160 Sentences With "encrypted message" | Random Sentence Generator

Mueller claims Manafort recently sent the potential witness an encrypted message.

Echo sent a lightly-encrypted message to Bravo rather than replying aloud.

"TheShadowBrokers no arrested," someone from the group wrote in an encrypted message.

Media have reported that Masood sent an encrypted message moments before the attack.

"TheShadowBrokers no arrested," someone from the group wrote in an encrypted message in December.

That can be on the phone, by text or encrypted message, or in person.

An encrypted message feature could help keep users on Twitter and away from other services.

Click it, or hit Alt+S to open the Shhlack panel to send an encrypted message.

However, a channel on the encrypted message app Telegram remains online and has more than 3,500 followers.

ProtonMail gives you the option to send an encrypted message to someone with a non-ProtonMail account.

Lythgoe sent an encrypted message to other members which urged them to be inspired by Mair's attack.

When you send an end-to-end encrypted message, no one else can read it -- not even us.

When you send an end-to-end encrypted message, no one else can read it – not even us.

This way the signature would be extracted before the image is encrypted, and then transmitted alongside the encrypted message.

Dubbed "sealed sender," the messaging app will soon hide a sender's information inside the envelope of an encrypted message.

In one encrypted message, prosecutors said, Mr. Le said he might need some of the doses placed inside capsules.

To test the hack, the researchers first sent the target a specific ciphertext—in other words, an encrypted message.

Thank you too :> *Interviews were conducted over encrypted message and names changed; the interviews have been lightly edited for clarity.

Can't believe Trumo [sic] hasn't fired this b----,' Robert F. Hyde wrote in an encrypted message to Parnas on March 23.

It forces spies or snoops to go directly to the sender or recipient to read the content of the encrypted message.

These sounds felt to me like a crucial directional aid, an encrypted message on a map of my future, an aural Polaris.

This way, the contents of the encrypted message won't live on Google's servers, and when ProtonMail eventually erases the message it's actually gone.

After the changes take effect, a Facebook user could send an encrypted message to someone who has only a WhatsApp account, for example.

Kermiche frequently communicated with scores of followers on Telegram, a private communication channel whose encrypted message system makes tracking chatter difficult for intelligence agencies.

However, if its messaging services are integrated, users would be able to send an encrypted message to someone's phone number in WhatsApp from Messenger.

This would also allow a service provider like Facebook to screen for known images of abuse without fully revealing the content of the encrypted message.

One element that prompted the authorities to act was the interception of encrypted message traffic with Syria, a Fresnes prison staff representative, Cedric Boyer, said.

This is different from traditional encryption, where an attacker could intercept an encrypted message, store it, and use a quantum computer to decipher the code.

Messaging your gun-toting, drug-trafficking friends by way of encrypted message isn't proof that you're a gun-toting drug-trafficker, an Ontario court has ruled.

"With the ability to message across our services, however, you'd be able to send an encrypted message to someone's phone number in WhatsApp from Messenger," Zuckerberg wrote.

After the changes, a Facebook user, for instance, will be able send an encrypted message to someone who has only a WhatsApp account, according to the report.

You can send an encrypted message in Slack once Shhlack is installed simply by either clicking on the colorful lock icon, or hitting Alt + S. At this point, make sure you use the passphrase that you have shared with the friend or colleague you want to send the encrypted message to and voilà: to you and the people who have the shared key, the message will be readable.

Encrypted message apps like Signal, Telegram, and WhatsApp apparently spiked in popularity after Trump's election, and the Clinton campaign reportedly adopted Signal after the DNC hack was discovered.

The bitcoin address allegedly used to transfer the funds was sent in a PGP encrypted message, however, so Motherboard cannot independently verify that a payment indeed took place.

The current record for teleportation of quantum states in this way was set in 2012, when researchers sent a quantum-encrypted message between two of the Canary islands, 143km apart.

After the changes, a Facebook user, for instance, will be able send an encrypted message to someone who has only a WhatsApp account, according to the New York Times report.

It started with a single, encrypted message to the Suddeutsche Zeitung, and what it has become is, quite simply, the biggest leak of private documents yet seen on the Internet.

If it can be thus decrypted, that serves to establish the identity of the sender of an encrypted message (assuming, of course, that the private key has not been stolen).

After he used TrueCrypt, he was to upload the encrypted message folder onto a Turkish commercial data storage site, from where it would be downloaded by his handler in Syria.

A day earlier, the Justice Department called on Apple to break the encryption on its phones, and it has pushed for so-called back doors on Facebook's encrypted message services.

Local media have reported that shortly before launching an attack that killed four people including a policeman near Britain's parliament in central London, Khalid Masood sent an encrypted message via Whatsapp.

Local media have reported that shortly before launching an attack that killed four people including a policeman near Britain's parliament in central London, Khalid Masood sent an encrypted message via WhatsApp.

The letter's signatories include Matthew Green, professor of cryptography at Johns Hopkins University who has previously written about a related issue with key verification in iMessage, Apple's end-to-end encrypted message service.

Where technology and economics collide Minutes before he drove a car into a crowd of people in Westminster on March 22, killing four and injuring others, Khalid Masood sent an encrypted message over WhatsApp.

To send an encrypted message in Tails, the email app Ice Dove communicates with your password and key manager and seals the message with the recipient's public key, which is then sent through servers.

