The family imported herring and woad in large enough quantities to buy an existing estate and win a kind of ersatz ennoblement.
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It's more than a mere gift to his colleague; the painting is an ennoblement of another, less esteemed kind of artistic labor.
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Packer alternates between Fremdscham for Holbrooke's lower gambits—such as offering at least one Wall Street banker ennoblement at the Council on Foreign Relations in return for business—and awe at the man's sheer capacity to climb.
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These excuses were toxic not because they had no merit, but because they sidestepped the core of the issue: that the survival and ennoblement of democracy depend on holding people in high office to higher, not lower, standards.
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That act of ennoblement fooled nobody—the old aristocrats knew the difference and so did your bourgeois neighbors—but it gave you license to start acting aristocratic, which, if continued long enough, began to blend seamlessly with the real thing.
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This caused the disappearance of ennoblement by heraldic adoption by the end of the 16th century, and also limited ennoblement in favour of the King by requiring parliamentary consent from Poland's general sejm. By 1578, royal prerogative was widely vested in Poland's general sejm and each ennoblement required parliamentary consent. From 1601, only Poland's parliament—the general sejm, was privileged by an act of law to approve and confer ennoblement. By 1633, heraldic adoption was abolished.
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He died of the plague, the year after his ennoblement on 13 December 1565.
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Nobles were either born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family, or achieved noble rank through ennoblement (nobilitacja) by Poland's king. Ennoblement, i.e. the transition to the nobility of a person, who had not been knighted yet, existed in Poland as early as the 14th century. A well-known early example of ennoblement by 'heraldic adoption' occurred during the Polish-Lithuanian union in connection with the Union of Horodło in 1413.
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Harrison was said to be more successful than his two great competitors in business who both gained ennoblement – Lord Weinstock and Lord Hanson.
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The town is especially known for its glass production. Already in the year 1930 there were 68 companies, which conducted trade, production and ennoblement of glass.
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As for the paper dated by 1642, this particular ennoblement could not take place as King John II Casimir Vasa first entered Polish throne only in 1648.
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In 1715, he employed Sir John Vanbrugh to design a baroque front to his house at Grimsthorpe to celebrate his ennoblement as first Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven.
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Blunt (2004), p. 199.Blunt (2004), pp. 229–230. Linnaeus inscribed this personal motto in books that were gifted to him by friends. After his ennoblement, Linnaeus continued teaching and writing.
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This was a period which produced a myriad of two-word Swedish-language family names for the nobility; very favored prefixes were Adler– (German for 'eagle'), Ehren– (German for 'honor', Swedish ära), Silfver– ('silver') and Gyllen– ('golden' or 'gilded'). Unlike a British peerage title ("Lord Somewhere"), such a name became the new surname of the whole house, and the old surname was dropped altogether. The ennoblement (in 1632) of Peder Joenson is a case in point, where the use of the old surname was discontinued and thus after the ennoblement Peder Gyllensvärd came into use. An illustration of the old name having an addition to it can be seen the ennoblement of the brothers Johan Henrik Lang and Lars Adam Lang (in 1772) taking the surname Langenskjöld.
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Ludwig Strümpell (ca. 1860) Ludwig Strümpell, after his ennoblement in 1870 von StrümpellLudwig Strümpell (1812-1899) University of Duisburg-Essen (28 June 1812 – 18 May 1899), was a German philosopher and pedagogue.
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From his father's ennoblement in 1997 he was entitled to the style of The Honourable. He gained the style of The Right Honourable when sworn into the Privy Council on 12 February 2013.
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Antoniewicz, or Bołoz properly, is a Polish Coat of Arms from Armenian origin. It was used by Polish - Armenian szlachta familie Antoniewicz de (von) Bołoz, since ennoblement by emperor Josef II in 1789.
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Such ennoblement in fact did not give any prerogatives to Polish nobility and was mainly applied to foreigners. Without the consent of the general sejm, some Polish kings also granted personal nobility, without the right of inheritance, giving the title of Knight of the Golden Spur. Ennoblements, including secret ones, were often a way to fund the royal treasury or to reconcile supporters. Therefore, among others the right to ennoblement has also been usurped, for example, by the bishops of Kraków as the Dukes of Siewierz.
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The by-election was caused by the ennoblement of the sitting Conservative MP, Rt Hon. Sir Victor Warrender as Baron Bruntisfield. He had been MP here since gaining the seat from the Liberal party in 1923.
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Janina is a Polish nobility clan coat-of-arms. Borne by several noble families descended in the-male line from the medieval lords of Janina (the eponyms of the clan) or legally adopted into the clan upon ennoblement.
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Skartabellat (lat. scartabellat) was a specific form of nobilitation in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Introduced by pacta conventa of 1669, ennoblement into a sort of lower nobility. Skartabels could not hold public offices or be members of the Sejm.
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The noble name von Munthe af Morgenstierne was derived from the surnames of two families, Munthe and Morgenstierne, from which Bredo Munthe had descended. When he applied for ennoblement, he claimed that these two families were originally noble.
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Before the ennoblement, some family members used arms displaying an anchor under two stars, and above the helm the allegorical character Spes between two hart horns. The noble arms were brought closer to the then-extinct Swedish noble family Anckar's arms.
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Ducarel was born on 9 June 1713 in Paris. His parents, Jacques Coltée Ducarel (1680–1718) and Jeanne Crommelin (1690–1723), were Huguenots from Normandy.Myers 2008. Jacques was a banker and merchant, who achieved ennoblement in 1713 with the title Marquis de Chateau de Muids.
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In Poland, ennoblement of individuals was originally not entirely exclusive to the monarch, but could also be conferred to an individual upon being adopted under the heraldic coat of arms of Poland's influential knightly families and magnates and acknowledged by the King or Polish Crown.
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Haroutune Dadourian, Prof. Vahan Babasinian, Mr. Karekin M. Guiragosian, Mr. Garabed Pushman, Mr. Nazareth Gumushguerdanian. In 1932, the Knights of Vartan, Inc., decided to organize an affiliated organization, known as the Daughters of Vartan, devoted to the spiritual and cultural ennoblement of Armenian womanhood.
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In the marriage contract of his son, passed November 10, 1608, BARTHELMY is called noble. It is not known how Bartholomew became noble because it is unclear whether his father, Isaac, was. The ennoblement Bartholomew had to be acquired in return for his services.
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A by-election for the constituency of Edinburgh East in the United Kingdom House of Commons was held on 3 October 1945, caused by the ennoblement of the incumbent Labour MP Frederick Pethick-Lawrence. The result was a hold for the Labour Party, with their candidate George Thomson.
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Varieties of the Nałęcz coat of arms associated with heraldic adoptions Heraldic adoption (), was in the Kingdom of Poland a legal form of ennoblement and adoption into an existing heraldic clan; along with assuming the coat of arms of that clan it took place as a result of an act issued by the King. The adoption of heraldic arms was a procedure used solely in Polish heraldry and was one of the earlier "old way" forms of ennoblement in Poland. It became particularly popular in the 15th century, especially with prosperous or prestigious city burghers and patricians aspiring to attain noble status, but was abolished by the first half of the 17th century.
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Demonstrating his omnipotence, the monarch could even revert noble status ab initio, as if ennoblement had never happened, and elevate dead humans to the estate of nobles. A rich aristocratic culture developed during this epoch, for example family names like Gyldenpalm (lit. 'Golden Palm'), Svanenhielm (lit. 'Swan Helm'), and Tordenskiold (lit.
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The oldest known coat of arms in Finland is in the seal of Bertold, vouti (sheriff) of Häme Castle (1297). The coats of arms of the Finnish nobility are recorded by the Finnish House of Nobility. The last ennoblement was 1912. Coronets of rank are the same as in Swedish heraldry.
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Gryf (Polish for "Griffin") is a Polish coat of arms that was used by many noble families in medieval Poland and later under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, branches of the original medieval Gryfita-Świebodzic family as well as families connected with the Clan by adoption at ennoblement or even by error.
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His birth name was Peter Jansen Wessel. His name occurs with spellings as Peder and Pitter. Upon his ennoblement in 1716, he received the name Tordenskiold meaning "Thunder Shield".When Scandinavia’s gutsiest Admiral ran out of ammo, he asked his enemy for more This was also the orthographical form which he used.
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'Carl Linnaeus (;"Linnaeus, Carolus" in the Oxford Dictionaries Online. 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy".
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With his ennoblement, he took the name Carl von Linné (Latinised as '), 'Linné' being a shortened and gallicised version of 'Linnæus', and the German nobiliary particle 'von' signifying his ennoblement. The noble family's coat of arms prominently features a twinflower, one of Linnaeus's favourite plants; it was given the scientific name Linnaea borealis in his honour by Gronovius. The shield in the coat of arms is divided into thirds: red, black and green for the three kingdoms of nature (animal, mineral and vegetable) in Linnaean classification; in the centre is an egg "to denote Nature, which is continued and perpetuated in ovo." At the bottom is a phrase in Latin, borrowed from the Aeneid, which reads "Famam extendere factis": we extend our fame by our deeds.
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From 1669, the ennobled who came mainly by then from the burgher class would only receive skartabellat (similar to the German Briefadel, or Letters patent), a specific form of institution and ennoblement introduced by pacta conventa, a lower class of nobility where newly created nobles could only hold public offices and perform legations not until after the third generation; from 1775 an obligation was imposed on newly created nobles possessing (purchasing) land estate. During the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764 to 1795), almost half of the total number of Polish ennoblements was made. Under the reigns of Stanisław Leszczyński and Stanisław August Poniatowski, both were also known for circumventing the restrictions placed on conferring ennoblement, applying the so-called 'secret ennoblements', without parliamentary confirmation.
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It is not impossible that Princess Mary's household could have been reorganised some time before her former servants found posts with Henry FitzRoy.Norton, Elizabeth, Bessie Blount: Mistress to Henry VIII, p. 121. Although he was more well known from 1525 and onwards, there is some evidence that he was already in receipt of royal favour even before his ennoblement; this comes from a surviving list of "Wardrobe stuff appointed for my lord Henry". The "Lord Henry" in question is not identified but given that the subject was not considered to require a title and that the list has survived with further documents relating to the household established for Henry FitzRoy after his ennoblement, it would seem reasonable to assume that it is Henry FitzRoy.
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Appointment to the third or second class of the Order of the Iron Crown became one of the main routes to ennoblement for Austrian bourgeois families and for civil servants and military officers. The first class was in practice often awarded to people who were already noble. The order was also awarded to foreigners.
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Instead, noble titles were created without a name, or were bestowed a meihao (; titular name). These names were usually descriptive of the peer's merit, virtue, or the circumstances leading to his ennoblement. The Dukes Yansheng kept their traditional fief in Shandong under Qing rule. Titular names were unique for imperial princes, while non-imperial peers' titular names may overlap.
