Insurance companies having been greatly narrowing their formularies over recent years.
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PBMs control access to insurance plan formularies and sell to pharmacies and hospitals.
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Rebates can help manufacturers secure access on the drug formularies offered by insurance companies.
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Drug makers paid rebates to get favorable placement on formularies, and access for their medicines.
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In general these formularies contain limited non-narcotic options for providers to treat patients' pain.
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When drugs are knocked off their formularies, patients may have to pay full price for them.
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Even for some patients with health insurance, high deductibles and restrictive formularies can make insulin unaffordable.
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The company manages lists called formularies that determine what your insurer will and will not pay for.
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Most notably, insurers don't pay list prices for the prescription drugs they put in their plan formularies.
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These are tough, experienced negotiators who choose exactly the type of contracts, formularies and transparency levels they want.
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"We have a rigorous approach to our formularies and products, which are critically evaluated prior to launch," Isaacs says.
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Drugmakers negotiate discounts, known as rebates, with pharmacy benefit managers in order to secure a spot on their formularies.
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The Trump administration wants Congress to ban rebates, or discounts drugmakers negotiate with PBMs to get medications placed on formularies.
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Insurers are also more frequently shifting costs to patients by requiring higher copays and coinsurance or using restrictive formularies, she said.
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Rebates can also be used to have the manufacturers' products included on lists of drugs covered by insurance companies, called formularies.
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Insurance coverage varies widely, formularies are complicated, and patients may not know how much of their deductible is left to pay.
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As more health plans shift to very skinny drug formularies and high deductibles, consumers are bearing more of the cost of their drugs.
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They often extract discounts and after-market rebates from drugmakers in exchange for including their medicines in their formularies with low co-payments.
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They often extract discounts and after-market rebates from drugmakers in exchange for including their medicines in PBM formularies with low co-payments.
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PBMs consult with their client purchasers in designing drug benefits that offer flexibility and cost-saving formularies that provide access and lower costs.
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In some cases, middlemen known as "pharmacy benefit managers" have made it clear they don't have room on their formularies for another generic.
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Some insurers and pharmacy benefit managers have placed Jardiance ahead of Invokana on their lists of preferred covered treatments known as formularies, Gaglia said.
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They often extract discounts and after-market rebates from drugmakers in exchange for including their medicines in PBM preferred formularies with low co-payments.
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As unified insurance deductibles, closed formularies, and high-deductible plans proliferate, patients find themselves much less insured against drug costs than against hospital admissions.
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Lidocaine patches for example, can vary from $85 to $280 for a 30-day supply, and are not commonly covered on prescription drug formularies.
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Yet another barrier relates to how drug middlemen select the drugs they'll cover under industry formularies, which determine what products insurance plans will cover.
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They often extract discounts as well as after-market rebates from drugmakers in exchange for including their medicines in their formularies with low co-payments.
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When a regulator licenses a drug, clinical guidelines are updated, drug formularies are changed, reimbursement should follow more smoothly and clinicians gain experience using it.
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They wield power in the form of formularies: plans that rank drugs in tiers that determine how much patients end up paying out of pocket.
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Medicare for All would also mean more formularies for services and prescription drugs, which would mean less access to treatment and less innovation in medicine.
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I take a medication that is not on drug formularies because of cost and have to sweat whether I can get an exception every year.
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This has frequently become an issue when drug formularies include few if any non-narcotic options to treat pain or entirely ignore non-medication options.
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Employers continue to be focused on bringing overall costs down by designing medical plans with tighter provider networks, and drug plans with restrictive brand name formularies.
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Meanwhile, PBMs, the powerful middlemen that try to hold down payouts for insurers, add further complexity with rebates, discounts and restricted formularies (their approved medicine chests).
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CVS alleges that list prices have been increasing unchecked, but formularies give insurers and PBMs a tool to pressure drug makers to keep their launch prices lower.
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However, the middlemen are demanding bigger rebates in exchange for putting drugs on their formularies, which encourages drug companies to keep prices high to give bigger rebates.
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PBMs determine the formularies for Medicare beneficiaries, thus controlling what drugs they can get, where they can get them and how much they will pay for them.
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However, if formularies become based on lower list prices, as opposed to higher price concessions, competition to get on the formulary will actually result in lower prices.
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CVS, which gets discounts and rebates from drugmakers in exchange for listing their products on its formularies of preferred drugs, in turn guarantees rebates to its customers.
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PBMs negotiate drug prices for employers and health plans and typically demand hefty discounts off list price from drugmakers in exchange including the medicines on their preferred formularies.
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Because PBMs are the intermediary between drug manufacturers, pharmacies, and ultimately patients these companies hold sway over everything from pharmacy reimbursements, to what drugs are covered under formularies.
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We also are working to ensure that formularies, the lists of prescription medicines covered by insurers, are the right ones for patients, not just the most profitable ones.
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Private payers and the Veterans Administration use the threat of exclusion from their approved drug lists, or formularies, to improve their bargaining position vis a vis drug companies.
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The only unique weapon the executive branch could use — maintaining strictly limited drug formularies like the Veterans Administration does – would not be in the best interests of beneficiaries.
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The dollars from these agreements often get split with state Medicaid programs or private pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) to manipulate formularies for higher rebate (and higher overall profit) drugs.
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While formularies help ensure that drugs are safe and effective for health plan members, they also help to moderate the cost of the pharmacy benefit to patients and payers.
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No stop to spiraling premiums, rising deductibles and shrinking drug formularies Indeed, the problem of drug costs is as much a lack of coverage as it is rising prices.
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"The label provides a source of information that produces a lot of discussion," he said, as well other things that help shape medical practice, like formularies and educating doctors.
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The net savings — some policies, like expanded formularies, save money; others, like the out-of-pocket caps, cost money — are a little less than $6 billion over 10 years.
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Pharmaceutical manufacturers and patient advocacy groups, who strongly opposed the use of formularies, lent their support to an alternative proposal that eventually became the Medicaid Drug Price Rebate program.
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Because they are accountable only for a short-term drug budget PBMs have even fewer incentives to consider longer-term effects of their formularies on hospital and physician costs.
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"First generics" are included on the formularies of Medicare Part D plans only 10–25% of the time in the first year after they launch, according to the paper.
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They typically demand steep discounts off the drugmakers' list prices for medicines in exchange for including their products on the PBMs' preferred formularies, or lists of drugs approved for reimbursement.
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These formularies often organize medications according to their therapeutic effects and create logical sequences for their use based on clinical effectiveness, place in therapy according to national guidelines, and safety.
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Part D plans could compete to reduce supplemental premiums by securing discounts from drug makers, carefully administering formularies, managing utilization, and designing cost-sharing to steer patients to cheaper alternatives.
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As with any policy that decreases drug prices and profits, the adoption of formularies by Medicaid could dampen incentives to develop new drugs, especially drugs targeting conditions common among Medicaid beneficiaries.
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So Medicare Advantage plans may appear cheaper than standard Medicare combined with Part D and a supplemental Medigap policy — though with co-pays, deductibles and drug formularies, they may not be.
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Should I be angry at the P.B.M.s and insurance companies that juggle prices and formularies to maximize profits, passing along huge co-payments if they don't get a good enough deal?
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"This reflects the phased impact of exclusions in commercial formularies at CVS and United Health as well as a high basis of comparison in the fourth quarter of 2016," the company said.
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The agency may also allow midyear changes to prescription drug formularies when a new, lower-cost generic becomes available and may revise pharmacy participation rules to promote greater participation of local pharmacies.
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This can be cited in the AJMC 85033 study, which found roughly $2.28 billion in additional costs, which was a result of HIV more restrictive formularies not unlike those being proposed now.
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ADAPs are the largest component of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program and provide ART and other prescription medication to people with HIV based on formularies established by each state or territory.
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They propose doing this through the more expansive Part D formularies and by moving some drugs from one part of Medicare where there is no negotiation to another part where there is.
