134 Sentences With "first estate" | Random Sentence Generator

Many of these victims had no safe place to turn—as the new documentary The Church and the First Estate painfully shows.

"This is the first estate that I'm aware of that has ever been opened for an aborted baby," Helms added to local ABC affiliate WAAY.

"This is the first estate that I'm aware of that has ever been opened for an aborted baby," Magers' lawyer, Brent Helms, told local reporters at the time.

The restaurant, Valley Kitchen, had recently released its first estate vintage, and we ordered two glasses of the pinot to go with the main — risotto with purple asparagus and trumpet mushrooms.

Caricature from 1789 with the Third Estate carrying the First Estate and Second Estate on its back At the time of the revolution, the First Estate comprised 100,000 Catholic clergy and owned 5–10% of the lands in France—the highest per capita of any estate. All property of the First Estate was tax exempt. The Second Estate comprised the nobility, which consisted of 400,000 people, including women and children. Since the death of Louis XIV in 1715, the nobles had enjoyed a resurgence in power.

McEwan Fraser Legal was one of the first estate agents in Scotland to use the radio for property marketing purposes.

It is the first estate to be completed in the new Reclamation Area which was part of the 1997 Construction Project.

The first estate was the class that constituted a birthright aristocracy with claims to respect, obedience, and support from those of subordinate status.

Ghisbertus Masius (c. 1545 – 1614) was the fourth bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch, in the Habsburg Netherlands, and sat in the Estates General of 1600 as a representative of the First Estate.

Francis Wichmans (1596–1661), in religion Augustinus, was a Premonstratensian spiritual author, missionary, and abbot of Tongerlo Abbey. In the last capacity he sat in the First Estate of the States of Brabant.

The Scottish Parliament (also known as the Three Estates) and the Convention of the Estates were unicameral legislatures, so commissioners sat alongside prelates (the first estate) and members of the nobility (the second estate).

At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" (about equally divided between parish priests, monks, and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).

25 (Brussels, 1932), 614–624. On 5 July 1610 he became dean of the chapter of St. Donatian's Cathedral, Bruges, in which capacity he was delegate of the First Estate in the States of Flanders.

Loarca and the Canon Lawyer Antonio de Morga, who classified society into three estates (ruler, ruled, slave), also affirmed the preeminence of the principales. All members of this first estate (the datu class) were principales whether they were actually occupying positions to rule or not. The Real Academia Española defines Principal as, "A person or thing that holds first place in value or importance, and is given precedence and preference before others". This Spanish term best describes the first estate of the society in the archipelago, which the Europeans came in contact with.

The don gratuit or "free gift" in English, was a voluntary contribution to royal finances paid by the First Estate (the clergy) under France's ancien regime. Since they were exempt from taxation such as taille, the First Estate was first requested to pay the don gratuit to fund the fight against the Huguenots under Henry IV and then from 1636 for the defence of the kingdom during the wars against the Protestant states. From Louis XIV's reign, the gift became customary. The don gratuit was decided by the church annually.

As bishop he sat as a representative of the First Estate for the County of Artois in the Estates General of 1632. He died in Arras on 11 November 1635.Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne, ed. M.Michaud, vol.

Caricature of the Third Estate carrying the First Estate (clergy) and the Second Estate (nobility) on its back The Estates- General was split into three bodies; the First Estate or clergy, the Second Estate or nobility, and the Third Estate, or commons. Each Estate sat and voted separately, enabling the clergy and nobility to unite against the Commons, despite representing less than 4% of the population. In the 1789 elections, the First Estate returned 303 deputies, representing 100,000 Catholic clergy; nearly 10% of French lands were controlled by bishops and monasteries, while the Church collected its own taxes from peasants. Fifty-one were bishops, the wealthiest of whom had incomes of 50,000 livres a year; more than two-thirds were ordinary parish priests who lived on less than 500 and were more representative of the working classes than the lawyers and officials of the Third Estate.

As bishop he sat in the States of Flanders as a representative of the First Estate, and in the Estates General of 1632. He died in Ypres on 19 December 1634. He composed some poems and religious pieces in Latin.

The park was formed from two gifts of former estates on Chautauqua Lake. The first estate was donated to New York State in 1956 by Mr. and Mrs. John W. Minturn; Mrs. Minturn was the granddaughter of former state governor Reuben E. Fenton.

A state of emergency was declared by the King of Denmark in 1660. Its purpose was to put pressure on the first estate, which were reluctant to a proposal from the second and third estates to replace the elective monarchy with hereditary monarchy.

Neetlingshof Estate is a wine estate in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Established in 1692, it is one of the oldest wine estates in the country, founded only six or seven years after the first estate, Constantia. Its current bottling dates back to 1880.

Laurentius Metsius (c.1520–1580) was the second bishop of 's-Hertogenbosch, in the Habsburg Netherlands. As ex officio abbot of the Abbey of Tongerlo he sat in the First Estate of the States of Brabant during the early years of the Dutch Revolt.

The First Estate represented 100,000 Catholic clergy; the Church owned about 10 percent of the land and collected its own taxes (the tithe) from peasants. The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries, but two-thirds of the 303 delegates from the First Estate were ordinary parish priests; only 51 were bishops.William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989) p. 59 The Second Estate represented the nobility, about 400,000 men and women who owned about 25 percent of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants. About a third of the 282 deputies representing the Second Estate were landed, mostly with minor holdings.

Shortly after he was ordained as Bishop of Autun, Talleyrand attended the Estates-General of 1789, representing the clergy, the First Estate. During the French Revolution, Talleyrand strongly supported the anti-clericalism of the revolutionaries. He (and Mirabeau) promoted the appropriation of Church properties.Bernard, J.F. (1973).

The family's first estate was located at Plettenberg. Hunold I. was Marshal of the Duchy of Westphalia which was ruled by the Archbishop of Cologne. His son Heydenricus de Plettenberg was cited as bailiff of the Counts of Arnsberg in 1258Enache, Nicolas. La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg.

Flat-for-Sale Scheme () is a housing development scheme by Hong Kong Housing Society in 1980s. The flats under the scheme are for sale at a concessionary price. It is similar to Home Ownership Scheme by Hong Kong Housing Authority. The first estate was the Clague Garden Estate.

In January 1484, deputies of the Estates General began to arrive in Tours, France. The deputies represented three different "estates" in society. The First Estate was the Church; in France this meant the Roman Catholic Church. The Second Estate was composed of the nobility and the royalty of France.

The estate was built in the 1980s and transferred to the Peabody Trust in 1998 under the Estate Renewal Challenge Fund Programme. It was the first estate to be acquired by Peabody under the programme. The estate is a mix of social housing and privately owned housing.Strawberry Vale estate. Peabody.

In 1774 after his ordination he received the name Gregorius. He was elected abbot in 1770, and by permission of the Emperor sat in the States of Brabant as a member for the First Estate. Four years later the monks were chased out of their abbey. In 1808 the abbot returned.

