In 2010, a widely circulated research paper — "Tactile Communication, Cooperation, and Performance: An Ethological Study of the NBA" — showed a positive link between touchy-feely interactions between basketball teammates and their efficacy on the court.
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Hollander founded the Ethological Society, and was the first editor of the Ethological Journal.
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Boehm received his Ph.D. in social anthropology from Harvard University in 1972, and was later trained in ethological field techniques (1983).
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American Museum of Natural History., & . 2008. Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies. Cladistics 24: 190.
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The nest-building study was particularly interesting, with its interdisciplinary approach that incorporated not only ethological methods, but endocrinological ones as well, by incorporating a study of hormonal influence on nest-building. During his time at Madingley, Hinde developed a collaborative friendship with renowned developmental psychologist John Bowlby. Bowlby was intrigued by the concept of using strict ethological approaches in his observations of children; to that point, developmental psychology had been heavily focused on psychoanalysis and learning theories of mother-infant attachment. Bowlby, through Hinde's ethological influence, developed a socio-emotive attachment theory for which he would later become known.
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The Mars-500 crew in daily life activities: Ethological study. Paper # IAC-12-A1.1.6. International Astronautical Federation. Proceedings, 63rd International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, 1–5 October 2012.
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These plant suckers show one generation per year. They overwinter in the egg stage.Alma, A., 1995: Biological and ethological researches an Anoplotettix fuscovenosus. Bollettino Di Zoologia Agraria E Di Bachicoltura.
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The main areas of Fabri's scientific work consisted of investigating the ontogenesis of animal behavior and psychology, psychological development, the psychology of primates, and the ethological and biopsychological prerequisites of anthropogenesis.
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Gener segregation in childhood. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 20, 239-287.LaFreriere, P., Strayer, F.F., & Gauthier, R. (1984). The emergence of same-sex preferences among preschool peers: A developmental ethological perspective.
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Considerations regarding animal welfare ought to be based on > veterinary, scientific and ethological norms, but not on sentiment. And > although animals do not have fundamental rights, human beings have certain > moral obligations towards them.
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Child Development, 55, 1958-1965. LaFreniere, Strayer, and Gauthier (1984)LaFreriere, P., Strayer, F.F., & Gauthier, R. (1984). The emergence of same-sex preferences among preschool peers: A developmental ethological perspective. Child Development, 55, 1958-1965.
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However, there is a difficulty in demonstrating changes in behaviour are the result of a selective process favouring transmission of the parasite.Combes, C. (1991) Ethological aspects of parasite transmission. The American Naturalist 138 (4): 866–880.
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The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a species of beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles. It is a worldwide pest of stored products, particularly food grains, and a model organism for ethological and food safety research.
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This book, which resulted from a festschrift in honor of her mentor Professor Daniel G. Freedman at the University of Chicago, brings together a series of current papers on behavioral-genetic, ethological, cultural and evolutionary approaches to human behavior.
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Social deprivation in Amazon parrots. Animal Behaviour, 38, 511-520. Cannibalism often occurs in large animal husbandry systems, which are usually impoverished environments with a lack of opportunities.Hughes, B.O. & Duncan, I.J.H. (1998). The notion of ethological “need,” models of motivation and animal welfare.
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After a 2000 PhD titled 'Ethological and pharmacological examination of social behaviour in gerbils (meriones unguicalatus) ' at the University of Leeds, she moved to the University of Waikato, rising to full professor. Starkey's research includes traumatic brain injury , strokes and driver behaviour.
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An example of morphological isolation in Salvia mellifera where the stigma and anther positioning determines the location of pollen contact on the bumblebee, promoting transfer within the species. An example of ethological isolation in Ophrys apifera where the orchids structure mimics that of a female bee to attract the male counterparts. Floral Isolation is a form of reproductive isolation found in angiosperms. Reproductive isolation is the process of species evolving mechanisms to prevent reproduction with other species. In plants, this is accomplished through the manipulation of the pollinator’s behavior (ethological isolation) or through morphological characteristics of flowers that favor intraspecific pollen transfer (morphological isolation).
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Tucano people under the influence of hallucinogens have created artwork featuring various symbols of masculinity, with some representations bearing strong resemblance to the hemipenis.Böhme W (1983). "The Tucano Indians of Colombia and the iguanid lizard Plica plica: Ethnological, herpetological and ethological implications". Biotropica 15 (2): 148-150.
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Instead, the action map may help to explain why motor cortex is divided into functionally distinct fields and why the fields are arranged spatially as they are. Other researchers have since found a similar, ethological organization to motor cortical regions in monkeys, prosimians, cats, and rats.
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When analyzing the behaviour of birds in captivity, what is considered normal or abnormal behaviour is dependent on the form and frequency that the particular behaviour is expressed in the natural environment.Wiepkema, P.R. (1985). Abnormal behavior in farm animals: ethological implications. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 35, 279-299.
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According to Marc Bekoff, there are three different views towards whether a science of cognitive ethology is even possible. Slayers deny any possibility of success in cognitive ethology, proponents keep an open mind about animal cognition and the utility of cognitive ethological investigation, and skeptics stand somewhere in between.
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The dear enemy effect or dear enemy recognition is an ethological phenomenon in which two neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive toward one another once territorial borders are well established.Fisher, J., {1954}. Evolution and bird sociality. In: Evolution As a Process (Huxley, J., Hardy, A. and Ford, E., eds).
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This stork was formerly placed in its own genus Euxenura, but was later reclassified as belonging to Ciconia because of its large morphological and ethological similarity to other storks of this genus.Kahl MP. 1971. Observations on the jabiru and maguari storks in Argentina, 1969. The Condor 73: 220-229.
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Pedetes surdaster was recognised by Matthee and Robinson in 1997 as a species distinct from the southern African springhare (P. capensis) based on genetic, morphological, and ethological differences.Matthee, C. A. and Robinson, T. J. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and comparative cytogenetics of the springhare, Pedetes capensis (Mammalia: Rodentia).
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Bradshaw, G. A., Schore, A. N., Brown, J. L., Poole, J. H., & Moss, C. J. (2005). Elephant breakdown. Nature, 433(7028), 807. Bradshaw integrated psychobiological and ethological principles, specifically the understanding that maternal and community loss lead to pathogenic right hemispheric neurological development, which often results in hyperaggression and socioemotional dysfunction.
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Acts of aggression tend to increase as the distance to the fish's home increases.Gerlai, Robert, and Jerry A. Hogan. "Learning To Find The Opponent: An Ethological Analysis Of The Behavior Of Paradise Fish (Macropodus Opercularis) In Intra- And Interspecific Encounters." Journal of Comparative Psychology 106.3 (1992): 306–315. PsycARTICLES. Web.
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She earned her A.B. in chemistry at Wellesley College in 1962. She went on to receive a master's degree in philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1970, and a doctorate in philosophy at Boston University in 1974. She wrote her doctoral thesis on "Konrad Lorenz's Ethological Theory, 1927–1943".
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Battery hens name their price: consumer demand theory and the measurement of ethological "needs". Animal Behaviour, 31: 1195–1205 For humans, the cost of resources is usually measured in money; in animal studies the cost is usually represented by energy required, time taken or a risk of injury.Dawkins, M.S., (1990).