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But because Part D involves a welter of different plans and formularies, some requiring patients to pay for the vaccine and then seek reimbursement, the cost and co-pays can discourage use.
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As with rival PBMs Express Scripts and CVS Health Corp, OptumRx's lists of covered drugs, or formularies, cover tens of millions of consumers who receive their healthcare from employers and health insurers.
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Read on Thursday said patients are increasingly confused about actual drug prices because pharmacy benefit managers require drugmakers to pay ever-higher, typically confidential, rebates to get their drugs on insurance company formularies.
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They achieve this by demanding steep discounts from drugmakers in exchange for including their medicines on preferred use formularies, and by limiting use of expensive new medicines to patients who fit certain criteria.
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Selling roughly half its stores will leave Rite Aid more reliant on its pharmacy benefit management business, which maintains formularies, or preferred drugs lists, negotiates rebates with drugmakers, and processes prescription drug claims.
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First, state Medicaid programs would be allowed to establish drug formularies — tiered systems that give preferential treatment to certain drugs over others and which private insurers use to negotiate prices with drug companies.
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Most traditional Medicaid programs do provide some contraceptives without additional costs, but the formularies they use to define coverage of certain types of contraception can vary from state to state and can change frequently.
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If medications are deemed medically necessary by our doctors, who have years of training, then insurers should be prohibited from removing efficacious medications from formularies based on nothing other than cost and insurer profit margins.
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These companies use a number of innovative tools to do their job, including negotiating with drug manufacturers and pharmacies, developing networks of pharmacies, promoting generic drugs, creating drug formularies, and managing high-cost specialty medications.
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Despite the clear cut benefits of medical foods with regard to efficacy, safety and cost, more prescription drug plans are dropping them from their formularies, leaving patients to go without or incur the financial strain.
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We want to offer patients the best options but have to keep in mind their willingness or ability to pay out of pocket for medicines that federal and commercial plans refuse to include on their formularies.
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Read said Tuesday there are a number of important tenets to the plan but it's focused mainly on drug rebates — discounts paid from manufacturers to benefits managers and insurers, often to secure access on drug formularies.
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U.S. pharmacy benefit managers such as CVS help private-sector medical insurers negotiate better prices from drugmakers and also draw up so-called formularies, which are exclusive lists of drugs they reimburse for the insurers they work for.
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Barring more ambitious (and disruptive) ideas like paying companies a prize for new drugs, tinkering with formularies and better defining quality so as to better pay for it are likely the incremental, maddeningly slow paths to addressing high drug costs.
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The company understands how formularies — lists of prescription drugs, both branded and generic, that health insurers deem to be medically effective and covered by insurance plans — are managed and benefits are derived, as well as how medications are classified, he said.
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That lack of transparency allows PBMs to set insurance plan formularies that maximize their profits, rather than minimizing patient costs, and it encourages a price squeeze on pharmacies, as well as advantaging mail order prescription services that are owned by the PBMs.
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The alleged benefits, which Novartis has confirmed it was investigating, included getting medicines added to lists, or formularies, of drugs approved for prescription in government-run hospitals, and avoiding price cuts in other countries by securing government approval to change the names of two drugs.
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The administration's 2019 budget outline includes a proposal to give Medicare Part D plans for seniors more power to negotiate lower prices from manufacturers, and it initiates a pilot program that would allow state Medicaid programs to test drug formularies aimed getting more competitive prices.
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Pharmacists, doctors and other professionals employed by PBMs review the medical evidence for every drug approved by the FDA, assist in managing drug-related side effects and provide support to create formularies so that patients stay on their drug regimens and out of the hospital.
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Steps should be taken to ensure that rebates negotiated by PBMs are not incentivizing higher drug prices to cover the cost of these rebates while making it difficult for therapy options with lower costs to be offered on formularies due to lower profitability for PBMs.
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They make a persuasive case that HHS is perfectly within its legal rights to approve the Massachusetts waiver and they also questioned why HHS would worry about setting a precedent for Medicaid drug formularies when it is eagerly encouraging states to establish Medicaid work requirements.
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Frank said that lawmakers and regulators can ensure that insurers are following the broad strokes of the law when they set up the general structure of what they cover — what kinds of treatments are in theory paid for, medication formularies, annual and lifetime limits, and so on.
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"The administration's withdrawal of the rebate rule provides perhaps the most significant recognition to date of the importance and the value of the PBM and the significant cost increases that would have resulted in eliminating thepower of formularies to drive price discounts and lower premiums for Medicare Part D beneficiaries, " he said.
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And HHS has at least signaled an interest in some intriguing proposals, like moving certain drugs out of Medicare Part B (where there is no price negotiation) into Part D (where there is, by the private plans that administer its benefits) or allowing states to set up drug formularies in their Medicaid programs.
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As for pharmaceutical purchases, the recent saga with the outrageous pricing scheme of new Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments and the dramatic subsequent discounting of those prices for the VA after congressional pressure and outrage should serve as an example of how savings can be found elsewhere in the VA and even the Department of Defense (DOD) drug formularies.
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"There are instances when difficult decisions have to be made due to formularies, but in general, [medication switching] is not this thing that is done on purpose just to save a couple of bucks here and there," said Daniel Nam, executive director of federal programs at America's Health Insurance Plans, the largest advocacy organization for health insurance providers nationwide.
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To my physician colleagues who are still unsure about Medicare For All, I offer the following reasons why now is the time to join the movement for health justice: In the current American health care "system," the insurance industry has endlessly frustrating labyrinths: prior authorizations, repeal processes for denied care, formularies in a constant state of revision, and on and on.
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As insurers look for ways to stanch spending on drugs, we should see more PBMs tweaking their business models to carve out space for digital tools and treatments that could help reduce expenditures: CVS Caremark and Express Scripts unveiled digital health formularies this year, and we think the other top dogs will follow suit in the year ahead considering digital therapeutics — and platforms like CVS' adherence solution — show promise for boosting outcomes.
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It is unclear whether the written indigitamenta contained complete prayer formularies, or simply an index of names.Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion." Numen 46 (1999), p. 44. If formulas of invocation, the indigitamenta were probably precationum carmina, chants or hymns of address.
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From the 12th century onward the formularies of the papal Curia become more numerous but less interesting, since it is no longer necessary to have recourse to them to supplement the documents. The formularies of the Cancellaria Apostolica are collections drawn up by its clerks, almost exclusively for their own guidance; they interest us only through their relation to the "Rules of the Chancery". The formularies of the Poenitentiaria have a higher interest for us; they appear during the 12th century when that department of Roman administration was not yet restricted to questions of conscience and the forum internum, but served as a sort of clearing-house for lesser favours granted by the Holy See, especially for dispensations. These interesting documents, including the formularies, have been collected and edited by Göller in "Die papstliche Poenitentiarie bis Eugen IV." (Rome, 1907). Previously, Lea had published "A Formulary of the Papal Penitentiary in the Thirteenth Century" (Philadelphia, 1892), probably the work of Cardinal Thomasius of Capua (died 1243).
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Granius wrote a book De indigitamentis ("On Forms of Address"), on the indigitamenta, that is, those pontifical books that contained prayer formularies or lists of deity names as a reference for accurate invocations.Mary Beard, J.A. North and S.R.F. Price. Religions of Rome: A History (Cambridge University Press, 1998), vol. 1, p. 152; Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen 46 (1999), p. 44; William Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1908), p. 89.
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We make a bare mention of the taxœ or "taxes" in use at the Poenitentiaria, to which were occasionally joined those imposed by the Cancellaria; presumably they are not in any way related to the formularies.
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Others are more universal. Quebec achieves universal coverage through a combination of private and public plans. Co-payments also vary. Provinces maintain their own provincial formularies, although the Common Drug Review provides evidence-based formulary listing recommendations to the provincial ministries.