Part of the area was redeveloped as social housing in the 1970s and 80s. The first estate was built from 1975 to 1978 and faces the main harbour. It is popularly known as Det Gvide Snit (#The White Cut). A second housing estate facing the canal was completed in 1985.

Barnave saw that the Church, being first estate, had great power and wealth. To him, the roles of the clergy, priests, and bishops resided on spreading the message of God and thus should not oppose providing His children with basic proprietary rights.Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution.

1960 –The public housing programme was taken over by the HDB. SIT handed Dakota Crescent over to its successor, HDB. 1961 – Dakota Crescent was also used to rehouse the victims of the Kampong Tiong Bahru Fire in 1961. Dakota Crescent was also the first estate to have one-room flats.

Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 100, 110-11 When Magomero was acquired, it was largely uncultivated and virtually unoccupied following decades of conflict. The first estate crop tried at Magomero was Arabica coffee in 1895, but after poor crops and a collapse in world coffee prices in 1903, this was abandoned.

The first estate of the four estates of the realm of Finland existed until 1906 when a single chamber parliament was introduced. Baron August Langhoff was the last to be ennobled, in 1912. Hence, Finnish nobility today is a closed society. Today the House of Nobility is a hereditary association of members of registered nobility.

Beverly Hills' first estate: The house and gardens of Virginia & Harry Robinson. Beverly Hills, Calif: Friends of Robinson Gardens. Dryden lived in Southern California for most of his life. Eventually, he purchased 1,000 acres from the Rancho San Rafael owned by the Verdugo family, now located in Glendale, California, where he settled with his wife.

France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution) divided society into three estates: the First Estate (clergy); the Second Estate (nobility); and the Third Estate (commoners). The king was considered part of no estate. Representation of the Three Estates under Jesus. They are labeled "Tu supplex ora" (you pray), "Tu protege" (you protect), "Tuque labora" (and you work).

Jenderata Estate is a large palm oil estate, located near Hutan Melintang in Hilir Perak, Perak, Malaysia. Established in 1906 , it is owned by United Plantations. It was the first estate to have a football club enter the professional M-League. Formed as the Jenderata FC in 2004, the team became the UPB-MyTeam FC in 2006.

Development of Grogan's Mill, the first of ten villages, began in the fall of 1972. The Information Center was finished in 1973 and the Wharf and Conference Center (today as The Woodlands Resort) was finished in late 1974. Growth stalled until 1976 due to the 1970s energy crisis. Development of The Woodlands first estate neighborhoods began in 1980.

Preceding the French Revolution, French society had long been split into three "Estates". The First Estate contained members of the clergy, the Second Estate the French nobility, and the Third Estate the rest of the population. The Second Estate was divided into two subsets: the nobility of the sword and the nobility of the robe.Doyle, W. (2001).

The Enneads of Plotinus are the primary and classical document of neoplatonism. As a form of mysticism, it contains theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical parts deal with the high origin of the human soul, showing how it has departed from its first estate. The practical parts show the way by which the soul may again return to the Eternal and Supreme.

Bloomsbury EMB was one of the first Estate Management Boards set up in England, established in 1989. When the UK Government introduced the 'Right to Manage' regulations in 1994, the EMB wanted to use these to take formal responsibility for running the estate, but it took until 2000 to take on these powers through the negotiation of a formal management agreement.

The first estate was built in the late nineteen forties at Ballyfermot Lower. South of Sarsfield House and Ballyfermot Road it was originally called the Sarsfield Estate. The street names reflect this historical theme. Gradually, the adjacent townlands to the south of Ballyfermot Road and north of Grange Cross - Ballyfermot Upper, Blackditch, Cherry Orchard, Raheen and Gallanstown were similarly developed.

The Church of St Denis was one of the seven collegiate churches of Liège, which until the Liège Revolution of 1789 collectively comprised the "secondary clergy" in the First Estate of the Prince-bishopric of Liège. The church was suppressed in 1797, but the building was taken into use as a parish church in 1803.Heritage listing accessed 22 Feb. 2015.

The fifth power is a term, apparently created by Ignacio Ramonet, that intends a continuation of the series of the three estates of the realm and the fourth power, the mass media. The term fifth power can be used to refer either to the Internet, public opinion, the Church (which is the First Estate by the original meaning), economic systems or simply money including its creation.

The Nobles in the Second Estate were the richest and most powerful in the kingdom. The King could count on them, but that was of little use to him in the succeeding course of history. He had also expected that the First Estate would be predominantly the noble Bishops. The electorate, however, returned mainly parish priests, most of whom were sympathetic to the Commons.

Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press, pp. 79-81, 86-9, 146-9. The demand for estate labour declined in the 1920s, and British Central Africa Company was the first estate owner to modify thangata. The company issued seed to African tenants so that they could grow cotton or tobacco under supervision, and then sell their crops to the company at low prices.

An estate tax was included in the War Revenue Act. This was not the first estate tax enacted in the history of the United States, but its graduated nature made it the precursor to the modern federal estate tax. The estate tax was strongly opposed, but was never removed from the War Revenue Act. The 1898 tax was levied on estates themselves, not on beneficiaries.

Before the Revolution, French society—aside from royalty—was divided into three estates. The First Estate comprised the clergy; the Second Estate was the nobility. The rest of France—some 98 per cent of the population—was the Third Estate, which ranged from very wealthy city merchants to impoverished rural farmers. The three estates met from time to time in the Estates General, a legislative assembly.

Balzer Peter Vahl (28 August 1718 in Lassan – 1792) was burgomaster of Greifswald. He founded the Greifswald merchant family Wahl He became a merchant on 18 April 1744 in the first estate citizens of Greifswald. The merchant belongs from 1747 to the fifty men and from 1751 to the of the city. In 1755 he became member of the town council and from 1762 the city's treasurer.

The Cahiers of the First Estate reflected the interests of the parish clergy. They called for an end to bishops holding more than one diocese, and demanded those who were not noble be able to become bishops. In return they were prepared to give up the financial privileges of the Church. They were not, however, prepared to give up the dominant position that the Church held over the other two Estates.

Simeomo, Laudatio funebris in exequiis reverendissimi domini D. Ioannis Chrysostomi Vander Sterre (Antwerp, 1652). After the death of Abbot Norbert van Couwerven in 1661 he was elected his successor, but was not enthroned as abbot until 8 April 1663. In 1666 he served as visitor and vicar general of the Premonstratensian Order in Germany and Bohemia. He was also a member of the First Estate of the States of Brabant.

Coulmier was born in Dijon in 1741. While serving as the pastor of Abbéville, he was elected as a representative of the First Estate in the Estates General, later serving in the National Constituent Assembly. It is not clear whether or not he was a part of the juring clergy, who swore to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. He again served in the French legislature under Napoleon.

This system produced the two houses of parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In southern Germany, a three-estate system of nobility (princes and high clergy), knights, and burghers was used. In Scotland, the Three Estates were the Clergy (First Estate), Nobility (Second Estate), and Shire Commissioners, or "burghers" (Third Estate), representing the bourgeois, middle class, and lower class. The Estates made up a Scottish Parliament.

The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century.R.R. Palmer, A History of the Modern World 1961, p. 334.