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The society makes several awards Owen Aldis Awards. These are small research grants to pre doctoral researchers to encourage work within the ethological paradigm, particularly involving direct observation. Linda Mealy Awards These are given to junior scientists for new research of high quality in human ethology reported at each biennial Congress. Poster awards.
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Influence of attachment theory on ethological studies of biobehavioral development in nonhuman primates. In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, and J. Kerr (eds), Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives (pp. 185–201). Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Another contribution according to Suomi was that Bowlby influenced animal researchers to examine separation in animals.
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His comments are very fair, and he is one of the first to observe the role of the colour of birds or eggs in their camouflage. He played a significant role in the dissemination of Ornithology in Germany even though the ethological work he did was not advanced much until the 20th century.
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Preventing interbreeding prevents hybridization and gene flow between the species (introgression), and consequently protects genetic integrity of the species. Reproductive isolation occurs in many organisms, and floral isolation is one form present in plants. Floral isolation occurs prior to pollination, and is divided into two types of isolation: morphological isolation and ethological isolation.
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Authority on Darwin and Darwinism, Castrodeza’s thought focuses on bioethical problems from an ethological viewpoint and on scientific problems (epistemological) and ideologies from a naturalistic perspective. Castrodeza's Darwinian trilogy Biology's Deep Ways Razón biológica (Biological Reason), Nihilismo y supervivencia (Nihilism and Survival) y La darwinización del mundo (The Darwinization of the World) intends to show how little control we have over our future despite our profound preoccupation for things past. For Castrodeza ethological considerations referring to behavioural mental patterns concerning man's philosophical, theological and scientific activities have a lot to say as to how we build the world in which we strive to survive. These patterns are not necessarily directly adaptative, in fact they are part of the package deal integrated in our overall strategy for survival.
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Photographed et al. Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE Babblers dance and take baths together, offer each other gifts, clean themselves, and sometimes enter into conflict with each other for the privilege of helping another babbler. They may also feed their counterparts. This peculiar behaviour made them a privileged example for ethological theories concerning altruism among animals.
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The maguari stork (Ciconia maguari) is a large species of stork that inhabits seasonal wetlands over much of South America, and is very similar in appearance to the white stork; albeit slightly larger.King CE. 1988. An ethological comparison of three storks: Ciconia boyciana, C. ciconia, and C. maguari. MS Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
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Expert at the ethological laboratory of the Physiology Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ČSAV), Prague (to 1992). Employee of the Mariánské Lázně municipal authority - municipal ecologist (1992); from 1993, head of the environmental department. Member of the board of directors of CHEVAK a.s., member of the supervisory board of Parking Centrum a.s.
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Ohala, J. J. (1984) An ethological perspective on common cross-language utilization of F0 of voice. Phonetica, 41, 1–16. This code works even in communication across species. It has its origin in the fact that the acoustic frequencies in the voice of small vocalizers are high while they are low in the voice of large vocalizers.
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The systematic study of disordered animal behavior draws on research in comparative psychology, including the early work on conditioning and instrumental learning, but also on ethological studies of natural behavior. However, at least in the case of familiar domestic animals, it also draws on the accumulated experience of those who have worked closely with the animals.
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William Timberlake was an ethological psychologist, with a background in neoHullian behavioral therapy. He was a renowned leader in sciences of animal behavior, showcasing animal behavior as an evolved complex hierarchically organized system. He was a Professor Emeritus in Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University. He was one of the founders of Indiana University's Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior.
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It was here that his ethological foundation was laid, as he "performed a quantitative analysis of the effect of motivational factors on the occurrence of various social behavioral patterns" through his doctoral thesis, "On causation of Behavioral Patterns in Chiclid Fish," which was completed in 1963 under Lorenz and Hansjochem Autrum, a sensory physiologist (Carr 1994; Zupanc and Bullock 2006).
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When attacking them, dholes try to prevent the bear from retreating into caves.Tiwari, S.K. (1999) Animal Kingdom of the World, Sarup & Sons, Unlike tigers which prey on sloth bears of all size, there is little evidence that dholes are a threat to fully-grown sloth bears other than exceptionally rare cases.Gopal, R. (1991). Ethological observations on the sloth bear (Melursus ursinus).
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The ongoing research is also providing information on the current threats to chimpanzees, such as disease, poaching, and habitat disturbance, which affect other species at Gombe as well.Pusey et al., “The Contribution of Long-Term Research at Gombe National Park to Chimpanzee Conservation” , Conservation Biology, 2007. The research of Goodall has also drastically changed ethological thinking and how behavioral studies are conducted.
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Schur made "considerable efforts to link the somatic and the psychological aspects of the affects", ultimately producing "a psychosomatic, compromise- formed view of the affects, in line with the trend in ego psychology".Stein, Ruth. Psychoanalytic Theories of Affect (1999), p. 61. Schur compared ethological and child developmental concepts, as can be seen in his critical discussion of John Bowlby's Grief and Mourning in Infancy (1960).
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He argued that the resulting mental representation is an internal copy of the external world made up from memories, and thinking serves the role of experimental action. Fairbairn and Winnicott proposed that these early patterns of relationships become internalized and govern future relationships. However, the ethological- evolutionary aspects of the theory received more attention. Bowlby was interested in separation distress, and bonding in animals.
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Search images and the detection of cryptic prey: an operant approach. In A. G. Kamil, & T. D. Sargent (Eds.), Foraging Behavior: Ethological and Psychological Approaches (pp. 311-332). New York: Garland STPM Press. In addition, where there are many toxic prey types, DC foragers may be favoured as they are less likely to be poisoned if they eat only nontoxic prey, with which they are already familiar.
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Such separation studies highlighted the importance of large social contexts and relationships for Hinde; each interaction takes place in the context of prior interactions, so the enduring relationship between individuals is key to understanding behavior. Hinde's careful quantitative ethological approach allowed observers to use their repeated observations to understand the larger social structure of the macaque groups and the relationships that constituted that structure.
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Wolfgang Wickler is a German zoologist, behavioral researcher and author. He led the ethological department of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology from 1974, and he took over as director of the institute in 1975. Even after he was given emeritus status, he remained closely associated to the institute in Seewiesen and ensured its smooth transition under the newly created Max Planck Institute for Ornithology.
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It also creates a duty to provide for an animal's space, freedom of movement, climate, nutrition, and social contact, depending on the animal's physiological and ethological needs. The anti-cruelty and duty of care provisions apply to animals on farms. There are also regulations specific to farmed animals. The Act prohibits surgeries other than for therapeutic or diagnostic reasons, which includes tail docking and debeaking.
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Retrieved February 24, 2006.Athealth.com.Social phobia. 1999. Retrieved February 24, 2006. perhaps particularly for individuals high in "interpersonal sensitivity". For around half of those diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, a specific traumatic or humiliating social event appears to be associated with the onset or worsening of the disorder;Mineka S, Zinbarg R (1995) Conditioning and ethological models of social phobia. In: Heimberg R, Liebowitz M, Hope D, Schneier F, editors.
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A fixed action pattern is an ethological term describing an instinctive behavioral sequence that is highly stereotyped and species-characteristic. Fixed action patterns are said to be produced by the innate releasing mechanism, a "hard-wired" neural network, in response to a sign stimulus or releaser. Once released, a fixed action pattern runs to completion. This term is often associated with Konrad Lorenz, who is the founder of the concept.