These include applications of the more abstruse aspects of quantum mechanics to computation and cryptography, an area where China is a world leader: it was the first country to send a quantum-encrypted message via a satellite.

The encrypted message from the number used by the crown prince is believed to have included a malicious file that infiltrated the phone Bezos had used and extracted large amounts of data within hours, the report said.

Stephanie Kirchgaessner reports: The encrypted message from the number used by Mohammed bin Salman is believed to have included a malicious file that infiltrated the phone of the world's richest man, according to the results of a digital forensic analysis.

Normally if a classically encrypted message is intercepted, this message can be saved by the eavesdropper who can then keep trying different ways of cracking the code or wait until they have extra outside information that will help them crack the code.

The Washington Post reports that the researchers created software to mimic an Apple server, and targeted their attack at an encrypted message which included a link to a photo stored in Apple's iCloud and a 64-digit key to decrypt the photo.

The Guardian reported Tuesday that forensic investigators ruled it was "highly probable" that an encrypted message from the crown prince had contained a malicious file that was able to steal data from Bezos's phone after a conversation between the two in May 2018.

Moreover, if you do take the proper steps and send an encrypted message to your friend, they'll end up with a sketchy notification on their phone, masking your identity and the message's contents: It's a bit inelegant, and there's plenty of room for error.

" Options for contacting the hotline: "Send a secure, end-to-end encrypted message with Signal or Whatsapp: +1-740-480-1850 ... Send an SMS message to: +1-740-480-1850 ... Call and leave a digital voice message: +1-740-480-1850 ... Email: tips@newsguardtech.

The emails, which we received under the Freedom of Information Act, are redacted in a manner suggesting that Morell and Sanger discussed sensitive national security information, and show that on at least one occasion, a CIA public affairs officer sent Sanger an encrypted message via email.

In the days that followed and through April, Manafort and Kilimnik suggested the two witnesses who worked on the Hapsburg group project say the group focused on Europe and "never lobbied in the US," according to an encrypted message between Kilimnik and one witness that prosecutors obtained.

Louis Beam was an architect of the movement, and furthered the idea of "leaderless resistance" — what we would now think of as cell-style terrorism — as well as pioneering Liberty Net, encrypted message boards that the white power movement started using by 1984, decades before Facebook.

"The attack scenario in this case is a motivated, technically savvy user who wishes to artificially inflate his or her level of reported exercise, or otherwise insert false fitness events into their historical timeline," Andrew Hilts, the lead researcher behind the report, told me in an encrypted message.

Local media have reported that British-born Khalid Masood sent an encrypted message moments before killing four people last week by ploughing his car into pedestrians and fatally stabbing a policeman as he tried to get into parliament in an 82-second attack that struck terror in the heart of London.

Democrats slam alleged politicization of Trump State Department after IG report MORE (D-Md.) wrote in a letter to White House counsel Pat Cipollone on Thursday that the panel gained confirmation from Kushner's attorney Abbe Lowell in December of last year that Kushner "continues to use" the encrypted message service for government business.

Screenshot: BriarA similar sort of principle is deployed with tracking tags like Tile, and will soon be introduced with Apple's Find My app—other users with the right app installed can be anonymously enlisted to broaden the network, whether that's to track down a missing MacBook or pass on an encrypted message.

But if your email is intercepted, the attack allows for the ciphertext—the "gobblydy gook" that makes up an encrypted message—to be altered in a way that once decrypted, the plaintext version of the message may be automatically transmitted back to the attacker, if you are using one of the affected email clients.

In the same letter, Cummings said the committee has learned senior White House adviser and President TrumpDonald John TrumpFacebook releases audit on conservative bias claims Harry Reid: 'Decriminalizing border crossings is not something that should be at the top of the list' Recessions happen when presidents overlook key problems MORE's son-in-law Jared KushnerJared Corey KushnerPresident tweets 'few work harder' than Ivanka, Jared PETA billboard in Baltimore calls Kushner a 'rich pest' Top immigration aide experienced 'jolt of electricity to my soul' when Trump announced campaign MORE, who is married to Ivanka Trump, has conducted official government business using the encrypted message service WhatsApp.

The IBCPRE is designed so that only if the tag of an encrypted message matches with the tag of a re- encryption key can the encrypted message be re-encrypted.

The Interlock protocol works roughly as follows: # Alice encrypts her message with Bob's key, then sends half her encrypted message to Bob. # Bob encrypts his message with Alice's key and sends half of his encrypted message to Alice. # Alice then sends the other half of her message to Bob, who sends the other half of his. The strength of the protocol lies in the fact that half of an encrypted message cannot be decrypted.

For example, suppose that a bank uses a stream cipher to hide its financial information, and a user sends an encrypted message containing, say, "." If an attacker can modify the message on the wire, and can guess the format of the unencrypted message, the attacker could be able to change the amount of the transaction, or the recipient of the funds, e.g. "". Malleability does not refer to the attacker's ability to read the encrypted message. Both before and after tampering, the attacker cannot read the encrypted message.

Step 5: Send Encrypted Message to Remailer :Prepare an email to send to the Cypherpunk remailer using the following template: :: Encrypted: PGP -----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE----- -----END PGP MESSAGE----- :Then send it.

Bob encrypts the ciphertext again, using the same scheme as Alice but with another key. When decrypting this double encrypted message, if the encryption scheme is commutative, it will not matter who decrypts first.