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Public and private insurers affect the writing of prescriptions by physicians through formularies that restrict the number and types of drugs that the insurer will cover. Not only can the insurer affect drug sales by including or excluding a particular drug from a formulary, they can affect sales by tiering, or placing bureaucratic hurdles to prescribing certain drugs. In January 2006, the United States instituted a new public prescription drug plan through its Medicare program. Known as Medicare Part D, this program engages private insurers to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies for the placement of drugs on tiered formularies.
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As mentioned, formularies may be used to drive choice to lower cost drugs by structuring a sliding scale of co-payments favouring cheaper products or those for which there is a preferential agreement with the manufacturer. This is the principle underlying preferred drug lists used in many US state Medicaid programs. Some jurisdictions and plans (such as Italy) may also categorize drugs according to their 'essentialness' and determine the level of reimbursement the plan will provide and the portion that the patient is expected to pay. Formularies may also segment drugs into categories for which a prior authorization is needed.
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Nitrazepam is not recommended during pregnancy as it is associated with causing a neonatal withdrawal syndrome and is not generally recommended in alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals or people with comorbid psychiatric disorders. The Dutch, British and French system called the System of Objectified Judgement Analysis for assessing whether drugs should be included in drug formularies based on clinical efficacy, adverse effects, pharmacokinetic properties, toxicity, and drug interactions was used to assess nitrazepam. A Dutch analysis using the system found nitrazepam to be unsuitable in drug-prescribing formularies. The use of nitrazepam during pregnancy can lead to intoxication of the newborn.
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At the papal chancery, in general very faithful to its customs and its "style", after the reform of Innocent III many formularies and practical treatises appeared, none of them possessing an official value. The writings of Dietrich of Nieheim (an employee of the chancery in 1380), "De Stilo" and "Liber Cancellariæ", have been the subject of critical studies. At a more recent date we meet many treatises on the Roman chancery and on pontifical letters, but they are not formularies, though their text often contains many models. However, there has appeared an official publication of certain formulæ of the Roman Curia, i. e.
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Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion." Numen 46 (1999), pp. 4, 20–21. The deities invoked — among them the Archaic Triad of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus — belong to the earliest religious traditions of Rome.
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Formularies (singular formulary; Latin littera(e) formularis, -ares) are medieval collections of models for the execution of documents (acta), public or private; a space being left for the insertion of names, dates, and circumstances peculiar to each case. Their modern equivalent are forms.
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Healthcare providers can help lower drug prices by helping patients navigate the medication formulary, prescribing drugs covered by formularies, and participating in formulary development through Pharmacy and Therapeutics committees. The formulary system's effectiveness is directly correlated to the education of physicians, pharmacists and patients in understanding the justification of formulary compositions. This education includes drug information monographs to provide adequate resources to physicians in making clinical prescribing decisions, pharmacy education regarding any changes in the formulary, and patient education within the managed care system. Formularies should be easily accessible for patient access as well, such as the online Medicare Planfinder, which is part of the Medicare Part D Plan.
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In the 19th century, a waste book entitled the Promus of Formularies and EleganciesBritish Library MS Harley 7017. A transcription can be found in Durning-Lawrence, Edward, Bacon is Shakespeare (Gay & Hancock, London 1910). was discovered. It contained 1,655 hand written proverbs, metaphors, aphorisms, salutations and other miscellany.
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In magico-religious practice, the knowledge of the secret name of a deity, divine force, or demon offers power over that entity.The secrecy surrounding the correct names of gods extended to prayer formularies in general and was characteristic of Ancient Egyptian religion, mystery religions, early Christianity and Judaism, and other religions of antiquity. See Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen 46 (1999) 1–52, and for an example of dire consequences attending on the revelation of a secret name, see article on Quintus Valerius Soranus. In the Testament of Solomon, the demon herself declares that she has ten-thousands of names and forms, and that Raphael is her antithesis.
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At the core of most reimbursement regimes is the drug list, or formulary. Managing this list can involve many different approaches. Negative lists – products that are not reimbursed under any circumstances are used in some jurisdictions (c.f. Germany). More dynamic formularies may have graduated listings such as Ontario's recent conditional listing model.
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This belief rests on the power of utterance to "call forth" the deity (evocatio), so that enemies in possession of the true and secret name could divert the divine protection to themselves.Pliny says that the Romans practiced evocatio when they laid siege to a city, with the priests calling out the foreign god and promising him a greater cult among them (Historia naturalis 28.18). Macrobius even provides the charm of evocation used against Carthage (Saturnalia 3.9). The secrecy surrounding prayer formularies, particularly the correct names of gods, was characteristic also of Judaism, Egyptian syncretistic religion, mystery religions, and later Christianity. See Matthias Klinghardt, “Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion,” Numen 46 (1999) 1–52, pp.
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The donut-hole and catastrophic-coverage thresholds dropped slightly in 2014 and typically go up and down slightly between given years. The standard benefit is not the most common benefit mix offered in Part D plans. Only 11% of plans in 2010 offered the defined standard benefit described above. Plans vary widely in formularies and cost-sharing.
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The Plan's tiered co-pay amounts for each drug only generally apply during the initial period before the coverage gap. The primary differences between the formularies of different Part D plans relate to the coverage of brand-name drugs. Typically, each Plan's formulary is organized into tiers, and each tier is associated with a set co-pay amount.
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Just after the appearance of this work, however, Antonio Maria Ceriani announced the discovery of a new manuscript, originally from Bobbio, in the Ambrosian Library at Milan; towards the end this was more complete than the Vatican manuscript. This text was published at Milan in 1891 by Achille Ratti, a younger collaborator of Ceriani, and later to become Pope Pius XI. Later editions have been able to take into account not only the oldest surviving manuscript, which is preserved in the Vatican and is described on the website of theVatican Secret Archives, and the slightly later manuscript in the Ambrosian Library, but also the rediscovered Clermont manuscript. The Vatican manuscript contains 99 formularies, the Clermont 100 and the Ambrosian 106. Each manuscript has formularies that are not in the others.
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Although the duty of Abbreviators was originally to make abstracts and abridgments of the Apostolic letters, diplomas, et cetera, using the legal abbreviations, clauses, and formularies, in course of time, as their office grew in importance they delegated that part of their office to their substitute and confined themselves to overseeing the proper expedition of the Apostolic letters. Prior to 1878, all Apostolic letters and briefs requiring for their validity the leaden seal were engrossed upon rough parchment in Gothic characters or round letters, also called "Gallicum" and commonly "Bollatico", but in Italy "Teutonic", without lines, diphthongs, or marks of punctuation. Bulls engrossed on a different parchment, or in different characters with lines and punctuation marks, or without the accustomed abbreviations, clauses, and formularies, were rejected as spurious. Pope Leo XIII in his Constitutio Universae Eccles.
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The fourth department is directed by a prefect. It has charge of all the purely administrative affairs of the vicariate, its principal work being the care of finances; it has also charge of the purchase of supplies, as the formularies, supplies for the chancellery, etc. The organization effected offers nothing that requires any particular comment. The head of the department is called a prefect.
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The P&T; committee is in charge of deciphering clinical trials and generating drug monographs to ensure that the selected medications are utilized effectively. When considering novel therapies; the committee uses drugs currently on their formularies that treat the same disease state to determine the efficacy of the new therapy. The committee is also involved in addressing and reviewing severity of adverse events with associated agents.
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In the 15th century, the printing press spread medicinal textbooks and formularies; the Antidotarium was the first printed drug formulary. In Europe pharmacy-like shops began to appear during the 12th century. In 1240 emperor Frederic II issued a decree by which the physician's and the apothecary's professions were separated. Old pharmacies continue to operate in Dubrovnik, Croatia located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317.
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The status of confession as a sacrament is stated in Anglican formularies, such as the Thirty-Nine Articles. Article XXV includes it among "Those five commonly called Sacraments" which "are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel . . . for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of God."The Thirty-Nine Articles, Article XXV: Of it giving thanks and praise.