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She used her ethological training background and applied it to psychobiology at Wellesley College, where she was hired to teach after Oxford. At Wellesley, she began studying children in comparison to adults, specifically with regard to their head shape. She found that a continuous transformation in head profile shape was an effective factor in determining how a person judged the "babyishness" of a head. At Wellesley, Beatrice met Allen Gardner.
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Human ethology is the study of human behavior. Ethology as a discipline is generally thought of as a sub-category of biology, though psychological theories have been developed based on ethological ideas (e.g. sociobiology, evolutionary psychology, attachment theory, and theories about human universals such as gender differences, incest avoidance, mourning, hierarchy and pursuit of possession). The bridging between biological sciences and social sciences creates an understanding of human ethology.
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For infants and toddlers, the "set-goal" of the behavioral system is to maintain or achieve proximity to attachment figures, usually the parents. Attachment theory is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans. The most important tenet is that young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development. The theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby.
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Portraits of pioneers in psychology, 5, 317-331. Ainsworth's book from that field study, Infancy in Uganda, remains an exceptional and classic ethological study in the development of attachment and demonstrates that the process reflects specific universal characteristics that cross linguistic, cultural and geographic lines. Mary Ainsworth followed her husband when a position as a forensic psychologist brought him to Baltimore. She spoke on clinical psychology at The Johns Hopkins University.
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Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby and developed by Mary Ainsworth, is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for understanding interpersonal relationships between human beings. Bowlby's observations of close attachments led him to believe that close emotional bonds or “attachments” between an infant and their primary caregiver is an important requirement that is necessary to form “normal social and emotional development”.
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Ethological isolation is a form of floral isolation caused predominantly by the behavior of pollinators. Flowers can have morphological features which attract or reward specific types of pollinators. The relationship between floral signals and pollinators can promote floral constancy, where different pollinators preferentially visit one species over other others. The color or odor of flowers promotes this isolation as plants effectively manipulate the behavior of their animal pollinators.
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In the same investigation, researchers found that individuals with more promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety sub-scale on an adult attachment style measure tend to groom their partners more frequently. These findings were also consistent with some of the functions of grooming: potential parental indicator, developing trust and courtship or flirtation. Nelson, Holly and Geher, Glenn. (2007-09-15) Mutual Grooming in Human Dyadic Relationships: An Ethological Perspective Springer Link.
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SIP has also been used to examine the development of aggressive behavior in children in recent years. Theories of aggressive behavior and ethological observations in animals and children suggest the existence of distinct forms of reactive (hostile) and proactive (instrumental) aggression. Toward the validation of this distinction, groups of reactive aggressive, proactive aggressive, and nonaggressive children were identified. Social information-processing patterns were assessed in these groups by presenting hypothetical vignettes to subjects.
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Psychoanalyst John Bowlby argued that the cupboard love theory overemphasized the positive aspects of the infant-mother relationship. His research aimed to expand on initial studies and perspectives on attachment to include the nature and emotional dynamic of the child's tie to his mother. Bowlby described attachment as being a reciprocal relationship, where both the parents and the child become attached to each other. He also favored the ethological view of attachment, rooted in instinct.
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Lago di Toblino (Tobliner See in German) is a lake in Trentino, Italy. At an elevation of 245 m, its surface area is 0.67 km². The basin is declared — together with the surrounding area — a biotope for both botanical and ethological interests, and is protected by the Autonomous Province of Trento. It occupies the terminal part of the Valle dei Laghi, not far from Trento and the inhabited areas of Padergnone, Sarche, Vezzano and Calavino.
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In D. R. Omark, F. F. Strayer, & D. G. Freedman (Eds.), Dominance relations: An ethological view of human conflict and social interaction (pp. 319–332). New York: Garland STPM Press. Self-esteem is known to protect people from potential fear that arises from the prospect of death (terror management theory). Self-esteem helps motivate people to achieve their goals – high self-esteem leading to coping in situations and low self-esteem leading to avoidance.
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Jane Goodall first traveled to Tanzania in 1960 at the age of 26 with no formal college training. At the time, it was accepted that humans were undoubtedly similar to chimpanzees—we share over 98% of the same genetic code. However, little was known about chimpanzee behavior or community structure. At the time she began her research, she says “it was not permissible, at least not in ethological circles, to talk about an animal's mind.
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A religious conscientious objector, during World War II he studied insects that preyed on stored food. In 1943 he published an extensive review on insect learning, following it with a similar work on birds in 1951. He closely followed the burgeoning ethological research of Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen, introducing their work to English readers. In 1951-52 he was the Prather Lecturer at Harvard University, and in 1956 published his book Learning and instinct in animals.
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Ewert J.-P. (1980) Neuroethology. (Springer, Berlin, ); 1983 Japanese Edn. (Baifukan, Tokyo); 1986 Chinese Edn. (Beijing Scientific Press, Beijing) Since 1963, he has studied the neurophysiological bases of visually controlled behavior in amphibians (Video), with particular emphasis on researching the common toad.Ewert J.-P. (1974) The neural basis of visually guided behavior. Sci. Amer. 230(3), 34-42 His focus is on investigating neural correlates of classical ethological concepts such as "key stimulus" and "releasing mechanism".
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In 1972, the International Society for Human Ethology was founded to promote exchange of knowledge and opinions concerning human behaviour gained by applying ethological principles and methods and published their journal, The Human Ethology Bulletin. In 2008, in a paper published in the journal Behaviour, ethologist Peter Verbeek introduced the term "Peace Ethology" as a sub-discipline of Human Ethology that is concerned with issues of human conflict, conflict resolution, reconciliation, war, peacemaking, and peacekeeping behaviour.
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The International Society for Human Ethology (abbreviated ISHE) is an international learned society dedicated to the study of human ethology. It was founded in 1972, with Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Daniel G. Freedman, and William Charlesworth all playing key roles in its establishment; Eibl-Eibesfeldt also served as the society's first president. It publishes the peer-reviewed scientific journal Human Ethology. In the late 1960s and early 1970s there was an upsurge in research into human behaviour influenced by the ethological approach.
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Empathy is a related concept, meaning the recognition and understanding of the states of mind of others, including their beliefs, desires and particularly emotions. This is often characterized as the ability to "put oneself into another's shoes". Recent neuro-ethological studies of animal behaviour suggest that even rodents may exhibit ethical or empathetic abilities.de Waal, Franz B.M. (2007), "Commiserating Mice" Scientific American, 24 June 2007 While empathy is known as emotional perspective-taking, theory of mind is defined as cognitive perspective-taking.
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Rusophycus, the resting trace, are trilobite excavations involving little or no forward movement and ethological interpretations suggest resting, protection and hunting. Cruziana, the feeding trace, are furrows through the sediment, which are believed to represent the movement of trilobites while deposit feeding. Many of the Diplichnites fossils are believed to be traces made by trilobites walking on the sediment surface. Care must be taken as similar trace fossils are recorded in freshwater and post-Paleozoic deposits, representing non-trilobite origins.