The sender encrypts the message m with the key s and sends the encrypted message E(s,m) to the receiver. # The receiver chooses a private encryption key r and a corresponding decryption key q and super-encrypts the first message E(s,m) with the key r and sends the doubly encrypted message E(r,E(s,m)) back to the sender. # The sender decrypts the second message with the key t. Because of the commutativity property described above D(t,E(r,E(s,m)))=E(r,m) which is the message encrypted with only the receiver's private key.

Padding an encrypted message can make traffic analysis harder by obscuring the true length of its payload. The choice of length to pad a message to may be made either deterministically or randomly; each approach has strengths and weaknesses that apply in different contexts.

Mandatory decryption is technically a weaker requirement than key disclosure, since it is possible in some cryptosystems to prove that a message has been decrypted correctly without revealing the key. For example, using RSA public-key encryption, one can verify given the message (plaintext), the encrypted message (ciphertext), and the public key of the recipient that the message is correct by merely re-encrypting it and comparing the result to the encrypted message. Such a scheme is called undeniable, since once the government has validated the message they cannot deny that it is the correct decrypted message.Desmedt, Yvo and Burmester, Mike and Seberry, Jennifer.

Pleven, 1877. During the Russo-Turkish war of 1877, an encrypted message is mysteriously altered, leading to strategic gains by the Turks. Fandorin, an agent of the Third Section (Russia's secret police), is ordered to find the Turkish spy before more damage to the Russian cause is done.

Deniable encryption allows the sender of an encrypted message to deny sending that message. This requires a trusted third party. A possible scenario works like this: #Bob suspects his wife Alice is engaged in adultery. That being the case, Alice wants to communicate with her secret lover Carl.

In cryptography, the Rip van Winkle cipher is a provably secure cipher with a finite key, assuming the attacker has only finite storage. The cipher requires a broadcaster (perhaps a numbers station) publicly transmitting a series of random numbers. The sender encrypts a plaintext message by XORing it with the random numbers, then holding it some length of time T. At the end of that time, the sender finally transmits the encrypted message. The receiver holds the random numbers the same length of time T. As soon as the receiver gets the encrypted message, he XORs it with the random numbers he remembers were transmitted T ago, to recover the original plaintext message.

If all but the final letter of the encrypted keys matched, then they would have the same rotor positions except for the right rotor. The problem was the British were not matching plaintext message keys (as the Poles) but rather encrypted message keys, so the last letter of the encrypted message key did not have a natural "ABCDE...WXYZ" ordering but rather an arbitrary order. Rather than looking at just two offset, the British had to look at all the possible offsets and infer enough of the third wheel order before they could determine the right rotor. Correctly guessing the last rotor could save the British a lot of valuable Bombe time.

While there they decide to destroy it. They send an encrypted message to Raynar's mom requesting help. As the young Jedi plant explosives, the Diversity Alliance shows up with a small armada. The rest of them as well as a general of Nolaa's had been left behind to handle Luke and his investigators.

Germany sold this version to neutral countries to accrue foreign exchange. Hasenjaeger was presented with a 100 character encrypted message for analysis. He subsequently found a weakness which enabled the identification of the correct wiring rotors, and also the appropriate rotor positions, which enabled him to successfully decrypt the messages. Further success eluded him however.

Matt receives an encrypted message announcing a serious enemy attack. MacIntyre informs Matt that Lieutenant Kim-Sun is not able to fly due to the illness of his sister, but Matt needs every man. Kim-Sun dies in the crash of his aircraft and, as a consequence, the pilots blame Matt. MacIntyre suspects that Kim-Sun's aircraft was sabotaged.

Most governments and large corporations could reasonably build a machine like Deep Crack. Six months later, in response to RSA Security's DES Challenge III, and in collaboration with distributed.net, the EFF used Deep Crack to decrypt another DES-encrypted message, winning another $10,000. This time, the operation took less than a day – 22 hours and 15 minutes.

Sixteen keys were repeated at least once. The encrypted key "SYX SCV" was used five times; it corresponded to the message key "AAA". The encrypted message key "RJL WPX" was used four times; it corresponded to "BBB". That they all came up with the same key suggests they used a very simple or very common key.

Injecting traffic means inserting forged encrypted messages into the network. It may be done if either the key is known (to generate new messages), or if the key is not known and only an encrypted message and plaintext message is gathered, through comparison of the two. Programs able to do the latter are Aireplay and WepWedgie.

The story is about a boy, Yūta Akikawa, who is afraid of computers. His family moves to Kamimai City, a technologically advanced city, where his mother works. The same day, he receives a mysterious encrypted message from an anonymous source. When he opens this, he is transported into the Net World, meeting three Web Ghosts known as Pit, Pot, and Pat.

A second-order automaton based on that rule is run for several rounds on an input to transform it into an encrypted output. The reversibility property of the automaton ensures that any encrypted message can be decrypted by running the same system in reverse. In this system, keys must be kept secret, because the same key is used both for encryption and decryption.

Max later sells scavenged computer parts to a shop where Simon works. Though Max brushes off Simon's attempts to make conversation, he later comes back to request aid in decoding an encrypted message Eric sent him. Max is disappointed to learn that Simon has quit his job to work for Vopo, as he believes Vopo to be untrustworthy. Simon easily accesses Eric's message.