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Longmore was the Conservative candidate at the Grantham by-election in 1942 caused by the ennoblement of the sitting Conservative MP, Rt Hon. Sir Victor Warrender, as Baron Bruntisfield. Polling day was set for 25 March 1942. When nominations closed, it was to reveal a two-horse race, between the Conservative Longmore and the Independent Kendall.
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212 He was elected as the Member of Parliament for Cambridge at a by-election in 1934, following the ennoblement of the Conservative MP Sir George Newton as Baron Eltisley. Tufnell retained the seat at the 1935 general election, but ten years later at the 1945 general election, he lost his seat to Arthur Symonds of the Labour Party.
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Belgium is one of the few monarchies in the world in which hereditary ennoblement still occurs regularly. Hereditary titles are conferred by letters patent, which are issued by the king of the Belgians, co-signed by the minister of Foreign Affairs. Noble titles can also be granted for life. Belgian citizens distinguished in business, politics, science, arts, sports, etc.
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Coat of arms of the von Nissen (von Nissen-Benzon) family, granted upon ennoblement in 1710, from Danmarks Adels Aarbog. The family arms in the centre. Anna Nissen (1595–1654), mother of Lorentz Nicolaus Nissen. Nissen, von Nissen and von Nissen-Benzon is a Danish family of land owners from Southern Jutland, which was partially ennobled in 1710.
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Schmelzer started publishing his music in 1659. He was appointed vice-Kapellmeister on 13 April 1671. On 14 June 1673, after the composer petitioned for ennoblement, the Emperor raised Schmelzer to the ranks of nobility; Schmelzer now added von Ehrenruef to his name. Eventually, after his predecessor Giovanni Felice Sances had died, Schmelzer became Kapellmeister, on 1 October 1679.
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When nobility was granted by the union kings, even new arms were granted, often being the ennobled person's former arms with some additional charges (e.g. Herman Løvenskiold in 1739). Many of the ennobled person had direct influence on their new arms, especially those who paid a considerable amount of money to the king himself for the ennoblement (e.g. Gyldenkrantz).
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James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas, 1st Earl of Avondale (1371 – 24 March 1443), latterly known as James the Gross, and prior to his ennoblement as James of Balvenie, was a late mediaeval Scottish magnate.Fraser, vol i, p.431 He was the second son of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas and Joan Moray of Bothwell and Drumsargard (now Cambuslang), d. after 1408.
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Ennoblement is the conferring of nobility—the induction of an individual into the noble class. Currently only a few kingdoms still grant nobility to people; among them Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Vatican. Depending on time and region, various laws have governed who could be ennobled and how. Typically, nobility was conferred on individuals who had assisted the sovereign.
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By this ennoblement he became master of about half the territory of Les Moëres. This would prove to be a serious disadvantage as these properties drew him into a dire financial situation. Cobergher died in Brussels on 23 November 1634, leaving his family in deep financial trouble. His properties in Les Moëres had to be sold, as well as his house in Brussels.
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Contemporary Polish musicologist Tadeusz A. Zielinski wrote, on Op. 10, that "not only did they become an orderly demonstration of a new piano style and the formulas peculiar to it, but also an artistic ennoblement of this style." Chopin's Études are not without modern influence as well. Several of the études have lodged themselves in popular music, movies, or television shows.
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310 The spelling von Paus was regarded as a rendering of the name in a German/Austro-Hungarian linguistic and cultural context, and not a native form of the name, which he continued to spell simply as Thorleif Paus within Scandinavia. In Austria-Hungary, he received the Order of the Iron Crown, one of the country's highest orders and which previously conferred automatic ennoblement.
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He was consecrated as bishop by Botvid Sunesson, bishop of Strengnes, a carrier of the apostolic succession. In 1563 he succeeded as bishop of Turku. The king sent bishop Juusten as ambassador to Russia in 1569, where tsar Ivan IV the Terrible kept him as a prisoner for over two years. Some sources claim that he received ennoblement from the king after his return in 1573.
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The marriage took place in the church of Santa Maria La Nova. His rapid rise in the Angevin court cannot be completely retraced in the documents. Probably he owed his rise partially to his wife's influence as the governess of Robert's children. According to Boccaccio, Raimondo, being an "extremely audacious man" (vir extrema audacia), asked for and received ennoblement and knighthood on the occasion of his wedding.
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Symphony No. 35 in D major, K. 385, also known as the Haffner Symphony, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782. It was commissioned by the Haffners, a prominent Salzburg family, for the occasion of the ennoblement of . The Haffner Symphony should not be confused with the eight-movement Haffner Serenade, another piece Mozart wrote on commission from the same family in 1776.
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As the Hanseatic banker Johann von Berenberg-Gossler was ennobled in Prussia in 1889, his sister Susanne, married Amsinck, exclaimed "' [But John, our good name!]" Upon hearing of the ennoblement of Rudolph Schröder (1852–1938) of the ancient Hanseatic Schröder family, Hamburg First Mayor Johann Heinrich Burchard remarked that the Prussian King could indeed "place" (') Schröder among the nobles, but he could not "elevate" (') a Hanseatic merchant.
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Adelcrantz was born in 1716 in Stockholm and was the son of the architect Göran Josuæ Adelcrantz, who had changed his name from Törnqvist at his ennoblement four years earlier.Fogelmarck 1994, p. 14 As a student in Uppsala, Göran Josua Törnqvist had been a member of the student theatre troupe known as Den Swänska Theatren that later performed in the Lejonkulan theatre in Stockholm.Fogelmarck 1994, p.
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On 18 October 1894, sixteen months after his ennoblement, Drumlanrig died from injuries received during a shooting party. The inquest returned a verdict of "accidental death", but his death was rumoured potentially to be suicide or murder. It was speculated at the time McKenna, Neil: "The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde" (2003). that Drumlanrig may have had a romantic or sexual relationship with Rosebery.
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For a list of Lord Marshals of the nobility (the chairmen of the House of Nobility), see :fi:Maamarsalkka. Rigid, formal ranks were established, in place of a fluctuating network of relationships and a somewhat open entry. The requisite ground for introduction to the rolls of nobility was either birth into an "ancient" noble family, or ennoblement by the king. A great interest in genealogy ensued.
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Galtung coat of arms. Galtung was a Norwegian noble family dating from the ennoblement of Lauritz Galtung in 1648. However, when he was ennobled, documents exist that indicate that the family descended from an older noble family, the Galte family. A male-lineage connection between these two families has not been identified, but a female-line linkage bridging between them has been documented in genealogical records.
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The ancestral arms of the first Lord Dunkeld were argent, a lion rampant azure armed and langued gules. In 1630 he was granted the addition of a crest and motto by Sir James Balfour of Kinnaid, then Lord Lyon King of Arms. The original grant describes the crest as . Upon his ennoblement he became entitled to add supporters to his arms, and subsequently adopted two eagles sable.
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His family was one of the "Tribes of Galway" and were among the original sponsors of St. Nicholas' Collegiate Church. In the 1690s his ancestor, James O'Lynch, emigrated to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, following the defeat of the Jacobites. After serving under Leopold I in the Great Turkish War, James acquired the "von" through an (letter of ennoblement). Karl's father was a mathematician, specializing in geometry.
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143 [original edition (Paris 1693), p. 658]. Jan Rogozinski, "Ennoblement by the Crown and Social Stratification in France, 1285–1322: A Prosopographical Survey," in: Another brother, Guillaume, became Precentor of the Cathedral Chapter of Lectoure, and then, in 1311 Bishop of Lectoure.Eubel, p. 299. A Bernardus de Borda, who may have been Bertrand des Bordes' nephew, is recorded as an Ostiarius Domini Nostri Papae at Avignon in 1327.
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Charles Seymour, 2nd Baron Seymour of Trowbridge (c. 1621 – 25 August 1665) was the son of Francis Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Trowbridge, whom he succeeded in the barony in 1664. Francis had been a younger brother of William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Prior to his ennoblement he represented Great Bedwyn in the Short Parliament of 1640 and Wiltshire in the Cavalier Parliament from 1661 to 1664.
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On 18 October 1894, sixteen months after his ennoblement, Drumlanrig died at Quantock Lodge, Somerset, from injuries received during a shooting party. The inquest returned a verdict of "accidental death", but his death was also rumoured to be suicide or murder. He was buried in the family burial ground at Kinmount, Dumfriesshire. He was unmarried and his younger brother Lord Percy Douglas became heir to his father's titles.
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The seat had become vacant when the constituency's Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), William Whitelaw had been elevated to the peerage as Viscount Whitelaw. Whitelaw had held the seat since the 1955 general election, and had been Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party since 1974, and Deputy Prime Minister since 1979, serving as Home Secretary from 1979 until his ennoblement and appointment as Leader of the House of Lords.
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The Missa cellensis, Hob. XXII:8, fully Missa cellensis fatta per il Signor Liebe de Kreutzner (Zell Mass made for Sir Liebe of Kreutzner), is Haydn's eighth setting of the Ordinary of the Mass and is often identified by the German name Mariazeller- Messe. It was commissioned by the officer Anton Liebe von Kreutzner on the occasion of his ennoblement. The mass was composed in 1782 for performance in Mariazell.
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Eventually, the burghers' cause succeeded and the belated urban reform in the Commonwealth took place with the passage of the Free Royal Cities Act on 18 April 1791, which became a notable amendment to the Constitution of May 3. The Act granted, to the Commonwealth's townspeople, personal security, the right to acquire landed property, and eligibility for military officers' commissions, public offices, and gave the right for ennoblement.
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He was known as Carl von Linné after his ennoblement, hence the spelling 'Linnean', rather than 'Linnaean'. The society had a number of minor name variations before it gained its Royal Charter on 26 March 1802, when the name became fixed as "The Linnean Society of London". In 1802, as a newly incorporated society, it comprised 228 fellows. It is the oldest extant natural history society in the world.
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Some of these families declined ennoblement because they did not keep a title in such high regard. At the end of the 19th century, they still proudly called themselves "patriciërs". Other families belong to the patriciate because they are held in the same regard and respect as the nobility but for certain reasons never were ennobled. Even within the same important families there can be branches with and without noble titles.
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In the fourth field, on a golden shield seven (four over three) silver balls. On the helm a noble coronet, and up from the coronet a brown hart rampant. Supporters: a bear to the dexter and a wolf to the sinister. Before the ennoblement, Joachim Gyldenkrantz used the Geelmuyden arms, which display on a green shield a brown hart rampant three (one over two) six-pointed golden stars.
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Statue of Christopher Polhem by Ivar Johnsson in Gothenburg (granite.1952) Christopher Polhammar (18 December 1661 – 30 August 1751) better known as Christopher Polhem (), which he took after his ennoblement in 1716, was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist. He made significant contributions to the economic and industrial development of Sweden, particularly mining. He was ennobled by King Charles XII of Sweden for his contributions to Swedish technological development.
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He founded the Badminton Horse Trials and was deemed "the greatest fox-hunter of the twentieth century";Masters, Brian, The Dukes: the Origins, Ennoblement and History of Twenty-Six Families, Pimlico, London, 2001, Pgs 9–32 his long tenure as Master of the Beaufort Hunt led to his being universally nicknamed Master and his car bore the private numberplate MFH1. In 1980 he published the authoritative book "Fox-Hunting".
