Its website includes recipes for everything from fonio breakfast cereal to kimchi with fonio.
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There was a time when Thiam would have served the stew over a bed of rice, but now, of course, he ladles it over fonio, heaps and heaps of warm fonio.
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Superfoods from the region include moringa, tamarind, sorghum, fonio, and millet.
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Thiam's dream is that as fonio finds more fans in the U.S., it will do the same in Senegal, and that one day in Dakar, fonio will be just as easy to find as a baguette.
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"Women-run cooperatives put fonio back on the map," Thiam told me.
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For me, fonio is more like polenta or cream of wheat than quinoa.
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"The Fonio Cookbook: An Ancient Grain Rediscovered" by Pierre Thiam (Lake Isle Press, $24.95).
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As he fluffed the hot fonio with a fork, it became more airy than clumpy.
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Fonio has been grown for over 5,000 years and is possibly the oldest cultivated cereal in Africa.
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He would later learn that everywhere fonio was grown, it was shrouded in myths and superstitious beliefs.
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More from Voraciously: The 10 recipes our readers loved most this year Is fonio the new quinoa?
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The grocer also predicts the increased use of West African cereal grains, including sorghum, fonio, teff and millet.
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An ancient, sandy-colored grain, fonio was cultivated for thousands of years across West Africa and still is.
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"Fonio is considered country-people food," he said, shooing away a cat that had tiptoed into the kitchen.
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Yolele Foods describes fonio as a "gluten-free, nutrient rich, ancient grain that takes just 5 minutes to cook".
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At Teranga, he will serve fonio at breakfast time, treating it as a hot cereal with fruit and nuts.
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Traditionally, fonio was pounded in a large mortar and pestle, to remove its armorlike husk, then washed and dried outdoors.
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For him, exporting the resilient fonio, which "thrives where nothing else will grow," might be the answer to the looming poverty.
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His version sidesteps controversy — or invites it — by replacing the traditional rice with fonio, an ancient grain as fluffy as quinoa.
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Once fonio is winnowed and dried, the tiny grains (much smaller than quinoa) can be steamed and used in various ways.
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But for wider appeal, like that of quinoa, it needs more recipes like his excellent roasted salmon with cheesy fonio grits.
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I reported a story with the chef Pierre Thiam, about why he's become a champion of the ancient West African grain fonio.
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Quick-cooking fonio, which has been partly cooked, then dehydrated, takes about five minutes to soak up all the water it needs.
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"In Casamance, Senegal (where my parents are from), growing fonio around one's compound is believed to keep away the evil eye," he said.
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The mystery of a grain Years ago while doing research for his cookbook, Thiam was reintroduced to fonio, the grain he knew from childhood.
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Whole Foods suggests trying Kuli Kuli Organic Pure Moringa Vegetable Powder, Ginjan Organic Ginger Juice, Essie Spice Condiments' Mango Chili Medley, and Yolélé Fonio.
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In recent years, his focus has shifted: He founded a company that imports fonio, and oversees high-end restaurants in Lagos, Nigeria and Dakar.
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He is keen to continue pushing fonio even further, and his dream is to see his native grain developed into every food type on the market.
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Local fare where I live in Dakar is healthy — fish, tomatoes, onions, okra, juicy mangoes with peach-like flesh and a grain similar to quinoa called fonio.
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We can hardly think of a better way to get to know fonio, the humble grain from West Africa that one chef is working very hard to promote.
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Thiam said he was aware that popular demand for traditional grains such as fonio and millet could push up prices, putting them out of reach of local consumers.
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In 2017, he gave a TED talk about it, during which he served fonio sushi and made a case for why it should be a globally consumed crop.
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Front Burner One of the ancient grains that has not yet made it into your granola is fonio, a finely textured high-protein member of the millet family.
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Now he oversees high-end restaurants in Dakar and Lagos, Nigeria, along with Yolele Foods, an importer of fonio, an ancient African grain with a texture like crumbled cloud.
