attempt, and resists with difficulty.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) penetrate the walls of cortical cells of about 80% of all vascular plant families, generating a symbiotic relationship. The fungi form membrane structures adjacent to the plant cell membrane allowing exchange of phosphorus, nitrogen compounds and minerals from the fungus and the plant provides the fungus primarily with photosynthesis-derived sugars. As the AMF are obligate symbiotic fungi, they are not free-living in the soil. The AMF hyphae in the root form lipid materials which then are transported to the hyphae that extend into the soil from the root and thus may occur in a soil sample.
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Parasitic wasps (centre right) with their garden tiger moth host, by Maria Sibylla Merian Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717) was one of the first naturalists to study and depict parasitoids. The term "parasitoid" was coined in 1913 by the Swedo-Finnish writer Odo Reuter, and adopted in English by his reviewer, the entomologist William Morton Wheeler. Previously published in Scientific Monthly, June 1922 to February 1923. Reuter used it to describe the strategy where the parasite develops in or on the body of a single host individual, eventually killing that host, while the adult is free-living.
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With the blennies, the Gobiidae constitute a dominant part of the benthic, small fish fauna in tropical reef habitats. They are most diverse in the tropical Indo- West Pacific but the family is well represented in temperate waters in both the northern and southern hemispheres. They are mostly free living fishes found alone or in small schools, but some form associations with invertrebrates, especially in coral reefs. About 120 species are known to form such symbiotic relationships; members of the genera Amblyeleotris and Cryptocentrus, for example, cohabit in burrows with alpheid shrimps, while other species live as cleaner fish, e.
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Ancylostoma caninum is a species of nematode known as a hookworm, which principally infects the small intestine of dogs. The result of A. caninum infection ranges from asymptomatic cases to death of the dog; better nourishment, increasing age, prior A. caninum exposure, or vaccination are all linked to improved survival. Other hosts include carnivores such as wolves, foxes, and cats, with a small number of cases having been reported in humans. Warm and moist conditions are important to allow survival of A. caninum during the free-living stages of its lifecycle, so it is largely restricted to temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions.
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Hoetzinger M., Hahn M.W., Jezberová J., Schmidt J., Koll U. (2017). Microdiversification of a pelagic Polynucleobacter species is mainly driven by acquisition of genomic islands from a partially interspecific gene pool. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 83: 3 e02266-16 Comparative genome analyses revealed that P. asymbioticus represents an atypical member of the family Burkholderiaceae regarding its small genome size and its passive lifestyle.Hahn, M.W., Scheuerl, T., Jezberová, J., Koll, U., Jezbera, J., Šimek, K., Vannini, C., Petroni, G., and Q. L. Wu (2012) The passive yet successful way of planktonic life: Genomic and experimental analysis of the ecology of a free-living Polynucleobacter population.
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Scuticociliates are free-living marine microorganisms that can function as opportunistic or facultative parasites. M. avidus infects a broad range of teleost species, as well as other groups of marine organisms such as seahorses, sharks, and crustaceans. It is one of the best characterized of the group of scuticoliciates known to cause the fish disease scuticociliatosis, in which histophagous (tissue-eating) ciliates consume the blood, skin, and eventually internal organs of infected fish. The disease has an especially high mortality rate among flatfish, possibly due to their sedentary lifestyle involving high levels of skin contact between individuals.
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It is one of the first three coevolutionary rules, developed in opposition to Heinrich Fahrenholz's anti- Darwinian research into coevolution. As a part of their 2012 study, Vas and his co-authors tested Eichler's rule, and concluded that exceptionally strong correlational evidence supports the positive co-variation between the species richness of avian and mammalian families and the generic richness of their parasitic lice. In volume nine of Advances in Parasitology, parasitologist W. Grant Inglis posited that, when studying the co-variation between the taxonomic richness of hosts and parasites, it is easier to study parasites than free-living host organisms.