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The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 Though interpretations vary, some theologians see this passage as referring to Jesus, after his death, going to a place (neither heaven nor hell in the ultimate sense) where the souls of pre-Christian people waited for the Gospel. The first creeds to mention the harrowing of hell were Arian formularies of Sirmium (359), Nike (360), and Constantinople (360).
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In 1613 Thysius edited Scripta Anglicana, a collection of documents from the Cambridge disputes of the 1590s, around Peter Baro.Nicholas Tyacke, Aspects of English Protestantism, c. 1530-1700 (2001), pp. 224-5. This publication was directed against Remonstrant claims that they had backing from the Church of England's doctrinal formularies; it included works by Baro, Matthew Hutton, Laurence Chaderton, Robert Some, Andrew Willet, George Estye, William Whitaker, and Johann Piscator.
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When new drugs come to market, the pharmacy and therapeutics committee evaluates the drug's clinical and economic benefits and drawbacks to determine whether the drug will be added to the organization's formulary. Most generic drugs are available on formularies, except in cases where that class of drugs are no longer considered safe and efficacious. Medications under formulary restrictions may be used only by specific physicians, patient care area or disease states.
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Novartis maintains a detailing unit geared toward health professionals consisting of over 3,000 employees within the United States and an additional 21,000 worldwide. Novartis is also seeking to expand direct-to-consumer advertising and entrance into specialty product markets. Novartis also notes the influence of position and preference on US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid formularies in expanding their market value. Nepafenac, Nevanac, and Ilevro are all absent from the 2016 Annual Report issued from Novartis.
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The precatio was the formal addressing of the deity or deities in a ritual. The word is related by etymology to prex, "prayer" (plural preces), and usually translated as if synonymous. Pliny says that the slaughter of a sacrificial victim is ineffectual without precatio, the recitation of the prayer formula.Pliny, Natural History 28.11, as cited by Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion", Numen 46 (1999), p. 15.
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Plantin took on an assistant, Jan Moretus (Moerentorf), who read Latin and Greek and could write correspondence in several modern languages. He became Plantin's business manager, son-in-law and eventually his successor in the Plantin printing press. For over two hundred years the Plantin press had a monopoly, granted by the papacy, for the printing of liturgical formularies, including in Spain. In 1562, suspected of heresy, Plantin fled to France for two years.
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Dimock was interested in ecclesiastical and mediaeval history: his earliest work was Illustrations of the Collegiate Church of Southwell, London, 1854. In 1860 he published at Lincoln an edition of the Metrical Life of St. Hugh, and in 1864 he edited for the Rolls Series the Magna Vita S. Hugonis, Episcopi Lincolniensis, 1864. He also published The Thirty-nine Articles . . . explained, proved, and compared with her other authorized formularies, London, 1843, 1845, 2 vols.
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Louis the Pious created a new formulary, the Formulae Imperiales, which was the basis of formularies used in later centuries. They also used a different script, the more legible Carolingian minuscule. The Carolingian chancery took requests from those who wished to have a charter drawn up, and the king would send missi to investigate the situation.Tessier Diplomatique royale française pp. 50–110 In the Capetian period, the chancellor was still the Archbishop of Reims.
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It is licensed in the UK as 0.5 and 1 mg tablets for short-term treatment (2–4 weeks) of moderately severe insomnia. It is licensed in the Netherlands as 1 and 2 mg tablets, under the brand names Loramet and Noctamid and as generic, available from several manufacturers. It is sold in Poland as Noctofer. A Dutch analysis stated that lormetazepam could be suitable to be included in drug prescribing formularies, although zolpidem, zopiclone, and temazepam appear better.
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The Forty-two Articles were intended to summarise Anglican doctrine, as it now existed under the reign of Edward VI, who favoured a Protestant faith. Largely the work of Thomas Cranmer, they were to be short formularies that would demonstrate the faith revealed in Scripture and the existing ecumenical creeds. Completed in 1552, they were issued by Royal Mandate on 19 June 1553. The articles were claimed to have received the authority of a Convocation, although this is doubtful.
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The only doctrinal documents agreed upon in the Anglican Communion are the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed of AD 325, and the Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral. Beside these documents, authorised liturgical formularies, such as Prayer Book and Ordinal, are normative. The several provincial editions of Prayer Books (and authorised alternative liturgies) are, however, not identical, although they share a greater or smaller amount of family resemblance. No specific edition of the Prayer Book is therefore binding for the entire Communion.
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This contains the lessons, psalms and liturgical formularies for saints' festivals, and depends on the days of the secular month. The readings of the second Nocturn are mainly hagiological biography, with homilies or papal documents for certain major feasts, particularly those of Jesus and Mary. Some of this material has been revised by Leo XIII, in view of archaeological and other discoveries. The third Nocturn consists of a homily on the Gospel which is read at that day's Mass.
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Under 50% of childbirths in these countries are assisted by healthcare providers (e.g. midwives, nurses, doctors) which accounts for higher rates of maternal death, up to 1:1,000 live births. This is despite the WHO setting standards, such as a minimum of four antenatal visits. A lack of healthcare providers, facilities, and resources such as formularies all contribute to high levels of morbidity amongst women from avoidable conditions such as obstetrical fistulae, sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer.
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When a gram-negative bacterial infection is suspected in a patient, one of the first-line options for treatment is in the fluoroquinolone family. This, along with penicillin, is one of the first families of antibiotics utilized in the broiler industry. If this first-line treatment is not successful, a stronger class of antibiotics is typically used, however, there is a limitation on how many classes are available, as well as which medications are available on hospital formularies.
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It is derived from santonica (the unexpanded flower-heads of Artemisia maritima var. stechmanniana). Others refer to A. cina or A. chamaemelifolia as being the derivative species.Per the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911 edition)Modern botanicals also list Artemisia cina or Levant wormwood as the definitive source; this is also backed up by statements in formularies published in the heyday of santonin use such as King's American Dispensatory.King's American Dispensatory, 1898 (this work is now in the public domain)Botanical.
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The fullest account of the infamous death of Valerius Soranus is given by Servius, who says he was executed for revealing the secret name of Rome:Matthias Klinghardt discusses the religious case in "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen 46 (1999), pp. 43–45; see also H.S. Versnel, “A Parody on Hymns in Martial V 24 and Some Trinitarian Problems,” Mnemosyne 27 (1974), p. 374, especially note 44. Servius's account presents several difficulties.
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It is made up of 307 leaves written in Carolingian minuscule with uncials and incipits. It measures 34 cm by 27 cm. It was produced by an Italian copyist and illuminator, probably at Regensburg, since it includes a calendar with the usage of Fulda Abbey and mass formularies used in the diocese of Regensburg. Due to the archaic style of its first pages, it was once misattributed to saint Gregory, for example by Angelo Rocca in 1593.
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According to a 2007 study by employees of Express Scripts or its wholly owned subsidiary CuraScript on specialty pharmacy costs, if payers manage cost control through copayments with patients, there is an increased risk that patients will forego essential but expensive specialty drugs. and health outcomes were compromised. In 2007 these researchers suggested in the adoption of formularies and other traditional drug-management tools. They also recommended specialty drug utilization management programs that guide treatment plans and improve outpatient compliance.
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In October, 2020 Dr McDonough accepted the role as Mid-Atlantic Regional Director of Medical Informatics for Trinity in anticipation of the Epic conversion. McDonough continues to practice in both the ambulatory and inpatient setting with the goal of having informatics expertise in both areas to maximize the potential for population health and transition of care. He serves as Co- Chairman of the Trinity Health Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee and is a supporter of evidence based decisions for the development of medication formularies.