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Mr. Thiam has long been a champion of fonio — an ancient grain that looks almost like couscous — and he recently founded Yolele Foods, which imports it from West African cooperatives.
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The bases include fonio, a fine-textured African grain, and couscous made from cassava flour; toppings are chicken, a black-eyed pea and sweet potato stew, and not-so-African salmon.
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In New York, he cooks fonio to serve under whole roasted fish and meaty stews, in warm vegetable salads, mashed into fritters and in oatmeal-like bowls with fruit and yogurt.
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One grain, many possibilities Despite the great potential fonio has, he says there is a lot of work to be done in changing Senegalese locals' perception of it as "country-people" food.
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Fonio is less dense than rice, the better to soak up the base of tomatoes long simmered with bay leaves and Scotch bonnets kept whole, "to bring aroma but not overpower," Mr. Thiam said.
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Thiam, who opened his first restaurant in New York in 1997, said changing weather patterns had hit the crops commonly grown in the Sahel, but fonio grew quickly even in poor soil and dry conditions.
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Everything on the menu—from black-eyed-pea salad to fonio, an ancient grain that Thiam imports from West Africa, to chicken marinated in lime, garlic, and thyme—is designed to pair with everything else.
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Standing barefoot in a friend's apartment in Manhattan, where we met before a recent snowstorm to make lunch, Thiam explained how local grains like fonio lost some cultural currency around the time of French colonization.
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Diversification could also help fight malnutrition globally by bringing little-known but highly nutritious foods into the mainstream, like fonio, which is a small grain that is well-suited to hot climates with unpredictable weather patterns.
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Tejal Rao has a nice column in The Times today about Pierre Thiam, an American chef from Senegal who champions the ancient grain called fonio, a kind of millet with tiny grains and a nutty scent.
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She is also working with Dr Achigan-Dako to set up MoBreed, a pan-African collaboration with the self-appointed task of improving ten orphan crops, including Kersting's groundnut, the African custard apple and fonio, a type of millet.
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Eat Pierre Thiam, an American chef from Senegal, still remembers how when he was growing up in Dakar, some families in the countryside sent their children off to school with a little fonio tucked into their bags for luck.
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"It is nutritious, particularly rich in methionine and cysteine, two amino acids that are deficient in most other major grains: barley, rice or wheat to name a few," the chef said of fonio at the recently concluded TEDGlobal Conference in Tanzania.
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In an effort to upgrade its status and share it with the world as a "world-class crop," Thiam struck a deal with the largest natural food chain in America, Whole Foods, which started selling packs of fonio this year.
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Pierre Thiam began exporting fonio to New York last year, hoping to help smallholder communities in the Sahel, which stretches from Mauritania and Mali in the west to Sudan and Eritrea in the east and is home to more than 100 million people.
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Thiam—who had a restaurant in Brooklyn until 2011 and opened another in Lagos, Nigeria, in 2015—is so passionate about fonio, a tiny-beaded, highly nutritious, and gluten-free grain native to Africa's Sahel region, that he started a company, called Yolélé, devoted to importing it to the United States.
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Long wooden tables run down the middle, where diners commune over Mr. Thiam's vivid precolonial West African dishes: malleable boulders of fufu, boiled plantains pounded under a steady stream of palm oil; egusi, traditionally a cassava-leaf stew, here made with collards, honoring the influence of the African-American diaspora; and fonio stained crimson by jollof, tomatoes broken down with a crush of baobab leaves and whole Scotch bonnets.
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The fonio husking machine was invented by Sanoussi Diakité, a Senegalese mechanical engineer. Diakité was awarded the Rolex Award in 1996 for the invention. A photo gallery of the fonio husking machine. Fonio is a staple crop in western Africa.
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White fonio in Tambacounda Region of southern Senegal Fonio is the term for two cultivated grasses in the genus Digitaria that are notable crops in parts of West Africa. They are millets with small grains. Fonio is a nutritious food with a favorable taste. It is consumed mainly in West African countries, where it is also cultivated.