J.J. Abrams paid six figures for the rights to a New York Times article about the apartment entitled "Mystery on Fifth Avenue." After Abrams bought the rights to the article, Clough left him a response in the form of an encrypted message, which was meant to be pointed out to Abrams via another New York Times article, "Monumentally Mystifying: Power of Secrets Inspires Public Art".

Chatt Rhuller is an Interstellar Transportation Commission (ITC) field agent on assignment to Planet Rheom 1. A research facility has been established there, currently engaged on the SATIN Project. Dr. Victoria Fayn, the head of the project, has killed a fellow scientist, Geopp, allegedly in self-defense. Subsequently, Chatt is sent to investigate the incident and to deliver an encrypted message to Dr. Fayn.

Several of the characters in the book communicate with each other through the use of One-time pads. A one-time pad (OTP) is an encryption technique that requires a single- use pre-shared key of at least the same length as the encrypted message. The story posits a variation of the OTP technique wherein there is no pre-shared key - the key is instead generated algorithmically.

On 15 September 1938, the Germans changed their procedures so that the messages on a network did not use the same Grundstellung. The change would complicate the clock method because the message key was no longer easily known. The British codebreakers extended the clock method; see Banburismus. German naval Enigma messages used the same Grundstellung, and the British codebreakers could determine the encrypted message keys.

Members select a game they want to play on the StreamMyGame website, the website sends an encrypted message to the Server, the Server starts the game and captures its video and audio. The captured video and audio is sent to a Player via Real Time Streaming Protocol and displayed. The Player captures keyboard and mouse commands and sends these back to the Server where they are used to control the game.

They hadn't completely solved the problems either, but they had at least managed to get it through the heads of most of their signalmen that if they didn't have time to properly encrypt a message, they shouldn't bother trying; send the message unencrypted, or "in the clear". A partially or badly encrypted message could undermine a cipher or code system, sometimes completely, which made an unencrypted message far preferable.

The story revolves around a local orphanage during the holiday. One orphan girl Varya, makes other children believe that her father is the Russian president. They promise to stop harassing her if her father blesses her with an encrypted message during the traditional televised New Year's Address. She does not know what to do, and her friend Vova tries to help and tells her about the Six Degrees of Separation theory.

At the start of their message, they exchange public keys, unencrypted over an insecure line. Alice then encrypts a message using her private key, and then re-encrypts that result using Bob's public key. The double-encrypted message is then sent as digital data over a wire from Alice to Bob. Bob receives the bit stream and decrypts it using his own private key, and then decrypts that bit stream using Alice's public key.

However, at 9:30 am he received and decoded the Playfair-encrypted message, "PT Boat 109 lost in action in Blackett Strait two miles SW Meresu Cove. Crew of twelve. Request any information." Evans dispatched one of his five teams of Solomon Islander scouts, Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, in dugout canoes to find the crew, and coordinated the rescue efforts via encrypted messages until PT-109's survivors were rescued on August 7.

Deniable encryption makes it impossible to prove the existence of the plaintext message without the proper decryption key. This may be done by allowing an encrypted message to be decrypted to different sensible plaintexts, depending on the key used. This allows the sender to have plausible deniability if compelled to give up his or her encryption key. The notion of "deniable encryption" was used by Julian Assange and Ralf Weinmann in the Rubberhose filesystemSee .

Suppose Alice uses Bob's public key to send him an encrypted message. In the message, she can claim to be Alice but Bob has no way of verifying that the message was actually from Alice since anyone can use Bob's public key to send him encrypted messages. In order to verify the origin of a message, RSA can also be used to sign a message. Suppose Alice wishes to send a signed message to Bob.

During the Second World War, the town hosted a base of a German military radio network, codenamed BROWN, which transmitted data regarding experimental weapon developments, including rocketry. From this location the last ENIGMA-code encrypted message of the war was transmitted on 7 May 1945. It reported the arrival of British troops and ends: "Closing down for ever - all the best - goodbye." Between 1945 and 1964 various civilian experiments in rocketry were performed near Cuxhaven.

Germany sold this version to neutral countries to accrue foreign exchange. Hasenjaeger was presented with a 100 character encrypted message for analysis and found a weakness which enabled the identification of the correct wiring rotors and also the appropriate rotor positions, to decrypt the messages. Further success eluded him however. He crucially failed to identify the most important weakness of the Enigma machine: the lack of fixed points (letters encrypting to themselves) due to the reflector.

In the original version of CipherSaber (now called CipherSaber-1 or CS1), each encrypted message begins with a random ten-byte initialization vector (IV). This IV is appended to the CipherSaber key to form the input to the RC4 key setup algorithm. The message, XORed with the RC4 keystream, immediately follows. The Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir attack on RC4 has rendered CipherSaber-1 vulnerable if a large number (>1000) messages are sent with the same CipherSaber key.

A Cypherpunk remailer sends the message to the recipient, stripping away the sender address on it. One can not answer a message sent via a Cypherpunk remailer. The message sent to the remailer can usually be encrypted, and the remailer will decrypt it and send it to the recipient address hidden inside the encrypted message. In addition, it is possible to chain two or three remailers, so that each remailer can't know who is sending a message to whom.

In 2012, the skeleton of a carrier pigeon was found inside a home chimney in Bletchingley, Surrey, in the southeast United Kingdom. Inside a red canister attached to one of its legs was an encrypted message handwritten on a Pigeon Service form. The message was addressed to "XO2," which is thought to be RAF Bomber Command, and is signed "W Stot Sjt." It is believed to have been sent from France on June 6, 1944 during the World War II D-day invasion.