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In 2007, when CVS acquired Caremark, the function of PBMs changed "from simply processing prescription transactions to managing the pharmacy benefit for health plans", negotiating "drug discounts with pharmaceutical manufacturers", and providing "drug utilization reviews and disease management". PBMs also created a formulary to encourage or even require "health plan participants to use preferred formulary products to treat their conditions". In 2012, Express Scripts and CVS Caremark transitioned from using tiered formularies, to those that excluded drugs from their formulary.
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In the past, Congress authorized the Secretary of HHS to request USP to develop a drug classification system that Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit plans may use to develop their formularies, and to revise such classification from time to time to reflect changes in therapeutic uses covered by Part D drugs and the addition of new covered Part D drugs. USP has developed six versions of the Model Guidelines, the last issued early in 2014 for the 2015–2017 benefit years.
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Lloyd is noted for an 1827 pocket edition of the Greek New Testament incorporating the Eusebian canons. Lloyd's studies of the ancient roots and historical development of the Anglican liturgy and dogma influenced a generation of Oxford theologians. Short, stocky, and prematurely bald, Lloyd was remembered for informally bantering with, and occasionally bullying, the attendees at his private lectures. For a wider clerical readership he published a collection of Formularies of Faith Put Forth by Authority during the Reign of Henry VIII (1825).
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Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion", Numen 46 (1999), pp. 44–45; Frances Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 240; Nicole Belayche, "Religious Actors in Daily Life: Practices and Shared Beliefs", in A Companion to Roman Religion, p. 279. The name is invoked in either the vocativeThe vocative is the grammatical case used only for "calling" or invoking, that is, hailing or addressing someone paratactically.
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After the terms high church and low church came to distinguish the tendency toward ritualism and Anglo-Catholicism on the one hand and evangelicalism on the other, those Anglicans tolerant of multiple forms of conformity to ecclesiastical authority came to be referred to as "broad". The expression apparently originated with A. H. Clough and was current in the later part of the 19th century for Anglicans who objected to positive definitions in theology and sought to interpret Anglican formularies in a broad and liberal sense.
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The project produced the first volume of a now four-volume Outcomes Guidelines Report, which details industry-consensus approaches to measuring outcomes. Tools include web-based assessment tools, clinical guidelines, health risk assessments, outbound and inbound call- center-based triage, best practices, formularies, and numerous other devices, systems and protocols. Experts include actuaries, physicians, pharmacists, medical economists, nurses, nutritionists, physical therapists, statisticians, epidemiologists, and human resources professionals. Equipment can include mailing systems, web-based applications (with or without interactive modes), monitoring devices, or telephonic systems.
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In the popular religion of ancient Rome, though not appearing in literary Roman mythology, the god Fabulinus (from fabulari, to speak) taught children to speak. He received an offering when the child spoke its first words. He figured among what Walter Pater enumerated in Marius the Epicurean (1885) among: > the names of that populace of 'little gods', dear to the Roman home, which > the pontiffs had placed on the sacred list of the Indigitamenta,Lists of > prayer formularies for invocations, or names of deities; cf. Di indigetes.
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". It was distributed nationally. In The Last Settlement of English Reformation in 1662, he stated that he had proved that the English Church was both Catholic and Reformed. Fr. Enraght clearly directed his text at the Church Association to counter their campaign against Anglo-Catholic priests: > "I have now, then, I think, sufficiently demonstrated what I undertook to > prove. I have proved that the last Revision and Settlement in 1662 of the > Formularies of the English Church, by which the Bishops and Clergy are > bound, both by their Ordination promises and by Act of Parliament, was > distinctly Catholic. I have proved, therefore, that the Catholic-minded > clergy of the English Church alone are in the right, that the charge of > “Romanizing” and unfaithfulness to their Church, so persistently brought > against them because of their faithful adherence to Catholic truth and > practice, is a grievous slander, and that the only consistent course for > their opponents to adopt—in order, if they can, to put themselves in the > right—is to endeavour to get the Formularies of the Church altered in a > “Protestant” direction, and so to alter the basis on which we now stand.
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No liturgical books or codices belonging to this period are extant, so the liturgy must be reconstructed from contemporary writings and monuments. Of the writers of the period St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo (354-430) is richest in allusions to ceremonies and formularies, but St. Optatus, Marius Victorinus, Arnobius, and Victor Vitensis give some useful information. The inscriptions, which are more numerous in this period, and the archaeological discoveries also furnish some liturgical data. The beginning of a real ecclesiastical calendar, with definitely fixed feasts and fasts, now appears.
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In a ritual context, prayer (prex) was not a form of personal spontaneous expression, but a demonstration that the speaker knew the correct thing to say. Words were regarded as having power; in order to be efficacious, the formula had to be recited accurately, in full, and with the correct pronunciation. To reduce the risk of error (vitium), the magistrate or priest who spoke was prompted from the text by an assistant.Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion", Numen 46 (1999) 1–52.
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Most formularies have between 3 and 5 tiers. The lower the tier, the lower the co-pay. For example, Tier 1 might include all of the Plan's preferred generic drugs, and each drug within this tier might have a co-pay of $5 to $10 per prescription. Tier 2 might include the Plan's preferred brand drugs with a co- pay of $40 to $50, while Tier 3 may be reserved for non-preferred brand drugs which are covered by the plan at a higher co-pay, perhaps $70 to $100.
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Because of his literary career he worked with several writers in his cities of Mürau, Kremsier and Mödritz. In the imperial chancery, he introduced a new instrument style, were used in the quotations from Latin classics and of the Church Fathers. He wrote formularies in the best Latin and sample collections for letters, documents and other documents and translated himself the "Soliloquia" into German. End of the 1350s years he made his journey breviary "Liber viaticus", which was illustrated by the so-called Master of the Liber viaticus.
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Dolorosa, Murillo The pious practice of honoring the Blessed Mother on Saturday is an ancient custom largely attributed to the Benedictine monk Alcuin (735-804), "Minister of Education" at the court of Charlemagne, who composed a Votive Mass formulary for each day of the week. Alcuin assigned two formularies to Saturday in honor of Our Lady. The practice was quickly embraced by both clergy and laity. The practice of reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary on the First Saturday was initiated in Rovigo, Italy, by Mary Inglese, a Servite tertiary in 1889.
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Jacobson was one of the first researchers to apply operations research models to public health problems. His contributions focused on the design and optimization of pediatric vaccine formularies, with implications on pediatric vaccine formulary design, pediatric vaccine pricing (particularly combination vaccines), and pediatric vaccine stockpiling to mitigate shortages. Jacobson’s research on the relationship between obesity, fuel consumption, and transportation established the first association between a public health problem and how the built environment may have unexpected, deleterious societal consequences, in this case, costing over a billion extra gallons of gasoline each year.
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Other critics also argue that drug manufactures may use rebates to incentivize insurance companies to get preferred tiered placement on drug formularies. The actual rebate amount can be influenced by many factors such as size of insurance clientele or the amount of insurance coverage provided for that drug. As solution to high medication costs as a result of drug rebates, the Trump administration have proposed allocating a portion of the drug rebate directly to Medicare patients at the time of purchase in order to offset growing out-of-pocket costs.
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Anglican Christians around the world are held together by common forms of worship, such as the Book of Common Prayer and its modern alternatives, which embody its doctrine. Other formularies, such as the Ordinal, the Thirty-Nine Articles and the First and Second Book of Homilies provide a shared theological tradition. Other instruments of unity in the Anglican Communion are, locally, its bishops and, internationally, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and, in more recent times, the Lambeth Conferences, the Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting, and the biennial Anglican Consultative Council. These last four instruments of unity have moral but not legislative authority over individual provinces.
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Students at Oxford University were still expected to sign up to them until the passing of the Oxford University Act 1854. In the past, in numerous national churches and dioceses, those entering Holy Orders had to make an oath of subscription to the Articles. Clergy of the Church of England are required to affirm their loyalty to the Articles and other historic formularies (the Book of Common Prayer and the Ordering of Bishops, Priests and Deacons). The Church of Ireland has a similar declaration for its clergy, while some other churches of the Anglican Communion make no such requirement.