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Axel Oxenstierna secured all government appointments to be filled by nobles. At the coronation of Eric XIV in 1561, Swedish nobility became formally hereditary for the first time upon the creation of the higher titles of Count (greve) and Baron (friherre). The House of Knights was organized in 1626. The grounds for introduction into this chamber became either birth into an "ancient" noble family or ennoblement by the sovereign.
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Wendel (de Wendel upon ennoblement) is a Swedish noble family, forming part of the country's unintroduced nobility. Max Richard Wendel (1863–1922), Civil Engineer and Royal Spanish Consul in Gothenborg, was awarded the hereditary primogeniture title of Baron by Carlos I of Portugal in 1895. His eldest son, Carlos Harald Bruno Richard de Wendel (1901–1980), inherited the title upon his death. The family is not related to the French de Wendel family.
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After his death, 10 wounds from punches and sword thrusts were calculated on his body. Opaliński regretted that Stadnicki was not taken alive, but he rewarded Persa, who received ennoblement and surname Macedonian at the next parliament. Legend has it that Stadnicki's severed head was brought to Lublin by one of the suitors of the beautiful Miss Regina Żegocianki, to win her heart and carry her stuck in the pole after Lublin.
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Engraving of a view of New Galloway by James Fittler in Scotia Depicta, published 1804 Kenmure Castle and Kenmure Holms, Kells, Kirkcudbrightshire Sir John Gordon of Lochinvar (as he was known before his ennoblement) was the eldest son of Sir Robert Gordon of Lochinvar (d. November 1628), a Gentleman of the King's Bedchamber, by his wife Lady Elizabeth Ruthven, daughter of the William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie. Scots Peerage, Vol. V, p.
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The latter demanded two witnesses each from the maternal and paternal side. The penalty for perjury was being stripped of own szlachta status, by the Constitution of 1601. In case of the successful nagana, the accuser earned up to half of the property of the accused, with the other half going to the state. The justice was highly prone to miscarriage, in particular, to abusive ennoblement Therefore, this procedure was gradually restricted in various ways.
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Johann von Sporck (1595 – 6 August 1679) was a German nobleman and Generalfeldmarschall. Sporck was born in 1595 and he began his military career at the start of the Thirty Years' War as a private. His personal bravery and mastery of cavalry tactics led to his steady advancement through the ranks as well as his ennoblement. He later fought in the Second Northern War, the Austro-Turkish War (1663–64) and the Franco-Dutch War.
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Frequent visits to Brookgreen Gardens during his youth influenced Letts' artistic development, experiencing in-depth the collection of American sculpture amidst its natural setting. This not only fostered his fascination with the natural world, but also engendered his ideals of the ennoblement of nature through fine art. Brookgreen is also where he first observed the foundry mark of Roman Bronze Works, which would prove to be an important milieu for the artist.
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Armalistsnoblemen who hold a charter of ennoblement, but not a single plot of landand peasant-nobles continued to pay taxes, for which they were collectively known as taxed nobility. Nobility could be purchased from the kings who were always in need of funds. Landowners also benefitted from the enoblement of their serfs, because they could demand a fee for their consent. The Diet was officially divided into two chambers in Royal Hungary in 1608.
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Montelupi Coat of arms The Montelupi family ennoblement in Renaissance Poland took place on June 22, 1567 in Kraków, at the St. Mary's Basilica (Mariacki Church). Two brothers, Italian-born merchants Sebastian Montelupi and Karol (Carlo) received the Montelupi (Wilczogórski) Coat of arms (pictured). Its replica can be seen on the late 16th century tomb of Sebastian Montelupi at the Kraków Basilica. According to Polish historian Józef Szymański there's no proof confirming that the heraldic blazon is authentic.
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He was ultimately Solicitor- General, Attorney-General and Lord Chief Justice. Her title successively changed from Mrs Isaacs to Lady Isaacs on her husband's knighthood in 1910, Baroness Reading on his ennoblement in 1914, Viscountess Reading in 1916, the Countess of Reading in 1917, and finally the Marchioness of Reading in 1926. In 1921, Lord Reading was appointed Viceroy of India. He was reluctant to accept, as his wife's health was delicate, but she persuaded him.
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The Honors of the Court "were the most prestigious noble honour of the 18th century, meant to honour the most ancient and representing noble families".Régis Valette, Catalogue de la noblesse française au XXIe siècle, éd. Robert Laffont, Paris, 2007 Formally such presentations were only granted to noble families able to prove a lineage dating back to 1400 A.D. without tracks of ennoblement. However, the king could grant exemptions to families that had been dedicated to serve him.
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In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ennoblement (nobilitacja) meant an individual's joining the szlachta (Polish nobility). At first it was granted by monarch, since the late 16th century by the sejm that gave the ennobled person a coat of arms. Often that person could join an existing noble szlachta family with their own coat of arms. The increase of number of Polish nobility by trustworthy ennoblements was proportionally minimal since the 14th century.
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Melbourne led a minority government and the opposition took advantage of the marriage to weaken his position further. They opposed the ennoblement of Albert and granted him a smaller annuity than previous consorts, £30,000 instead of the usual £50,000. Albert claimed that he had no need of a British peerage, writing: "It would almost be a step downwards, for as a Duke of Saxony, I feel myself much higher than a Duke of York or Kent."Quoted in .
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Polish landed gentry (, from ziemia, "land") was a social group or class of hereditary landowners who held manorial estates. Historically, ziemianie consisted of hereditary nobles (szlachta) and landed commoners (kmiecie; Latin: cmethones). The Statutes of Piotrków (1496) restricted the right to hold manorial lordships to hereditary nobility. The non-nobles thus had to either sell their estates to the lords or seek a formal ennoblement for themselves (not an easy task), or had their property taken away.
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Aldershvile painted by Heinrich Gustav Ferdinand Holm in c. 1850 Aldershvile was built by Johan Theodor Holmskjold, who was director-in-chief both of the Royal Danish Postal Services and the Royal Porcelain Factory. In 1782, one year after his ennoblement, he commissioned the architect J.B. Guione to build him a new and larger country house as a replacement for his old country hose, Sophienholm, which he found had become too small. The house was not completed until 1790.
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The honour from the King of Württemberg was accompanied by automatic ennoblement and after 1908, sources refer to Otto Moser as Otto von Moser.Kriegsministerium (Producer): Königlich Württembergisches Militär-Wochenblatt. Nr. 6, 25 February 1908, p. 20. From 1 April 1910 till 12 September 1912 Moser served as commander of the "Old Württemberg" (3rd Württemberg) No. 121 Infantry Regiment, aged 52, he was promoted to major general and placed on immediate availability for service as an army officer.
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The act of ennoblement recognizes his military merits, to which Prince Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki, grand hetman of the Crown, testified. The same act also granted Czerniecki a coat of arms with three ostrich feathers for the crest and charged with a white dove perched on one olive branch and holding another in its beak. From this time, Czerniecki began to be officially referred to as Stanislaus Columbus Czerniecki, where columbus is the Latin word for "dove".
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At this point Brookes was still considering whether to stand, so Terrett offered to step down if Brookes would agree to stand and oppose the drink orders. Meanwhile, the Executive of the Liberal Association in Portsmouth made a counter-offer: if Brookes stepped aside, it would agree not to contest the Portsmouth by-election which had been triggered by the ennoblement of the Conservative MP Lord Charles Beresford. Brookes did step aside, in the interests of preserving the truce between the parties.
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The largest party not in government becomes the Official Opposition, known as Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition. Any smaller parties not in government are collectively known as "the opposition". After each election, having remained in power, a Prime Minister may engage in a major or minor reshuffle of ministers; such a reshuffle may occur at any time if the Prime Minister wishes it. Any vacancy arising in the House, due to death, ennoblement, or resignation is filled by a by-election.
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Before gaining ennoblement the Auxbrebis ancestors will have contributed to their uprising status; several family members held key positions within the magistrate or were mayor of Dinant.Annales de la Société archéologique De Namur - Tome trente-huitieme (1927) - p. 267 (288) The family was formerly known to be wealthy and powerful,Annales de la Société archéologique De Namur - Tome trente-huitieme (1927) - p. 267(288)Ville de Dinant (Official Local Website) although the precise role of the Auxbrebis is not well known.
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Before he became noble, Niels Tygesen Knag had only a tree trunk as his arms (Hans Krag. 1942). The coat of arms was received upon the ennoblement in 1721. Description without the heraldic terminology: On a blue shield a tilted, chopped and knotty silver tree trunk beside or above which there are three golden stars in each of two bends. On the helmet is a six-pointed star between two buffalo horns divided in gold and blue, vice versa, respectively.
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The Diploma of ennoblement was composed, written, and read by Matte Benignissime.Diploma nobiliara a familiei Maniu Man Noble's house was located in Badatson, just outside the capital of Krasna County, Szilágysomlyó.BĂDĂCIN- monografie In addition to the aristocratic title of nobility for himself and his descendants, Laurențiu Man was also granted tax exemption for himself and his descendants in perpetuity.Diploma nobiliara a familiei Maniu Laurențiu Man had one son Ilie (married to Nagy Viràgsi) and three grandsons: loan, Mihail, and Petru.
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Ulfeldt's treason was rewarded by Charles X of Sweden with ennoblement as the Count of Sölvesborg in Blekinge and he was in the same time given his Danish holdings back. He later returned to Copenhagen to try to make his peace with his lawful sovereign, who promptly imprisoned him and his wife. In the summer of 1660 they were conveyed to Hammershus in Bornholm, as prisoners of state. In 1661, he gave up his Danish estates in exchange for his release.
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He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978, the Crafoord Prize in 1988, the Balzan Prize in 2004, the Wolf Prize in 2008, and the Abel Prize in 2013, "for seminal contributions to algebraic geometry and for their transformative impact on number theory, representation theory, and related fields". He was elected a foreign member of the Academie des Sciences de Paris in 1978. In 2006 he was ennobled by the Belgian king as viscount.Official announcement ennoblement - Belgian Federal Public Service.
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Ulfeldt's treason was rewarded by Charles X of Sweden with ennoblement as the Count of Sölvesborg in Blekinge; however a discontented Ulfeldt instead began intriguing against his new master. He was soon discovered, and in May 1659 was sentenced to death. On 7 July the Swedish regents amnestied him, and he returned to Copenhagen to try to make his peace with his lawful sovereign, who promptly imprisoned him and his wife. In the summer of 1660 they were conveyed to Hammershus in Bornholm, as prisoners of state.
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The following year (1832) found Campbell Solicitor General, a knight and member for Dudley. Dudley had been enfranchised under the Reform Act of 1832 and so Campbell became the first MP to represent the town in modern history. However, his appointment to the post of Attorney General in 1834 lead to a by- election, which he lost to Thomas Hawkes. John Campbell returned to Parliament swiftly, however, as he was returned by Edinburgh in 1835, which seat he represented until his ennoblement in 1841.