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He stated that attachment by mother was a pathological inversion and described only behaviors of the infant. Many developmental specialists elaborated Bowlby's ethological observations. However, neither Bowlby's proximity seeking (not possible for human infants prior to walking) nor subsequent descriptions of caregiver–infant mutuality with emotional availability and synchrony with emotional modulation include the enduring motivation of attachment into adult life. The enduring motivation is the desire to control a pleasantly surprising transformation that is the route of belief in effectiveness by humans.
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Bateson's book argued that this approach was naive, since an anthropologist's account of a culture was always and fundamentally shaped by whatever theory the anthropologist employed to define and analyse the data. To think otherwise, stated Bateson, was to be guilty of what Alfred North Whitehead called the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness." There was no singular or self-evident way to understand the Iatmul naven rite. Instead, Bateson analysed the rite from three unique points of view: sociological, ethological, and eidological.
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Since the pattern of plates and spines vary between species, he suggested it could be important for intraspecific recognition and as a display for sexual selection. This is corroborated by Spassov's (1982) observations that the plates are arranged for maximum visible effect when viewed laterally during non-aggressive agonistic behaviour, as opposed to from a head-on aggressive stance.Spassov, N. B. (1982). The ‘‘bizarre’’ dorsal plates of stegosaurs: ethological approach. Comptes rendus de l’academie bulgare des Sciences, 35, 367–370.
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The males, for their part, almost exclusively detect the isomer emitted by the females of their species, such that the hybridization although possible is scarce. The perception of the males is controlled by one gene, distinct from the one for the production of isomers, the heterozygous males show a moderate response to the odour of either type. In this case, just 2 'loci' produce the effect of ethological isolation between species that are genetically very similar. Sexual isolation between two species can be asymmetrical.
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Contemporary philosophers have drawn on the work of Henri Bergson, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Claude Lévi-Strauss (among others) to suggest that the non-human poses epistemological and ontological problems for humanist and post-humanist ethics, eds. Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe. and have linked the study of non-humans to materialist and ethological approaches to the study of society and culture.Whatmore, Sarah (2006), 'Materialist Returns: Practising Cultural Geography In and For a More- Than-Human World', Cultural Geographies, 13, pp. 600-09.
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The well known 'begging burros' (feral donkeys) of Custer State Park in South Dakota, United States, begging food from tourists Several wild species adapt to gaining food from humans. Many of these animals are adults and therefore the causal factors and ethological considerations are different from those above. Feral donkeys in Custer State Park (US), have for many years been approaching cars passing through the park and begging for food. Many people bring food to the park specifically for the purpose of feeding these animals.
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In his view, it was "essential to use quantitative data rather than speculative interpretations of qualitative data" and Eibl-Eibesfeldt's "transfer of ethological methods to humans" neglected social science methods. Gaspar and Oliveira credited Eibl-Eibesfeldt with helping to show which facial expressions are universal and to what extent culture influences their meanings by "documenting many human facial action universals". Moreno and Muñoz-Delgado wrote that research had confirmed Eibl- Eibesfeldt's view that there are "universal characteristics of human behavior." Salter credited Eibl-Eibesfeldt with providing an "encyclopedic review of the literature on human ethology".
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Neuroscientific studies based on the instinctual, emotional action tendencies of non-human animals accompanied by the brains neurochemical and electrical changes are deemed to best monitor relative primary process emotional/affective states. Predictions based on the research conducted on animals is what leads analysis of the neural infrastructure relevant in humans. Psycho-neuro-ethological triangulation with both humans and animals allows for further experimentation into animal emotions. Utilizing specific animals that exhibit indicators of emotional states to decode underlying neural systems aids in the discovery of critical brain variables that regulate animal emotional expressions.
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Ethologists expressed concern about the adequacy of some of the research on which attachment theory was based, particularly the generalisation to humans from animal studies. Schur, discussing Bowlby's use of ethological concepts (pre-1960) commented that these concepts as used in attachment theory had not kept up with changes in ethology itself. Ready to explore Ethologists and others writing in the 1960s and 1970s questioned the types of behaviour used as indications of attachment, and offered alternative approaches. For example, crying on separation from a familiar person was suggested as an index of attachment.
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They met when they both attended a talk being given by Harry Harlow on his studies of contact comfort in infant rhesus macaque monkeys. In 1961, they married, and in 1963 they both took positions at the University of Nevada, Reno. There, Beatrice continued to use her ethological training and studied the effects of food deprivation in jumping spiders and predatory jumping spider behavior. In 1966, the Gardner and her husband acquired a 10-month-old chimpanzee that they named Washoe, who was named after the county in Nevada that they lived in.
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Of particular interest are questions relating to the function of a particular kind of behavior (e.g., attachment behavior) and its adaptive value. The description of the behavioral repertoire of a species, the recognition of patterns of behavioral development and the classification of established behavioral patterns are prerequisites for any comparison between different species or between organisms of a single species. The ethological approach is the study of the interaction between the organism with certain innate species-specific structures and the environment for which the organism is genetically programmed.
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Marriage, in other words, could not guarantee that a marriage between two clans would at some definite point in the future recur. Instead, Bateson continued, the naven rite filled this function by regularly ensuring exchanges of food, valuables, and sentiment between mothers' brothers and their sisters' children, or between separate lineages. Naven, from this angle, held together the different social groups of each village into a unified whole. The ethological point of view interpreted the ritual in terms of the conventional emotions associated with normative male and female behaviour, which Bateson called ethos.
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The ethological perspective (Barkow, 1980) suggests that self-esteem is an adaptation that has evolved for the purpose of maintaining dominance in relationships. It is said that human beings have evolved certain mechanisms for monitoring dominance in order to facilitate reproductive behaviours such attaining a mate. Because attention and favorable reactions from others were associated with being dominant, feelings of self-esteem have also become associated with social approval and deference. From this perspective, the motive to evaluate oneself positively in evolutionary terms is to enhance one's relative dominance (Leary, 1999).
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Attachment theory is primarily an evolutionary and ethological theory. In relation to infants, it primarily consists of proximity seeking to an attachment figure in the face of threat, for the purpose of survival.Bowlby (1970) p 181 Although an attachment is a "tie," it is not synonymous with love and affection, despite their often going together and a healthy attachment is considered to be an important foundation of all subsequent relationships. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time.
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He is best known for developing the mirror test, also called the mirror self-recognition test, or MSR, in 1970, which gauges self-awareness of animals. In 1975, Gallup moved to the University at Albany. During his tenure at Tulane, Gallup also developed a research interest in tonic immobility, or "animal hypnosis," which he continued at the University at Albany. His later work on animal behavior focused on ethological approaches to the study of animal behavior under laboratory conditions, which he pursued with Susan Suarez in the 1980s.
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Enrico Alleva (born 16 August 1953 in Rome, Italy) is an Italian ethologist. He has been president of the Società Italiana di Etologia (Italian Ethological Society) since 2008. After obtaining his degree in biological sciences at the Sapienza University of Rome (1975) with geneticist Giuseppe Montalenti, Alleva specialized in animal behaviour at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (tutored by ). Alleva is a member of the scientific councils of , World Wide Fund for Nature, Legambiente, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana "Giovanni Treccani", Italian Space Agency, CNR Department "Scienze della vita", and the Commissione Antartide.