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However, Iburu is taller than fonio, but has smaller grain than fonio. This makes harvesting the grains very labor intensive. Iburu is mainly grown in the Middle Belt of central Nigeria, as well as in Zinder, Niger.
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Diakité's solution was a device that gently abrades the surface of the seed before passing through a rotating mechanism, which removes the husks. The machine can husk of fonio in 8 minutes.Sanoussi Diakite: The Fonio Husker Machine (Senegal). African Innovation Foundation.
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Akposso farmers grow cocoa and coffee as cash crops. Traditional crops include yams and fonio.
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The invention of a simple fonio husking machine offers an easier mechanical way to dehusk.
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The NGO Santé Diabète was created in 2001, by Stephane Besançon current CEO of the organization. Santé Diabète was created following a research conducted in Mali on the fonio Jean-François Cruz, Famoï Beavogui et Djibril Dramé. Le fonio, une céréale africaine. Éditions Quae, Versailles, 2011, 160 p. ().
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They are medium in height. The ploidy level for the species range from diploid (2n), tetraploid (4n), to hexaploid (6n). Fonio is labor intensive to harvest and process. Men and boys use sickles to cut down the fonio, which women then gather into sheaves and set out to dry.
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The global fonio market was 673,000 tonnes in 2016. The name fonio (borrowed by English from French) is from Wolof foño.Christian Seignobos and Henry Tourneux, Le Nord-Cameroun à travers ses mots: Dictionnaire de termes anciens et modernes: Province de l'extrême-nord (Karthala Editions, 2002; ), p. 107. In December 2018, the European Commission approved commercialization of fonio as a novel food in the European Union, after submission by the Italian company Obà Food to manufacture and market new food products.
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Digitaria iburua, commonly known as iburu, is a grass species native to west and west-central tropical Africa, which is cultivated as a grain crop known as black fonio. Iburu (D. iburua) is closely related to white fonio (D. exilis), a cereal that is more widely grown across West Africa.
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Because the fonio grains are so small, their brittle outer shell is difficult to remove. "For hundreds of years, African women have carried out the painstaking task of preparing fonio by pounding and threshing a grain and sand mixture with a pestle and mortar. After one hour of this tedious work, only two kilograms of fonio are available for consumption and fifteen liters of water are needed to remove the sand." The whole process has been reduced from a 1-hour job to a 6-minute job.
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Digitaria exilis, referred to as findi or fundi in areas of Africa, such as The Gambia, with English common names white fonio, fonio millet, and hungry rice or acha rice, is a grass species. It is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species known as fonio that are harvested in the savannas of West Africa. The grains are very small. It has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable use of the land.
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Coeliac disease is an intolerance to wheat gluten, a prolamine, which can cause chronic small intestinal problems. Fonio is closer to sorghum and rice than to wheat, and therefore it does not contain the sequence of amino acids that cause this intolerance. Fonio is therefore of interest to people suffering from coeliac disease.
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Fonio grows in dry climates without irrigation, and is unlikely to be a successful crop in humid regions. It is planted in light (sandy to stony) soils, and will grow in poor soil. The growth cycle ranges from 70-130 days, depending on variety. Fonio has carbon fixation, like many other grasses.
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Black fonio, D. iburua, is a similar crop grown in several countries of West Africa, particularly Nigeria, Togo, and Benin.
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CIRAD developed the GMBF hulling machine specifically for use on fonio. However, due to the high cost and performance of such machines, multiple villages must operate the machines together for the investment to be economically viable.Marouzé C., Thaunay P., Drame D., Loua F., Son G., Diop A..(2005) Décortiqueur à fonio GMBF. Dossier de fabrication.
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Fonio is cultivated in West Africa under tropical climate, with a pronounced dry season, temperatures between 25-30 °C and annual rainfalls of 600 to 1200 mm. Nevertheless, Fonio is also grown in higher altitude: over 1000 m, with higher annual rainfalls (1200 to 1500 mm) and colder temperatures (15-25°). Fonio has a well developed root system, which can reach more than one meter depth in the soil. This root system explains the good performance of the plant during the dry season and its adaptation to poor and low fertility soils.