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Bravo worked in the field of zoology in the area of parasitic and free-living protozoa, publishing nine studies between 1921 and 1927 while still a student alongside Professor Isaac Ochoterena. She joined the teaching faculty at the National Preparatory School as a teaching assistant, and later as a professor. She was later invited to head the biology department at UNAM, which changed its name to Biology Institute of UNAM after the University became autonomous in 1929. In the 1950s, she returned to academic life and was a professor of botany at the National School of Biological Sciences of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional.
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When a male finds a female, he bites into her skin, and releases an enzyme that digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair down to the blood-vessel level. The male becomes dependent on the female host for survival by receiving nutrients via their shared circulatory system, and provides sperm to the female in return. After fusing, males increase in volume and become much larger relative to free-living males of the species. They live and remain reproductively functional as long as the female lives, and can take part in multiple spawnings.
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Since then, some of those dogs dispersed into the wild (both deliberately and accidentally) and founded feral populations, especially in places where the dingo numbers had been severely reduced due to human intervention. Although there are few records of such releases, their occurrence is supported by reports of free-living dogs of specific breeds being seen or captured in remote areas. The spread of farming and grazing activities in the 19th century led to a further spread of other domestic dogs, both pet and feral ones. Interbreeding with the native dingoes has probably been occurring since the arrival of domestic dogs in the year 1788.
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The Oregon Zoo collaborates with wildlife agencies and conservation organizations on recovery projects for imperiled species including California condors, western pond turtles, northern leopard frogs, Oregon silverspot butterflies and Taylor’s checkerspot butterflies. In 2001 the zoo joined the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s California Condor Recovery Program. As of 2019, 79 chicks have hatched at the zoo’s Jonsson Center for Wildlife Conservation and 56 Oregon Zoo-reared birds have gone out to field pens for release. Through its Future for Wildlife grants program, the zoo funds projects that directly contribute to the survival, health and welfare of free-living populations and ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest.
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Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts and may produce large quantities of capsular slime. They are aerobic, free-living soil microbes that play an important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, binding atmospheric nitrogen, which is inaccessible to plants, and releasing it in the form of ammonium ions into the soil (nitrogen fixation). In addition to being a model organism for studying diazotrophs, it is used by humans for the production of biofertilizers, food additives, and some biopolymers. The first representative of the genus, Azotobacter chroococcum, was discovered and described in 1901 by Dutch microbiologist and botanist Martinus Beijerinck.
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For example, the hypha of the shaggy ink cap (Coprinus comatus) attacks the free-living soil nematode Panagrellus redivivus with a structure known as a spiny ball; this is used to damage the nematode cuticle to enable immobilisation, after which the hypha pierces the skin and digests the contents. Most endoparasitic fungi have spores that are attracted to soil nematodes and tend to congregate in the mouth region. Having penetrated the cuticle, the hyphae grow throughout the nematode, absorbing its tissues. Escape tubes emerge from these and grow through the cuticle, and in due course, further motile spores exit through these, ready to infect other nematodes.
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Listeria monocytogenes is a gram positive bacterium and causes many food-borne infections such as Listeriosis. This bacteria is ubiquitous in the environment where it can act as either a saprophyte when free living within the environment or as a pathogen when entering a host organism. Many non-coding RNAs have been identified within the bacteria genome where several of these have been classified as novel non-coding RNAs and may contribute to pathogenesis. Tiling arrays and mutagenesis identified many non-coding RNAs within the L. monocytogenes genome and the location of these non-coding RNAs within the bacterial genome was confirmed by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) analysis.
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A major critique of gang injunctions is that it does not provide a clear way of removing a gang member's name from the list, even after they have avoided association with the gang for a period of time. This causes gang members to suffer the consequences and limits their opportunities for growth and gang-free living even after they have not committed any crime. Even for a non-gang member, who might be arbitrarily suspected as a gang member, gang injunctions are broadly implemented without explicitly saying whom they are meant for. This causes many innocent people to be unfairly included under the gang injunction.