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In December 1965, Freeman returned to Samoa, staying there the next two years. Originally his research was supposed to focus on social change, especially interactions between demographic and environmental processes, and he intended to base his research in ethological and psychoanalytic theory. However, traveling to Samoa Freeman decided that his objective should rather be to refute Mead's studies of Samoan sexuality. After working for a while in Western Samoa where he had most of his connections, he traveled to Ta‘ū in American Samoa, the location of Mead's fieldwork in the 1920s, hoping to find some of her original informants.
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Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.Clayton, Philip, and Jim Schaal, editors. “Jane Goodall.” Practicing Science, Living Faith: Interviews with Twelve Leading Scientists, by William Phillips, Columbia University Press, New York, 2007, pp. 15–40.
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He credited Eibl-Eibesfeldt with basing his views on "extensive and intensive field work all over the world, even in distant and isolated areas" and with discussing "all important ethological subjects" as well as "the genesis, nature, typology, interpretation, theories, and consequences of human behavior." He also praised the book's bibliography and illustrations. Archer criticized Eibl-Eibesfeldt for relying on "qualitative observations" and avoiding quantification in his studies of human behavior. He argued against this approach on the grounds "that we would end up being mere collectors of examples" of behavior and that it was impossible to "avoid making deductions about" behavior.
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Every cladogram is based on a particular dataset analyzed with a particular method. Datasets are tables consisting of molecular, morphological, ethological and/or other characters and a list of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which may be genes, individuals, populations, species, or larger taxa that are presumed to be monophyletic and therefore to form, all together, one large clade; phylogenetic analysis infers the branching pattern within that clade. Different datasets and different methods, not to mention violations of the mentioned assumptions, often result in different cladograms. Only scientific investigation can show which is more likely to be correct.
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Retrieved on 2010-09-08 A recent empirical study by Seinenu Thein-Lemelson (University of California, Berkeley) utilized an ethological approach to examine cross-cultural differences in human grooming as it pertains to caregiving behaviors. Naturalistic data was collected through video focal follows with children during routine activities and then coded for grooming behaviors. This cross-cultural comparison of urban families in Burma and the United States indicates that there are significant cross- cultural differences in rates of caregiver-to-child grooming. Burmese caregivers in the sample groomed children more often than caregivers in the United States.
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Applied ethological research into the behaviour of animals in captivity made it clear that the intensive use of animals had negative effects on the animal's health and well-being. Nevertheless, concern for the well-being of animals had to be purged from anthropomorphism and sentimentalism. This point of view is taken for example in a report by the Dutch Federation of Veterinarians in the EEC (FVE, 1978) concerning welfare-problems among domestic animals. This document states that: > although the interests of animals often conflict with the demands of > society, society remains responsible for the welfare of the animals > involved.
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Bowlby departed from psychoanalytical theory which saw the gratification of sensory needs as the basis for the relationship between infant and mother. Food was seen as the primary drive and the relationship, or "dependency" was secondary. He had already found himself in conflict with dominant Kleinian theories that children's emotional problems are almost entirely due to fantasies generated from internal conflict between aggressive and libidinal drives, rather than to events in the external world. (His breach with the psychoanalysts only became total and irreparable after his later development of attachment theory incorporating ethological and evolutionary principles, when he was effectively ostracised).
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If it becomes chronic, the pain degenerates into neuralgia that radiates through the head of the horse, from its ears to the tip of its nose. Among horses that are victims of a hard hand, the tongue can turn blue with the action of the bit and bridle, a "very painful" phenomenon that can cause "irreversible lingual lesions". To avoid this problem, some riders work without bits, but this type of equipment poses other problems. The so-called "ethological" halters act through pressure points on the hard parts of the head, creating strong pressures over small areas.
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Evolution of cognition is the idea that life on earth has gone from organisms with little to no cognitive function to a greatly varying display of cognitive function that we see in organisms today. Animal cognition is largely studied by observing behavior, which makes studying extinct species difficult. The definition of cognition varies by discipline; psychologists tend define cognition by human behaviors, while ethologists have widely varying definitions. Ethological definitions of cognition range from only considering cognition in animals to be behaviors exhibited in humans, while others consider anything action involving a nervous system to be cognitive.
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He admired the methodological approach to ethology that psychoanalysis was not familiar with (Van der Horst, 2011). From reading widely in ethology, Bowlby was able to learn that ethologists supported the theoretical ideas through concrete empirical data. Using the viewpoints of this emerging science and reading extensively in the ethology literature, Bowlby developed new explanatory hypotheses for what is now known as human attachment behaviour. In particular, on the basis of ethological evidence he was able to reject the dominant Cupboard Love theory of attachment prevailing in psychoanalysis and learning theory of the 1940s and 1950s.
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I. Otic labyrinth). Biološki vestnik 38: 1–16 As this animal stays neotenic throughout its long life span, it is only occasionally exposed to normal adult hearing in air, which is probably also possible for Proteus as in most salamanders. Hence, it would be of adaptive value in caves, with no vision available, to profit from underwater hearing by recognizing particular sounds and eventual localization of prey or other sound sources, i.e. acoustical orientation in general. The ethological experiments indicate that the best hearing sensitivity of Proteus is between 10 Hz and up to 15,000 Hz.Bulog B. & Schlegel P. (2000).
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He repeated the charges a decade later, again with no results. In the meantime, in Europe, ethology was making strides in studying a multitude of species and a plethora of behaviors. There was friction between the two disciplines where there should have been cooperation, but comparative psychologists refused, for the most part, to broaden their horizons. This state of affairs ended with the triumph of ethology over comparative psychology, culminating in the Nobel Prize being given to ethologists, combined with a flood of informative books and television programs on ethological studies that came to be widely seen and read in the United States.
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These changes resulted from further research on maltreated and institutionalized children and remain in the current version, DSM-IV, 1994, and its 2000 text revision, DSM-IV-TR, as well as in ICD-10, 1992. Both nosologies focus on young children who are not merely at increased risk for subsequent disorders but are already exhibiting clinical disturbance. The broad theoretical framework for current versions of RAD is attachment theory, based on work conducted from the 1940s to the 1980s by John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth and René Spitz. Attachment theory is a framework that employs psychological, ethological and evolutionary concepts to explain social behaviors typical of young children.
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Many biologists and historians believe that Allee's reputation was diminished by the work of another ecologist, George C. Williams. Williams's work, Adaptation and Natural Selection (1996), refutes Allee's research on group cooperation by stressing the importance of individual selection and providing samples that invalidated the idea of group selection. However, the research and legacy of Allee is still recognized and discussed today as many scientists remain interested in the principles behind the Allee effect. In 1973, the Animal Behavior Society began to offer the W.C. Allee Award for the best presentation of an ethological work of research by a student in a juried competition held at their annual meeting.
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For this purpose, "check sheets" were developed to record behavior at half minute intervals. This type of observational data collection would become a staple method of ethological and behavioral studies, and continues to be used today. Using this type of data collection, Hinde and his colleagues were able to quantitatively record interactions between individuals as well as proximities between individuals, leading to the ability to calculate rates of behaviors as a measurement of the quality of relationship. Hinde and his colleagues also conducted empirical research in the form of separation studies in which mothers were separated from infants in the presence or absence of their larger social group.