A threshold cryptosystem, the basis for the field of threshold cryptography, is a cryptosystem that protects information by encrypting it and distributing it among a cluster of fault-tolerant computers. The message is encrypted using a public key, and the corresponding private key is shared among the participating parties. With a threshold cryptosystem, in order to decrypt an encrypted message or to sign a message, several parties (more than some threshold number) must cooperate in the decryption or signature protocol.

In such a system, any person can encrypt a message using the receiver's public key, but that encrypted message can only be decrypted with the receiver's private key. Robust authentication is also possible. A sender can combine a message with a private key to create a short digital signature on the message. Anyone with the sender's corresponding public key can combine the same message and the supposed digital signature associated with it to verify whether the signature was valid, i.e.

In the "Road to Empyre," Teddy Altman is made a mysterious offer at the cost of leaving Billy Kaplan. He accepts the offer which was to become the new ruler of the Kree-Skrull Alliance, adopting the mantle of "Dorrek VIII," and beginning the preparations of invading the Earth for "the final war."Incoming! #1. Marvel Comics. General G'iah under the alias of "Gloria Warner" sends an encrypted message to the Skrull High Command about the progress of Project Blossom.

A message encoded with this type of encryption could be decoded with the fixed number on the Caesar Cipher. Around 800 A.D., Arab mathematician Al-Kindi developed the technique of frequency analysis - which was an attempt to systematically crack Caesar ciphers. This technique looked at the frequency of letters in the encrypted message to determine the appropriate shift. This technique was rendered ineffective after the creation of the Polyalphabetic cipher by Leone Alberti in 1465, which incorporated different sets of languages.

Less formally it is a description of who needs to cooperate with whom in order to access the resource. In its original use in cryptography, the resource was a secret shared among the participants. Only subgroups of participants contained in the access structure, are able to join their shares to recompute the secret. More generally, the resource can also be a task that a group of people can complete together, such as creating a digital signature, or decrypting an encrypted message.

Which follows the motivation of the Moving Target Defense paradigm. In order to establish an encrypted channel using the Dynamic Encryption principle the sender and receiver first negotiates a key and then the sender picks a cipher from a large pool of ciphers and sends that together with the encrypted message. It is possible to construct a dynamic encryption system, from known ciphers (such as AES, DES, etc.), such that all encryption algorithms generated from this system are at least as secure as the static underlying cipher.

The values of the salt and the number of iterations (if it is not fixed) are stored with the hashed password or sent as cleartext (unencrypted) with an encrypted message. The difficulty of a brute force attack increases with the number of iterations. A practical limit on the iteration count is the unwillingness of users to tolerate a perceptible delay in logging into a computer or seeing a decrypted message. The use of salt prevents the attackers from precomputing a dictionary of derived keys.

British Telecom launched BT Secure Mail and Encrypted Message Exchange (BT EMX) based on public key infrastructure (PKI) in October 2007. MessageLabs, a provider of integrated messaging and web security services, launched Echoworx policy based encryption and was later acquired by Symantec in October 2008. Apptix is an application service provider (ASP) technology company providing hosted business services (or software as a service) for small and medium-sized businesses. It provided Apptix Secure Mail powered by Echoworx as part of its Hosted Email Security Services portfolio.

In cryptography, a keystream is a stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext). The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual characters like A-Z depending on the usage case. Usually each character in the keystream is either added, subtracted or XORed with a character in the plaintext to produce the ciphertext, using modular arithmetic. Keystreams are used in the one-time pad cipher and in most stream ciphers.

Terrorists may employ various countersurveillance techniques, including the use of non-electronic messengers to avoid interception, employ encrypted message systems, or exploit public Internet connections such as Internet cafes. The actual interception of messages is probably not done by the CIA, but by NSA or possibly Service Cryptologic Elements (SCE): tactical SIGINT detachments attached to military tactical units. Important communications intercepts have been achieved, with the results clearly available to the CIA. There are cases, however, where a joint CIA-NSA organization places clandestine intercept equipment.

In an identity-based conditional proxy re- encryption (IBCPRE) system, users set their public keys as unique identities of the users. One of the main advantages of using identity-based cryptographic algorithms is the elimination of public key certificates which can help enhance the usability of the target security applications. The term ‘Conditional’ in IBCPRE refers to an additional feature, which allows each encrypted message to have a ‘tag’ associated with. In addition to the tag, each re-encryption key also has a ‘tag’ attached.

However, the occupation of the Net was a diversion by Nebula while they searched for "The Hikari Report", a research project by Lan's grandfather Dr. Hikari. Starting with a clue from an encrypted message on Yuichiro's lab computer, Lan and MegaMan.EXE discover digital snapshots of the real world in the past called VisionBursts which are hidden in the net. By piecing together clues left by Dr. Hikari in these areas, they discover he hid the Hikari Report in one of the VisionBursts, but Regal finds it first and claims it.

If their otherwise random attacks on the cipher managed to sometimes produce those words or (preferably) phrases, they would know they might be on the right track. When those words or phrases appeared, they would feed the settings they had used to reveal them back into the whole encrypted message to good effect. In the case of Enigma, the German High Command was very meticulous about the overall security of the Enigma system and understood the possible problem of cribs. The day-to-day operators, on the other hand, were less careful.

