After standing about twelve hours in a covered beaker the precipitate was filtered off and the tin weighed as stannic oxide.
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Aniline attacks acetic anhydride followed by deprotonation of the ammonium ion: center Acetate then acts as a leaving group: center The acetanilide product is insoluble in water and can therefore be filtered off as crystals.
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Leonite can be used directly as a fertilizer, contributing potassium and magnesium. It can be refined to K2SO4 for fertilizer use. The process to convert leonite to potassium sulfate involves mixing it with a potassium chloride (a cheaper chemical) solution. The desired product, potassium sulfate, is less soluble and is filtered off.
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In the course of the reaction the mixture is cooled to room temperature. Lower temperatures are advantageous for the formation of inclusion complexes. The urea-paraffin-adduct can be filtered off and thereby separated from the iso-paraffins and other non- paraffinic components. By washing with a solvent a solid adduct residue is obtained.
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Activated carbon is commonly used on the laboratory scale to purify solutions of organic molecules containing unwanted colored organic impurities. Filtration over activated carbon is used in large scale fine chemical and pharmaceutical processes for the same purpose. The carbon is either mixed with the solution then filtered off or immobilized in a filter.
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The porous particles are then dispersed in the extractant- solvent solution. After soaking the particles, the excess solvent can either be filtered off or evaporated. In the first case, an extractant-solvent mixture would be retained within the pores. This would be of interest for extractants which would be solid at design conditions when pure.
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SeO2 is an important reagent in organic synthesis. Oxidation of paraldehyde (acetaldehyde trimer) with SeO2 gives glyoxal and the oxidation of cyclohexanone gives cyclohexane-1,2-dione. The selenium starting material is reduced to selenium, and precipitates as a red amorphous solid which can easily be filtered off. This type of reaction is called a Riley oxidation.
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For major studies where large numbers of samples are collected concurrently, samples are normally fixed using 10% formalin solution and the meiofauna extracted at a later date. There are two main extraction methodologies. The first, decantation, works best with coarse sediments. Samples are shaken in an excess of water, the sediment is briefly allowed to settle and the meiofauna filtered off.
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The amount of sodium hydroxide solution needed depends upon the amount of silica present in the raw material. The solution is filtered off; carbon dioxide is bubbled through the solution, causing aluminium hydroxide to precipitate, leaving a solution of sodium carbonate. The latter can be recovered and reused in the first stage. The aluminium hydroxide is calcined to produce alumina.
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A final addition of more carbon dioxide precipitates more calcium from solution; this is filtered off, leaving a cleaner, golden light- brown sugar solution called thin juice. Before entering the next stage, the thin juice may receive soda ash to modify the pH and sulphitation with a sulfur-based compound to reduce colour formation due to decomposition of monosaccharides under heat.
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I attended this school from 1951 - 1956. At this time it was already a secondary modern school - or perhaps a technical school. It had an unusual (unique?) capability in that it filtered off boys who had 'just failed' the 11 plus exam and provided them with a route to their taking "O" level GCE exams. This qualification was otherwise only available at grammar schools.
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Lanthanide triflates are synthesized from lanthanide oxide and aqueous triflic acid. In a typical preparation, a 1:1 (v/v) solution of triflic acid in water is added to a slight stoichiometric excess of lanthanide oxide. The mixture is stirred and heated at 100 °C for a few hours, and the excess lanthanide oxide is filtered off. The excess oxide ensures all of the triflic acid is consumed.
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The methanol solution was then filtered off and the wax was dissolved with chloroform, freeing the newly made Janus particles. Liu et al. reported the synthesis of acorn- and mushroom- shaped silica–aminopropyl–trimethoxysilane Janus nanoparticles using the hybrid liquid–liquid/liquid–solid method developed by Granick et al. They exposed homogenous aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane functionalized silica nanoparticles embedded in wax to an ammonium fluoride solution, which etched away the exposed surface.
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The alkaloid was first isolated from the bark of the Annona reticulata. It has since been found in Annona squamosa, the leaves of Michelia × alba, Fissistigma latifolium and Goniothalamus australis, among many others. The compound may be obtained by dry roasting the bark of Annona reticulata and extracting with methanol. The methanol is removed and the resulting syrup is then treated with hydrochloric acid and the insoluble salts filtered off.
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One generic process of icing beer involves lowering the temperature of a batch of beer until ice crystals form. Since alcohol has a much lower freezing point (-114 °C; -173.2 °F) than water and doesn't form crystals when the ice is filtered off. This creates a concoction with a higher volume ratio of alcohol to water and therefore creating a beer with a higher alcohol content by volume. The process is known as "fractional freezing" or "freeze distillation".
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When Geobytes entered the anti-spam market in 2003, one of the growing weaknesses of modern anti-spam systems was that of "false positives" - legitimate mail being incorrectly filtered off into a user's Junk mail folder. Reducing false positives in spam filters became the focus of Geobytes' anti- spam product strategy as the company saw this problem causing considerable inconvenience and cost to businesses and other email users. Geobytes subsequently invented two new technologies aimed at reducing false positives in spam filters - CaseKeys and Spamborder.
