That concept reached its peak in My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, an experimental sample-based collaboration between Eno and Byrne that sounds as bizarre today as it did in 22012.
|
|
A typical bottom-up proteomics workflow is described by (Yates, 2014). Protein samples are enzymatically digested by a protease to produce peptides. Each digested experimental sample is derivative with a different isotopic variant of the tag from a set. The samples are mixed in typically equal ratios and analyzed simultaneously in one MS run.
|
|
Paul Pilot (born Paul Wilkinson) is a founding member of the band The Amazing Pilots, along with his brother Phil Wilkinson. He is currently a member of Guidebooks, an experimental sample and song-based band, and a record producer. Pilot lives in Berlin. Pilot is known for using unusual sounds and instruments alongside more traditional band arrangements.
|
|
Their third album, Year Zero, which saw them take a more experimental sample-based approach, was released on 10 March 1997. The remixed single "Stay" was given mainstream radio play and gave them their only UK Top 75 hit single (peaking at No. 59 in March18 Wheeler at OfficialCharts.com ). They were subsequently dropped by Creation during the recording of what was to be their fourth studio release.
|
|
A man and a Starship Technologies delivery robot waiting at a pedestrian crossing in Redwood City, California Starship Technologies was founded by Skype co- founders Janus Friis and Ahti Heinla. Initially, it was called Project Echo. A core team of the company became the team Kuukulgur, which led by Ahti Heinla had participated in NASA Centennial Challenge by building experimental sample retrieval robots. Starship Technologies OÜ was registered on 11 June 2014 in Tallinn, Estonia.
|
|
In April 1961, the land development of the area, called Lichtenberg (Nord) at that time, was begun, and planning was subdivided into three sections. The area to be built upon covered an area of . In the Erich-Kuttner-Straße on the edge of the area (section I), the first Plattenbau, one of the most commonly built type of residence in East Germany, was built. The building, which was built as an experimental sample, is under monument protection today.
|
|
Schachter was also interested in research involving the original ideas of Francis Galton on eminence and birth order. It was believed that those who are more eminent, inventive, productive, or genius are either first-born or the only child within the family. Schachter's research concluded that this data is only a reflection because all previous research involves a college population as the experimental sample. He indicates that college samples for many reasons are overly-populated with family first-borns.
|
|
Before testing a sample, the Spectronic 20 is calibrated using a blank solution, which is the pure solvent that is used in the experimental sample. It is typically water or an organic solvent. In this calibration, the transmittance is set at 100% using the calibration knob of the instrument (the amplifier control knob in the figure at right). The instrument can also optionally be calibrated with a stock solution of a sample at a concentration known to have an absorbance of 2 or else vendor supplied standards, using the light absorption knob in the diagram shown at right.
|
|
A controlled experiment often compares the results obtained from experimental samples against control samples, which are practically identical to the experimental sample except for the one aspect whose effect is being tested (the independent variable). A good example would be a drug trial. The sample or group receiving the drug would be the experimental group (treatment group); and the one receiving the placebo or regular treatment would be the control one. In many laboratory experiments it is good practice to have several replicate samples for the test being performed and have both a positive control and a negative control.
|
|
The experimental principles of the HeSE experiment are analogous to those of neutron spin echo, differing in details such as the nature of the probe/sample interactions that give rise to scattering. In outline, a polarized 3He beam is created by a supersonic expansion followed by a spin-filtering stage (polariser). The helium scatters from the experimental sample and is detected at the end of the beamline after another spin-filtering stage (analyser). Before and after the scattering process, the beam passes through magnetic fields that precess the probe spins in the usual sense of a spin echo experiment.
|
|
The transcriptome encompasses all the ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts present in a given organism or experimental sample. RNA is the main carrier of genetic information that is responsible for the process of converting DNA into an organism's phenotype. A gene can give rise to a single- stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) through a molecular process known as transcription; this mRNA is complementary to the strand of DNA it originated from. The enzyme RNA polymerase II attaches to the template DNA strand and catalyzes the addition of ribonucleotides to the 3' end of the growing sequence of the mRNA transcript.
|
|
DNA microarray used to detect gene expression in human (left) and mouse (right) samples The first transcriptome studies were based on microarray techniques (also known as DNA chips). Microarrays consist of thin glass layers with spots on which oligonucleotides, known as "probes" are arrayed; each spot contains a known DNA sequence. When performing microarray analyses, mRNA is collected from a control and an experimental sample, the latter usually representative of a disease. The RNA of interest is converted to cDNA to increase its stability and marked with fluorophores of two colors, usually green and red, for the two groups.
|
|
Example of one experimental sample assembly for a Griggs machine The sample assembly is constructed of multiple cylindrical sleeves which are placed in the opening in the pressure vessel or “bomb”. The outermost sleeve is typically composed from NaCl which is used to transfer the vertical load applied from the steel piston into a confining pressure on the sample at the center of the assembly. NaCl is used since it is relatively weak and it assists in the transfer of stress. Directly inboard of the outer NaCl sleeve is a ceramic support sleeve with a graphite sleeve inside of it, which is used for resistive heating of the sample.
|
|
The 711 Research Institute saw this special engine research process as an opportunity to train large numbers of technicians. Starting with fewer than 10 individuals at the outset, the project has grown to a team of over 100. In 1998, the first experimental sample was built and a decade later and after a dozen technological breakthroughs, a wide range of matured versions became commercially available and the newest diesel-electric submarine in Chinese navy became the first customer. Although the official Chinese source had not mentioned the exact class of the submarine, it is generally accepted that the class is no other than Type 039A Yuan class, since it is the newest conventional powered submarine in the Chinese navy.
|
|
A well-characterized equation of state for the pressure standard, when combined with high energy synchrotron generated X-ray diffraction patterns of the pressure standard (which is mixed in with the experimental sample material), yields information on the pressure-temperature conditions of the experiment. However, as these extreme pressures and temperatures have not been sufficiently explored in experiments, the equations of state for many popular pressure standards are not yet well characterized and often yield different results. Another source of uncertainty in LHDAC experiments is the measurement of temperature from a sample's thermal radiation, which is required to obtain the pressure from the equation of state of the pressure standard. In laser- heated experiments at such high pressures (over 1 million atmospheres), the samples are necessarily small and numerous approximations (e.g.
|
|
An approach for relative quantification that is more costly and time-consuming, though less sensitive to experimental bias than label-free quantification, entails labeling the samples with stable isotope labels that allow the mass spectrometer to distinguish between identical proteins in separate samples. One type of label, isotopic tags, consist of stable isotopes incorporated into protein crosslinkers that causes a known mass shift of the labeled protein or peptide in the mass spectrum. Differentially labeled samples are combined and analyzed together, and the differences in the peak intensities of the isotope pairs accurately reflect difference in the abundance of the corresponding proteins. Absolute proteomic quantification using isotopic peptides entails spiking known concentrations of synthetic, heavy isotopologues of target peptides into an experimental sample and then performing LC-MS/MS.
|
|
As with relative quantification using isotopic labels, peptides of equal chemistry co-elute and are analyzed by MS simultaneously. Unlike relative quantification, though, the abundance of the target peptide in the experimental sample is compared to that of the heavy peptide and back-calculated to the initial concentration of the standard using a pre-determined standard curve to yield the absolute quantification of the target peptide. Relative quantification methods include isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT), isobaric labeling (tandem mass tags (TMT) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)), label-free quantification metal-coded tags (MeCAT), N-terminal labelling, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), and terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS). A mathematically rigorous approach that integrates peptide intensities and peptide-measurement agreement into confidence intervals for protein ratios has emerged.
|
|