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Since its opening, the Patton Home has served the Albina neighborhood of north Portland for over 100 years. The Patton Home offers shelter and care for those in need. During the late 1990s, the Patton Home was purchased by the Ecumenical Ministries of Oregon (EMO) who then invested $6 million in renovating the building in order to briefly operate the Patton Home as a residential care facility before EMO transitioned the facility to serve as a specialized drug- and alcohol-free living environment for low-income individuals. The grounds of the Patton Home occupy the whole block of Michigan Avenue and are located on the east side of Interstate 5.
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Like other species of Pristionchus, but unlike C. elegans and most other free-living nematodes, P. pacificus has a polyphenism in its mouthparts that allows the nematodes to specialize on different food sources. The polyphenism has two forms, one of which (the "stenostomatous" form) is specialized for feeding on bacteria. An alternative ("eurystomatous") form, which responds to starvation of bacterial food and to crowding by other nematodes, has two large teeth, allowing it to feed as a predator on other nematodes. These two feeding types, which allow the nematodes to respond quickly to the environment, are specified by a hormonal and genetic cascade during larval development.
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Thus, a maximum swelling difference of 8.0 days is about what would be expected by chance and given that only four animals contributed data to the study, a 5.7 day onset difference is not significantly less than 7.7 days. Since then Matsumoto and colleagues have reported estrous asynchrony in groups of free-living chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. They subsequently investigated whether estrous asynchrony was adaptive for female chimpanzees. They tested three hypotheses about the adaptiveness of estrous asynchrony: (1) females become asynchronous to increase copulation frequency and opportunities for giving birth; (2) paternity confusion to reduce infanticide; and (3) sperm competition.
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One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see endosymbiotic theory). The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception. An individual inherits his or her cytoplasm and the organelles contained by that cytoplasm exclusively from the maternal ovum (egg cell); sperm only pass on the chromosomal DNA, all paternal mitochondria are digested in the oocyte. When a mutation arises in a mtDNA molecule, the mutation is therefore passed in a direct female line of descent.
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Steps of the sponge loop pathway: (1) corals and algae release exudates as dissolved organic matter (DOM), (2) sponges take up DOM, (3) sponges release detrital particulate organic matter (POM), (4) sponge detritus (POM) is taken up by sponge-associated and free-living detritivores.Rix, L., de Goeij, J.M., van Oevelen, D., Struck, U., Al-Horani, F.A., Wild, C. and Naumann, M.S. (2018) "Reef sponges facilitate the transfer of coral-derived organic matter to their associated fauna via the sponge loop". Marine Ecology Progress Series, 589: 85–96. . 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Beddomixalus differs from the other rhacophorid genera by being a slender and elongated medium-sized frog, the female measuring up to in length; its yellowish-buff or reddish-brown dorsum carrying two distinct yellowish-cream longitudinal stripes; vomerine teeth and an absent lingual papilla; distinct supratympanic fold as well as tympanum; a rounded canthus rostralis; an obtusely concave loreal region; a simple and tubular Wolffian duct. At the same time, the early development of non- pigmented eggs occur exposed on moist swamp beds, without protection nor parental care; it has free-living aquatic tadpoles which are adapted to lentic conditions; and the genus inhabits mid- to high elevation forests.
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Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they are to all insects, which have external mouthparts. Collembolans are omnivorous, free- living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the control of soil microbial communities.
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Neither Geddes (1879), who observed the presence of starch and chlorophyll in the green cells present in the tissues, nor Delage (1886) and Haberlandt (1891) had formally been able to identify their origin and nature, however, suspecting micro-algae. The algae is seen digesting the worms poo and distributing it throughout the body. This plate representing various phenotypes of Tetraselmis convolutae, including the free-living flagellate form, is taken from an article published in 1907 by F. Keeble and FW Gamble entitled "The origin and nature of the green cells of Convolute roscoffensis". (Plate 14) in the journal Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol 51.