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Spatial analysis can perhaps be considered to have arisen with early attempts at cartography and surveying but many fields have contributed to its rise in modern form. Biology contributed through botanical studies of global plant distributions and local plant locations, ethological studies of animal movement, landscape ecological studies of vegetation blocks, ecological studies of spatial population dynamics, and the study of biogeography. Epidemiology contributed with early work on disease mapping, notably John Snow's work of mapping an outbreak of cholera, with research on mapping the spread of disease and with location studies for health care delivery. Statistics has contributed greatly through work in spatial statistics.
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Different experimenters typically use slightly different measures of empathy, making comparisons between studies difficult, and there may be a publication bias, where studies which find a significant correlation between the two tested variables are more likely to be published than studies which do not. By revising in critical way the literature for and against yawn contagion as an empathy-related phenomenon, a 2020 review has shown that the social and emotional relevance of the stimulus (based on who the yawner is) can be related to the levels of yawn contagion, as suggested by neurobiological, ethological and psychological findings. Therefore the discussion over the issue remains open.
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This was the topic of his book, Modeling Language Behaviour, which is considered to have offered alternatives to the concepts of Noam Chomsky, drawing comparisons with the American cognitive scientist. Narasimhan studied the environment a child (9 months to 3 years) is exposed to while he or she acquired their first language. This ethological study of language behaviour acquisition led him to the discovery that the pre-literate oral language behaviour differed from the literate language behaviour and while the former is genetic, the latter is acquired. He postulated that this difference was analogous to connectionist Artificial Intelligence that included non literate modes of functioning and rule-based Artificial Intelligence.
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Henri Laborit (21 November 1914 – 18 May 1995) was a French surgeon, neurobiologist, writer and philosopher. In 1952, Laborit was instrumental in the development of the drug chlorpromazine, published his findings, and convinced three psychiatrists to test it on a patient, resulting in great success. Laborit was recognized for his work, but as a surgeon searching for an anesthetic, he wound up at odds with psychiatrists who made their own discoveries and competing claims. Laborit wrote several books where he vulgarizes his ethological laboratory research and marries it, through systems thinking, with knowledge from several other disciplines, being a strong advocate of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity.
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Denmark's Animal Welfare Act 2013 requires anyone keeping animals to ensure that housing, feeding, watering, and care with regard for physiological, ethological, and health needs in agreement with established practical and scientific experience, thereby prohibiting both direct abuse and neglect. The anti-cruelty provisions of the Animal Welfare Act 2013 apply to farmed animals. The Law also contains legislation dealing specifically with farmed animals, including requirements for holding areas that meet animals' needs and provide freedom of movement for eating, drinking, resting, and protection from the elements. Secondary legislation created under the Minister for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries makes species-specific provisions for rearing, livestock transportation, and slaughter.
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While serving as President and CEO of Zoo Atlanta, Maple was a tenured professor at Georgia Tech where he founded the Center for Conservation and Behavior. Through his dual appointments as a full professor (and principal investigator) of a University's animal behavior research laboratory and zoo director, Maple diversified his laboratory's research interests beyond the study of primate taxa to an array of vertebrate species managed at the zoo. Over time, he transformed a conventional zoo's animal collection into a population of wildlife in human care which was more conducive to ethological study and other research endeavors in scientific disciplines from epidemiology to reproductive physiology.
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Wainwright Churchill criticizes Westermarck's claim that the Greeks of the Homeric era were unaware of or repudiated pederasty, citing the contrary view of classical scholar Hans Licht.Churchill 1967. p. 126. Westermarck's use of the expression "homosexual love" has been given as an early example of the use of the word "homosexual" in English. The classicist David M. Halperin writes in One Hundred Years of Homosexuality (1990) that Westermarck's book formed part of a trend to interpret Greek sexual conventions in an anthropological and ethological context, an approach that contrasts with earlier scholarly studies that proceeded from the assumption that classical Greek society was virtually unique in its acceptance of pederasty.
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In 1974, the first Human Ethology Newsletter was published “as a means of establishing contact between those interested in studying human behaviour from an ethological or evolutionary perspective”. The editors, Don Omark and Bob Marvin, managed to produce several newsletters a year gathering together information about meetings and publications connected with human ethology, abstracts of presentations, reviews and news of forthcoming ISHE meetings. A major theme in the early editions was “What is Human Ethology?” with papers by many distinguished ethologists and others. Peter Smith of Sheffield University crystalised two strands of thought. One which emphasised “observation of behaviour in natural environments”, and the other which emphasised “an evolutionary approach to human behaviour”.
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It was noted that a pest control worker referred to them as "German cockroaches" but could fly readily and were common outdoors. The only two species of Blattella present in the United States were the Field cockroach (Blattella vaga) and the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). Roth was unaware of the species Blatella asahinai but discovered it and sent several Lakeland specimens to Dr. Mizukubo and he concluded they were Blatella asahinai. Further testing was implemented by the Center for Urban and Structural Entomology from Texas A&M; University in September 2007 where they tested the two species through an ethological, morphological and genetic approach in order to confirm the presence of the Asian cockroach in Harris County, Texas.
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Periophthalmus gracilis (from Malaysia to northern Australia) Periophthalmus barbarus (from western Africa) Compared with fully aquatic gobies, these specialized fish present a range of peculiar anatomical and ethological adaptations that allow them to move effectively on land as well as in the water. As their name implies, these fish use their fins to move around in a series of skips. Mudskippers have the ability to breathe through their skin and the lining of their mouth (the mucosa) and throat (the pharynx); this is only possible when the mudskippers are wet, limiting them to humid habitats and requiring that they keep themselves moist. This mode of breathing, similar to that employed by amphibians, is known as cutaneous respiration.
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The genetics of ethological isolation barriers will be discussed first. Pre-copulatory isolation occurs when the genes necessary for the sexual reproduction of one species differ from the equivalent genes of another species, such that if a male of species A and a female of species B are placed together they are unable to copulate. Study of the genetics involved in this reproductive barrier tries to identify the genes that govern distinct sexual behaviors in the two species. The males of Drosophila melanogaster and those of D. simulans conduct an elaborate courtship with their respective females, which are different for each species, but the differences between the species are more quantitative than qualitative.
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This method of teaching language to apes lacked ethological validity, which Gardner was able to bring to the table, thanks to her background training from working with Niko Tinbergen. Together with her husband and a team of researchers that worked around the clock to raise Washoe using only ASL, Dr. Gardner was successful in teaching Washoe to use 250 different ASL signs, and she was able to use them in novel configurations. Due to the success of the project, Gardner continued to expand it by obtaining four infant chimpanzees named Moja, Pili, Tatu, and Dar. Gardner wanted to begin the sign language training from younger than 10 months old, which was Washoe's age when she was first acquired.
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Certain types of parasites will cause their hosts to engage in suicidal behavior, through altering how the intermediate host acts, but this is not considered suicide (at least not considered suicide in a psychological or ethological sense). The change in the host's actions often benefit the parasite's search for a final host. A main example is the phylum Acanthocephala, which will direct its host to a predator so as to be eaten by the predator, their new definitive host. The parasitic worm Spinochordodes tellinii will develop in grasshoppers and crickets until it is grown, at which time it will cause its host to leap into water to its death so that the worm can reproduce in water.
