They are to stand in for a commodity, something exhaustible.
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Telic activities are exhaustible; in fact, they aim at their own exhaustion.
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Credibility is an exhaustible resource, and with every passing day Pence has less of it.
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It is an exhaustible natural resource that is available to us whether we choose to use it or not.
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He, too, finds these indulgences empty and exhaustible: literature stops seeming interesting, and sex gets more difficult every year.
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A person's knowledge of death could be exhaustible, yet it did nothing to exhaust the pain of losing a child.
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"The seemingly inexhaustible well of very high-end buyers has proven exhaustible after all," said Dean Wehrli, a senior vice president at John Burns.
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Since oil and gas are exhaustible and not available everywhere, they have often been rationed, to the benefit of an oligopolistic group of producers.
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But this reduction will be offset by the fact that oil, as an exhaustible resource, will remain in use for longer than it would without a tax.
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But people's ability to plan for the future was both limited and exhaustible, and so it was often better to apply simple rules or constraints that were not mentally difficult to comply with.
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If the water was originally deposited by a melted freshwater glacier during the ice ages — when the sea level was hundreds of feet lower than it is today — then it's an exhaustible supply that would run out once depleted.
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" If the current TTIP proposals move forward, it could undermine a 70-year-old tenet of the EU that allows member states to restrict trade in order to "protect human, animal and plant life or health" for the "conservation of exhaustible natural resources.
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"The compliance panels found that modifications to the labeling measures adopted by the United States in 2016 either removed discriminatory treatment to Mexican tuna products or were justified as exceptions to WTO rules on the grounds they were necessary for the conservation of exhaustible natural resources," the panel report said.
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Solow (1992) (referred to by Arrow, 1996b, pp. 140–141) defined sustainable development as allowing for reductions in exhaustible resources so long as these reductions are adequately offset by increases in other resources. This definition implicitly assumes that resources can be substituted, a view which is supported by economic history. Another view is that reductions in some exhaustible resources can only be partially made up for by substitutes.
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The Xhavara et. al v. Italy and Albania case was held to be inadmissible because of non-exhaustible national remedies. The European Court of Human Rights, which held the case, assumed jurisdiction relying on the bilateral agreement between Albania and Italy.
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Abiotic resources are obtained from the non-living and non-organic material. Some of the resources, like water and air, are renewable. Other resources like minerals are non-renewable and exhaustible because they cannot be regenerated. Minerals have many categories like metallic, non-metallic and minor minerals.
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The United States argued that regardless of whether its embargo measures violated Articles XI and III, they were covered under Article XX (g) and (b) as measures (1) "relating to the conservation of an exhaustible resource," and (2) "necessary to protect the life and health of dolphins," respectively.
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Annual Review of Resource Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Annual Reviews. It publishes reviews of resource economics covering such topics as agricultural economics, environmental economics, renewable resources, and exhaustible resources. It was established in 2009 and the current editors-in-chief are Gordon Rausser and David Zilberman.
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The localized deposits of metal ores near the surface which can be extracted economically by humans are non-renewable in human time- frames. There are certain rare earth minerals and elements that are more scarce and exhaustible than others. These are in high demand in manufacturing, particularly for the electronics industry.
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Phenols, quantitatively important P450-derived metabolites of aromatic hydrocarbons, are substrates for both UDP-GT and sulfotransferases. Glucuronides predominate with phenol or a phenol precursor (benzene) in mammals because sulfate formation is a high-affinity, low-capacity system (due to sulfate depletion), whereas glucuronidation is a low-affinity, high-capacity (although still exhaustible) system.
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For both Articles XX (g) and (b), the panel ruled in favor of the United States with regard to the dispute over jurisdiction. Like the United States, they too, could not find any content with the GATT that alluded to the exhaustible resource needing conservation or protection, having to be within the jurisdictional territory of the country enforcing the measure.
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In resource economics, Hartwick's rule defines the amount of investment in produced capital (buildings, roads, knowledge stocks, etc.) that is needed to exactly offset declining stocks of non-renewable resources. This investment is undertaken so that the standard of living does not fall as society moves into the indefinite future. Solow (1974) shows that, given a degree of substitutability between produced capital and natural resources, one way to design a sustainable consumption program for an economy is to accumulate produced capital sufficiently rapidly so that the pinch from the shrinking exhaustible resource stock is precisely countered by the services from the enlarged produced capital stock. Hartwick's rule – often abbreviated as "invest resource rents" – requires that a nation invest all rent earned from exhaustible resources currently extracted, where "rent" is defined along paths that maximize returns to owners of the resource stock.