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Additionally, hospitals may have their own review committees (often called a Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T;) committee) to make decisions about which drugs to fund from the hospital budget. Drug plan administrators may also apply their own pricing rules outside of that set by national pricing agencies. For example, British Columbia uses a pricing model called reference-based pricing to set the price of drugs in certain classes. Many US pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) use strategies like tiered formularies and preferred listings to encourage competition and downward pricing pressure, resulting in lower prices for benefits plans.
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Part D plans are not required to pay for all covered Part D drugs.Medicare Part D / Prescription Drug Benefits: PART D COVERED DRUGS, medicareadvocacy.org They establish their own formularies, or list of covered drugs for which they will make payment, as long as the formulary and benefit structure are not found by CMS to discourage enrollment by certain Medicare beneficiaries. Part D plans that follow the formulary classes and categories established by the United States Pharmacopoeia will pass the first discrimination test. Plans can change the drugs on their formulary during the course of the year with 60 days' notice to affected parties.
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Despite her official non-existence, the gello is named in exorcisms, which required the attendance of a priest, and in prayer formularies. The Virgin Mary is invoked against the child-harming demon gylo: In one exorcism of the gello, no fewer than 36 saints are invoked by name along with Mary and the "318 Saints of the Fathers", with a final addendum of "all the saints."For a full list, see Some prayers resemble magic spells in attempting to command or compel the saints, rather than humbly requesting aid. Exorcisms emphasize that Christian families deserve exclusive protection.
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The Elizabethan debate was at this time revisited, in the context of the overt religious conflicts and battle lines in the Netherlands. In 1613 Antonius Thysius published Scripta Anglicana, a collection of documents from the Cambridge disputes of the 1590s around Peter Baro. This publication was directed against Remonstrant claims that they had backing from the Church of England's doctrinal formularies; it included works by Baro, Matthew Hutton, Laurence Chaderton, Robert Some, Andrew Willet, George Estye, Whittaker, and Johann Piscator. Johannes Arnoldi Corvinus then disputed the interpretation, and pointed out that King James I had refused to put the resulting Lambeth Articles on the same footing as the Thirty-Nine Articles.
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The Liber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum is in fact a "miscellaneous collection of ecclesiastical formularies used in the papal chancery until the 11th century". It then fell into disuse and was soon forgotten and lost, until a manuscript containing it was discovered in the 17th century. Its rediscovery in the 17th century caused surprise precisely because the text declared acceptance of the condemnations of the Sixth General Council, which were directed also against Pope Honorius I.Liber Diurnus Romanorum Pontificum in Catholic Encyclopedia In the opinion of one writer, the oath had the effect of confirming that an ecumenical council could condemn a Pope for open heresy and that Honorius was justly condemned.
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Outside the University, Prof Onyeji served as Governing Board member of different establishments. He has made excellent contributions to the advancement of Science through his studies with focus on pharmacokinetic, metabolism and pharmacodynamic evaluations of anti-infective drugs, with the overall objective of generating information relevant for optimization of therapeutic utility of the drugs. These studies, published in various high-impact journals, have provided the vital information on the need or otherwise for downward or upward dosage adjustment of the drugs when concurrently administered with other drugs. Some of his research findings are cited in National Drug Formularies including United States and British Pharmacopoeia, indication of relevance.
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Precise naming, in connection with concealing a deity's true name to monopolize his or her power, was a crucial part of prayer in antiquity, as evidenced not only in the traditional religions of Greece and Rome and syncretistic Hellenistic religion and mystery cult, but also in Judaism and ancient Egyptian religion.Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen 46 (1999) 1–5; A.A. Barb, "Antaura. The Mermaid and the Devil's Grandmother: A Lecture," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 29 (1966), p. 4; Karen Hartnup, On the Beliefs of the Greeks: Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy (Brill, 2004), pp.
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Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic Church, apostolic succession ("historic episcopate"), and the writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity, having definitively declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism. These reforms in the Church of England were understood by one of those most responsible for them, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and others as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism.
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These plans prevents price inflation through formulary management, independent clinical review of new products, reference- based pricing, the LCA, and limited use program. In reviewing formularies, the drug program reviews the therapeutic advantage of one product over the existing formulary, and only adds new drugs if program costs are unchanged. The reference-based pricing entails having a “reference product” for each category that is the baseline price, and utilizes an independent panel of pharmacists and doctors the University of British Columbia to evaluate the therapeutic discrepancies between drugs.The LCA, or low-cost alternative program establishes the price of generics for payment regardless if brand or genetics are used.
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Others are to be found in the formularies, many of which appeared unofficially in the Middle Ages, similar in kind to the ancient official Liber Diurnus of the papal chancery in use as late as the time of Gregory VII. The papal letters were forwarded by the papal officials, above all by the Apostolic Chancery, for whose use the chancery rules, regulae cancellariae Apostolicae, were drawn up with regard to the execution and dispatch of the papal letters, dating back to the twelfth century. Nevertheless, the forging of papal letters was even more frequent in the Middle Ages than in the early Church. Innocent IIIin c.
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In the history of Christianity, the African Rite refers to a now defunct Christian, Western liturgical rite, and is considered a development or possibly a local use of the primitive Roman Rite. Centered around the Archdiocese of Carthage in the Early African church, it used the Latin language. The African Rite may be considered in two different periods: The ante-Nicene period when Christians were persecuted and could not freely develop forms of public worship, and when the liturgical prayers and acts had not become fixed; and the post-Nicene period when the simple, improvised forms of prayer gave way to more elaborate, set formularies, and the primitive liturgical actions evolved into grand and formal ceremonies.
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Valerius Maximus 4.1.10; Eric M. Orlin, Temples, Religions, and Politics in the Roman Republic (Brill, 1997), p. 37; on the use of prompters in general, see Matthias Klinghardt, "Prayer Formularies for Public Recitation: Their Use and Function in Ancient Religion," Numen 46 (1999) 1–52. By the end of the 4th century BC, the office evidently afforded several advantages, including a knowledge of Roman law that was traditionally the privilege of the elite, and the ability to trade favors that could be translated into political capital. In 305 BC, the public scribe Gnaeus Flavius, the son of a freedman, shocked the Roman upperclasses by winning election as curule aedile for the following year.
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Friederich (Sitzungsberichte der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, Phil.-hist. Kl., I (1890) 58ff.) investigated more closely the case of some of the formularies attributed by Sickel to one of the aforesaid periods, and attempted to indicate more nearly the occasions and pontificates to which they belonged. These investigations established beyond doubt that the collection in the Vatican manuscript had already attained its present form towards the end of the 8th century, though a significant portion had been compiled during the 7th century. The Liber Diurnus was used officially in the papal chancery until the 11th century, after which time, as it no longer corresponded to the needs of papal administration, it gave way to other collections.
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Anglican formularies, particularly the Book of Common Prayer, have generally required abstinence from meat on Fridays, though it is difficult to gauge how widely followed this practice has been among Anglicans. The wording in the 1928 Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church describes "All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas Day and the Epiphany, or any Friday which may intervene between these Feasts" as days "on which the church requires such a measure of abstinence as is more especially suited to extraordinary acts and exercises of devotion".Tables and Rules for the Movable and Immovable Feasts,Together with the Days of Fasting and Abstinence, through the Whole Year, p. 3 of 6.
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Roman and Gothic law are followed either separately or together, according to the nationality of the covenanters. This collection was published in 1854 by de Rozière from a Madrid Manuscript, which was copied in turn from an Oviedo Manuscript of the 12th century, now lost. # The Franks' formularies are numerous: ## "Formulæ Andecavenses", a collection made at Angers, consisting of sixty formulæ for private acta, some of them dating from the 6th century, but the greater number from the early part of the seventh; the last three of the collection belong to the end of the 7th century. They were first edited in 1685 by Mabillon from an 8th-century manuscript preserved at Fulda.