An encrypted message from the time of the Man in the Iron Mask (decrypted just prior to 1900 by Étienne Bazeries) has shed some, regrettably non-definitive, light on the identity of that real, if legendary and unfortunate, prisoner. Outside of Europe, after the Mongols brought about the end of the Islamic Golden Age, cryptography remained comparatively undeveloped. Cryptography in Japan seems not to have been used until about 1510, and advanced techniques were not known until after the opening of the country to the West beginning in the 1860s.

Encryption in modern times is achieved by using algorithms that have a key to encrypt and decrypt information. These keys convert the messages and data into "digital gibberish" through encryption and then return them to the original form through decryption. In general, the longer the key is, the more difficult it is to crack the code. This holds true because deciphering an encrypted message by brute force would require the attacker to try every possible key. To put this in context, each binary unit of information, or bit, has a value of 0 or 1.

A further source of information became available in 2001. The Höfle Telegram was an encrypted message sent to Berlin on 31 December 1942 by Operation Reinhard deputy commander Hermann Höfle, detailing the number of Jews deported by DRB to each of the Operation Reinhard death camps up to that point. Discovered among declassified documents in Britain, it shows that by the official count of the German Transport Authority 713,555 Jews were sent to Treblinka in 1942. The number of deaths was probably higher, according to the Armia Krajowa communiqués.

Cryptographic primitives are modeled by abstract operators. For example, asymmetric encryption for a user x is represented by the encryption function E_x and the decryption function D_x. Their main properties are that their composition is the identity function (D_x E_x = E_x D_x = 1) and that an encrypted message E_x(M) reveals nothing about M. Unlike in the real world, the adversary can neither manipulate the encryption's bit representation nor guess the key. The attacker may, however, re-use any messages that have been sent and therefore become known.

Multiple encryption is the process of encrypting an already encrypted message one or more times, either using the same or a different algorithm. It is also known as cascade encryption, cascade ciphering, multiple encryption, and superencipherment. Superencryption refers to the outer-level encryption of a multiple encryption. Some cryptographers, like Matthew Green of Johns Hopkins University, say multiple encryption addresses a problem that mostly doesn’t exist: Modern ciphers rarely get broken... You’re far more likely to get hit by malware or an implementation bug than you are to suffer a catastrophic attack on AES.

Since the revision of street names in 1885, this alley is, however, made part of the western section. cartouche at Number 4. Over the porch of Number 4 is a sandstone cartouche dating back to the 1670s and displaying the message: : "dVM sChoLa teVton ICI CoetVs eXstrVCta VIgesCIt, eXsVrget StVdIIs gLorIa IVsta pIIs" a Latin sentence meaning "As long as the school of the German parish prosper, conscientious studies will bring true honour". The Latin numbers in the sentence - an encrypted message - summon up to the year 1670.

General G'iah under the alias of "Gloria Warner" sends an encrypted message to the Skrull High Command about the progress of Project Blossom. Her mate Colonel Klrr uses the alias of "Carl Warner" and they have three daughters named Alice, Ivy, and Madison. They suffered a setback when they lost Ivy and Klrr was killed when the family was betrayed by their handler Moloth. Before his death, Carl discovered that Ivy was still alive and her blood is being used to create the technology used to identify and destroy the Skrulls.

Following a public appeal by police, the book from which the page had been torn was located. On the inside back cover, detectives were able to read – in indentations from handwriting – a local telephone number, another unidentified number and a text that resembled an encrypted message. The text has not been deciphered or interpreted in a way that satisfies authorities on the case. The case has been considered, since the early stages of the police investigation, "one of Australia's most profound mysteries."The Advertiser, "Tamam Shud", 10 June 1949, p.

In an undercover mission, Major Sloane (John Merivale) kills Professor Ragheeb (George Coulouris), an ancient hieroglyphics expert at Oxford University and steals a hieroglyph-encrypted message. Sloane then asks Professor David Pollock (Gregory Peck), who has taken over Ragheeb's class on Hieroglyphics, to meet with shipping magnate Nejim Beshraavi (Alan Badel) on a business matter. David declines but changes his mind after being forced to enter a Rolls-Royce Phantom IV, where he meets Middle Eastern Prime Minister Hassan Jena (Carl Duering) and his Ambassador to Great Britain, Mohammed Lufti (Harold Kasket). Jena asks David to accept Beshraavi's offer of employment.

In the last night she receives another video message revealing that he knows her darkest secret, an accident she feels she may have caused that killed her father. She angrily burns the CD with the video and sends an encrypted message (11 times the name AMY) to stop all his messages, and goes back home. Later, Amy regrets having cancelled the chain of messages. She asks one of her colleagues from the movie industry to recover whatever he can from the burnt CD, but with minimal luck despite help from a friend in the Secret Service.

In cryptanalysis, gardening is the act of encouraging a target to use known plaintext in an encrypted message. It was a term used at the British Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, England, during World War II, for schemes to entice the Germans to include particular words, which the British called "cribs", in their encrypted messages. This term presumably came from RAF minelaying missions, or "gardening" sorties. "Gardening" was standard RAF slang for sowing mines in rivers, ports and oceans from low heights, possibly because each sea area around the European coasts was given a code- name of flowers or vegetables.