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This requires that a nation invest all rent earned from exhaustible resources currently extracted. Later, Pearce and Atkinson and Hamilton added to Hartwick's rule, by setting out a theoretical and empirical measure of net investment in human and natural capital (and later human capital) that became known as genuine savings. Genuine savings measures net changes in produced, natural and human capital stocks, valued in monetary terms.
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Publication of Significant papers on the theory and practice of oil pricing and production, theory of exhaustible resources and other energy subjects in various technical journals in the U.S., U.K., Europe and the Arab World. In 2013,published: • The Rentier State and dictatorship (in Arabic). • The Need For Cooperation Between, Producers&Consumers; (with Dr.luay Al-Khateeb). In 2015: • Launched (IRAQIPEDIA) the Iraqi open Enyclopedia.
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Andreian Cazacu was born on February 19, 1928 in Iași, the daughter of mathematics teacher Ioan T. Ardeleanu. Towards the end of World War II, her family became refugees in Bucharest, where she completed her high school studies. After studying at the University of Bucharest, she became a lecturer there in 1950. She became a student of Simion Stoilow, completing a doctorate in 1955 under his supervision, with the dissertation Normally Exhaustible Riemann Surfaces.
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Traditional areas of environmental and natural resource economics include welfare theory, land/location use, pollution control, resource extraction, and non-market valuation, and also resource exhaustibility,Geoffrey Heal (2008). "exhaustible resources," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract sustainability, environmental management, and environmental policy. Research topics could include the environmental impacts of agriculture, transportation and urbanization, land use in poor and industrialized countries, international trade and the environment, climate change, and methodological advances in non-market valuation, to name just a few.
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Electromagnetic formation flight (EMFF) investigates the concept of using electromagnets coupled with reaction wheels in place of more traditional propulsion systems to control the positions and attitudes of a number of spacecraft in close proximity. Unlike traditional propulsion systems, which use exhaustible propellants that often limit lifetime, the EMFF system uses solar power to energize a magnetic field. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Space Systems Laboratory is exploring this concept by developing dynamics and control models as well as an experimental testbed for their validation.
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The environmental issues is a great problem for the nature and nation of Pakistan and has been disturbing the balance between economic development and environmental protection. As Pakistan is a large importer of both exhaustible and renewable natural resources and a large consumer of fossil fuels, the Ministry of Environment of Government of Pakistan takes responsibility to conserve and protect the environment. Current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification.
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The capital city Quetta is located in a densely populated portion of the Sulaiman Mountains in the north-east of the province. It is situated in a river valley near the Bolan Pass, which has been used as the route of choice from the coast to Central Asia, entering through Afghanistan's Kandahar region. The British and other historic empires have crossed the region to invade Afghanistan by this route.Bolan Pass – Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition Balochistan is rich in exhaustible and renewable resources; it is the second major supplier of natural gas in Pakistan.
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In economics, a non-renewable resource is defined as goods, where greater consumption today implies less consumption tomorrow.Cremer and Salehi-Isfahani 1991:18 David Ricardo in his early works analysed the pricing of exhaustible resources, where he argued that the price of a mineral resource should increase over time. He argued that the spot price is always determined by the mine with the highest cost of extraction, and mine owners with lower extraction costs benefit from a differential rent. The first model is defined by Hotelling's rule, which is a 1931 economic model of non-renewable resource management by Harold Hotelling.
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Barrie writes that "when the first baby laughed for the first time, its laugh broke into a thousand pieces, ... and that was the beginning of fairies."J. M. Barrie. Peter Pan play and novel, Neverland's fairies can be killed whenever someone says they don't believe in fairies, suggesting that the race of fairies is finite and exhaustible. When dying from Hook's poison, Tinker Bell is saved when Peter and other children and adults across the Neverlands and Mainland call out "I do believe in fairies, I do, I do," so their deaths are not necessarily permanent.