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Like several of his fellow-citizens, René dreamt to build a great stronghold for his family. With this intention, he left the Île d'Orléans to go live on the coast. On March 17, 1693, the Governor of New France, Louis de Buade, Count of Frontenac, conceded to him a ground in commoner's condition located behind stronghold of Espinay at the South river, which they called Sainte-Claire. From this moment he added this part to his name, as was the fashion of the time, even without ennoblement.
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The Haffner Symphony did not start its life as a symphony, but rather as a serenade to be used as background music for the ennoblement of Sigmund Haffner. The Mozarts knew the Haffners through Sigmund Haffner's father, , who had been mayor of Salzburg and who had helped them out on their early tours of Europe. The elder Haffner died in 1772, but the families remained in contact. In 1776, the younger Haffner commissioned a serenade for the wedding of Marie Elizabeth Haffner to Franz Xavier Spath.
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He was elected a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Old Sarum in 1563 and was appointed High Sheriff of Warwickshire for 1571–72. In 1572 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Baron Compton, of Compton in the County of Warwick. After his ennoblement Lord Compton was one of the peers at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1586. He married, firstly, Frances, daughter of Francis Hastings, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon and Katherine Pole, with whom he had one son.
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The introduced noble families are listed in the Palace of the Nobility according to the official numbering system which roughly corresponds to the order of introduction. Lower numbers indicate older nobility. Higher numbers indicate later introduction, and usually means that the family belongs to the younger nobility, even though introduction may occasionally not have followed immediately upon ennoblement. In the case of families of Countly or Baronial status, higher numbers indicate that it was raised to a higher title at a later point in time.
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Orla (derived from Polish orzeł 'eagle'), is a distinct Polish armorial estate and heraldic clan coat of arms adopted in Polish heraldry since the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. It was vested upon several knightly families of Poland's nobility situated in the historical region of Greater Poland, Silesia and Lesser Poland from about the 14th century, where it was first historically known in Poland as the coat of arms of 'Saszor' [Szaszor], later 'Orla', and subsequently conferred on the ennoblement of several individuals.
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"Per household" means that every dwelling had to give a worker for the required number of days.Maria Bogucka, Białogłowa w dawnej Polsce, Warsaw, 1998, , p. 72 For example, in the 18th century, six people: a peasant, his wife, three children and a hired worker might be required to work for their lord one day a week, which would be counted as six days of labour. Serfs served on occasion as soldiers in the event of conflict and could earn freedom or even ennoblement for valour in combat.
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A similar system was also independently invented by Charles Wheatstone, but Siemens became the first company to build such devices. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the world's first electric street lighting in the town of Godalming, United Kingdom. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs. In 1887 it opened its first office in Japan.Siemens website August 1, 2012 – 125 Years Siemens in Japan (1887–2012) Retrieved on August 12, 2013 In 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1888, Werner Siemens received hereditary ennoblement as von Siemens by Frederick III, German Emperor. His brother William had been knighted – becoming Sir William – by Queen Victoria a few months before his death in 1883. The brother Carl in St. Petersburg was ennobled by Tsar Nicholas II in 1895. Werner's cousin and father-in-law, Carl Georg Siemens (1809–1885), a professor of technology at the University of Hohenheim, received personal ennoblement by the King of Württemberg. Werner's nephew Georg, co-founder of Deutsche Bank, was ennobled by Wilhelm II, German Emperor, in 1899.
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Matthias Corvinus was also ruler of the Duchy of Głogów, and as titular Bohemian king (and as conqueror most of territory of the Bohemian Crown), suzerain of all Silesian duchies. Actually, Matthias Corvinus raised the Black Army which is recognized as the first standing continental European fighting force not under conscription and with regular pay since the Roman Empire. The soldiers of the Black Army were mainly Bohemian mercenaries (former Hussites), but Poles, Germans, Hungarians and adventurers from all over Europe joined as well. Sometimes officers were rewarded with lands and ennoblement.
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Following the Restoration, he was created Earl of Cardigan in 1661.thepeerage.com Thomas Brudenell, 1st Earl of Cardigan The raising of Brudenell to an earldom was done by Charles II personally on 20 April 1661, a couple of days before Charles's coronation on the 23rd. The ennoblement of new peers followed the installation of Knights of the Garter at Windsor Castle and Knights of the Bath at the Palace of Westminster. The ceremony, at Banqueting House, involved Charles investing the newly created earl with a mantle, a sword and belt, and a cap and coronet.
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In old times, no other title existed but that of knight. In the Netherlands only 10 knightly families are still extant, a number which steadily decreases because in that country ennoblement or incorporation into the nobility is not possible anymore. Fortified house – a family seat of a knight (Schloss Hart by the Harter Graben near Kindberg, Austria) Likewise Ridder, Dutch for "knight", or the equivalent French Chevalier is a hereditary noble title in Belgium. It is the second lowest title within the nobility system above Écuyer or Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw and below Baron.
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One was the Baltic German nobility, for which Russia merely recognized their pre-existing titles; the other was new barons created by the Emperors of Russia after 1721. Like in many other countries, new baronial titles were often created by ennoblement of rich bourgeoisie. The title of baron, along with the rest of the noble hierarchy, was abolished in December 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution; however, certain leaders of the White movement like Baron Pyotr Wrangel and Roman von Ungern-Sternberg continued to use the title until the end of the Russian Civil War.
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"A géniusz is születik. Születik egy bizonyos korban, mint egy nemzet, egy osztály s egy család tagja, s a bélyeg, melyet e körök ifjú korában nyomnak egyéniségére, megmarad rajta még akkor is, ha később ellentétbe jutott vele." He charged the Hungarian nobility with a lack of national sentiment, and feeling greater solidarity with nobles from other nations than with the Hungarian nation; the nobles, he argued, had neglected the development of Hungary as a nation-state. Nevertheless, on 22 April 1889, he accepted ennoblement from Emperor Franz Joseph I, becoming "de Bártfa" (bártfai).
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Elmire's remorse gives rise to a strophic song ("Ein Veilchen") that, through its unassuming lyricism, leaves us in no doubt as to her sincerity. And Erwin's opening aria ("Ihr verblühet, süsse Rosen") amounts to a musical ennoblement—which, given he is in fact of lowly birth, suggests that neither Amalia nor Goethe sought to restrict a noble temperament merely to those of noble birth. The dramatic effectiveness of these stylistic adaptations marks Anna Amalia's Erwin und Elmire as a major early achievement in the development of German opera.
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According to historical evidence, it is quite possible that Mozart did not actually meet his father's deadline to have the music completed by Sigmund Haffner's ennoblement. Mozart later reworked this music into what we now know as the Haffner Symphony. At the end of December 1782, Mozart decided to present music from the new Haffner serenade at a concert. After asking his father to send the score of the serenade back again, Mozart was amazed at its quality, given the fact that it was composed in so short a time.
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The earliest entries are often families seen as co-equal to the lower nobility (barons and counts), because they are the younger branches of the same family or have continuously married members of the Dutch nobility over a long period of time. There are "regentenfamilies", whose forefathers were active in the administration of town councils, counties or the country itself during the Dutch Republic. Some of these families declined ennoblement because they did not keep a title in such high regard. At the end of the 19th century, they still proudly called themselves "patriciërs".
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In 1726 he was admitted to Trinity College Dublin, where he was educated, and four years later was returned to the Irish House of Commons as member for his father's old seat of Enniskillen, a constituency he represented until his ennoblement. He was also High Sheriff of Fermanagh in 1733. In 1760 Cole was raised to the Peerage of Ireland as Baron Mountflorence, of Florence Court in the County of Fermanagh. He took his seat in the Irish House of Lords the following year, and died six years later aged 58.
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The family was introduced at The House of Nobility in 1678 under number 888. Before the ennoblement Andreas Lilliestierna had accomplished several assignments for the Swedish Crown. He is particularly noted for serving as Secretary of Legation in H.E. Ambassador Count Schlippenbach's unfortunate embassy to Poland in November 1660. The legation that sailed from Stockholm on the crown ship "Resande mannen" on 22 November 1660 only made it to Landsort south-east of Stockholm where it was caught by a storm and went under during the night between 22 and 23 November.
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Miscampbell served as a councillor on Hoylake Urban District Council from 1955 to 1961. He contested the safe Labour Party seat of Newton-le-Willows in 1955 and 1959, losing to the incumbent Fred Lee twice. He was selected to fight Blackpool North at the by-election in March 1962, resulting from the ennoblement of the sitting Conservative MP, Toby Low, as Baron Aldington. The seat was thought to be safe --Low had majority of over 15,000--but a strong swing to the Liberals saw Miscampbell returned with a majority of less than 1,000.
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The first Earl was succeeded in 1857, by his second but eldest surviving son, the second Earl, who prior to his ennoblement had represented East Grinstead in the House of Commons. On his death in 1886 the titles passed to his eldest son, the third Earl. He was a soldier and politician, who in 1880 had been summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Amherst. He died childless in 1910 and was succeeded by his younger brother, the fourth Earl.
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Gaveston came from relatively humble origins, and his rise to the highest level of the peerage was considered improper by the established nobility. Furthermore, the earldom of Cornwall had traditionally been reserved for members of the royal family, and Edward I had intended it for one of his two younger sons from his second marriage.Maddicott (1970), p. 71. The discontent reported by the chronicles may have been the result of hindsight, however; there is no sign that the established nobility objected to the ennoblement of Gaveston at the time.
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In 1591 Wackenfels was Chancellor of the Upper Silesian provincial team. In 1583 he married Sophie Poley in Dresden (1563-92), a sister of Wroclaw businessman and gentleman on animal garden Christoph Poley. In 1592 Wackenfels converted to the Catholic faith and in 1594, he was in the Ennoblement. In 1595 he married his second wife Catherine of Troilo, being then Franz Troilo's brother-in-law, a sister of his first wife and second daughter of Johann Franz Troilo, and allied himself with one of the most influential families in Wroclaw.
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A by-election, also spelled bye-election, and also known as a special election (United States, the Philippines) or a bypoll (India), is an election used to fill an office that has become vacant between general elections. In most cases these elections occur after the incumbent dies or resigns, but they also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a recall, ennoblement, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance). Less commonly, these elections have been called when a constituency election is invalidated by voting irregularities.
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He died on 13 April 1908 in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, his birthplace. His wife, Katharina Jaeger, the daughter of a professor of surgery at Erlangen, who survived him; they had no children. During his lifetime, Franz Leydig was granted many honours, including personal ennoblement, and an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bologna. He was a member of several medical and scientific societies, including the Royal Society of London, the New York Academy of Sciences, the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1898).
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By 1707, when Grimsthorpe was illustrated in Britannia Illustrata, the 15th Baron Willoughby de Eresby and 3rd Earl Lindsey had rebuilt the north front of Grimsthorpe in the classical style. However, in 1715, Robert Bertie, the 16th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, employed Sir John Vanbrugh to design a baroque front to the house to celebrate his ennoblement as the first Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven. It is Vanbrugh's last masterpiece. He also prepared designs for the reconstruction of the other three ranges of the house, but they were not carried out.