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Calcium citrate is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fermentation process by which citric acid is produced industrially. The citric acid in the broth solution is neutralized by calcium hydroxide, precipitating insoluble calcium citrate. This is then filtered off from the rest of the broth and washed to give clean calcium citrate. : 3 Ca(OH)2(s) \+ 2 C6H8O7(l) → Ca3(C6H5O7)2(s) \+ 6 H2O(l) The calcium citrate thus produced may be sold as- is, or it may be converted to citric acid using dilute sulfuric acid.
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As a practical matter, when platinum group metals are purified through dissolution in aqua regia, gold (commonly associated with PGMs) is precipitated by treatment with iron(II) chloride. Platinum in the filtrate, as hexachloroplatinate(IV), is converted to ammonium hexachloroplatinate by the addition of ammonium chloride. This ammonium salt is extremely insoluble, and it can be filtered off. Ignition (strong heating) converts it to platinum metal: :3 (NH4)2PtCl6 → 3 Pt + 2 N2 \+ 2 NH4Cl + 16 HCl Unprecipitated hexachloroplatinate(IV) is reduced with elemental zinc, and a similar method is suitable for small scale recovery of platinum from laboratory residues.
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This solution is then reacted with freshly extracted iodate, resulting in comproportionation to iodine, which may be filtered off. The caliche was the main source of iodine in the 19th century and continues to be important today, replacing kelp (which is no longer an economically viable source), but in the late 20th century brines emerged as a comparable source. The Japanese Minami Kanto gas field east of Tokyo and the American Anadarko Basin gas field in northwest Oklahoma are the two largest such sources. The brine is hotter than 60 °C from the depth of the source.
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Bill Sweetman, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 24 Jun 2013, quoting Sukhoi chief test pilot Sergey Bogdan Doppler radars often ignore any objects with a near-zero velocity to reduce ground clutter. The cobra maneuver's sudden change to near-zero velocity often results in the target being momentarily filtered off as ground clutter, making it difficult for the radar to lock onto the target, or breaking the target lock if already established. However, there is no available documentation of this being tested beyond theory. The Cobra maneuver has been used in mock dogfights but there is little to no known documentation of it being used in actual combat.
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The industrial synthesis of alkylated ketenedimers (at that time still called ketoethenones) was patented in 1945 from long-chain carboxylic acid chlorides in inert solvents (such as diethyl ether or benzene) with triethylamine as tertiary amine under anhydrous conditions. After filtration of the insoluble triethylamine hydrochloride and evaporation of the solvent, long-chain alkyl chain dimers are obtained in yields of more than 90%. Synthese von C18-AKD aus Stearoylchlorid The use of other solvents, such as carboxylic acid esters or ketones for easier separation of trialkylamine hydrochlorides or other amines, such as N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-hexane-1,6-diamine does not provide any significant advantages. Also processes without the solvent use are described, in which the resulting amine hydrochloride is either filtered off or extracted with diluted aqueous acids.
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1, Fritz Lehmann publishing, Stuttgart (1903), pp. 402-403. (German). #: SrCO3 \+ C + H2O = Sr(OH)2 \+ CO2 # In a molasses solution kept near 100 °C,The separation of sugar by the Strontian method the hydroxide reacts with soluble sugars to form water and the poorly soluble strontium saccharate which is filtered out, but kept awash in near-boiling water. #: Sr(OH)2 \+ 2C12H22O11 = SrO(C12H22O11)2 \+ H2O # The saccharate liquid is cooled to 10 °C, cracking off one of the sugars #: SrO(C12H22O11)2 = SrO(C12H22O11) + C12H22O11 # The carbon dioxide (from the calcination) is bubbled through the saccharate solution, cracking off the second sugar and reforming the strontium carbonate, which is filtered off. #: SrO(C12H22O11) + CO2 = SrCO3 \+ C12H22O11 # The sugar is then extracted through evaporating the remaining solution.
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Compared with previous method, a heating process is involved in current abstraction technique to investigate soybean protein existing in brewed products. Since the heating process can deactivate the microbial proteolytic enzymes, the current abstraction technique can be used to disclose soybean protein in brewed soybean products. The heating abstraction technique can be demonstrated as the following. To produce the good dispersibility for the specimen in the extraction buffer to carry out the heating process, 19mL of abstraction buffer is mixed with five glass beads in five millimeter diameter and 1 g of food homogenate. At 5, 15 and 60 min variable time, the mixture is abstracted under 25, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ° variable temperature through the heating in a water bath followed by every 5 minutes vortexing. Food abstractions generated through the previous and the current technique are centrifuged for 20 minutes at three thousand gram, then the supernatant is filtered off by a filter paper.
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