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Article XI addresses the quantitative restriction provision which involves the dispute over embargoes vs. tariffs. Article XI says that a country is permitted to impose tariffs as a trade restriction but prohibits any type of non-tariff restriction such as quotas or limiting importing/ exporting licenses. Further, Mexico argues the Article XX provision of GATT is inconsistent with that of the MMPA. Specifically Article XX(b) and XX(g) which refer to the allowance of trade restrictions when it is deemed "necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health" or "relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources".
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Comparative Valuation of Renewable Amenity Resources and Exhaustible Oil Resources: The Case of National Parks in the Ecuadorian Rainforest. Working Paper No. 4. Quito, Ecuador: Multiplica Consulting Firm, 1994 However, the Yasuni National Park is estimated to contain approximately 846 million barrels of crude oil, approximately 20% of the country's proven oil reserves. To prevent the environmental destruction caused as a result of oil exploitation, the government of Ecuador proposed a permanent ban on oil production inside the Ishpingo-Tambococha-Tiputini oil field in exchange for 50% of the value of the reserves, or $3.6 billion over 13 years to be raised from public and private contributions from the international community.
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Recently Sinn has turned to the problem of the global warming in an article "Public Policies against Global Warming" and in his book "Das grüne Paradoxon" (the English version, The Green Paradox, was published by MIT Press in 2012). In these studies Sinn developed a supply-side theory of climate change by linking climate-theory approaches with the theory of exhaustible natural resources. His "green paradox" states that environmental policies that promote substitute technologies over time with increasing intensity (and in the process lower the prices for fossil fuels relative to the values they otherwise would have obtained) will induce the resource suppliers to accelerate extraction, thus contributing to global warming.
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With the oncoming of the digital age, worries have broadened from the very earliest fears that technology would eradicate artisanship to concerns over data protection, financial security, identity theft, technical inability and invasion of privacy. There is no exhaustible list of reasons cited for fearing the digital world and, whilst research into both the cause and consequence of developing a digital phobia remains in its infancy, the presence of digital phobia regardless contributes towards an increasingly comprehensive picture of a series of profiles among digital users. Recent research from Foresters, an international financial services organization, found 2% of the UK population to fall into this category of internet user.Paul Gallagher.
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The EEC and the Netherlands argued that the species needing conservation had to be within the jurisdictional territory of the nation enforcing the measure. In addition, they stated that United States measures were not related to the conservation of an exhaustible natural resource, as they did not consider dolphins as such. Moreover, the EEC and the Netherlands argued that United States measures were not taken in conjunction with "domestic restrictions on production or consumption." The United States rebutted by claiming that nowhere in Article XX (g), was there any mention of the resource needing conservation having to be within the jurisdictional territory of the country enforcing the measure.
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Human beings have been the main contributor in recent environmental changes. One critical proponent of these changes relates to infrastructure; buildings affect both human beings and the environment, however the costs tend to effect the environment while the benefits are exclusive to humans. The intention of building new infrastructure is to guarantee its sustainability for a long period of time. As a result, the less environmentally intentional a facility, the more it will depend on consumption of natural resources. “Part of the very definition of a tiny home is that it be constructed with environmentally conscious and renewable materials.” Most tiny homes are designed to receive their services in ways that are less environmentally exhaustible.
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There have been several volumes of short stories and novellas. Niven has also written a logical fantasy series The Magic Goes Away, which utilizes an exhaustible resource called mana to power a rule-based "technological" magic. The Draco Tavern series of short stories take place in a more light-hearted science fiction universe, and are told from the point of view of the proprietor of an omni-species bar. The whimsical Svetz series consists of a collection of short stories, The Flight of the Horse, and a novel, Rainbow Mars, which involve a nominal time machine sent back to retrieve long-extinct animals, but which travels, in fact, into alternative realities and brings back mythical creatures such as a Roc and a Unicorn.
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The implementation of weak sustainability in governance can be viewed theoretically and practically through Hartwick's rule. In resource economics, Hartwick's rule defines the amount of investment in human capital that is needed to offset declining stocks of non-renewable resources. Solow showed that, given a degree of substitutability between human capital and natural capital, one way to design a sustainable consumption program for an economy is to accumulate man-made capital. When this accumulation is sufficiently rapid the effect from the shrinking exhaustible resource stock is countered by the services from the increased human capital stock. Hartwick's rule, is often referred to as "invest resource rents", where ‘rent’ is payment to a factor of production (in this case capital) in excess of that needed to keep it in its present use.