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The Rickettsiales are widely believed to be the closest relatives to mitochondria. Based on the fact that the Midichlorian genes for the flagellum and for the cbb3 cytochrome oxidase were proven to be ancestral, the genes were inferred to have been present in the bacterium that established the symbiosis with the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell, which became the mitochondrion. Hence, sequencing the genome of M. mitochondrii allowed an improved reconstruction of the mitochondrion's hypothetical free-living ancestor: It was a motile bacterium able to survive in microaerophilic conditions. Both these characteristics may have played an important role in the beginning of the symbiosis between the eukaryotic cell and the mitochondrion.
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As much as 90% of the genetic material can be lost when a species makes the evolutionary transition from a free-living to an obligate intracellular lifestyle. During this process the future parasite subjected to an environment rich of metabolite where somehow needs to hide within the host cell, those factors reduce the retention and increase the genetic drift leading to an acceleration of the loss of non-essential genes. Common examples of species with reduced genomes include Buchnera aphidicola, Rickettsia prowazekii, and Mycobacterium leprae. One obligate endosymbiont of leafhoppers, Nasuia deltocephalinicola, has the smallest genome currently known among cellular organisms at 112 kb.
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A representation of the endosymbiotic theory An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. (The term endosymbiosis is from the Greek: ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living".) Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (called rhizobia), which live in the root nodules of legumes; single-cell algae inside reef-building corals, and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10–15% of insects. There are two types of symbiont transmissions. In horizontal transmission, each new generation acquires free living symbionts from the environment.
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From 1031 until 1305, Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty. To improve the use of agricultural area and to gain higher yields, the Přemyslides were looking for colonists by offering them 10 years of tax free living. Up until the year 1150 German colonists from Lower Austria settled around the area of Mikulov (Nikolsburg) und Znojmo (Znaim). Vlasatice is an Angerdorf, a Germanic type of village characterized by the houses and farmsteads being laid out around a central grassed area, the anger (from the Old High German angar = pasture or grassy place), a village green which was common land, owned jointly by the village community.
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Scallop () is a common name that is primarily applied to any one of numerous species of saltwater clams or marine bivalve mollusks in the taxonomic family Pectinidae, the scallops. However, the common name "scallop" is also sometimes applied to species in other closely related families within the superfamily Pectinoidea, which also includes the thorny oysters. Scallops are a cosmopolitan family of bivalves which are found in all of the world's oceans, although never in fresh water. They are one of very few groups of bivalves to be primarily "free-living", with many species capable of rapidly swimming short distances and even of migrating some distance across the ocean floor.
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Bignami and his colleague Machiafava published a 169-page monograph On Summer- Autumnal Fevers in 1892, which was translated into English in 1894. They were the first to distinguish symptoms of Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of tertian malaria, from benign forms. They found that the malaria parasites were spherical in nature (rather than filamentous, as generally believed), mainly intraerythrocytic (rather than free living), that the liberation of spores at segmentation (schizont rupture) caused fever, and that there were different species of malaria parasites (each with its own different characteristics, notably fever periodicity). They observed that malignant malaria was caused only by the parasite species causing aestivo-autumnal malaria.
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White stork nests are habitats for an array of small arthropods, particularly over the warmer months after the birds arrive to breed. Nesting over successive years, the storks bring more material to line their nests and layers of organic material accumulate within them. Not only do their bodies tend to regulate temperatures within the nest, but excrement, food remains and feather and skin fragments provide nourishment for a large and diverse population of free-living mesostigmatic mites. A survey of twelve nests found 13,352 individuals of 34 species, the most common being Macrocheles merdarius, M. robustulus, Uroobovella pyriformis and Trichouropoda orbicularis, which together represented almost 85% of all the specimens collected.
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