The first estate was the clergy, the second the nobility and the third the commoners, although actual membership in the third estate varied from country to country.Gordon Griffiths, "Estates- general", in Hans J. Hillebrand (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation (Oxford University Press, 2005 [1996]). Retrieved 29 December 2017. Bourgeoisie, peasants and people with no estate from birth were separated in Sweden and Finland as late as 1905.

Nicolas Mainfroy (c.1570–1611) was the 71st abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Bertin in Saint-Omer from 1604 until his death, and represented the First Estate in the States of the County of Artois, which is now in France but was then part of the Spanish Netherlands.Henri de Laplane, Les abbés de Saint- Bertin d'après les anciens monumens de ce monastère, vol. 2 (Saint-Omer, 1855), 206-220.

The Third Estate was generally composed of commoners and the class of traders and merchants in France. Louis, the current Duke of Orleans and future Louis XII, attended as part of the Second Estate. Each estate brought its chief complaints to the Estates General in hopes to have some impact on the policies that the new King would pursue. The First Estate (the Church) wanted a return to the "Pragmatic Sanction".

In September 1481 Gerrit Zoudenbalch led a delegation of the Sticht to Antwerp to meet with Maximilian. He was accompanied by his brother, Evert Zoudenbalch, who came as ambassador of the First Estate of the Sticht. Gerrit Zoudenbalch presented a long list of grievances against Prince-Bishop David, which were later countered by David's plenipotentiary, Jacob van Amerongen. Maximilian chose to believe Van Amerongen and refused to accommodate the requests of the Sticht's delegation.

Bathurst Street descends the Lake Iroquois shoreline; Davenport is the road at the bottom of the hill. Davenport Road takes its name from the Davenport House, the first estate atop the Lake Iroquois shoreline and home of Colonel Joseph Wells, father of George Dupont Wells. The estate stood northeast of the modern Bathurst Street and Davenport Road intersection. Wells purchased the property from Adjutant John McGill in 1821 and rebuilt the house that occupied it.

The Abbé was elected by the First Estate of Paris to the Estates General of 1789. He would stand out alongside the Abbé Maury by his oratory, and was elected president of the National Assembly three times. He presided over the Assembly an impressive three terms (4–18 January 1790; 28 February - 15 March 1790; 14–30 March 1791). He opposed strongly the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and supported the monarchy.

Two of Cups or Goblets in the Swiss 1JJ Tarot deck The Suit of Goblets or Suit of Cups is a card suit used in tarot card divination. They are sometimes referred to as chalices. It is part of what is called the "Minor Arcana" and, like the other tarot suits, it contains fourteen cards: ace (one), two through ten, page, knight, queen and king. The suit represents the First Estate (the Clergy).

His usage was a reference to the Third Estate, the commoners of France who, before and during the French Revolution, opposed the clergy and nobles, who composed the First Estate and Second Estate, respectively. Sauvy wrote, "This third world ignored, exploited, despised like the third estate also wants to be something."Literal translation from French He conveyed the concept of political non-alignment with either the capitalist or communist bloc.Wolf-Phillips, Leslie (1987).

On January 8, 2013, the brothers appeared on the Season 8 finale of CBC's Dragon's Den. They pitched the idea of building a brewery on the farm estate where all the ingredients are grown. David Chilton and Arlene Dickinson agreed in a partnership that would give the brothers $200,000 to help build the brewery in exchange for six per cent of royalties. This would make Farmery the first estate brewery in Canada.

Wildridings is a suburb of Bracknell, in Berkshire, England. The settlement lies between the A322 and A3095 roads, is approximately south-west of Bracknell town centre and is in the Wildridings and Central local council ward. Wildridings was built in the late 1960s as the new town started expanding beyond the original planned four estates. It was the first estate in the town to use the practice of naming roads in alphabetical order without 'Road' or 'Street', e.g.

The noble class was formally established as a House in 1818 and it raised a palace in 1862 to house its meetings, the Finnish House of Nobility. The inherited ranks continued in accordance with the Swedish model. The House of Nobility, the first estate, served as an official representation for the nobility, and as the highest one of the four estates of the diet. Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of these assembly of nobles.

The term Fourth Estate refers here to the exploited working class. Before the revolution, French society was divided into three estates or orders: the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility) and Third Estate (commoners). Although the Third Estate was by far the largest, it was very heterogeneous comprising everything from urban professionals and businessmen, to farmers and labourers. The French Revolution marks the ascent of the bourgeoisie as the ruling class from within the Third Estate.

The yard closed completely in the mid-1980s. This is often explained as being due to the Miners' Strike and the closure of deep coal in South Wales, but in fact the decline in small-unit freight was much more important. In its heyday, the engine shed employed large numbers of railwaymen, which in turn encouraged the growth of the adjoining village of Rogiet. The first estate houses in Rogiet were owned by the railway and were only rented to railwaymen.

After the end of the official celebration, the day ended in a huge popular feast. It was also a symbol of the reunification of the Three Estates, after the heated Estates-General of 1789, with the Bishop (First Estate) and the King (Second Estate) blessing the people (Third Estate). In the gardens of the Château de La Muette, a meal was offered to more than 20,000 participants, followed by much singing, dancing, and drinking. The feast ended on the 18 July.

From 1518 he also held the title of Abbot of Affligem, making him the most senior member of the First Estate in the States of Brabant. On 8 November 1517, the Archbishop of Toledo, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, died. The Archbishopric of Toledo was the richest and most powerful in Spain. The main claimant to succeed Cisneros was Alonso de Aragón, Archbishop of Saragossa, who was King Ferdinand II of Aragon's illegitimate son and young King Charles's half-uncle.

Aude Richard, article "Saint-Paul, une enluminure de pierre", magazine "Pays du Nord", special issue "Cathédrales, 10 siècles d'histoire régionale", 2007 The present cathedral was formerly one among the Seven collegiate churches of Liège – St. Peter's, Holy Cross, St. Paul's, St. John's, St. Denis's, St. Martin's and St. Bartholomew's – which until the Liège Revolution of 1789 together comprised the "secondary clergy" of the First Estate in the Prince-bishopric of Liège (the "primary clergy" being the canons of St. Lambert's cathedral).

In 1960 Tun V.T. Sambanthan, leader of the Malaysian Indian Congress touted the idea of a social co-operative to help plantation workers during the British land sell- off. Tun Sambanthan and Somasundram worked closely to purchase their first estate at Bukit Sidim in that same year. The co-operative was later called National Land and Finance Co-operative Society (NLFCS). Somasundram took over the Chairmanship of the company upon the death of Tun Sambanthan and still actively manages the co-operative.

He was also in charge of buildings chosen for the États généraux/States-General or Estates-General (early medieval-"Old Regime" era national parliament), with three "estates" (houses) - "First Estate" (bishops/clergy), "Second Estate" (nobility), and "Third Estate" (commoners/tradesmen), later abolished after beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 when the "Third Estate" along with a few revolutionary progressive/republican members of the other two estates, walked out and declared themselves to be the new National Assembly of the First French Republic.