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These subjects not only discriminated their own odor from that of other dogs, as Bekoff had found, but also spent more time investigating their own odor "image" when it was modified, as subjects who pass the MSR test do. A 2016 study suggested an ethological approach, the "Sniff test of self-recognition (STSR)" which did not shed light on different ways of checking for self-recognition. Another concern with the MSR test is that some species quickly respond aggressively to their mirror reflection as if it were a threatening conspecific, thereby preventing the animal to calmly consider what the reflection actually represents. This may be why gorillas and monkeys fail the MSR test.
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He also introduced the concepts of environmentally stable or labile human behaviour allowing for the revolutionary combination of the idea of a species-specific genetic bias to become attached and the concept of individual differences in attachment security as environmentally labile strategies for adaptation to a specific childrearing niche. Alternatively, Bowlby's thinking about the nature and function of the caregiver-child relationship influenced ethological research, and inspired students of animal behaviour such as Tinbergen, Hinde, and Harry Harlow. One of Harlow's students, Stephen Suomi, wrote about the contributions Bowlby's made to ethology, including that Barlow brought attachment research into animal research specifically with rhesus monkeys and various other species of monkeys and apes.Suomi, S. J. (1995).
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Ethologists expressed concern about the adequacy of some research on which attachment theory was based, particularly the generalization to humans from animal studies. Schur, discussing Bowlby's use of ethological concepts (pre-1960) commented that concepts used in attachment theory had not kept up with changes in ethology itself. Ethologists and others writing in the 1960s and 1970s questioned and expanded the types of behaviour used as indications of attachment. Observational studies of young children in natural settings provided other behaviours that might indicate attachment; for example, staying within a predictable distance of the mother without effort on her part and picking up small objects, bringing them to the mother but not to others.
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In Darwin's opening chapter of The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, (1872/1998) Darwin considered the face to be the preeminent medium of emotional expression in humans, and capable of representing both major emotions and subtle variations within each one. Darwin's ideas about facial expressions and his reports of cultural differences became the foundation for ethological research strategies. Silvan Tomkins' (1962) Affect Theory 1963) built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biologically based, and universal manifestations of emotions. The research of Paul Ekman (1971) and Carroll Izard (1971) further explored the proposed universality of emotions, showing that the expression of emotions were recognized as communicating the same feelings in cultures found in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Africa.
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Among many other things he made clear that animals in the natural habitat do not need huge spaces, when all their needs can be satisfied within close range, that, in fact, animals do not move about for pleasure but to satisfy their needs. Zoo biology therefore implies that the life of animals in their natural surroundings must be studied in order to provide them with appropriate keeping conditions in human care. In animal husbandry, the aim of this concept — guided by the maxim “changing cages into territories” — was to meet the biological and ethological requirements of the exhibited animals. Hediger's publications influenced the keeping of wild animals in human care in particular also in the construction of enclosures and the planning of zoos.
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Due to the renewal of soil nutrients caused by the annual white water flooding, várzea forests are some of the most productive areas of Amazonia and serve as important breeding grounds for fish, birds, mammals, and reptiles. In order to grow and survive in this environment, both plants and animals must have a large range of morphological, anatomical, physiological and ethological adaptations. For example, during the flooding season, fish and other aquatic organisms take advantage of the lower density of predators, which have migrated or are confined to smaller, dryer areas, and use this time to reproduce. Both Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) and river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis) spend time in várzea areas during high water periods of the flood season.
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As an internationally recognized expert on the behavior, welfare, and conservation of great apes, Maple was poised to develop ethological programming for Zoo Atlanta's innovative lowland gorilla exhibit. He designed an exhibit which offered opportunities for rigorous study of primate behavior in a conventional primate laboratory, while providing a visitor experience that was immersive, engaging and educational to patrons. Today, Zoo Atlanta's gorilla exhibit is acknowledged as one of the most important gorilla facilities in the world. Over a span of more than 15 years, the partnership between Georgia Tech and Zoo Atlanta permitted Maple and his staff to successfully advance lowland gorilla conservation, exhibition, husbandry, propagation and research, for which the Zoo won the AZA's prestigious Edward H. Bean Award.
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The male selects a nesting site and presents an overt display—presumably to entice a female—of an inflated pose and issues a rendition of its identity call, interspersed with hopping movements about the branches. The male may continue these gestures for up to forty five minutes, perhaps utilising a length of grass (200–450 mm) that appears to be pierced but is actually held at the point of the bill by a fibre pulled from the base of the stalk. The grass prop—symbolic of nest construction and copulation according to the ethological interpretation of Immelmann—is dangled downward as the male presents the prospective site. The stem can be lost in high wind as it sways beneath the bill.
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1947 he built a marine biology station on Inhaca Island, and in the 1950s took part in several expeditions to study the ecology of insects and rodents in the Kalahari Desert. Bolwig became one of the first to do ethological studies of primates in the wild, encouraged by the anatomist Raymond Dart, and took up the study of primates in order to throw light on the behaviour of early and modern man by carrying out comparative behavioural studies on primates and aboriginal people like the pygmies. He also went to the Kibale Forest near Ruwenzori, to study chimpanzees, macaques, and colobus monkeys, illustrated by hundreds of colour photographs, which still awaits publication. Bolwig was married 1946 to Bridget Mary Bolwig (née Holmes), born 1911, died at September 3, 2006, and they had two daughters.
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In 1948, Hinde accepted a position at Oxford University, studying under David Lack. Although Lack had envisioned Hinde's research to focus on the feeding ecology of jackdaws and rooks, Hinde convinced him to change the research program to pursue study of the great tit. While Lack was Hinde's official supervisor, and "was enormously helpful in teaching [Hinde] to be critical and describe selectively and write concisely", Hinde credited the most major influence on his later work to Niko Tinbergen, who arrived at Oxford in 1950. Tinbergen was on the cusp of becoming a seminal figure in the field of ethology and behavior with his "four ‘why’s’ of behavior", and this allowed Hinde to learn the ethological methods early on and apply them to the rest of his career.
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Because these and other factors can result in reproductive character displacement, Conrad J. Hoskin and Megan Higgie give five criteria for reinforcement to be distinguished between ecological and ethological influences: > (1) mating traits are identified in the focal species; (2) mating traits are > affected by a species interaction, such that selection on mating traits is > likely; (3) species interactions differ among populations (present vs. > absent, or different species interactions affecting mating traits in each > population); (4) mating traits (signal and/or preference) differ among > populations due to differences in species interactions; (5) speciation > requires showing that mating trait divergence results in complete or near > complete sexual isolation among populations. Results will be most > informative in a well-resolved biogeographic setting where the relationship > and history among populations is known.
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Mother and baby Attachment theory, originating in the work of John Bowlby, is a psychological, evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for understanding interpersonal relationships between human beings. In order to formulate a comprehensive theory of the nature of early attachments, Bowlby explored a range of fields including evolution by natural selection, object relations theory (psychoanalysis), control systems theory, evolutionary biology and the fields of ethology and cognitive psychology. There were some preliminary papers from 1958 onwards but the full theory is published in the trilogy Attachment and Loss, 1969- 82\. Although in the early days Bowlby was criticised by academic psychologists and ostracised by the psychoanalytic community, attachment theory has become the dominant approach to understanding early social development and given rise to a great surge of empirical research into the formation of children's close relationships.