This means the user may select an expiration date for the message in increments of 8 hours. After the expiration of the user-defined time span, the information in the DHT is overwritten, thereby eliminating the key. While both the user and recipient may have copies of the original encrypted message, the key used to turn it back into plain text is now gone. Although this particular instance of the data has become inaccessible, it's important to note that the information can always be saved by other means before expiration (copied, or even via screen shots) and published again.

194] Once the disks have been placed on the axle in the agreed order, the sender rotates each disk up and down until a desired message is spelled out in one row. Then the sender can copy down any row of text on the disks other than the one that contains the plaintext message. The recipient simply has to arrange the disks in the agreed-upon order, rotate the disks so they spell out the encrypted message on one row, and then look around the rows until he sees the plaintext message, i.e. the row that's not complete gibberish.

According to WikiLeaks, once an Android smartphone is penetrated the agency can collect "audio and message traffic before encryption is applied". Some of the agency's software is reportedly able to gain access to messages sent by instant messaging services. This method of accessing messages differs from obtaining access by decrypting an already encrypted message. While the encryption of messengers that offer end-to-end encryption, such as Telegram, WhatsApp and Signal, wasn't reported to be cracked, their encryption can be bypassed by capturing input before their encryption is applied, by methods such as keylogging and recording the touch input from the user.

Zoya and Court go to the island of Phuket, Thailand, where the Chamroon estate is located. The two get close over the course of two days surveilling the estate, and Court recruits Zoya into the CIA as an asset. Meanwhile, his handler Brewer informs him that Fan had sent an encrypted message, this time to the U.S. embassy in Bangkok, asking to be rescued from the Chamroon estate, and that CIA Ground Branch operatives are supervising his rescue instead of Court. Rather, Court would take charge of Zoya. After his call, however, Zoya and Court are kidnapped by Major Xi’s men under orders from Colonel Dai, who is also in Phuket.

Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with encryption, the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the original information only with intended recipients, thereby precluding unwanted persons from doing the same. Since World War I and the advent of the computer, the methods used to carry out cryptology have become increasingly complex and its application more widespread. Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary.

After Abrams purchased the article, Clough left him an encrypted message in the wall tiles of a Christian Louboutin shoe store he designed in West Hollywood. Abrams announced at the 2013 D.I.C.E. Summit that Bad Robot Productions had made a deal with Valve to produce a film based on either the video game title Portal or Half-Life. In July 2016, Abrams reported that a fourth alternate universe Star Trek installment was in the works and that he is confident that Chris Pine, Zachary Quinto and Chris Hemsworth will return for the sequel. In February 2018, HBO ordered Abrams' sci-fi drama Demimonde to series.

Forward secrecy is designed to prevent the compromise of a long- term secret key from affecting the confidentiality of past conversations. However, forward secrecy cannot defend against a successful cryptanalysis of the underlying ciphers being used, since a cryptanalysis consists of finding a way to decrypt an encrypted message without the key, and forward secrecy only protects keys, not the ciphers themselves. A patient attacker can capture a conversation whose confidentiality is protected through the use of public-key cryptography and wait until the underlying cipher is broken (e.g. large quantum computers could be created which allow the discrete logarithm problem to be computed quickly).

It is possible, using something akin to a book code, to include key indicators as clear text attached to an encrypted message. The encryption technique used by Richard Sorge's code clerk was of this type, referring to a page in a statistical manual, though it was in fact a code. The German Army Enigma symmetric encryption key was a mixed type early in its use; the key was a combination of secretly distributed key schedules and a user chosen session key component for each message. In more modern systems, such as OpenPGP compatible systems, a session key for a symmetric key algorithm is distributed encrypted by an asymmetric key algorithm.

In cryptanalysis, attack models or attack typesInformation Security Laboratory (powerpoint) are a classification of cryptographic attacks specifying the kind of access a cryptanalyst has to a system under attack when attempting to "break" an encrypted message (also known as ciphertext) generated by the system. The greater the access the cryptanalyst has to the system, the more useful information he can get to utilize for breaking the cypher. In cryptography, a sending party uses a cipher to encrypt (transform) a secret plaintext into a ciphertext, which is sent over an insecure communication channel to the receiving party. The receiving party uses an inverse cipher to decrypt the ciphertext to obtain the plaintext.

The characters in the film are a student, a thief and his connections with the policeman who caught him, a taxi driver in love with a famous pop singer, a businessman rushing to his beloved, two snowboarders. And so with the Caucasian snow cleaner at the Red Square, Varia's request is passed on to the Russian president who notices the encrypted message written on the snow in the Kremlin courtyard. On the New Year's Eve, the phrase "Santa Claus helps the one who helps himself" appears in the president's speech (Dmitri Medvedev makes a cameo appearance), thus verifying the theory of six degrees of separation.

The basic concept of the three-pass protocol is that each party has a private encryption key and a private decryption key. The two parties use their keys independently, first to encrypt the message, and then to decrypt the message. The protocol uses an encryption function E and a decryption function D. The encryption function uses an encryption key e to change a plaintext message m into an encrypted message, or ciphertext, E(e,m). Corresponding to each encryption key e there is a decryption key d which allows the message to be recovered using the decryption function, D(d,E(e,m))=m.

Hounam, p. 78 The Noga, disguised as a merchant ship, was fitted with electronic surveillance equipment and satellite communications gear in its superstructure, and was primarily used to intercept communications traffic in Arab ports. As the ship was heading from Antalya in Turkey back to Haifa, the captain was instructed by encrypted message to change course for Italy and anchor off the coast of La Spezia, out of the port in international waters. Once in Rome, Vanunu and Bentov took a taxi to an apartment in the city's old quarter, where three waiting Mossad operatives overpowered Vanunu and injected him with a paralyzing drug.