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This process requires a highly skilled woman and up to 10 liters of clean water per one kilogram of fonio. Industrial machinery has been developed to replace the traditional, labour-intensive process described above. It is possible to adapt rice threshing-machine for use on fonio. Winnowing machines or rotational sieves may then be used to clean threshed seeds.
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White fonio, Digitaria exilis, also called "hungry rice" by Europeans because they misunderstood the reason for its popularity among West Africans, is the most common of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of West Africa. Fonio has the smallest seeds of all species of millet. It has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development, and support sustainable use of the land. Nutritious, gluten-free, and high in dietary fiber, fonio is one of the world's fastest-growing cereals, reaching maturity in as little as six to eight weeks.
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The seeds are edible most notably those of fonio (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua), Digitaria sanguinalis, as well as Digitaria compacta. They can be toasted, ground into a flour, made into porridge or fermented to make beer. Fonio has been widely used as a staple crop in parts of Africa. It also has decent nutrient qualities as a forage for cattle.
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Effect of processing method on physics-chemical and functional properties of two fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(3), 1560-1577. The European Commission with the EU Regulation L 323/1 of December 19th 2018 approved the commercialization in Europe of Fonio as Novel Food, upon the scientific dossier managed and submitted by “the applicant” Italian company Obà Food.
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The fonio is an annual, erect herbaceous plant which reaches stature heights from 30 to 80 centimeters. The ears consist of two to five narrow part ears, which are up to 15 centimeters long. The spikelets comprise a sterile flower and a fertile flower, the latter of which gives rise to the fonio grain. The grain is a caryopsis, which remains surrounded by glumes and husks.
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Modèle GMBF 03. Plans du décortiqueur à moteur thermique (d) et du décortiqueur à moteur électrique (e) : projet Fonio CFC/ICG - (FIGG/02) amélioration des technologies post-récolte du fonio, CIRAD-IER-IRAG-IRSAT Digitaria exilis is a crop that has not been pursued for domestication worldwide, but has many qualities that make it a good crop candidate. Digitaria exilis is an annual plant with a C4 metabolism and medium height.Haq, N (1995).
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Beginning early in the 21st century, fonio was under development in biotechnology to enhance African food security by improving its grain size, culms, yield, and resistance to insect pests and diseases.
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Fonio (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua). London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 2–6. It can be planted on its own or in the marginal land, among other crops. Farmers value how quickly Digitaria exilis matures.
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The traditional Akposso calendar has a five-day week.(Imle, Ekpe, Ewle, Eyla, Eva) Fonio () is culturally important. An annual festival called "Ovazu" () is held around harvest time, and in Togo it is held together with the Akebus.
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Its size is very small, only 1.5 mm (around 2000 seeds to 1 gram). The colour ranges from white, yellow and purple. Fonio matures faster than all other cereals. Some varieties can already be harvested 42–56 days after sowing.
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Despite its valuable characteristics and widespread cultivation, fonio has generally received limited attention research and development, which is also why the species is sometimes referred to as an underutilized crop. The name (borrowed by English from French) is from Wolof foño.Christian Seignobos and Henry Tourneux, Le Nord-Cameroun à travers ses mots: Dictionnaire de termes anciens et modernes: Province de l'extrême-nord (KARTHALA Editions, 2002; ), p. 107. Fonio has continued to be important locally because it is both nutritious and one of the world's fastest growing cereals, reaching maturity in as little as six to eight weeks.
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Hulls must be removed before consumption as they are not digestible. This process is traditionally carried out by women using mortars. After the fifth hulling, the fonio is called "whitened". Adhering grit and sand is washed away with the help of gourds.
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Village chief of Boula Téné, [Senegal] Theodore Mada Keita, holds up the fonio grain [White fonio (Digitaria exilis)] that helps feed his family in southern Senegal Determination of the underutilized status of a crop varies among researchers. Different criteria and approaches are used to define this particular group of crop. Neglect refers to the attention the crop has received from research and development and can be evaluated by how well national and international policy and legal frameworks and research and development programmes support the conservation and sustainable use of the crop. Underutilisation is particular to the geography and potential for a crop to contribute to better to diets and production systems.