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The arms, which were granted upon the ennoblement, are partly based on Munthe's old arms. Description: On a shield divided into two fields, whereof the upper is silver and the lower is red, in the 1st field two chopped and crossed brown tree stems under a ten-pointed golden star, and in the 2nd field three silver balls. On the helm a noble coronet and up from this two bear paws holding three silver balls. Supporters: two against each other sitting and onto the shield looking brown bears.
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This is a list of the heads, i.e. the senior male line members, of the Amsberg family, as well the patrilineal line of the current Dutch royal family. Before the 1891 ennoblement, being the senior male descendant didn't have any legal relevance, and such the term "head" is anachronistic before the family's rise as a noble and eventually royal family. The headship of the family since its recognition as noble in 1891 has some historical legal relevance prior to the formal abolition of the nobility's privileges in 1918.
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Vienna in 1609, drawn in 1609 by Jacob Hoefnagel and recolored in 1640 by Claes Jansz Visscher Schmelzer was born in Scheibbs, Lower Austria. Nothing is known about his early years, and most of the surviving information about his background was recounted by the composer himself in his petition for ennoblement of 1673. He described his father as a soldier, but in another document, the 1645 marriage certificate of Schmelzer's sister Eva Rosina, he is listed as a baker. Schmelzer does not mention his father's name, but Eva Rosina's marriage certificate does: Daniel Schmelzer.
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Consequently, genealogy flourished. The Lord High Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna, was the architect of the Instrument of Government of 1634, which laid the foundation of modern Sweden. It guaranteed that all government appointments were to be filled by candidates from the nobility, a move which helped mobilize support for, rather than opposition to, a centralized national government. Due to the many wars fought by Sweden, the crown needed some means of rewarding its officers, and since the royal coffers were not without end, ennoblement and grants of land were useful substitutes for cash payments.
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The irregular hajdú foot-soldiersmainly runaway serfs and dispossessed noblemenbecame important elements of the defence forces. Stephen Bocskai, Prince of Transylvania, settled 10,000 hajdús in 7 villages and exempted them of taxation in 1605, which was the "largest collective ennoblement" in the history of Hungary. The noblemen formed one of the three nations (or Estates of the realm) in Transylvania, but they could rarely challenge the princes' authority. In Royal Hungary, the magnates successfully protected the noble privileges, because their vast domains were almost fully exempted of the royal officials' authority.
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At this point Brookes was still considering whether to stand, so Terrett offered to step down if Brookes would agree to stand and oppose the drink orders. Meanwhile, the Executive of the Liberal Association in Portsmouth made a counter-offer: if Brookes stepped aside, it would agree not to contest the Portsmouth by-election which had been triggered by the ennoblement of the Conservative MP Lord Charles Beresford. Brookes did step aside, in the interests of preserving the truce between the parties. Nominations closed on Friday 7 January, and only two candidates were nominated: Gilbert and Terrett.
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Both his father Gabriel and his brother Melchior Tavernier were cartographers. Though it is clear from the accuracy of his drawings that Tavernier received some instruction in the art of cartography/engraving, he was possessed of a wanderlust. While still a teenager, he traveled extensively through Europe and achieved a working knowledge of its major languages. Tavernier is best known for his 1666 discovery or purchase of the 116-carat Tavernier Blue diamond that he subsequently sold to Louis XIV of France in 1668 for 120,000 livres, the equivalent of 172,000 ounces of pure gold, and a letter of ennoblement.
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Karl von Luz (3 August 1824 – 6 November 1899) was a Württembergian politician and civil servant. He served as a Member of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Württemberg, from 1876 to 1877 and from 1880 until his death. In 1887 he was appointed as district president (Regierungspräsident) and thus head of one of the kingdom's regional government authorities. He received the Knight's Cross First Class of the Order of the Crown, which conferred personal ennoblement, in 1880, and was promoted to Commander of the same order in 1889.
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In addition to his ennoblement, Loubat was a member of the Institut de France and Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, a Commandeur of the Légion d'honneur, and a member of the Union Club, Knickerbocker Club, and New York Yacht Club. Also, he was a member of the New York and Massachusetts Historical Societies, the American Geographical Society, the American Numismatic Society, and the Hispanic Society of America, among others. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1897.American Antiquarian Society Members Directory The pilot-boat, Joseph F. Loubat was named after him.
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The Austrian Imperial Order of the Iron Crown (; ) was one of the highest orders of merit of Austria and Austria-Hungary until 1918. It was re- established in 1815 by Emperor Franz I of Austria. The original Order of the Iron Crown had previously been an order of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. The order had three classes and till 1884 all classes conferred automatic hereditary ennoblement; the third class conferred the rank of Ritter, the second class conferred the rank of Baron and the first class conferred the title of Privy Councillor, the style of Excellency, and the right to attend court.
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Eclipsium omnium ab anno Domini 1554 vsque in annum Domini 1606 accurata descriptio et pictura, 1556 Cyprián Karásek Lvovický (of Lvovice) (Czech: Cyprián Karásek Lvovický ze Lvovic, German: Cyprian von Leowitz, Latin: Cyprianus Leovitius) (July 8, 1514? in Hradec Králové - 1574 in Lauingen) was a Bohemian astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. Most of the information about Lvovický's life comes from his memoirs.Lvovický, C. K., Opus insigne (Wittebergae: Excudebat Matthaeus Welack, 1586). Cyprian Karásek was born in 1514 (some sources claim 1524) into the family of a long-time town councillor and later mayor of Hradec Králové named Jan Karásek (Lvovický after ennoblement).
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Orla is one of the oldest Polish coats of arms. The coat of arms was naturalised into Polish heraldry during the Jagiellonian dynasty; it is a derivative of its Roman-German origin-precursor attributed to the personal coat of arms borne by the House of Saszowski and its branch scions. The Polish Orla coat of arms was subsequently borne as well by several unrelated Polish knightly families and individuals connected by heraldic adoption at ennoblement, and as frequently found with Polish coats of arms, by some supposed members misattributed to the heraldic clan by error or usurpation.
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Up to the 19th century, there existed feudally-based privileges in landowning (farmland by its nature exempt from regular land taxation irrespective of who owned it), being connected to nobility-related lordships and to allodial land. Fiefs were common in late medieval and early modern eras. The 1906 adoption of the unicameral legislature in the parliament removed the political status of the so-called First Estate of Finland, though noble ranks were possible to grant in Finland until 1917. The last untitled ennoblement was made in 1904, and the last baronial rank was given in 1912.
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"Baroness" is incorrect for female holders of Scottish Lordships of Parliament, who are not Baronesses; for example, the 21st Lady Saltoun is known as "Lady Saltoun", not "Baroness Saltoun". A peer is referred to by his peerage even if it is the same as his surname, thus Baron Owen is "Lord Owen" not "Lord David Owen", though such erroneous forms are commonly used. Some peers, particularly life peers who were well known before their ennoblement, do not use their peerage titles. Others use a combination: for example, the author John Julius Norwich was John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich.
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In 1833, Lord Taunton purchased the estates of Over Stowey from the Earl of Egmont, and added the estates of Nether Stowey in 1838, forming the estate of 'Over and Nether Stowey' or just the 'Quantock' estate, named after the nearby Quantock Hills. Lord Taunton was then the MP for nearby Taunton, and had been born in Over Stowey; he was later to become President of the Board of Trade, Chief Secretary for Ireland and Secretary of State for the Colonies, before his resignation from the House of Commons and his ennoblement as Baron Taunton in 1859.
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A third Committee was established on February 23, 1666, consisting of Peder Lassen, Vice Treasurer Holger Vind, State College Assessor Kristoffer Parsberg and Supreme Court judge Rasmus Vinding. The new Committee reflected the influence of statesman Peder Schumacher (Count Griffenfeld after his ennoblement), as both Parsberg and Vinding were his close friends. The third Committee started off a lengthy conflict between Lassen and Vinding regarding the Code, as Lassen was the professional jurist, while Vinding lacked legal training. A professor of history and geography, Vinding had a good reputation as a gifted judge, but lacked in-depth knowledge of the Danish laws.
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Bishop was Member of Parliament for Newark from 1964 to 1979, when he lost the seat to the Conservative Richard Alexander. Bishop was an assistant government whip from 1966 to 1967, and Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food from 1974 to 1979. After he lost his seat, he was created a life peer as Baron Bishopston, of Newark in the County of Nottinghamshire on 21 May 1981. He was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1977, Giving Him the Honorific Title "The Right Honourable" and after ennoblement the Post Nominal Letters "PC" for Life.
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The monarchs granted hereditary titles and the poorest nobles lost their tax-exemption from the middle of the 15th century, but the Tripartituma frequently cited compilation of customary lawmaintained the notion of all noblemen's equality. In the early modern period, Hungary was divided into three partsRoyal Hungary, Transylvania and Ottoman Hungarydue to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the 1570s. The princes of Transylvania supported the noblemen's fight against the Habsburg kings in Royal Hungary, but they prevented the Transylvanian noblemen from challenging their authority. Ennoblement of whole groups of people was not unusual in the 17th century.
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Revocation of usurped nobility was accompanied with heavy fines. In addition to real usurpation, inquiries were made into hereditary nobility: unless the nobility was given by a Letter of Ennoblement, according to Grande enquête one had to prove that at least four generations of his ancestors enjoyed the noble status.Voir Chérin, "Abrégé chronologie d’édits, déclarations, règlements, arrêts et lettres patentes des rois de France concernant la noblesse", in : Pierre Loizeau de Grandmaison, Dictionnaire héraldique, Paris Abbé Migne Publ., 1861, "Contested Spaces of Nobility in Early Modern Europe", Matthew P. Romaniello, Charles Lipp (eds.), 2011, In Poland existed a practice of nagana szlachectwa, which was questioning the nobility by any accuser.
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John Allan Rolls's ennoblement brought the family, and the house, to its social apogee, culminating in a visit from the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary), who stayed with Lord and Lady Llangattock at the Hendre in late October – early November 1900. The Duke and Duchess were taken on motor car excursions by Charles Rolls, probably the first time that the royal couple had been in a car. This was an important event in the family's social history, confirming their elevation to the upper echelons of society. Of John Allan's four children, the most famous was Charles, the co-founder of Rolls Royce.
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The Anne de Molina family was first ennobled in 1750, with the ennoblement of the brothers Josephus Adrianus and Carolus Lambertus Anne, both aldermen in the City of Dendermonde. Victor Anne (1819–1891), the latter's grandson, received a recognition of nobility in 1871 and was authorized to add "de Molina" to his last name in 1885. José Anne de Molina is a grandson of Victor Anne and the son of Raphaël Anne de Molina (1893-1977), president of the Brussels Court of Appeal, and of Germaine, Baroness de Viron (1894–1978). In 1956, he married Marie-Claire de Meeûs (1931-2014), a daughter of Georges, Count de Meeûs d'Argenteuil.