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For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest.
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They interpreted the Anglican formularies of the 39 Articles of Religion, the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, and the Second Book of the Anglican Homilies from a Calvinist perspective and would have been more in agreement with the Reformed churches and the Puritans on the issue of infant baptism. The Catechism in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer shows that baptism was an outward sign of an inward grace. Prevenient grace, according to the Calvinist Anglicans, referred to unconditional election and irresistible grace, which is necessary for conversion of the elect. Infants are to be baptised because they are children of believers who stand in surety for them until they "come of age" and are bound to the same requirements of repentance and faith as adults.
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Commercial preparations containing santonin (usually containing a purgative laxative as well) also appeared in US drug formularies as late as the '50s; the Modern Drug Encyclopedia and Therapeutic Index of 1955 listed Lumbricide (produced by Massengill) and a generic santonin preparation made by Winthrop-Stearns (now Winthrop-Sanofi). Santonin also was used in a lesser extent in treatment of atony of the bladder. This usage largely dropped off after the early 20th century. Dosage forms varied for santonin; in the 19th-20th centuries, santonin lozenges or suppositories designed for single-dosage treatment of ascarid infestation were the typical form of treatment, whilst in the 1950s the two remaining santonin preparations on the market in the United States were liquid medications.
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These figures explain themselves in turn, until at last Drede, who finds they are secretly his enemies, is about to save his life by jumping overboard, when he wakes with a start. Both poems are written in the seven-lined Rhyme Royal, a Continental verse-form first used in English by Chaucer, but it is in an irregular metre of his own—known as "Skeltonics" —that his most characteristic work was accomplished. The Boke of Phyllyp Sparowe, the lament of Jane Scroop, a schoolgirl in the Benedictine convent of Carrow near Norwich, for her dead bird, was no doubt inspired by Catullus. It is a poem of some 1,400 lines and takes many liberties with the formularies of the church.
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St. Augustine was evidently opposed to the growing tendency to abandon the simple recitative tone and make the chant of the offices more solemn, complex and ornate as the ceremonial became more formal. Gradually the formularies became more fixed, and liberty to improvise was curtailed by the African councils. Few, however, of the prayers have been preserved, although many shorter verses and acclamations have been quoted in the writings of the period, as for example, the Deo Gratias, Deo Laudes, and Amen, with which the people approved the words of the preacher, or the doxologies and conclusions of some of the prayers. The people still used the sign of the cross frequently in their private devotions as in the more difficult days of Tertullian (when the Christians were still under persecution).
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With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence.
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In 1850, an attempt was made in Ireland to solve this problem: "In relation to the weights and measures, a great innovation has been made, which, however, the College feels confident will receive the sanction of the public and the profession. [...] In the formularies, however, [of the Edinburgh Pharmacopœia], the Troy pound, with its well-known submultiples, has been retained, whereas it is now rejected by the Irish College, and its place supplied by the avoirdupois pound, the avoirdupois ounce being, like the Troy ounce, subdivided into eight drachms, and each of these, like the Troy drachm, into three scruples. [...] At present the two systems are in use with the apothecary, for his purchases are made in avoirdupois, and his sales generally, though not always, in Troy weight." See also p.
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In the past, witches were believed to use a mixture of belladonna, opium poppy and other plants, typically poisonous (such as monkshood and poison hemlock), in flying ointment, which they allegedly applied to help them fly to gatherings with other witches or to experience bacchanalian carousal.Hansen, Harold A. The Witch's Garden pub. Unity Press 1978 Carlo Ginzburg and others have argued that flying ointments were preparations meant to encourage hallucinatory dreaming; a possible explanation for the inclusion of belladonna and opium poppy in flying ointments concerns the known antagonism between tropane alkaloids of belladonna (scopolamine) and opiate alkaloids in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum (to be specific, morphine), which produces a dream-like waking state (hypnagogia) or potentiated dreams while the user is asleep. This antagonism was known in folk medicine, discussed in traditional medicine formularies.
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The cherubikon belongs to the ordinary mass chant of the divine liturgy ascribed to John Chrysostom, because it has to be sung during the year cycle, however, it is sometimes substituted by other troparia, the so-called "anti-cherubika", when other formularies of the divine liturgy are celebrated. On Holy Thursday, for example, the cherubikon was, and still is, replaced by the troparion "At your mystical supper" (Τοῦ δείπνου σου τοῦ μυστικοῦ) according to the liturgy of Saint Basil, while during the Liturgy of the Presanctified the troparion "Now the powers of the heavens" (Νῦν αἱ δυνάμεις τῶν οὐρανῶν) was sung, and the celebration of Prote Anastasis (Holy Saturday) uses the troparion from the Liturgy of St. James, "Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence" (Σιγησάτω πᾶσα σὰρξ βροτεία). The latter troparion is also used occasionally at the consecration of a church.
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The work was immediately condemned by the conservative wing of the Anglican Church and William Thomson, Archbishop of York, began proceedings against him in 1869. He was summoned before the Chancery Court of York for heterodox teaching, where he defended his case for two years. He appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which gave its judgement on 11 February 1871: The Appellant is charged with having offended against the Laws Ecclesiastical by writing and publishing within the diocese of London certain sermons or essays, collected together in parts and volumes, the whole being designated by the title of "The Sling and the Stone," in which he is alleged to have maintained and promulgated doctrines contrary and repugnant to or inconsistent with the Articles of Religion and Formularies of the Church of England. His appeal dismissed, Voysey lost his benefice.
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The earliest roots of standardization of generic names for drugs began with city pharmacopoeias, such as the London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Hamburg, and Berlin Pharmacopoeias. The fundamental advances in chemistry during the 19th century made that era the first time in which what we now call chemical nomenclature, a huge profusion of names based on atoms, functional groups, and molecules, was necessary or conceivable. In the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th, city pharmacopoeias were unified into national pharmacopoeias (such as the British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopeia, Pharmacopoeia Germanica (PhG or PG), Italian Pharmacopeia, and Japanese Pharmacopoeia) and national formularies (such as the British National Formulary, the Australian Pharmaceutical Formulary, and the National Formulary of India). International pharmacopeias, such as the European Pharmacopoeia and the International Pharmacopoeia of the World Health Organization (WHO), have been the next level.
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Strype's dates are Old Style. These sessions being concluded (in which Gwent had a prominent role), Bonner's Letter of Admonition to all readers of the Bible, and his injunctions to his clergy, were issued later in the same year.Wilkins, Concilia, III, pp. 863–64, 864–67 (Hathi Trust). In April 1542 Gwent was installed Archdeacon of Huntingdon. The Convocation was resumed in February 1542/43,Wilkins, Concilia, III, p. 863 (Hathi Trust). and on 12 April 1543 Gwent was granted the prebend of Tottenhall in the jurisdiction of St Paul's. A principal outcome of this assembly, presented in that April, was the revision or "diligent review" of the "Bishop's Book" (of 1537), also called The Institution of a Christen Man,See C. Lloyd (ed.), Formularies of Faith put forth by Authority during the Reign of Henry VIII, (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1825), at pp.
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There were several quotations from Shakespeare and a reference to the word Honorificabilitudinitatibus, which appears in both Love's Labour's Lost and Nashe's Lenten Stuff. The Earl of Northumberland sent the bundle to James Spedding, who subsequently penned a thesis on the subject, with which was published a facsimile of the aforementioned cover. Spedding hazarded a 1592 date, making it possibly the earliest extant mention of Shakespeare. After a diligent deciphering of the Elizabethan handwriting in Francis Bacon's notebook, known as the Promus of Formularies and Elegancies, Constance Mary Fearon Pott (1833–1915) argued that many of the ideas and figures of speech in Bacon's book could also be found in the Shakespeare plays. Pott founded the Francis Bacon Society in 1885 and published her Bacon-centered theory in 1891.Pott, Constance: Francis Bacon and His Secret Society (London, Sampson, Low and Marston: 1891); Sirbacon.