The Commission developed a plan of action in March 1938, concentrating its attention on 1,240 houses in lanes, rights-of-way and slum pockets, referred to in HISAB's earlier report. Slums were to be reclaimed and people rehoused. To house the people moved from the slum areas, the Commission needed to provide new homes. The Commission's first estate was an extension to the Garden City Estate in Port Melbourne, where pre-cast concrete technologies were employed for the first time.

Agas's regular work consisted of drawing up local estate maps and surveys for a variety of clients. He was one of the first estate surveyors to move beyond the traditional practice of compiling purely written descriptions of landed property, and to consider supplementing these with measured maps. The earliest map that can be attributed to him is one of lands at West Lexham, Norfolk, dated 1575. He subsequently undertook commissions in Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Gloucestershire, Norfolk, Oxfordshire, Suffolk and Surrey.

Insurrection and the spirit of popular sovereignty spread throughout France. In rural areas, many went beyond this: some burned title-deeds and no small number of châteaux, as part of a general agrarian insurrection known as "la Grande Peur" (the Great Fear). On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly abolished feudalism, sweeping away both the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate and the tithes gathered by the First Estate. In the course of a few hours, nobles, clergy, towns, provinces, companies, and cities lost their special privileges.

The manor house of the Rittergutes I estate built in 1792 In Eversen there are three manorial estates (Rittergüter) to which the local farms used to belong. These farms had to pay various obligatory contributions and services to the lords of the manor (Gutsherren). The first estate, Gut I, the so-called Sedelhof, lies east of the village street. It is bordered to the north and east by mill ditches, to the west by the millpond and to the south by the river Örtze.

In 1948, the society was established with the aim of providing self-contained homes for families in need. Its first official meeting was attended by members of the council, Bishop Ronald Hall and other citizens. With a low-interest loan of HK$2.5 million repayable over 40 years from the Hong Kong government and land granted at a concessionary price, its first estate, Upper Li Uk Estate () in Sham Shui Po, was built the following year after its incorporation. It was designed by Stanley Feltham.

Vaimõisa as a landed estate has existed at least since 1494, but the first manor house was probably destroyed during the Livonian War. The first estate was established by a bailiff serving under Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek. Throughout the centuries, the estate belonged to several Baltic German families, including the Farensbach, Flemming, Nascakin, Wetter- Rosenthal, Baranoff and Wilcken family. Among more illustrious owners are Gustave Rosenthal, who fought in the American Revolutionary War, and General H. Rautsmann, who taught Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, can be mentioned.

The first estate mentioned on the site was situated in the 14th-century, and named Sjöstrup, according to tradition owned by a German noble named Snakenborg. In 1387, the estates Kolstrup and Sjöstrup was united to the estate Andrarum, which was bought in 1725 by Christina Piper (1673–1752), widow of Carl Piper (1647–1716), head of the field chancellery under King Carl XII . The present castle was built in 1737-40 by Christina Piper and named Christinehof after her. It was built in the German Baroque style.

Georges Picot in his collection of Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de France. During the same reign they were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting subsidies. Over time, subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation. The composition and powers of the Estates General remained the same: they always included representatives of the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (the nobility), and Third Estate (commoners: all others), and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise the Crown, to give aid and counsel.

At the same time, libertine thinkers popularized atheism and anti-clericalism. The Ancien Régime institutionalised the authority of the clergy in its status as the First Estate of the realm. As the largest landowner in the country, the Catholic Church controlled properties which provided massive revenues from its tenants; the Church also had an enormous income from the collection of tithes. Since the Church kept the registry of births, deaths, and marriages and was the only institution that provided hospitals and education in some parts of the country, it influenced all citizens.

Queenstown was subsequently chosen by Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) as a site for housing development due to its proximity to the successful first public housing scheme in Tiong Bahru. Construction of Queenstown's first estate, Princess Margaret Estate (named after HM Elizabeth II's younger sister), began in July 1952. By late 1953, a preliminary batch of 3-room flats was ready for occupation. By 1956, work on the Princess Margaret Estate (later shortened to Princess Estate) had more than 1,000 flats comprising one, two and three-room units and 68 terrace houses.

The nobility represented the first estate in a typical early modern kingdom of Christian Europe, with Germany being no exception. The empire's pluralistic character also applied to its nobility, that greatly varied in power and wealth, ideas, ambition, loyalty and education. However, there existed the distinction between the Imperial nobility, the direct vassals of the emperor and the Territorial nobility, who have received their fief from the territorial princes. Many of whom had been impoverished as their standard of life and culture had declined since the end of the Medieval period.

The history of present Elappara begins in 1836 with the clearing of the Vembanadu region by Henry Baker, a C.M.S. missionary. The first estate to start the tea industry in high-range was the Tyford estate and the first plantation Penshwarast - both of which are situated in Elappara panchayath. During the Kollam era, the regions including Elappara were a part of the Thekkumkur kingdom and were later acquired by Manavikrama Kulasekara Perumal, the founder of the Poonjar dynasty. History says that Manavikrama was on his journey to Poonjar and took rest at 'Thangalpara,' near Kolahalamedu.

During the same reign they were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting subsidies. Over time subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation. The Estates-General included representatives of the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (the nobility), and Third Estate (commoners: all others), and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise the Crown, to give aid and counsel. In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries, the Estates-General had only a limited elective element.

However, in the early 1960s, modern housing began to be built in quantity, with the first estate roads being built on the old field known as the Fleet, named after the streams running through it. This gave its name to one of the roads constructed at this time, with John Bold Avenue running parallel accessed by Clint Hill Drive. Further development was to follow and still continues, the village expanding onto former industrial sites and fields along the perimeter. There is little industry in the village now, one or two factories have closed.

Meeting of the night of 4 August 1789 by Charles Monnet, (Musée de la Révolution française). One of the central events of the French Revolution was to abolish feudalism, and the old rules, taxes and privileges left over from the age of feudalism. The National Constituent Assembly, acting on the night of 4 August 1789, announced, "The National Assembly abolishes the feudal system entirely."Stewart, p 107 for full text It abolished both the seigneurial rights of the Second Estate (the nobility) and the tithes gathered by the First Estate (the Catholic clergy).

Bethel Heights Vineyard is an Oregon winery in the Eola-Amity Hills AVA of the Willamette Valley. Founded in 1977 by twin brothers Ted and Terry Casteel, their wives Pat Dudley and Marilyn Webb, and Pat's sister Barbara Dudley, the vineyard was one of the earliest plantings in the Eola-Amity Hills region. A winery soon followed, with the first estate wines produced in 1984. Bethel Heights specializes in Pinot noir, offering several individual block and vineyard designated bottlings, but also produces wines made from Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc, Riesling, Grüner Veltliner, and Gewürztraminer.

Born in Tulle, in Limousin, he joined a regiment of dragoons as a young man before becoming a priest. Curé of a parish near Bordeaux, then of Argilliers in the Franche-Comté, he was one of the leaders of the lower clergy of his diocese, demanding higher salaries for the impoverished parish priest. He was elected (27 March 1789) by the sénéchaussée of Béziers in Languedoc, to the First Estate of the Estates General, with 185 votes out of 3111. He served a term as president of the National Constituent Assembly 29 April to 8 May 1790.