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However, for a long time that what had been attacked in the past was later regarded being an ennoblement. Those who have a close or distant relative, who has been portrayed in the Buddenbrooks, are half-ironically but at the same time respectfully counted among the "Buddenbrook-nobility". Descendant Charlotte Leithoff (1819–1903) married consul Johann Heinrich Harms (1810–1893) (in the novel: August Möllendorpf), brother of the senator Georg Friedrich Harms (1811–1892) (in the novel: Senator Möllendorpf), who was married to the descendant Emma Wilhelmine Buck (1832–1896) (in the novel: Frau Möllendorpf geb. Langhals) and father of Lorenz Harms (1840–1915) (in the novel: Konsul Kistenmaker).
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Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, one of the most powerful nobles in Portuguese history. In the first half of the 18th century, the Royal Equestrian Academy (today known as the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art) was founded by King João V of Portugal as a riding school exclusively accessible to the Portuguese Royal Family and the nobility. Good horsemanship was and still is considered a hallmark of the Portuguese nobility, equestrianism continuing to this day to be the traditional sport of the class. Following the Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910, the nobility was officially disbanded and ennoblement was prohibited under the Portuguese Constitution.
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Melvyn Bragg, Baron Bragg, (born 6 October 1939), is an English broadcaster, author and parliamentarian. He is best known for his work with ITV as editor and presenter of The South Bank Show (1978–2010), and for the BBC Radio 4 discussion series In Our Time. Earlier in his career, Bragg worked for the BBC in various roles including presenter, a connection that resumed in 1988 when he began to host Start the Week on Radio 4. After his ennoblement in 1998, he switched to presenting the new In Our Time, an academic discussion radio programme, which has run to over 870 broadcast editions, and is a popular podcast.
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On 14 July 2010, the Ministry of Defence announced that in October 2010 Richards would become the next Chief of the Defence Staff in succession to Air Chief Marshal Sir Jock Stirrup. Downing Street, in a press statement to announce the intended ennoblement of Sir Jock, also announced in the same release that Sir David would take up his new post as Chief of the Defence Staff on Friday 29 October 2010, immediately after the retirement of Sir Jock. In November 2010, Richards said there was no desire to "open up another front" in the Middle East but suggested that in future it "might be" necessary.
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There were only few areas in which the king could pass legislation without consulting the sejm: on royal cities, peasants in royal lands, Jews, fiefs and on mining. The three estates of the sejm had the final decision in legislation on taxation, budget and treasury matters (including military funding), foreign policy (including hearing foreign envoys and sending diplomatic missions) and ennoblement. The sejm received fiscal reports from deputy treasurers, and debated on most important court cases (the sejm court), with the right of amnesty. The sejm could also legislate in the absence of the king, although such legislation would have to be accepted by the king ex post.
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Indeed, upon ennoblement, a count or baron not from an armigerous family might actually assume his own, original coat of arms without recourse to any authority. For this reason, actual grants of arms were very rare. There is no complete armory of Italian coats of arms, though certain authors, most importantly Giambattista Crollalanza, compiled references which appear to be nearly complete. Until the establishment of the republic (1946) and its constitution two years later, most coats of arms in Italy appertained to noble families, whether titled or not, although a number of blazons were identified with cittadini (burghers) whose families had used these for a century or more.
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Therefore, unique world victory settings have been introduced. This "dominance" scenario of the endgame involves a tribe or a player to meet the criteria of minimum points/villages for a period of time. The world players are notified when the criteria is met and are provided a certain period of time prior to the world officially being declared "at end". Most recently the Secrets of Power where many different technologies are assigned to barbarian or bonus villages which need to be taken control of via ennoblement and then kept under a tribes control until one of each Secret is controlled, at which time an end-game counter will start.
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Peder Schumacher portrayed by Abraham Wuchters in 1672 Count Peder Griffenfeld (before ennoblement Peder Schumacher) (24 August 1635 – 12 March 1699) was a Danish statesman and royal favourite. He became the principal adviser to King Christian V of Denmark from 1670 and the de facto ruler of the dual kingdom of Denmark-Norway in the first half of the 1670s. In 1673 he was appointed as Chancellor of Denmark, elevated to count, the highest aristocratic rank in Denmark-Norway, and received the Order of the Elephant, the country's highest order. At the behest of his enemies at court, Griffenfeld was arrested in early 1676 and convicted of treason, a charge that historians agree was false.
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Lithograph portrait from 1905, captioned "Friedrich von Schiller" in recognition of his 1802 ennoblement The first authoritative biography of Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in 1830, ' (Schiller's Life). The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in 1827 into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the Historical Cemetery of Weimar and later also Goethe's resting place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the skull of this skeleton is not Schiller's, and his tomb is now vacant."Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull in Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
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Sigismund von Neukomm Sigismond Neukomm or Sigismund Ritter von Neukomm [after ennoblement as a knight] (10 July 1778, in Salzburg – 3 April 1858, in Paris) was an Austrian composer and pianist. Neukomm first studied with the organist Weissauer and later studied theory under Michael Haydn, though his studies at Salzburg University were in philosophy and mathematics. He became honorary organist at the Salzburg University church in 1792, and was appointed chorus- master at the Salzburg court theater in 1796. Neukomm was kapellmeister at St. Petersburg's German theatre from 1804 to 1809, and in the 1810s he spent time in Brazil, South America, where he popularized the works of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Mozart.
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In the case of a woman who is a substantive peer in her own right, by succession or by first creation (i.e. ennoblement, most commonly in recent times under the Life Peerages Act 1958), her husband acquires no distinction in right of his wife. Thus, the husband of The Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone has no courtesy title; he was simply called "Mr Peter Bottomley" until he was knighted and became "Sir Peter Bottomley". In 2013, there was a private member's bill in the House of Lords to allow the spouse of a woman who holds an honour, if he or she enters civil partnership or marriage, to assume the title The Honourable.
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In 1370, the city sided with the King of France, Charles V, which earned it tax exemption and the ennoblement of several bourgeois families. But in 1373, the Duke of Lancastre appeared before the city and demanded that the gates be opened to him, and, in the absence of any command, a representative assembly of the population was convened and decided to carry out a new sacking. The pardon of the King of France for this betrayal took place in 1375. The black plague hit the city in 1348 and, on the evening of June 23rd, in despair, the city authorities decided to march behind a statue of Saint John to stop what was considered a divine scourge.
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In Switzerland, there was a great number of families of dynasties who were members of the Holy Roman Empire. Other cantons had rulers from the House of Savoy, or from the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Burgundy. This diversity prevented the birth of a state with monarchical central authority. As a general rule, Swiss nobility since the 14th century can be divided into three categories: #nobility acquired by inheritance, under the terms of the family right; #nobility resulting from the ennoblement of a commoner, or from the creation of a new title for someone who is already a noble; #nobility acquired by integration, as was the case in Reyff (1577) or Pontherose (1443).
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His divorces, brutality, atheism, and association with the boxing world made Queensberry an unpopular figure in London high society. In 1893 his eldest son Francis was made a baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, thus giving him an automatic seat in the House of Lords. Queensberry resented his son sitting in a chamber that had refused to admit him, leading to a bitter dispute between himself and both his son and the Earl of Rosebery, who had promoted Francis's ennoblement and who shortly thereafter became Prime Minister. Francis was killed in a shooting accident in 1894; the inquest returned an "accidental death" verdict, but his death may have been a suicide.
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Barons who received their title from the Holy Roman Emperor are sometimes known as "Barons of the Holy Roman Empire" ('), in order to distinguish them from other barons, although the title as such was simply '. Since the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, ' do not at present belong to the noble hierarchy of the realm. By a decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, their titles were nonetheless officially recognised. From 1806 the then independent German monarchies, such as Bavaria, Württemberg and Lippe could create their own nobility, including ' (although the Elector of Brandenburg had, as king of the originally exclusively extraterritorial Prussia even before that date, arrogated to himself the prerogative of ennoblement).
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Accession to it was dependent on a family's or, more rarely, an individual's merit and proven loyalty to the Crown in most cases over generations. Formal access was granted by the Monarch through letters of ennoblement and a family's status within the noble class was determined by continued and significant services to Crown and country. Living outside the laws of the nobility immediately revoked an individual's status and that of his descendants. Unlike many other European countries, power in Portugal was effectively centralised in the Crown, despite attempts to the contrary by the nobility, most notably during the reign of King João II, as was the capacity to confer nobility and other awards as well as to refuse them.
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Coat of arms of Ludwig von Mises's great-grandfather, Mayer Rachmiel Mises, awarded upon his 1881 ennoblement by Franz Joseph I of Austria Ludwig von Mises was born to Jewish parents in the city of Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Lviv, Ukraine). The family of his father, Arthur Edler von Mises, had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in the 19th century (Edler indicates a noble landless family) and they had been involved in financing and constructing railroads. His mother Adele (née Landau) was a niece of Dr. Joachim Landau, a Liberal Party deputy to the Austrian Parliament. Arthur von Mises was stationed in Lemberg as a construction engineer with the Czernowitz railway company.
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Kishwer Falkner, Baroness Falkner of Margravine (née Khan; born 9 March 1955) is a British politician and life peer who is a non-aligned member of the House of Lords. She was the Chairman of the EU Financial Affairs Sub-Committee in the House of Lords from 2015 to 2019. Prior to her ennoblement as a life peer with the title Baroness Falkner of Margravine, of Barons Court in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham on 2 June 2004, Falkner worked for the Liberal Democrats in the House of Commons and party headquarters including as Director of International Affairs and Director of Policy. She also worked at the Commonwealth Secretariat and as Chief Executive of Student Partnerships Worldwide.
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During the Bourbon Restoration, from February 15, 1815 to 1826, he became adjudant of the Château de Compiègne for the ultraroyalists. They were managed by Mathieu de Montmorency, minister of Foreign affairs (1821–1822) of the government of Joseph de Villèle and Durand Borel de Brétizel, with the agreement of the king, under the direction of the Count of Eugène François Léon de Béthune d'Hesdigneul and of Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle. In August 1822, he was promoted to colonel by king Louis XVIII and knight of the Order of Saint Louis. He changed his name to Deshayes, as in Deshayes de Cambronne, during the La Rochelle affair and the ennoblement of the general Pierre Cambronne.
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A particularly large Colombian emerald, originally the size of an apple, had been hollowed out to accommodate a Swiss watch movement dated to around 1600, signed by G. Ferlite. The items include a Byzantine gemstone cameo, a cameo of Queen Elizabeth I, an emerald parrot, and some fake gemstones made of carved and dyed quartz. A small red intaglio stone seal bears the arms of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, dating the burial of the hoard between his ennoblement in November 1640 and the Great Fire of London in September 1666, which destroyed the buildings above. Most of the gold is the "Paris touch" standard of 19.2 carats (80 per cent pure).