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Fonio is mainly grown on sandy soils, but can also grow on rocky soils. It also thrives on acidic clay soils with a high aluminium content. On heavy soils, most varieties thrive badly. This crop is low demanding and can cope with unfavourable climate and soil conditions.
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With that in mind, it is important to maintain and develop fonio for both producers and consumers. Digitaria exilis has many potential future uses in cooking or as technological feedstock so it is necessary to select for good kernel properties to develop it into a new crop for the world.
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Cereal Chemistry 74: 224-228. The composition of fonio can differ depending on what part of the world you are in. The main differences are in the protein and fiber content. This information could be useful in giving people dietary advice if their diet is lacking a certain protein or fiber.
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The invention of a simple fonio husking machine offers an easier mechanical way to dehusk. The genetic diversity of Digitaria exilis varies from region to region in Africa. For example, not much genetic diversity was detected among the domesticated Digitaria exilis landraces from Mali.Koreissi- Dembélé, Y., Fanou-Fogny, N., Hulshof, P., & Brouwer, I. (2013).
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Genetic diversity and population differentiation of traditional fonio millet (Digitaria spp.) landraces from different agro-ecological zones of West Africa. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 115(7), 917-931. The many different landraces of Digitaria exilis are affected differently by the various processing methods.Ballogou, V., Sagbo, F., Soumanou, M., Manful, J., Toukourou, F., & Hounhouigan, J. (2015).
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This overall trend is seen as a result of the low rainfall and poor soil conditions that D. exilis naturally grows in. Additionally, farmers evaluated D. exilis landraces on key agricultural characteristics.Dansi, A., Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., & Vodouhè, R. (2010). Diversity, conservation and related wild species of Fonio millet (Digitaria spp.) in the northwest of Benin.
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Pel Maoudé is a village and rural commune and seat of the Cercle of Koro in the Mopti Region of Mali. The commune covers an area of approximately 203 square kilometers and includes 9 villages.. In the 2009 census the commune had a population of 13,727. Some typical cultivated plants are millet, peanut, black-eyed pea, fonio and Sesame.
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More than 550 000 ha of fonio are grown each year in West Africa and the production runs at 587 000 tons. Yields are relatively stable, the yield average is currently 1 ton per hectare (ha). In the peripheral regions the yields are less than 500 kilograms and drop when in very poor soils down to 150 to 200 kilograms.
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Most of the harvesting is still done by hand. As soon as the grains reach maturity, usually in July or August, men cut the fonio with sickles while women and children gather it into sheaves. A motor-driven mower may be used to assist in this. The sheaves must be stored in a dry and well ventilated area to prevent mould formation.
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Other than the beauty, the paradise whydahs can be a nuisance especially for farmers. For instance, in the highlands of Guinea and Sierra Leone, these paradise whydahs feed on small seeds of cultivated fonio which is known as “acha” or “hungry rice” before they can be harvested and that also happens to be the first food source available to the human inhabitants after the season of rains.
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Culturally, since time immemorial, the Atyap had been farmers, especially during the rainy season producing food crops like sorghum (swaat), millet (zuk), beans (ji̠njok), yams (cyi), fonio (tson), beniseed (cwan), okra (kusat), finger millet (gbeam), groundnut (shyui), potato (a̠ga̠mwi), etc., with the entire economy heavily dependent on the production of sorghum (swaat) – used for food and beer, and beniseed (cwan) – used in several rituals.
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Fonio (Digitaria exilis) landraces in Mali: Nutrient and phytate content, genetic diversity and effect of processing. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 29(2), 134-143. In contrast, large levels of genetic diversity were detected among the domesticated Digitaria exilis landraces of the Upper Niger River Basin of West Africa.Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., Wagner, C., Dansi, A., Ahlemeyer, J., Daïnou, O., Akpagana, K., & Friedt, W. (2007).