L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 100-1. Arabica coffee was the first estate crop grown in much of the Shire Highlands, and was quite widely planted in the 1890s, until a world- wide collapse in coffee prices in 1903. About 200 to 300 acres of coffee bushes were planted at Magomero from 1895, but after poor crops in 1898 and 1899, the management looked for a more suitable crop.L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 82-4. Following the collapse of coffee prices, the Shire Highlands estates next turned to cotton from 1903.

Four years later he was appointed vicar-general to the Abbot-General of Prémontré Abbey. He sat in the States of Brabant on behalf of the First Estate from 1604. The University of Leuven having suffered much from the religious and political disturbances of the time, Druys was in 1607 appointed, together with Stephanus van Craesbeke, a lay member of the Council of Brabant, as visitor to the university, with full power to reform abuses. The reforms that they recommended were approved in Brussels on 18 April 1607 and confirmed by Pope Paul V on 22 October the same year.

Tengah is a planning area and future HDB town located within the West Region of Singapore. It is bounded to by Choa Chu Kang to the northeast, Jurong East and Jurong West to the south, Bukit Batok to the east and the Western Water Catchment to its west and north. Formerly a military restricted area, Tengah is currently reserved for future housing developments, making it Singapore's newest Housing and Development Board town since the development of Punggol in the 1990s. After the demilitarisation of the military training area at Tengah, the first estate, Plantation Grove, was launched in Tengah in November 2018.

The immediate abbey precincts extended to and sections of the surrounding wall can still be seen today. The abbey church, dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, in common with all Cistercian monasteries, measures , and the central tower rose to a height of .New Abbey from the Catholic Encyclopedia The Abbot of Sweetheart was a member of the First Estate and sat ex officio in the Parliament. The Cistercian Order—whose members were commonly known as the White Monks because of the white cowl which they wear over their religious habit—built many great abbeys after their establishment around 1100.

The monarchy included the king and the queen, while the system was made up of clergy (The First Estate), nobles (The Second Estate), peasants and bourgeoisie (The Third Estate). In some regions, notably Scandinavia and Russia, burghers (the urban merchant class) and rural commoners were split into separate estates, creating a four- estate system with rural commoners ranking the lowest as the Fourth Estate. Furthermore, the non-landowning poor could be left outside the estates, leaving them without political rights. In England, a two-estate system evolved that combined nobility and clergy into one lordly estate with "commons" as the second estate.

The first estate was not an approved conversion, but from 1970 onwards the car was marketed (with the factory's blessing) by BL dealers HR Owen Limited and therefore factory warranties were carried forward. The conversions were completed by H.R. Owen and Crayford Engineering, with bodywork executed by FLM Panelcraft. Crayford's involvement in the project was limited to the interior of the car, and the company had no bearing on the external design of the estate conversion. Nonetheless Crayford badged them as Crayfords for a while (implying that they built them) and only stopped after FLM threatened legal action.

Bernard Campmans (died 1642), a native of Douai, was the 40th Abbot of Dunes from 1623 to 1642. He reclaimed the rights of the defunct Ter Doest Abbey for the mother house, and was responsible for the community's re-establishment in Bruges after decades of temporary accommodation at a monastic grange following the destruction of the medieval abbey buildings in Koksijde during the Dutch Revolt.Watkin Williams, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Manchester University Press, 1935), p. 63. Campmans sat in the States of Flanders and in the Estates General of 1632 for the First Estate of the County of Flanders.

Up to the 19th century, there existed feudally-based privileges in landowning (farmland by its nature exempt from regular land taxation irrespective of who owned it), being connected to nobility-related lordships and to allodial land. Fiefs were common in late medieval and early modern eras. The 1906 adoption of the unicameral legislature in the parliament removed the political status of the so-called First Estate of Finland, though noble ranks were possible to grant in Finland until 1917. The last untitled ennoblement was made in 1904, and the last baronial rank was given in 1912.

"Nicholas J. Sciarra; Neighborhood Official, 41", Obituaries, The New York Times, September 24, 1993. The band came back into the spotlight in 2008 when a recording of them performing their song "Jesus Is a Friend of Mine", from a religious TV show called The First Estate, appeared on the Dougsploitation blog, and subsequently became a YouTube hit,Jesus Is a Friend of Mine on YouTube(September 10, 2008). "You are my Sonseed", CBC News. Retrieved February 10, 2013.Jutras, Lisan (October 20, 2008). "Seventies Christian ska + one man's devotion = 1,000,000 hits", The Globe and Mail, p. L4. where it spawned several parodies.

In the centuries preceding the French Revolution, the Church had functioned as an autonomous entity within French borders. It controlled roughly 10% of all French land, levied mandatory tithes upon the populace, and collected revenues from its estates, all of which contributed to the Church’s total income which it was not obliged to disclose to the state.William Doyle, Origins of the French Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 66. Under the ancien regime, France was divided into three Estates, and the clergy occupied the First Estate, with the aristocracy comprising the Second Estate, and the commoners the Third Estate.

The Datu Class (First Estate) of the four echelons of Filipino Society at the time of contact with the Europeans (as described by Fr. Juan de Plasencia- a pioneer Franciscan missionary in the Philippines), was referred to by the Spaniards as the Principalía. Loarca,Cf. Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson, The Philippine Islands (1493–1898), Cleveland: The A.H. Clark Company, 1903, Vol. V, p. 155. and the Canon Lawyer Antonio de Morga, who classified the Society into three estates (ruler, ruled, slave), also affirmed the usage of this term and also spoke about the preeminence of the Principales.

The clergy encompassed almost all the educated men of the day and furthermore was strengthened by considerable wealth, and thus it came naturally to play a significant political role. Until the Reformation, the clergy was the first estate, but it was relegated to the secular estate in Protestant Northern Europe. In the Middle Ages, celibacy in the Catholic Church had been a natural barrier to the formation of an hereditary priestly class. After compulsory celibacy was abolished in Sweden during the Reformation, the formation of a hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth and clerical positions were frequently inheritable.

Engraving by Isidore-Stanislaus Helman (1743–1806) following a sketch by Charles Monnet (1732–1808). The engraving, L'Ouverture des États Généraux à Versailles le 5 Mai 1789, "Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles 5 May 1789", was one of Helman's series Principales Journées de la Révolution. Opening session of the General Assembly, 5 May 1789, by Auguste Couder (1839) shows the inauguration of the Estates-General in Versailles The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). It was the last of the Estates General of the Kingdom of France.

Professor Gordon Campbell, of the University of Leicester, suggests that Francis of Paola was among the first of the trend, living as a hermit in the early 15th century in a cave on his own father's estate. He later served as a confidant and advisor to King Charles VIII. Thereafter, throughout France, estates of dukes and other lords often included small chapels or other buildings where a resident religious hermit could remain in attendance. According to Campbell, the first estate with a well- known hermitage (which included a small house, chapel and garden) was Château de Gaillon, renovated by Charles Cardinal de Bourbon during the 16th century.