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Tertullian in his "De Corona" writes: "At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign of the cross". The early Christians were also accustomed to strike their breasts in sign of guilt and contrition for sin. Tertullian believed that the kiss of peace should be given often; in fact, that it should accompany every prayer and ceremony. Not only are there many ceremonial acts such as those just mentioned which existed in the 3rd century and have been preserved even to the present in the liturgy, but there are also many phrases and acclamations of the early African Church which have found a permanent place in the liturgical formularies.
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Theologians such as John Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and John Henry Newman had widespread influence in the realm of polemics, homiletics and theological and devotional works, not least because they largely repudiated the old high-church tradition and replaced it with a dynamic appeal to antiquity which looked beyond the Reformers and Anglican formularies. Their work is largely credited with the development of the Oxford Movement, which sought to reassert Catholic identity and practice in Anglicanism. In contrast to this movement, clergy such as the Bishop of Liverpool, J. C. Ryle, sought to uphold the distinctly Reformed identity of the Church of England. He was not a servant of the status quo, but argued for a lively religion which emphasised grace, holy and charitable living, and the plain use of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer (interpreted in a partisan evangelical way) without additional rituals.
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513 This proclamation of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj resulted in 1881 of the formation of the Brahmo Conference Organisation to publicly denounce and expose Keshub Sen and his Nabo Bidhan movement from every platform as being "anti-Brahmo" in terms of the aforesaid proclamation. While Sen's detractors opposed and condemned him, he found appreciation in others. Bipin Chandra Pal has succinctly summarised the evolution: > To Keshub, however, was left the work of organising Rammohun Roy's > philosophy into a real universal religion through new rituals, liturgies, > sacraments and disciplines, wherein were sought to be brought together not > only the theories and doctrines of the different world religions but also > their outer vehicles and formularies to the extent that these were real > vehicles of their religious or spiritual life, divested, however, through a > process of spiritual sifting, of their imperfections and errors and > superstitions.Bepin Chandra Pal, "The Story of Bengal's New Era: Brahmo > Samaj and Brahmananda Keshub Chunder", in Bangabani, 1922.
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In 1561 he published anonymously De officio pii ac publicae tranquillitatis vere amantis viri in hoc religionis dissidio (Basel), in which, while holding that no one, on account of abuses, has a right utterly to subvert the Church, he does not disguise his dislike of those who exaggerated the papal claims. He takes his standpoint on Scripture explained by tradition and the fathers of the first six centuries. At a time when controversy drowned the voice of reason, such a book pleased neither party; but as some of the German princes thought that he could heal the breach, the emperor Ferdinand asked him to publish his Consultatio de Articulis Fidei lute, Catholicos et Protestantes Controversis (1565), in which, like Newman at a later date, he tried to put a Catholic interpretation upon Protestant formularies. While never attacking dogma, and even favouring the Roman church on the ground of authority, he criticizes the papal power and makes reflections on practices.
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However, Gui's best-known works are those related to his inquisitorial career: Liber sententiarum, a comprehensive register of the sentences he delivered, and Practica inquisitionis heretice pravitatis, a comprehensive inquisitor's manual. Inquisitors had no standardised or formal training, although they were often educated in theology or law, and practical guides to inquisitorial activities emerged as a distinct literary genre in the late twelfth century. Gui's manual consisted of five books: the first three were formularies, providing templates to be used to deliver sentences during 'general sermons', and the fourth reproduced documents outlining and confirming the powers of the inquisitor (such as papal and conciliar legislation, and royal decrees). The fifth and most famous book provided descriptions of the beliefs and practices of heretics such as Cathars (referred to as 'modern Manicheans'), Waldensians, Pseudo-Apostles, Beguines, and relapsed Jews, in addition to guidance for inquisitors on the best methods of interrogation for each group (including advocating torture if necessary).
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The Dissenters were not satisfied with Forster's "conscience clause" as contained in the bill, and they regarded him, the ex-Quaker, as a deserter from their own side. They resented the "25th clause", permitting school boards to pay the fees of needy children at denominational schools out of the rates, as an insidious attack on their interests. By 14 March, at the second reading, the controversy had assumed threatening proportions; and George Dixon, the Liberal member for Birmingham and chairman of the National Education League, moved an amendment, the effect of which was to prohibit all religious education in board schools. The government made its rejection a question of confidence, and the amendment was withdrawn; but the result was the insertion of the Cowper-Temple clause (which prohibited the use of distinctive religious formularies in a rate-supported school) as a compromise before the bill passed. The bill of 1870, imperfect as it was, established at last some approach to a system of national education in England.
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Toon's work repeatedly stressed the importance of the "Historic Formularies" of the Anglican tradition, defined in the Preface to the Declaration of Assent as "the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Ordering of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons". His work was marked by clarity of presentation and strength of persuasion, attracting praise from supporters and critical attention from antagonists. He often wrote and spoke about the controversies in the Anglican Communion concerning issues of liturgical reform and the ordination of women, on both of which issues he took a strongly conservative line. With the widespread adoption of the new liturgies in the Church of England (Alternative Service Book 1980, and then Common Worship 2000) and similar liturgical resources in other provinces (notably the 1979 revised Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church of the United States of America), Toon became a notable spokesman and theological advocate for the strong minority lobby favouring traditionalist views, and the retention of the seventeenth-century liturgies of the (original) Book of Common Prayer.
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The 1956 prospectus for St. Stephen's opens with a statement from Reverend Maurice Lancaster, "There has been for some time a growing conviction among parents that today there is a great need for their sons to receive at school not only a sound education to fit them to take their places as citizens, but also a well-based knowledge of Christianity and all it means...". To achieve this goal, the prospectus lists the aims of the college as follows: (a) to give the best possible secondary education for boys for the most reasonable terms; (b) to give a firm grounding in the Christian Faith as held and taught in the Book of Common Prayer and in the Formularies of the Church of the Province of South Africa; (c) to provide sound and wise discipline; and (d) to train for a full and useful life in the world. The school was built on of land offered by Mr. A. A. Sanderson. The school opened on 1 February 1959, with 35 pupils, which soon increased to 40.
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So when persecution ceased, the Church began immediately to expand her ceremony, changing and modifying the old forms and introducing new rites according to the requirements of public liturgical worship, so that the liturgy would be more dignified, more magnificent, and more impressive. In the beginning great liberty was allowed the individual celebrant to improvise the prayers of the liturgy, provided that he adhered to the strict form in essentials and followed the theme demanded, but at a later date, the Church felt the need of a set of formularies and fixed ceremonies, lest dogmatic errors should find expression in the liturgy and thus corrupt the faith of the people. In the 4th century all these tendencies to expansion and development are very noticeable in all the liturgies. This is true, also, of the Church in what is now called North Africa in the second period of the history of the African liturgy which embraces the fourth, fifth, sixth, and 7th centuries to the beginning of the 8th century, when Christianity in (North) Africa practically disappeared with the rise of Islam in the region.
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The collection contains models of the important official documents usually prepared by the chancery; particularly of letters and official documents in connexion with the death, the election, and the consecration of the pope; the installation of newly elected bishops, especially of the suburbicarian bishops; also models for the profession of faith, the conferring of the pallium on archbishops, for the granting of privileges and dispensations, the founding of monasteries, the confirmation of acts by which the Church acquired property, the establishment of private chapels, and in general for all the many decrees called for by the extensive papal administration. The collection opens with the superscriptions and closing formulae used in writing to the Emperor and Empress at Constantinople, the Patricius, the Exarch and the Bishop of Ravenna, to a king, a consul, to patriarchs, metropolitans, priests and other clerics. The collection is important both for the history of law and for Church history, particularly for the history of the Roman Church. The formularies and models set down are taken from earlier papal documents, especially those of Gelasius I (492–496) and Gregory I (590–604).
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