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Before the publication of the trilogy in 1969, 1972 and 1980, the main tenets of attachment theory, building on concepts from ethology and developmental psychology, were presented to the British Psychoanalytical Society in London in three now classic papers: "The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother" (1958), "Separation Anxiety" (1959), and "Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood" (1960). Bowlby rejected psychoanalytic explanations for attachment, and in return, psychoanalysts rejected his theory. At about the same time, Bowlby's former colleague Mary Ainsworth was completing extensive observational studies on the nature of infant attachments in Uganda with Bowlby's ethological theories in mind. Her results in this and other studies contributed greatly to the subsequent evidence base of attachment theory as presented in 1969 in Attachment, the first volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy.Bowlby J (1999) [1969].
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During the 1970s and 1980s, Hinde was also involved in studies of human-mother interaction; he had developed a "dialectical" framework of attachment using a blend of ethology's objective observation and Bowlby's focus on relationship quality. Hinde, along with his second wife, Joan Stephenson-Hinde, conducted research using at-home questionnaires along with playgroup ethological observations to compare an individual child's interactions with his mother and the child's behavior during playgroup; they were able to establish consistency in the child's interactions over time. In addition, the studies established sex differences in the ways that children interacted with their mothers, their teachers, and their peers. Hinde, with colleagues, also conducted cross-cultural studies with similar methods in Cambridge and in Budapest, finding that Hungarian children tended to be more exhibit more masculine features and less feminine features on behavioral measurements.
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Considered the most northern jungle on the planet and declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO, Veà saw an opportunity to deepen the study of ethological factors initiated by Sabater Pi. From 2002 he extended the institutional collaboration incorporating students from both universities in the investigation work in the jungle. This activity has allowed the participation of fifty students in the first ten years, whose work is summed up in twenty theses on aspects related to alouatta palliata populations, studied in-situ, half of which Joaquim Veà himself supervised. In 2005 he began to research the effects of isolation in “fragments of rainforest” – caused by deforestation – on the populations of alouatta (howler monkeys). Alouatta are tree-dwelling animals that live virtually without touching the ground; the fragmentation of the rainforest causes them to become immobilized in one area.
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In another discussion, Altman maintained that Weeks was correct to maintain that AIDS had been surrounded by "moral panic" of a kind typical of societies in a process of rapid change. Kingham considered Weeks's aim of explaining the contemporary crisis of sexual values ambitious and only partly successful. However, he found Weeks's project promising, and credited him with providing "a valuable analysis and critique of the arguments used by those who see sex as govemed by natural forces" and with exposing the "naturalistic basis" of the theories of early sexologists. He praised Weeks's discussions of Darwin, Krafft-Ebing, Freud, Ellis, Kinsey, and Wilson, writing that Weeks showed "the key ideas embedded in their discourses", including their use of metaphor, but he added that Weeks perhaps "does less than justice to the anthropological position" and should have drawn on more recent anthropological and ethological evidence.
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Fields was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1949, the oldest of four children. His father is a musician and his mother a housewife. He attended Georgia State University where he was the student of anthropologist Kathryn A. Kozaitis earning a B.A. in anthropology in 1999. He also studied with Charles Rutheiser, Robert Fryman, and Mark B. King. Under these influences he developed the notions of a hybrid culture in which he proposed the theoretical concept of a Pan/Homo cultural dynamic as a critique of the ethological notion of proto-culture to explain bonobo Kanzi’s linguistic abilities.Fields Joins Great Ape Trust Of Iowa, Great Ape Trust, August 29, 2005. Retrieved 2010-04-15. In 2005 Fields published, as second author, Kanzi’s Primal Language: the cultural initiation of apes into language. The qualitative monograph is a cultural recasting of Savage-Rumbaugh’s 1993 empirical monograph titled Language Comprehension in Ape and Child.
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As Bill Charlesworth writes, the first meetings were “a modest beginning to say the least, but it did lead later to two much larger, more sophisticated meetings in 1974. The first one was held at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioural Physiology in Starnberg-Seewiesen; the second immediately followed in London under the sponsorship of Nick Blurton-Jones. Both meetings were very well attended and, despite much healthy disagreement on about almost everything, it became apparent that a substantive scientific enterprise was in the making”. After a while a pattern developed where the biennial meetings alternated between America and Europe. From the 1980s a meeting was held in each of the intervening years, then called “Summer School” whose emphasis was on helping young researchers acquire knowledge and understanding of the ethological approaches, its ideas and methods. These meetings, now called “Summer Institutes” gradually grew in size to match the biennial congresses, with submitted papers and symposia, but retained sections which emphasised educating young researchers.
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Observational studies of young children in natural settings also provided behaviours that might be considered to indicate attachment; for example, staying within a predictable distance of the mother without effort on her part and picking up small objects and bringing them to the mother, but usually not other adults. Although ethological work tended to be in agreement with Bowlby, work like that just described led to the conclusion that "[w]e appear to disagree with Bowlby and Ainsworth on some of the details of the child's interactions with its mother and other people". Some ethologists pressed for further observational data, arguing that psychologists "are still writing as if there is a real entity which is 'attachment', existing over and above the observable measures." Robert Hinde expressed concern with the use of the word "attachment" to imply that it was an intervening variable or a hypothesised internal mechanism rather than a data term.
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Ethological isolation has been observed between some mosquito species in the Southeast Asian Aedes albopictus group, suggesting—from laboratory experiments of mating trials—that selection against hybrids is occurring, in the presence of reproductive character displacement. Female mate discrimination is increased with intermediate migration rates between allopatric populations of Timema cristinae (genus Timema) compared to high rates of migration (where gene flow impedes selection) or low rates (where selection is not strong enough). Distribution of the periodical cicadas in the U.S. The yellow area corresponds to the sympatric overlap of Magicicada neotredecim (blue) with Magicicada tredecim (red) Where the ranges of the cicada species Magicicada tredecim and M. neotredecim overlap (where they are sympatric), the pitch of M. neotredecim male calling songs is roughly 1.7 kHz compared to 1.1 kHz for those of M. tredecim, with corresponding female song pitch preference differences. In allopatric M. neotredecim populations, the mating call pitch is 1.3–1.5 kHz.
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Bretherton, Inge: Developmental Psychology (1992), 28, S. 759-775 The formal origin of attachment theory can be traced to the publication of two 1958 papers, one being Bowlby's The Nature of the Child's Tie to his Mother, in which the precursory concepts of "attachment" were introduced, and Harry Harlow's The Nature of Love, based on the results of experiments which showed, approximately, that infant rhesus monkeys spent more time with soft mother- like dummies that offered no food than they did with dummies that provided a food source but were less pleasant to the touch. Bowlby followed this up with two more papers, Separation Anxiety (1960a), and Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood (1960b). At about the same time, Bowlby's former colleague, Mary Ainsworth was completing extensive observational studies on the nature of infant attachments in Uganda with Bowlby's ethological theories in mind. Mary Ainsworth's innovative methodology and comprehensive observational studies informed much of the theory, expanded its concepts and enabled some of its tenets to be empirically tested.
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