Actually one of the first democratic decisions in feudal Europe. The control organ, a precursor of the later "Estate assembly" (namely, the first estate was the clergy, the second estate was the nobility, and the third estate was the municipalities) gathered in the Kortenberg Abbey and elsewhere with ups and downs until 1375. From 1332 on the council was extended by two more members, so that there were 16 Lords; Antwerp got a second member and the Walloon Brabant town of Nivelles () also got a member. In 1340 documents were sealed with a special seal on which a tree was planted on a little hill (the "short" or "sharp"?).

The 17th-century French playwright Molière (1622–73) catalogued the social-climbing essence of the bourgeoisie in left Throughout the early modern period a class of wealthy middlemen who connected producers emerged: the bourgeoisie. These bourgeoisie played a fundamental role in the French economy, accounting for 39.1% of national income despite only accounting for 7.7% of the population. Under the Ancien Régime they were part of the Third Estate, as they were neither clergymen (the First Estate) nor nobles (the Second Estate). Given their powerful economic position, and their aspirations on a class-wide level, the bourgeois wanted to ascend through the social hierarchy, formalised in the Estate system.

On 3 August 1789, the Duke d'Aiguillon proposed in the Club Breton the abolition of feudal rights and the suppression of personal servitude. On the evening of 4 August, the Viscount de Noailles proposed to abolish the privileges of the nobility to restore calm in French provinces. Members of the First Estate were at first reluctant to enter into the patriotic fervour of the night but eventually the Bishops of Nancy and Chartres sacrificed their titles. Guy Le Guen de Kerangal, the Viscount de Beauharnais, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph de Lubersac, the Bishop de La Fare proposed to suppress the Banalités, seigneurial jurisdictions, game-laws and ecclesiastic privileges.

Censer and Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution p. 4. The Church was exempt from paying taxes to the government, while it levied a tithe – a 10% tax on income, often collected in the form of crops – on the general population, only a fraction of which it then redistributed to the poor. Resentment towards the Church weakened its power during the opening of the Estates General in May 1789. The Church composed the First Estate with 130,000 members of the clergy. When the National Assembly was later created in June 1789 by the Third Estate, the clergy voted to join them, which perpetuated the destruction of the Estates General as a governing body.

Transylvania in the Middle Ages was organized according to the system of Estates, which were privileged groups (universitates) with power and influence in socio-economic and political life, being nonetheless organized according to certain ethnic criteria as well. The first Estate was the lay and ecclesiastic aristocracy, ethnically heterogeneous, but undergoing a process of homogenization around its Hungarian nucleus. The other Estates were Saxons, Székelys and Romanians (or Vlachs - Universitas Valachorum), all with an ethnic and ethno-linguistic basis (Universis nobilibus, Saxonibus, Syculis et Olachis). The general assembly (congregatio generalis) of the four Estates had mainly supra-legislative powers in Transylvania, but it sometimes took measures regarding order in the country, relationships between the privileged, military issues, etc.

29, pp 2572–88. Although in the early years of the 20th century European estates produced the bulk of exportable cash crops directly, by the 1930s, a large proportion of many of these crops (particularly tobacco) was produced by Africans, either as smallholders on Crown land or as tenants on the estates. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil which flooded the world markets by 1905 and droughts led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton. Both these crops had previously been grown in small quantities, but the decline of coffee prompted planters to turn to tobacco in the Shire Highlands and cotton in the Shire Valley.

Due to the large media presence in New York City, Smith was soon called on to speak for his Church on television programs including the Today Show, The Phil Donahue Show, The David Susskind Show, 20/20, The First Estate: Religion in Review with Dr. Russell Barber, Good Morning America, Firing Line, and CNN. In addition, Smith wrote numerous articles and gave many lectures, including some that were filmed for educational purposes (such as the "Keep the Faith" series). In 1977, Smith was made Dean of St. Joseph Seminary. Smith's other responsibilities included assisting at the Immaculate Heart of Mary parish in Scarsdale, New York, and being seasonal Vice-Chancellor of the Archdiocese of New York.

Structurally the town changed little during the 1950s and there were no great leaps in population growth, other than the arrival of the notorious London gangsters, the Kray twins, who took over a local hostelry. The '60s were different, the overspill programme and new town development brought new families into south Norfolk. Attleborough had to make decisions for the future and new development zones were designated. The first estate programme began with the building of the council-owned Cyprus Estate which has since been complemented by other private housing schemes such as Fairfields and Ollands built mainly in the 1970s and a large estate on the south side of the town in the 1990s.

After Robert de Melun, governor of Artois, killed Philippe de Mansfeld in a quarrel, Moulart mediated a reconciliation between Melun and Mansfeld's family. As a member of the First Estate in the States of Hainaut, he took part in the Estates General of 1576 and the negotiation of the Pacification of Ghent. On 12 October 1576 the cathedral chapter of Arras elected him bishop of Arras in succession to François Richardot, and his appointment was confirmed by the consistory of 4 May 1577. Reluctant to leave his monastery, he was not enthroned as bishop until 1 October 1577, and was not able to reside in his see until 1578, due to the opposition of the supporters of William the Silent.

In the 1880s the British colonial authorities became increasingly concerned about public gatherings, and in 1884 issued an ordinance to prevent the public Hosay commemorations. Thousands of workers, who had spent the year building their tadjahs joined a Hindu named Sookhoo, in petitioning the government to allow the festival per their agreement with the Governor, who was visiting London during this episode. When all appeals were ignored by the Protector of Immigrants, through ignorance of the new July 1884 prohibition, defiance, or both, the tadjahs were taken onto the streets at the appointed time, and in order of the estates. The first estate that took its tadjah onto the street had earned that right over the past months, and in some towns, Hosay went ahead.

Having retained his office of provost of the Dom after losing his episcopal title in 1466, Gijsbrecht van Brederode appointed Evert as his socius and officius as a reward for his support in the struggle with David of Burgundy. Before Gijsbrecht's death, Evert also succeeded him as provost of Sint Servaas at Maastricht (1470). In 1480 Evert was appointed vice-deacon of the Dom (vice-domdeken), and in 1482 he became treasurer of the Dom; he surprisingly retained this key post until 1500 despite his active opposition to the Prince-Bishop David of Burgundy in the Civil War of 1481–1483. As a pre-eminent clergyman from a notable family, it was self-evident that Evert should function as a member (and occasionally chairman) of the First Estate (clergy) of Utrecht.

He used his political weight to support the Bishop-Elect Gijsbrecht of Brederode in his struggle against the Burgundian candidate for the see of Utrecht and was later a staunch supporter of his brother's anti-Burgundian policies. He accompanied his brother on his embassy to the Archduke Maximilian in September 1481 as the representative of the First Estate of the Sticht and was amongst the most prominent of the Hook leaders who were captured during the coup d'état of 21 April 1483. His devotion to the defence of the Sticht's old privileges was so intense that he personally subsidised the recovery of Utrecht's lost war- materials from IJsselstein in 1482. He nevertheless reconciled himself with Bishop David of Burgundy following the siege and surrender of Utrecht in late 1483.