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When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, this event was the unprecedented succession of the three estate-based society in the German states as well as Freiburg which had been growing over the past centuries. Memorial plaque on the Martinstor for the burial militaries of Breisgau, who fell in the war against the French Revolutionary Army. In Breisgau, the first and spiritual state was the most important despite the secularisation of a part of the church's possessions, because of its abundant wealth, including the monasteries of St. Peter, St. Blasien and St. Trudpert. The second state included the old imperial aristocracy with its lands, but also the low-income knights established by the generous ennoblement of the Habsburgers.
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Cornerstone of the church Like other Unitarian congregations, UUCA is a liberal church that has been active in social justice causes and interfaith dialogue throughout its history. When UUCA was founded, church leaders wrote "Our Church like all Unitarian Churches, is dedicated to the progressive transformation and ennoblement of individual and social life through religion, in accordance with the advancing knowledge and the growing vision of mankind." In 1949, a time when most local organizations were segregated, the church operated a children's summer camp open to all races. During the 1950s, the church was one of the few places in Northern Virginia where black and white individuals met to discuss race relations and ways to improve society.
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In 1987, the Order of New Zealand was instituted as the supreme New Zealand honour. In 1996, Robin Cooke, a New Zealand judge, was awarded a life peerage. Following his ennoblement until his retirement at the age of 75, Lord Cooke sat in the British House of Lords as a Law Lord, and ex officio also in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which at that time was the highest authority in the New Zealand judicial system. Lord Cooke is the only Commonwealth judge from outside Britain to have attained this distinction (Lord Atkin was born in Australia but only spent the first three years of his life there before returning permanently to England and Wales).
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Ferens remained a modest man; he saw giving as a moral duty and repeatedly declined offers of ennoblement. In replying to the headmaster's speech when he visited Kingswood school in 1926, the King said: > The headmaster is right in assuming that I am already well acquainted with > Mr Ferens’s benefactions in other parts of the country; this is not the > first time I have been associated with him in this manner, and though I know > the last thing that he would want would be a public expression of thanks on > my part, I would like to be allowed to share in the debt of gratitude which > the Kingswood School owes him today.
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Stafford was elected MP for Banbury in 1554. Following his brother Thomas's rebellion, Edward was questioned by the Privy Council on 3 May 1557, but no connection was found. Edward followed his uncle Henry Stafford as Member of Parliament for Stafford in 1558 and 1559 and after his ennoblement was summoned to the House of Lords (1573–1593)Sampson Erdeswicke, Thomas Harwood, A survey of Staffordshire: containing the antiquities of that county, Printed for and by J. B. Nichols and Son, 1820, Google books. Retrieved 18 January 2010 From about 1574, Stafford was patron of a "Lord Stafford's Company of Players", who were first recorded appearing in Barnstaple, appearing often in public records for the next twenty-six years.
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Blaise Colomban Bender or (after his ennoblement in 1782) Blaise Colomban, Baron Bender (German - Blasius Columban Freiherr von Bender; 14 November 1713 20 September or 20 November 1798) was an officer for over sixty years in the Imperial Army or Kaiserliche Armee, the force directly recruited by the Holy Roman Emperor without the need for permission from the Imperial Diet. (This was distinct from the official Army of the Holy Roman Empire or Reichsheer, recruited by the Diet itself), whose archaic mode of recruitment in the many Circles of the Empire led to its losing its importance and the Imperial Army becoming the Empire's effective field force.) In his long career he fought in twenty-nine campaigns, twelve major battles and six sieges.
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95 The British historian Louise Atherton wrote that Lloyd was: "Idealistically, almost mystically, devoted to the British Empire, he advocated the use of force, if necessary, to maintain British control". He completed his term as governor in 1923 and was made a Privy Counsellor and GCSI. He returned to Parliament again for Eastbourne in 1924, serving until 1925, when he was made Baron Lloyd, of Dolobran in the County of Montgomery, called after his Welsh ancestral home. Following his ennoblement, he was appointed High Commissioner to Egypt, serving until his resignation was forced upon him by Labour Foreign Secretary Arthur Henderson in 1929. His views and experience formed the background of a self-justifying two-volume book, Egypt Since Cromer (published 1933–34).
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The English do not really love a > lord. What they love is the principle that originally lay behind > ennoblement. This was to impose a standard above that of mere wealth by > rewarding outstanding services to the crown, which preceded the nation-state > as the unifier in men’s lives, by admission to the orders of chivalry. It is > foolish in foreigners to sneer at the Englishman for loving titles when this > reveals a reverence for something higher than money. In practice robber- > barons may have become viscounts, knavish viscounts earls, and so upwards, > but the process only became finally ridiculous when it was extended beyond > the owners of acres and peasant “souls” to the owners of pieces of machinery > and shafts of coal.
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John Rolls, 1st Baron Llangattock John Allan Rolls (19 February 1837 – 24 September 1912), sheriff in 1875 and MP for Monmouthshire, 1880–1885, created Baron Llangattock of the Hendre, 1892. John Allan Rolls's ennoblement brought the family, and the house, to its social apogee, culminating in a visit from the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary), who stayed with Lord and Lady Llangattock at the Hendre in late October – early November 1900. The Duke and Duchess were taken on motor car excursions by Charles Rolls, probably the first time that the royal couple had been in a car. This was an important event in the family's social history, confirming their elevation to the upper echelons of society.
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Palacio de Mineria, Mexico City. The elevation of silver mining as a profession and the ennoblement of silver miners was a development of the eighteenth-century Bourbon Reforms Economically, Mexico City prospered as a result of its primacy. It was the capital of the viceroyalty, seat of the archbishopric, residence of civil and religious officials of all ranks, as well as wealthy merchants who engaged in international trade, but also the center of much regional trade. The establishment of a consulado de mercaderes (merchant guild) in Mexico City indicates the concentration and organization of this economic elite. The consulado was founded in Mexico City in 1594, controlled by peninsular wholesale merchants who dealt in long-distance trade, who often married into local elite families with commercial ties.
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The tradition of humanizing the world (represented by Confucianism) is marked by a belief that humans can find their place in the world by embracing an ethic of roles and the ennoblement of our relations with each other through this ethic of roles. Unger contends that this tradition, too, is unsuited to be a starting point for the religion of the future because it gives too much weight and authority to social structures and roles that may match the dispositions only of the most virtuous, conformist members of society. The picture of human morality presented by the tradition of humanizing the world is ultimately unrealistic, Unger contends, and fails to address in a satisfactory manner the flaws in human existence.
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Gradually, all the conversation gears towards the real winner, the hero-in-absentia: Amrit, an immensely talented and promising writer-poet who left the politics of the party circuit and literary societies to go live and work with the tribal community. Amrit, though not present in person, shows himself again and again in their conversations reminding them and viewers of their banality, deceit, and their utter callousness towards the inequities in society at large, which brings them at cross-purposes to the true aim of all art and artistic endeavours: the ennoblement of humanity. In a harrowing finale, which cuts to the heartland of the country, Amrit is shown to be murdered by the police as a "left-wing terrorist" approximately at the same time as the party was going on.
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Mannlicher joined the Austrian Arms Factory company at Steyr in Upper Austria, which under the name of Steyr Mannlicher soon became one of the largest weapon manufacturers in Europe. The model Mannlicher M1895 was widely used by the Austro-Hungarian Army up to World War I. In 1887 Mannlicher was awarded the 3rd class of the Order of the Iron Crown (Austria), he also received the Prussian Order of the Crown and the officier medal of the French Legion of Honour. On 14 December 1892 Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria vested him with the title of Ritter von (loosely translated to: 'knight of') due to his earlier ennoblement. In 1899 he was given a lifelong appointment to the Austrian Upper House (Österreichisches Herrenhaus) of the Imperial Council parliament.
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The Labordes were a well-to-do family of the middle-class originating from the region of Béarn in southwestern France which took the name Laborde de Monpezat, following the marriage of Jean Laborde to Catherine d'Arricau, dame de Monpezat on 16 August 1648. Letters patent of ennoblement were issued by Louis XIV of France in 1655.Dioudonnat, Pierre-Marie, Encyclopédie de la fausse noblesse et de la noblesse d'apparence, Paris, Sedopols, 1976-79 (2 vols), French, p.208 But the elevation in status depended legally upon the family's recognition as noble by the province of Béarn, where their lands were located, in the form of registration of the king's decree by the Béarnaise Estates which, in 1703 and again in 1707, rejected the Laborde de Monpezat petition for validation.
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Ashcroft has been described as a "tax exile", and for a number of years lived in the UK enjoying the controversial non-domiciled tax status. At the time of his ennoblement the Cabinet Office said that Ashcroft would be taking up permanent residence in the UK for tax purposes, an undertaking described in the newspapers as a "pledge" and a "gentleman's agreement", but he did not in fact claim to do so until a decade later, when a change in the law would have required him to quit the Lords, had he not done so. Then in 2017 it was revealed following the Paradise Papers leak of offshore investment documents that Lord Ashcroft remained a domicile of Belize despite having claimed to have given up his non-dom tax status in 2010.
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Founded in 2010 by Yalies dissatisfied with certain aspects of the Tory Party, the Federalist Party is the youngest conservative party within the Yale Political Union. It is a group of principled conservatives that seeks, according to its constitution, "to resist the errors of the age and to promote...the tempering of taste, the ennoblement of custom, the correction of judgment, the cultivation of virtue, and the perfection of friendship." The Federalist Party is particularly interested in debating the institutions--social, economic, religious, and political--that are foundational to the great American project. In addition to sharing a love of the Western Canon, classical aesthetic, and the traditional, American spirit on the debate floor, Federalists constantly encourage growth in virtue through party dinners, movie nights, outings, and alumni reunions.
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The king was also required to convene the sejm every two years; had no right to declare war or peace without approval of the sejm; had to abide by the Warsaw Confederation's guarantees of religious freedom; and finally, agreed that if the monarch were to transgress against the law or the privileges of the szlachta, the Articles authorized the szlachta to refuse the king's orders and act against him. This later became known, in Polish practice, as the rokosz. In this regard, each king was required to swear that "if anything has been done by Us against laws, liberties, privileges or customs, we declare all the inhabitants of the Kingdom are freed from obedience to Us". In 1576, the right of ennoblement, except in wartime, was passed from the king to the sejm.
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However, in most cases, such petty noble families were ultimately registered as nobles (the concept of "ancient nobility" was a loose one, in many cases demonstrated only by privileges enjoyed for a long time, for example in taxation or holding offices). Thus, quite many families confirmed in their nobility in the 17th century were presumably actually without any original royal ennoblement, but only became frälse by decisions of past royal bailiffs of castles and such. Nobility's marriages became restricted: generally, only a noblewoman was eligible for valid marriage of a nobleman in order to transmit the noble status to children. Because before 17th-century mass ennoblements, the number of nobles was actually only in hundreds, daughters of lower nobility became more often brides for wealthy Swedish noble families and even for magnate families.