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Adoukonou- Sagbadja H, Dansi A, Vodouhè R, Akpagana K (2006) Indigenous knowledge and traditional conservation of fonio millet (Digitaria exilis, Digitaria iburua) in Togo. Biodiversity and Conservation 15: 2379-2395 On the other hand, Digitaria exilis has some implications for its ability to be a crop candidate. One thing the crop struggles with is in competing with weeds. Farmers are therefore required to remove weeds after sowing.
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The Fulɓe practice a form of natural farming that can be recognized today as biointensive agriculture. The region's main cash crops are bananas and other fruits. The main field crop is fonio, although rice is grown in richer soils. Most soils degrade quickly and are highly acidic with aluminum toxicity, which limits the kind of crops that can be grown without significant soil management.
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The crop requires little input and can survive on rain. It is adapted to marginal land: it does well in poor soil and is drought resistant.Adoukonou-Sagbadja H, Wagner C, Dansi A, Ahlemeyer J, Daienou O, Akpagana K, Ordon F, Friedt W (2007) Genetic diversity and population differentiation of traditional fonio millet (Digitaria spp.) landraces from different agro-ecological zones of West Africa. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 115(7): 917-931.
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Farmers emphasize the crop's culinary value, its short growth cycle, high productivity and medium size.Dansi A, Adoukonou-Sagbadja H, Vodouhè R (2010) Diversity, conservation and related wild species of Fonio millet (Digitaria spp.) in the northwest of Benin. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 57: 827-839. However, due to a lack of harvesting and processing technology, it is difficult to maintain the crop's genetic diversity or establish large-scale production.
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Additionally, the nutrient content and yield of D. exilis can be affected by the soil nutrition present in the varying climatic conditions of West Africa, which is where D. exilis primarily grows.Gigou, J., Stilmant D., Diallo T., Cisse N., Sanogo M., Vaksmann M., & Dupuis B. (2009). Fonio millet (Digitaria exilis) response to N, P and K fertilizers under varying climatic conditions in West Africa. Experimental Agriculture, 45 (4), 401-415.
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Lake Gossi, or Mare de Grossi, is a body of water near Gossi in the Cercle of Gourma-Rharous of the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The lake is near to the town of Gossi. In 1990, with lower rainfall than usual, there was competition over use of the land between cattle grazers and harvesting of fonio grains. Cattle spent three quarters of their grazing time around the shores of the lake, or in depressions.
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Burkinabé cuisine, the cuisine of Burkina Faso, is similar to the cuisines in many parts of West Africa, and is based on staple foods of sorghum, millet, rice, fonio, maize, peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra. Rice, maize and millet are the most commonly eaten grains. Grilled meat is common, particularly mutton, goat, beef and fish. Vegetables include, besides yams and potatoes, okra, tomatoes, zucchini, carrots, leeks, onions, beets, pumpkins, cucumbers, cabbage, sorrel and spinach.
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Digitaria is a genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions but can occur in tropical, subtropical, and cooler temperate regions as well. Common names include crabgrass, finger-grass, and fonio. They are slender monocotyledonous annual and perennial lawn, pasture, and forage plants; some are often considered lawn pests. Digitus is the Latin word for "finger", and they are distinguished by the long, finger-like inflorescences they produce.
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Starchy tubers and root vegetables are used as staple food, to be served with their meat and vegetable dishes, often as a foil to the hotness of the peppers. Cassava, cocoyams, sweet potatoes, plantains, and yams are ubiquitous in the local diet, and they are usually boiled and then pounded with a pestle and mortar into a thick starchy paste called fufu. Other starch staples eaten throughout West Africa besides root vegetables and tubers include fonio, rice, millet, sorghum, and maize.
