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Antonio Fernandez Carvajal (c. 1590November 10, 1659)—in —was a Portuguese- Jewish merchant, who became the first endenizened English Jew.
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Abraham Harache was born in 1661 and was baptized at Quevilly on 9 October. He, like his brother, was a master goldsmith by the time he arrived in London although he appears to have been a smallworker (producing mostly spoons and snuff boxes). He was here by 22 August 1686Huguenot Society Quarto Series, 21, p.136 but was not endenizened until March 1700Huguenot Society Quarto Series,, 18, p.
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There were additional commercial restrictions on endenizened Jews and they had to have the approval of the British Parliament to own real estate. As Sampson Gideon and Joseph Salvador had provided a useful service to the Hanoverian-Whiggish regime against their rivals, they were confident enough to lobby Henry Pelham to introduce the Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 to Parliament. Jews and Dissenters in British America had already achieved naturalisation with the Plantation Act 1740 (this was not extended to Catholics).
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Gideon was ambitious and wished to found a dynasty with vast landed estate interests in England (as the Rothschid family would go on to successfully achieve in the next century). However, it was not entirely clear whether Jews could legally own property in England.. Jews had gradually began to resettle in England during the times of Cromwell, having been barred from the country since the Edict of Expulsion at the close of the 13th century. In the previous century, Gideon's fellow Sephardi, Antonio Fernandez Carvajal, had become the first endenizened Jew. However, following the English Reformation, those who did not conform to the Church of England (including English Dissenters and Catholics, as well as Jews) could not hold office, be called to the bar, obtain a naval commission, study for a university degree or vote in elections.
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Jeremy Harache arrived in England by 16 September 1683 (Huguenot Society Quarto Series,, 21, p. 136). He was born in Rouen in 1654 and was baptized at Le Grand-Quevilly on 26 May. Neither his mark nor examples of his work have, as yet, been identified and he returned to France in 1697, where he died before 1702. Jeremy was followed in 1686 by his brothers Pierre Harache (junior) and Abraham. Pierre Harache (junior) was baptised at Quevilly 11 April 1653 (Societe du Parler Français) and was only distantly related to Pierre Harache (the elder). He was endenizened 29 September 1698, possibly having worked as a journeyman for his namesake until then, and was made free of the Goldsmiths’ Company 24 October 1698. He entered three marks at Goldsmiths’ Hall as a largeworker 25 October 1698 giving his address as Compton Street (Mark Book-Goldsmiths' Hall, London). In 1703 he took Jacques des Rumeaux as his apprentice but was in receipt of Royal Bounty between 1714 and 1717, when he returned to France, giving his address at that time as Grafton Street.
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