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This helped a lot of low-nobility Finns to a more or less lucrative career. Due to the many wars, the crown needed a means to reward officers, and since cash was not plentiful, ennoblement and grants of land and other fiefs (rights to draw taxes) were used instead. During the 17th century, the number of noble families grew by a factor of five, an immense new influx being generated by royal ennoblements of hitherto commoners. (Most Swedish nobles derive their nobility no further than from ennoblements of the 17th century, usually military officers, or from 18th century ennoblements of usually civil servants.) In a few decades in midst of 17th century, the nobility's share of Swedish land rose from 16% to over 60%, which led to considerably lower tax incomes.
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Upon promulgation of the Weimar Constitution on 11 August 1919, all Germans were declared equal before the law.Article 109 of the Weimar Constitution constitutes: Adelsbezeichnungen gelten nur als Teil des Namens und dürfen nicht mehr verliehen werden ("Noble names are only recognised as part of the surname and may no longer be granted"). On 18 March 1919, the Landtag of the Free State of Bavaria enacted the Gesetz über die Aufhebung des Adels ("Act on the Abolition of the Nobility"), which eliminated (not nobility as a class or individual attribute per se, but) all noble privileges, and henceforth forbade Bavarians from accepting foreign ennoblement. Other German states enacted equivalent legislation. The Bavarian constitution of 1998 also bans the transfer, by way of adoption, of surnames containing formally noble attributes (§ 118, section 3).
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A member of the Conservative Party, he stood as a Parliamentary candidate for Hackney South in the 1951 general election, losing in a landslide to the Labour incumbent, Herbert Butler. He was elected in the 1955 general election for the safe Conservative seat of Epsom, and held the seat until it was abolished at the February 1974 general election. He was re-elected for the new Epsom and Ewell seat, which he held until his ennoblement in 1978. He was appointed Solicitor-General by Harold Macmillan in June 1962, following the Night of the Long Knives, receiving the customary knighthood, and served through the prosecution of the spy John Vassall (and subsequent resignation of a junior minister, Tam Galbraith) and the Profumo affair, in which his offer to resign was declined.
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Medieval theorists of nobility relied on earlier classical concepts (Platonic, Aristotelian and Christian-Hellenistic) of what personal traits and virtues constitute grounds for ennoblement. In Plato's Republic, he provides for promotion and degradation of citizens according to a strict spiritual meritocracy. In the words of Will Durant, "If the ruler's son is a dolt he falls at the first shearing; if the boot-black's son is a man of ability the way is clear for him to become a guardian of the state" (Durant, The Story of Philosophy, 1961, p. 28). In medieval times, heraldic writers cited biblical examples to demonstrate that nobility is not just a matter of descent but of personal virtue: Shem, Ham and Japheth sprang from the same father, yet Ham was ignoble and King David rose from shepherd to become king through sheer faith and soldierly courage.
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Friedrich Martens (circa 1900) on a 2014 Russian stamp The date and circumstances of his ennoblement are not clear. While it is undisputed that he called himself and was referred to as von or de Martens in publications since the early 1870s, this title might have been bestowed upon him either with one of the more distinguished Russian Orders, or with the title of a Privy Councillor (according to the Table of Ranks), or simply with his appointment as a full professor. He was never registered in the matriculae of the knightage of Livonia (Livländische Ritterschaft) or one of the other three Baltic knighthoods (that is of Estonia, Courland and Ösel/Saaremaa). His surname, Martens, is included in the Russian Heraldic Book No. 14, though it is uncertain if this entry relates to him or to another noble of the same name.
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However, neither the nobility nor hereditary title of the Laborde de Monpezats is acknowledged as historically valid by the Encyclopédie de la fausse noblesse et de la noblesse d'apparence () (Pierre- Marie Dioudonnat, Paris, 1976-1997), nor did Régis Valette include the family in his Catalogue de la noblesse française () (2002). Charondas describes in his book A quel titre (Volume 37, 1970) the Laborde de Monpezat as "false nobles, low folk in the 17th century, not received in the states of Béarn due to 'alleged nobility,' and as having never had nobility in their family." On the other hand, since the title was assumed by Prince Henrik's ancestor prior to the twentieth century, it is possible he was unaware of the misuse until his family's history was scrutinized by genealogists after his engagement. Henrik's 1996 autobiography acknowledges the unsuccessful ennoblement.
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This was a period which produced a myriad of two-word Swedish-language finery names for nobility (very favored prefixes were Adler, "noble"; Ehren - "ära", "honor"; Silfver, "silver"; and Gyllen, "golden"). The regular difference with Britain was that it became the new surname of the whole house, and the old surname was dropped altogether. To understand ennoblements better, we may think a noble as, using a Finnish example, Augustin Schaeffer, Lord Ehrensvärd when ennobled, but they did not continue to use the old, thus he was, starting from the ennoblement, "Lord Augustin Ehrensvärd". These centuries, particularly the centralization of government in the 17th century, saw a gradual mass exodus of Finnish nobility, almost all families of high nobility and a good portion of more capable others, from Finland to the capital of Sweden and manors therearound.
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Diederik Jacob van Tuyll van Serooskerken, Major General in the Russian army In 1822, The High Council of Nobility, declared members of the family were competent since early times to carry the oldest title of nobility, baron. They are "noblesse immemoriale", without ennoblement, predating 1351, from when on nobles of non-knightly origin were created in Italy. This does not correspond with the modern Dutch genealogists view that the family was originally a patrician, but not ancient noble family. The "baron de Tuyll" (Diederik Jacob, 1772–1826), Major General in the Russian army was Russian envoy at the court of the King of Portugal and Brazil, and from 1815 Russian plenipotentiary to the Holy See, had colloquies in regard to the union of the two Churches, and from 1822 to 1827, Russian minister to the United States and resident of Decatur House.
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After unsuccessfully contesting Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber at the 1983 general election, he was elected to the House of Commons in a by-election seven weeks later, following the ennoblement of William Whitelaw. In Margaret Thatcher's government, Maclean served as a government whip from 1987 to 1989, when he was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, retaining the position when John Major took over as Prime Minister in 1990. After the 1992 general election, he was promoted to Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, and in 1993, he was moved to the post of Minister of State at the Home Office, a position he held until the Conservative Party's defeat at the 1997 general election. He turned down an offer to join the Cabinet, probably as Minister for Agriculture, in 1995, stating that he was 'a round peg in a round hole'.
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Heraldic adoptions were part of a broad plan devised by the Polish nobility to pander to the aspirations of ambitious city burghers and patricians, thus securing political allies for themselves. Heraldic adoptions became particularly popular in the 15th century and the Polish nobility willingly adopted new members into their heraldic clans as they knew this would not entail any claims on their estates, for instance, from inheritance rights. Ennoblement involved specific diplomatic procedures and required aspiring city burghers and patricians to make various financial contributions on behalf of Poland's monarchy and nobility, for example through taxes, loans, endowments or gifts. Over time, Poland's nobles became increasingly reluctant to over-expand the nobility (or rather saw need to prevent it), since heraldic adoption was open to the possibility of abuse, adoption for a fee, buying nobility (especially by wealthy city burghers) and uncontrolled expansion of the nobility.
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Soldier nobility gained even some improvements to their position and wealth, whereas in general the noble class and its privileges were decreasing in importance during the harsh early Vasa kings. Soldier nobles from Finland benefited from this development. Already in the late Middle Ages, some distinction had been occasionally made between on one hand 'rälssi', tax exemption; and on the other hand a proper ennoblement. It was part of the custom that only kings were entitled to dub knights and ennoble, while in addition several other authorities, including at least important castellans of big castle fiefs, were able to grant tax exemption ('rälssi') to landholdings and useful local gentrymen. Only the increasing precision (and greed for tax revenues) of the Vasa kings brought implications of these differences afront in 16th century and particularly then in 17th century when the House of Knoghts and Nobility had been established.
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In old genealogies the Jägerhorn af Storby and Jägerskiöld families as well as other noble families with similar coats of arms were assumed to be of the same origin as Jägerhorn af Spurila. Later research has, however, not verified such conclusions. A family tree dated 1769 presents a legend about the origins of the Jägerhorn family, most likely inspired by the Song of Roland; this family tree also ties the Jägerhorn af Spurila, Jägerhorn af Storby and Jägerskiöld (von Jägerhorn) families together (translation from Swedish): > This family is so old that it is impossible to establish the time of > ennoblement with certainty. However, the forefathers of this family have > truthfully explained that the first head of the family was called Rötker > Ingesson, whom king Eric IX or Eric the Holy as he is called, took as his > squire due to the handsome appearance, unseen strength and manhood, during > the king's visit in Finland in the 1150s.
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Shortly after his electoral defeat, it was announced Goldsmith would continue to serve as a minister in the government by being awarded a life peerage and sitting as a member of the House of Lords. On 7 January 2020, he was created Baron Goldsmith of Richmond Park, of Richmond Park in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Goldsmith's ennoblement to the House of Lords was criticised by the Muslim Council of Britain as "rewarding racism", and by opposition politicians as being "cronyist" and "hypocritical" in light of a tweet Goldsmith had made in 2012 which described the House of Lords Reform Bill as being one that promoted "party apparatchiks" and "insulated" them from "democratic pressure". However, Labour MP and former Shadow Environment Secretary Kerry McCarthy said she believed Goldsmith was committed to the government's promise to maintain standards in environmental regulation after Brexit, adding: "because of that I welcome the fact that he is still around to carry on and do that work".
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Whether a relief (livery of seisin) was not paid, no heirs existed or through attainder, Ashley Manor escheated to the Crown before and after Berkeley's ownership as was common of many manorial estates in that period. The manor and Walton Lee and Walton Meads were granted (that is to say, the chief tenancy of the same) by James I of England to Henry Gibb in 1625; but the house may already have been long-let to wealthy tenants - it was long leased by 1630 to the brother of the King's favourite (the Duke of Buckingham) Christopher Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey who lived at Ashley Park and died in Windsor in April 1630. It may have been he who extended the estate as he was before ennoblement successively Gentleman of the Horse; Gentleman of the Bedchamber; Master of the Robes and five years after being granted his earldom Chief Steward or Keeper of the Honour of Hampton Court in 1628 supplemented by that of Bushy Park the year after.
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This high number of lower nobility in Finland is explained to come from its military location, there having been a constant need of tapping the frälse system for troops and officers which led to a high number of ennoblements to Finland, whereas Sweden proper had lived more peacefully as to foreign wars and additionally had its nobility axed from time to time by civil war. According to several precedents, medieval nobility was inheritable in female line in case of extinction of male line (and sometimes just because of inheritance of the manor with frälse status), shown for example by the accepted introductions (registrations) of later Stiernkors, Carpelan and Kurck female-line families to the rolls of nobility. There was a special group of petty nobility, the so-called knapadel, derived from the last centuries of the Middle Ages, who generally were not able to produce a royal letter of ennoblement to support their status. Regarding certain districts where there existed a disproportionally high number of such families, their introduction to the House of Nobility was often denied.
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