In the political system of pre-Revolutionary France, the nobility made up the Second Estate of the Estates General (with the Catholic clergy comprising the First Estate and the bourgeoisie and peasants in the Third Estate). Although membership in the noble class was mainly inherited, it was not a fully closed order. New individuals were appointed to the nobility by the monarchy, or they could purchase rights and titles, or join by marriage. Sources differ about the actual number of nobles in France; however, proportionally, it was among the smallest noble classes in Europe. For the year 1789, French historian François Bluche gives a figure of 140,000 nobles (9,000 noble families) and states that about 5% of nobles could claim descent from feudal nobility before the 15th century.

In the Burgundian Netherlands, the States of Flanders were the first host of the States-General of the Netherlands, convened in Bruges on 9 January 1464. In 1579–1581, during the Eighty Years' War, the cities and the States of Flanders subscribed to the Union of Utrecht and the Act of Abjuration declaring independence from Habsburg rule, but royal troops reconquered most of the Flemish territory (excepting Zeelandic Flanders) and restored Habsburg rule. Under the government of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella a representation of the First Estate was included in the composition of the States of Flanders. From 1754 smaller towns in Flanders were granted representation in the States, and the responsibilities of the body were extended from voting taxes and levying troops to oversight of public works and public assets.

Jean-Baptiste Massieu (17 September 1743 Pontoise - 8 June 1818 Brussels) was a French bishop, politically active during the French Revolution. The son of a Norman hosier, he took holy orders in Rouen, took up his first post as a teacher of rhetoric at Vernon and in 1768 moved to the royal college in Nancy. He may also have been a tutor to the younger Lameth brothers, and in 1782 was appointed curate of Cergy. When the Estates General were summoned, he was elected to sit for the First Estate representing Senlis. In December 1789 he became secretary of the new National Assembly and joined the ecclesiastial committee, and in December 1790 he took the oath to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. He was elected constitutional bishop of Oise on 21 February 1791.

In particular, Le Roy Ladurie argued that periods of authoritarianism in domestic policy coincided with periods of aggression in foreign policy, and that periods of liberalism in domestic policy coincided with periods of a pacific foreign policy. In order to pay for war, the French state had to increase taxation to raise the necessary funds. In Ancien Régime France, society was divided into three legal categories; the First Estate (the Catholic Church), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate (the commoners). The first two estates, which comprised the more wealthier elements of French society were exempt from taxation and to make up the shortfall in revenue, the Third Estate was taxed more heavily than what had been the case if the tax burden in French society was spread with greater equality.

Doddington and Rollo Estate. Battersea has a long and varied history of social housing, and the completion of the Shaftesbury Park Estate in 1877 was one of the earliest in London or the UK. Additionally, the development of the Latchmere Estate in 1903 was notable both for John Burns involvement and for being the first estate directly built by a council's own workforce and therefore the first true "council estate". Indeed, both of these earlier estates have since been recognised as conservation areas due to their historical and architectural significance and are protected from redevelopment. Battersea also has a large area of mid-20th century public housing estates, almost all located north of the main railway lines and spanning from Fairfield in the west to Queenstown in the east.

Its task was to do much of the drafting of the articles of the constitution. It included originally two members from the First Estate (Champion de Cicé, Archbishop of Bordeaux and Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun); two from the Second (the comte de Clermont-Tonnerre and the marquis de Lally-Tollendal); and four from the Third (Jean Joseph Mounier, Abbé Sieyès, Nicholas Bergasse, and Isaac René Guy le Chapelier). Many proposals for redefining the French state were floated, particularly in the days after the remarkable sessions of 4–5 August 1789 and the abolition of feudalism. For instance, the Marquis de Lafayette proposed a combination of the American and British systems, introducing a bicameral parliament, with the king having the suspensive veto power over the legislature, modeled to the authority then recently vested in the President of the United States.

Throughout the period of the protectorate, most of its people were subsistence farmers growing maize, millet and other food crops for their own consumption. As the protectorate had no economic mineral resources, its colonial economy had to be based on agriculture, but before 1907 this had hardly started to develop. In pre-colonial times trade was limited to the export of ivory and forest products such as natural rubber in exchange for cloth and metals and, for the first few years of the protectorate, ivory and rubber collected from indigenous vines were the principal elements of a tiny export trade. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil, which had flooded the world markets with coffee by 1905, and droughts led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton.

Sale particulars for Arnos Vale Estate, 1858. 1858 map of Arnos Vale Estate, Saint Vincent, prepared as part of the auction. During the mid-nineteenth century, following the fall-out of the abolition of slavery in St Vincent and the reduction in value and investment in estates, the British parliament passed a series of Acts - the West Indian Incumbered Estates Acts - to provide clear title to estates and to enable their comprehensive re-planning if the new owners, whether local or abroad, so desired without fear of hindrance from objections from either side of the Atlantic, such as adjoining owners or those with interests in historic trusts. The then- estate was sold on 1 November 1858, four years after the first such Act and was the first estate to be subjected to the clear title mechanism which the series of Acts created.

As in these examples, most people with such long family names shorten their name for common use, by keeping only the first estate name (such as Viscount Philippe Le Jolis de Villiers de Saintignon, assuming in everyday life the name of Philippe de Villiers) or, in some cases, only the family name. Whether the family name or the estate name is used for the shortened form depends on a variety of factors: how people feel bearing a particule (people may for instance dislike the connotations of nobility that the particule entails; on the other hand, they may enjoy the impression of nobility), tradition, etc. For instance, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing is never referred to as "d'Estaing", probably because his particule is a recent addition to the family surname by his father. On the contrary, the press often simply refers to him as "Giscard".

In France before the French Revolution, representatives of the clergy -- in practice, bishops and abbots of the largest monasteries -- comprised the First Estate of the Estates-General, until their role was abolished during the French Revolution. In the 21st century, the more senior bishops of the Church of England continue to sit in the House of Lords of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as representatives of the established church, and are known as Lords Spiritual. The Bishop of Sodor and Man, whose diocese lies outside the United Kingdom, is an ex officio member of the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. In the past, the Bishop of Durham, known as a prince bishop, had extensive viceregal powers within his northern diocese -- the power to mint money, collect taxes and raise an army to defend against the Scots.

He began work in book publishing in 1967 at George Newnes and started his first consultancy Headley Hesketh Associates in 1976. This evolved into HPR,Warsaw tact, The Bookseller, 21 September 1990 a publishing and theatre marketing consultancy which promoted several West End hits and had nine No. 1 best-sellers, including The Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady. In 1991 with Keith Price he launched Pavilions of Splendour Ltd,Agency's aim is pure folly, Sunday Times, 8 November 1992A man who takes folly seriously, Daily Telegraph, 7 December 1994 … AND THE UGLY, Daily Telegraph, 14 October 1995Finding fault is his folly, Daily Telegraph, 4 October 1997 the first estate agency to deal exclusively in listed buildings,Extreme living, Financial Times, 27 July 2008 and which in 1993 became the first UK estate agency to have a website. The agency closed after Keith Price died in 2004.