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The local cuisine and recipes of West Africa continue to remain deeply entrenched in the local customs and traditions, with ingredients like native rice (Oryza glaberrima), rice, fonio, millet, sorghum, Bambara groundnuts and Hausa groundnuts, black-eyed peas, brown beans, and root vegetables such as yams, cocoyams, sweet potatoes, and cassava. Cooking techniques include roasting, baking, boiling, frying, mashing, and spicing. A range of sweets and savories are also prepared. Klouikloui, rings of fried peanut butter as served in Benin.
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The Lambas are primarily engaged in subsistence farming and small animal husbandry, especially chickens, guinea fowl, goats, pigs, and sheep. They grow millet and sorghum that they make into a thick porridge (la pâte) that is the staple of their diet and that they brew into thick low-alcohol beer. They also grow yams and cassava, groundnuts (peanuts), beans, and fonio. The Lambas have migrated in search of fertile available land in Togo to the area along the North-South National Road No. 1 between Sokodé and Notsé, where they have founded numerous communities.
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The Lossos are primarily engaged in subsistence farming and small animal husbandry, especially chickens, guinea fowl, goats, pigs, and sheep. They grow millet and sorghum that they make into a thick porridge (la pâte) that is the staple of their diet and that they brew into a thick low-alcohol beer called daam. They also grow yams and cassava, groundnuts (peanuts), beans, and fonio. In the late 1800s, early European explorers such as the ethnographer, Leo Frobenius, baptized them the "palm tree people" because of the concentration of oil palm trees in their home area.
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The gluten-free diet includes naturally gluten-free food, such as meat, fish, seafood, eggs, milk and dairy products, nuts, legumes, fruit, vegetables, potatoes, pseudocereals (in particular amaranth, buckwheat, chia seed, quinoa), only certain cereal grains (corn, rice, sorghum), minor cereals (including fonio, Job's tears, millet, teff, called "minor" cereals as they are "less common and are only grown in a few small regions of the world"),. See Table 2 and page 21. some other plant products (arrowroot, mesquite flour,O'Brian T, Ford R, Kupper C, Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: The evolving spectrum, pp. 305–330. In: sago, tapioca) and products made from these gluten-free foods.
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This association with Russia has also led the Russian Geographical Society to name a volcano after him (in the area of Ujun-Choldongi in Manchuria ). Among his many local and international students were Carl Arend (Bern), Oscar Bernhard (St. Moritz), Andrea Crotti (Ohio), Gustave Dardel (Bern), Carl Garré (Bonn), Gottlieb and Max Feurer (St. Gallen), Anton Fonio (Langnau), Walter Gröbly (Arbon), Carl Kaufmann (Zürich), Albert Kocher (Bern), Joseph Kopp (Luzern), Ernst Kummer (Geneva), Otto Lanz (Amsterdam), Edmond Lardy (Geneva) Jakob Lauper (Interlaken), Albert Lüthi (Thun), Hermann Matti (Bern), Charles Pettavel (Neuenburg), Paul Pfähler (Olten), Fritz de Quervain (La Chaux de Fonds / Basel / Bern), August Rickli (Langenthal), Ernst Rieben (Interlaken), August Rollier (Leysin), César Roux (Lausanne), Karl Schuler (Rorschach), Fritz Steinmann (Bern), Albert Vogel (Luzern), Hans Wildbolz (Bern) as well as the American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing.
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Recently the CoP has expanded its focus to include improvements in crop productivity and post-harvest practices; links between household food security and improved nutrition and incomes, with particular attention to the threat of aflatoxin contamination; and cross- cutting research in agriculture policy and communication. West Africa CoP (Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger) The WAf CoP is striving to improve productivity and nutritional content of cereals (sorghum, pearl millet, and fonio) and grain legumes (cowpea, groundnut, and Bambara groundnut) as well as other traditional or introduced crops . Strengthening farming systems demands continued attention to improved soil and water conservation and agronomic management; better seed varieties and seed distribution systems; integrated pest management; strengthened and diversified value chains; improved diets and nutrition; and improved income and education for farming families. Each CoP is supported by a regional team consisting of a regional representative, a liaison scientist, a monitoring and evaluation specialist, and a research methods specialist.
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