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In four books written from 1921 to 1934, Soddy carried on a "campaign for a radical restructuring of global monetary relationships", offering a perspective on economics rooted in physics – the laws of thermodynamics, in particular – and was "roundly dismissed as a crank". While most of his proposals – "to abandon the gold standard, let international exchange rates float, use federal surpluses and deficits as macroeconomic policy tools that could counter cyclical trends, and establish bureaus of economic statistics (including a consumer price index) in order to facilitate this effort" – are now conventional practice, his critique of fractional- reserve banking still "remains outside the bounds of conventional wisdom" although a recent paper by the IMF reinvigorated his proposals. Soddy wrote that financial debts grew exponentially at compound interest but the real economy was based on exhaustible stocks of fossil fuels. Energy obtained from the fossil fuels could not be used again.
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Jan Dienstl is right that as long as an environment prevails in the coal basin that is co-created by open cast mining and the energy sector, it will be difficult to entice other sectors and other technology there. That’s also why surface mining and an energy industry based on the burning of coal has to be wound down and gradually replaced with emissionless, non-exhaustible or renewable sources. It’s hypocritical to say the miners support the locals. Even after 1989 there was no change in the practice that an imperceptible fraction of what is taken from it is returned to the region. The miners’ contribution to town budgets for maintenance and repairs to monuments, and for the civic life of a community affected by the consequences of mining are in comparison to the profits of the miners shamefully low, within a fraction of a percentage.
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Theory, 142, 100-127 (2008) To round out this summary of Cass's work, despite the very strong evolution of his ideas from his initial work on optimal growth, to the work on sunspots and finally on market incompleteness, Cass continued to be interested in his older interests when he saw opportunities for contributions. Thus, his 1979 paper with Mukul Majumdar, "Efficient intertemporal allocation, consumption-value maximization and capital-value transversality: A unified view" and his 1991 paper with Tappan Mitra, "Indefinitely sustained consumption despite exhaustible natural resources" hearken back to his earlier work on capital theory. Similarly, his 1996 paper with Chichilnisky and Wu, "Individual risk and mutual insurance: A reformulation" (Econometrica 64, 333-341) and his 2004 paper with his student Anna Pavlova, "On trees and logs" (J Econ Theory 116, 41-83) hearkens back to his original work on asset pricing models with Joe Stiglitz.
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Thus, environmental economist Kerry Turner has argued that literally, there can be no such thing as overall "sustainable development" in an industrialised world economy that remains heavily dependent on the extraction of earth's finite stock of exhaustible mineral resources: "It makes no sense to talk about the sustainable use of a non-renewable resource (even with substantial recycling effort and reduction in use rates). Any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to exhaustion of the finite stock." In effect, it has been argued that the industrial revolution as a whole is unsustainable. One critic has argued that the Brundtland Commission promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development, with the ambiguous and insubstantial concept of "sustainable development" attached as a public relations slogan: The report on Our Common Future was largely the result of a political bargaining process involving many special interest groups, all put together to create a common appeal of political acceptability across borders.
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Oil and gas are exhaustible resources and the complete lack of concern for ecological rehabilitation, in the light of the Oloibiri experience, is a signal of impending doom for the peoples of Ijawland. g. That the degradation of the environment of Ijawland by transnational oil companies and the Nigerian State arise mainly because Ijaw people have been robbed of their natural rights to ownership and control of their land and resources through the instrumentality of undemocratic Nigerian State legislations such as the Land Use Decree of 1978, the Petroleum Decrees of 1969 and 1991, the Lands (Title Vesting etc.) Decree No. 52 of 1993 (Osborne Land Decree), the National Inland Waterways Authority Decree No. 13 of 1997 etc. h. That the principle of Derivation in Revenue Allocation has been consciously and systematically obliterated by successive regimes of the Nigerian state. We note the drastic reduction of the Derivation Principle from 100% (1953), 50% (1960), 45% (1970), 20% (1975) 2% (1982), 1.5% (1984) to 3% (1992 to date), and a rumored 13% in Abacha's 1995 undemocratic and unimplemented Constitution. i.
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