The Cahiers de doléances (or simply Cahiers as they were often known) were the lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between March and April 1789, the year in which the French Revolution began. Their compilation was ordered by Louis XVI, who had convened the Estates-General of 1789 to manage the revolutionary situation, to give each of the Estates – the First Estate (the clergy), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate, which consisted of everyone else, including the urban working class, the rural peasantry, and middle class and professional people, who were the only ones in the group likely to have their voices heard – the chance to express their hopes and grievances directly to the King. They were explicitly discussed at a special meeting of the Estates-General held on 5 May 1789. Many of these lists have survived and provide considerable information about the state of the country on the eve of the revolution.

The end of the century saw the birth of the United States, with the help of French ideas and military forces; the declaration of the French Republic in 1792, and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, setting the stage for the history of modern France Marie Antoinette The Toilet of Venus (1751) typifies the superficially pleasing elegance of Boucher's mature style. The 18th century also brought enormous social changes to France; an enormous growth in population; and, even more important, the growth of the wealthy class, thanks to new technologies (the steam engine, metallurgy), and trade with France's colonies in the New World and India. French society was hierarchal with the Clergy (First Estate) and Nobility (Second Estate) at the top and The Third Estate who included everyone else. Members of the Third Estate, especially the more wealthy and influential, began to challenge the cultural and social monopoly of the aristocracy; French cities began to have their own theaters, coffee houses and salons, independent of the aristocracy.

The central principle of the medieval, Renaissance, and ancien régime periods, monarchical rule "by God's will", was fundamentally challenged by the 1789 French Revolution. The revolution began as a conjunction of a need to fix French national finances and a rising middle class who resented the privileges of the clergy (in their role as the First Estate) and nobility (in their role as the Second Estate). The pent-up frustrations caused by lack of political reform over a period of generations led the revolution to spiral in ways unimaginable only a few years earlier, and indeed unplanned and unanticipated by the initial wave of reformers. Almost from the start, the revolution was a direct threat to clerical and noble privilege: the legislation that abolished the feudal privileges of the Church and nobility dates from August 4, 1789, a mere three weeks after the fall of the Bastille (although it would be several years before this legislation came fully into effect).

Thus a twenty years' war was succeeded by a twenty years' peace, during which the nation recovered so rapidly from its wounds that it began to forget them. A new race of politicians was springing up. Since 1719, when the influence of the few great territorial families had been merged in a multitude of needy gentlemen, the first estate had become the nursery and afterwards the stronghold of an opposition at once noble and democratic which found its natural leaders in such men as Count Carl Gyllenborg and Count Carl Gustaf Tessin. These men and their followers were never weary of ridiculing the timid caution of the aged statesman who sacrificed everything to perpetuate an inglorious peace and derisively nicknamed his adherents "Night-caps" (a term subsequently softened into "Caps"), themselves adopting the sobriquet "Hats" from the three-cornered hat worn by officers and gentlemen, which was a display of the manly self- assertion of this opposition.

In connection with this donation, there arose border disputes between the Lorsch Abbey and the Bishopric of Worms, which in 795 led to the convening of an arbitral tribunal on the Kahlberg near Weschnitz, an old gathering place and court site not far from today's Walburgiskapelle (chapel). The tribunal handed down a new border description which now named the most important places within the Mark Heppenheim, namely Furte (Fürth), Rintbach, Morlenbach, Birkenowa, Winenheim, Hepenheim, Besinsheim, Urbach (Auerbach), Lauresham and Bisestat. The first documentary mention of the name Fürth, therefore, fell in the year 795. The name Fürth may well refer to the former ford (Furt in German) once found here. A “Description of the Huben and Crops of the Estate of Fürth” (curiam Furde) – a Hube being a plot of land big enough to feed one household, similar to a hide in the word's original meaning – from 1023 shows the development that was brought about by this donation and the subsequent clearing and reclamation of the land by Lorsch monks: Fürth was spoken of as principalis curia, or the “first estate”, or Fürstenhof.

In March 1951, Taca Homes, Inc. offered expandable four-room Cape Cod style homes for sale in Wyandanch on a "non-racial" basis at the Carver Park development at Straight Path and Booker Avenue. The first estate plan was filed on February 6, 1950. The 59 first stage homes with basement, hot-water heat and tile baths sold for $7,200 and were eligible for Federal Housing Administration loan insurance. Veterans were told that they only need put $365 down and could have a 30-year 4% mortgage. (See Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 8, 1951) Carver Park was advertised as "interracial housing". (Brooklyn Daily Eagle, April 8, 1951) Homes in the first and second sections of Carver Park were purchased almost exclusively by African-Americans. The 72 ranch- style homes in the second section had 6 rooms with three bedrooms on 60' x 100'lots and featured "California picture windows" and sold for "under $10,000." (Long Island Star-Journal, February 20, 1953) These homes required $600 down and veterans only had to pay $58.50 per month.

The territory of Lodève had its own Estates from an early period, and it retained it even after it became part of the Estates of Languedoc in the fourteenth century. The Bishop of Mende was the President of the Estates of Gévaudan; the First Estate (clergy) were represented by a Canon of the Cathedral (representing the Chapter), the Dom d'Aubrac, the Prior of Saint-Enemie, the Prior of Langogne, the Abbot of Chambons, the Commander of Palhers, and the Commander of Saint-Jean. The Second Estate (nobility) were represented by the eight Barons who were Peers of Gévaudon (d'Apchier, de Peyre, de Cenaret, du Tournel, de Randon, de Florac, de Mercoeur, de Canilhac), twelve gentlemen (the Seigneurs d'Allene, de Montauroux, de Saint- Alban, de Montrodat, de Mirandol, de Séverac, de Barre, de Gabriac, de Portes, de Servières, d'Arpajon, and the Consuls of la Garde-Guérin); the Third Estate were represented by the three Consuls of Mende, the three Consuls of Marvejols (when the meeting took place at Marvejols), and a Consul (or deputy) from each of sixteen communities. The Estates met annually, alternately at Mende and at Marvejols.

L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 100-1. Livingstone ordered the planting of about 70,000 bushes of Arabica coffee in 200 to 300 acres as the first estate crop at Magomero in 1895, but after poor crops in 1898 and 1899 because of frost and a collapse in world coffee prices in 1903, he looked for more profitable crops.L. White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 82-4. Livingstone turned to cotton from 1903: growing Egyptian cotton was unsuccessful as it was more suitable for hotter areas, but from 1906, he developed a hardier variety of Upland cotton called Nyasaland Upland, and in 1908 planted 1,000 acres at Magomero with it; this was increased to 5,000 acres by 1914. Cotton required intensive labour over a long growing period, and Livingstone ensured that 3,000 to 5,000 workers were available throughout its five or six month growing season by exploiting the obligations of the labour tenancy system called thangata. This word originally meant help, such as one neighbour might give another, but it came to mean the work that a tenant on a European-owned estate had to undertake in lieu of rent.