One technique is to use radiocarbon dating to establish the age of any organic materials in the sample.
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EU law requires that companies establish the age of their players before allowing them access and collect their data.
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By analyzing the samples these astronauts brought back, researchers Debra Needham of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and David Kring of the Lunar and Planetary Institute were able to establish the age of the eruptions and document evidence of the gases produced by these ancient lava flows.
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The team will attempt to establish the age of the animal remains using radiocarbon dating, and will also try to sequence DNA from crustaceans to find out whether they belong to marine or freshwater species. The sediment cores will also be analysed by geobiologists to study how relict organic matter deposited during marine incursions influences contemporary biodiversity and carbon cycling.
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The Permian is primarily marked by limestones with large occurrences at Battambang. Extensive Permian limestone rocks are found at Sisophon in the west and to the south at Kampot, containing coral and brachiopod fossils. These fossils helped to establish the age of the limestone which is sometimes interbedded with clastic rocks. There is extensive karst landscape with many caves underlying much of Cambodia.
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This possible identification of the immediate ancestor of the living taxon may also rely on stratigraphic information to establish the age of the specimens. The concept of chronospecies is related to the phyletic gradualism model of evolution, and also relies on an extensive fossil record, since morphological changes accumulate over time and two very different organisms could be connected by a series of intermediaries.
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Cooper and Mayers conducted household interviews to establish the age of 17 electrical and electronic items at discard and break. However it has been noted that user interviews are subject to the accuracy of memory, and that reviews of products which have failed in the past only provides information on "a historical situation" (: p. 10), not taking into account the features and lifetime of extant products.
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Pretribulationists believe that the second coming will be in two stages separated by a seven-year period of tribulation. At the beginning of the tribulation, true Christians will rise to meet the Lord in the air (the Rapture). Then follows a seven-year period of suffering in which the Antichrist will conquer the world and persecute those who refuse to worship him. At the end of this period, Christ returns to defeat the Antichrist and establish the age of peace.
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In archaeology, radiocarbon dating is an important technique to establish the age of information sources. Methods of this kind were the ideal when history established itself as both a scientific discipline and as a profession based on "scientific" principles in the last part of the 1880s (although radiocarbon dating is a more recent example of such methods). The empiricist movement in history brought along both "source criticism" as a research method and also in many countries large scale publishing efforts to make valid editions of "source materials" such as important letters and official documents (e.g. as facsimiles or transcriptions).
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Archaeologists are still debating the origin of Serpent Mound. The mound contains no artifacts and no burials that would help establish the age of the mound. The two leading theories are that the mound was built by either Adena Culture (800 BC to 100 AD) around 320 BC, or Fort Ancient Culture (1000 to 1750 AD) around 1070 AD. Archaeologist began attributing the mound to the Fort Ancient culture (circa 1070 AD) with the publication of "Serpent Mound: A Fort Ancient Icon?" in 1996. A 2017 article, "Radiocarbon Dates Reveal Serpent Mound Is More than Two Thousand Years Old", argues for a construction by the Adena culture circa 320 BC. The academic debate continues with multiple rebutals to each theory published in the Journal of Archaeology.
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Early occupation of the Broken Mammoth had a setting similar to the lowland tundra with low vegetation, mostly shrubs and few trees. The regional pollen record provides evidence of shrubland with plant life including dwarf birch and willow. After approximately 9,000 years this shrubland became woodland which supporter spruce and alder trees. The faunal remains of a red squirrel and a porcupine date the process of forestation at slightly more than 9,500 years ago. Windier conditions reestablished at Broken Mammoth around 10,000 BP with loess accumulation accelerating until about 7800 B.P. After this time modern conditions stabilized after 5700 B.P. The stratigraphy at Broken Mammoth is well preserved and is one of the primary factors that have helped establish the age of the site.
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The geologic column and the fossil record are used as major pieces of evidence in the modern scientific explanation of the development and evolution of life on Earth as well as a means to establish the age of the Earth. Young Earth Creationists such as Morris and Whitcomb in their 1961 book, The Genesis Flood, say that the age of the fossils depends on the amount of time credited to the geologic column, which they ascribe to be about one year. Some flood geologists dispute geology's assembled global geologic column since index fossils are used to link geographically isolated strata to other strata across the map. Fossils are often dated by their proximity to strata containing index fossils whose age has been determined by its location on the geologic column.
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He has also shown that it is possible to establish the age of medieval mortars through radiocarbon datings of the organic components embedded in them.Kedar (with A. Kaufman:) "Radiocarbon Measurements of Medieval Mortars: A Preliminary Report," Israel Exploration Journal 25 (1975), 36–38; Kedar (with G.A. Mook:) "Radiocarbon Dating of Mortar from the City-Wall of Ascalon," Israel Exploration Journal 28 (1978), 173–76; Nechemia Meyers, "Letter from Israel," Nature, vol. 255, 29 May 1975, p. 364. Turning to present-day developments, he analyzed the uses of the Crusader motif in Israeli political discourse, distinguishing between three approaches: a total denial of the possibility of comparison between the Frankish Kingdom and the Zionist enterprise; attempts to draw lessons from the Crusaders' failure; and taking recourse to the Crusaders in order to reinforce a political argument, usually critical of the Israeli establishment.
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Patterns in tree- ring growth can be used to establish the age of old wood samples, and also give some hints to local climatic conditions. This technique is useful to about 9,000 years ago for samples from the western United States using overlapping tree-ring series from living and dead wood. The Earth's orbital motions (inclination of the earth's axis on its orbit with respect to the sun, gyroscopic precession of the earth's axis every 26,000 years; free precession every 440 days,The axis of rotation is inclined 0.2 seconds from the axis of symmetry, with an observed effect that the axis of rotation moves about its axis of symmetry every ~440days. - Analytic Mechanics, Grant R. Fowles, 1962, Holt, Reinehart & Winston, New York precession of earth orbit and orbital variations such as perihelion precession every 19,000 and 23,000 years) leave traces visible in the geological record.
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