In cryptography, deniable encryption may be used to describe steganographic techniques in which the very existence of an encrypted file or message is deniable in the sense that an adversary cannot prove that an encrypted message exists. In that case, the system is said to be "fully undetectable" (FUD). Some systems take this further, such as MaruTukku, FreeOTFE and (to a much lesser extent) TrueCrypt and VeraCrypt, which nest encrypted data. The owner of the encrypted data may reveal one or more keys to decrypt certain information from it, and then deny that more keys exist, a statement which cannot be disproven without knowledge of all encryption keys involved.

"[T]here is little or no support in the sources that this is anything more than a coincidence. Such a cryptic medium is not a common quality of liturgical practice and theology. Moreover, the number of O Antiphons varied from church to church and religious community to community, and those without ERO CRAS did not fashion their antiphons to construct a cryptic message....[i]n the whole of the liturgical tradition there has been no tradition of such a labyrinthine way of mediating what God communicates to humanity in his Son....The encrypted message that he will 'come tomorrow' is not characteristic of how the church brings its worship traditions to light."Connell, Martin.

In many scenarios, the sender and receiver of a message may have a need for confidence that the message has not been altered during transmission. Although encryption hides the contents of a message, it may be possible to an encrypted message without understanding it. (Some encryption algorithms, known as nonmalleable ones, prevent this, but others do not.) However, if a message is digitally signed, any change in the message after signature invalidates the signature. Furthermore, there is no efficient way to modify a message and its signature to produce a new message with a valid signature, because this is still considered to be computationally infeasible by most cryptographic hash functions (see collision resistance).

In cryptography, an initialization vector (IV) or starting variable (SV)ISO/IEC 10116:2006 Information technology — Security techniques — Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher is a fixed-size input to a cryptographic primitive that is typically required to be random or pseudorandom. Randomization is crucial for encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow an attacker to infer relationships between segments of the encrypted message. For block ciphers, the use of an IV is described by the modes of operation. Randomization is also required for other primitives, such as universal hash functions and message authentication codes based thereon.

K_m(R1,K_b(R0,message),B)\longrightarrow(K_b(R0,message),B) To accomplish this, the sender takes the mix's public key (K_m), and uses it to encrypt an envelope containing a random string (R1), a nested envelope addressed to the recipient, and the email address of the recipient (B). This nested envelope is encrypted with the recipient's public key (K_b), and contains another random string (R0), along with the body of the message being sent. Upon receipt of the encrypted top-level envelope, the mix uses its secret key to open it. Inside, it finds the address of the recipient (B) and an encrypted message bound for B. The random string (R1) is discarded.

EFF's US$250,000 DES cracking machine contained 1,856 custom chips and could brute force a DES key in a matter of days — the photo shows a two-sided DES Cracker circuit board fitted with 64 Deep Crack chips The EFF's DES cracker "Deep Crack" custom microchip In cryptography, the EFF DES cracker (nicknamed "Deep Crack") is a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in 1998, to perform a brute force search of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher's key space – that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every possible key. The aim in doing this was to prove that the key size of DES was not sufficient to be secure.

Using asymmetric key cryptography, the originator obtains a public key from the directory node to send an encrypted message to the first ("entry") node, establishing a connection and a shared secret ("session key"). Using the established encrypted link to the entry node, the originator can then relay a message through the first node to a second node in the chain using encryption that only the second node, and not the first, can decrypt. When the second node receives the message, it establishes a connection with the first node. While this extends the encrypted link from the originator, the second node cannot determine whether the first node is the originator or just another node in the circuit.

In 1998, Daniel Bleichenbacher described the first practical adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, against RSA-encrypted messages using the PKCS #1 v1 padding scheme (a padding scheme randomizes and adds structure to an RSA-encrypted message, so it is possible to determine whether a decrypted message is valid). Due to flaws with the PKCS #1 scheme, Bleichenbacher was able to mount a practical attack against RSA implementations of the Secure Socket Layer protocol, and to recover session keys. As a result of this work, cryptographers now recommend the use of provably secure padding schemes such as Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding, and RSA Laboratories has released new versions of PKCS #1 that are not vulnerable to these attacks.

Adaptive-chosen-ciphertext attacks were perhaps considered to be a theoretical concern but not to be manifested in practice until 1998, when Daniel Bleichenbacher of Bell Laboratories (at the time) demonstrated a practical attack against systems using RSA encryption in concert with the PKCS#1 v1 encoding function, including a version of the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol used by thousands of web servers at the time. The Bleichenbacher attacks, also known as the million message attack, took advantage of flaws within the PKCS #1 function to gradually reveal the content of an RSA encrypted message. Doing this requires sending several million test ciphertexts to the decryption device (e.g., SSL-equipped web server).

Court and Fan were captured soon after by river bandits, whom Fan deduced were Thai smugglers. Court was forced to leave Fan behind when he escaped, but he was rescued by the United States Navy in lieu of his CIA handler Suzanne Brewer. Court decides to go to Bangkok, Thailand to resume his search for Fan and prevent Sir Fitzroy from getting killed by the Colonel Dai, who had tortured Fitzroy and was by now getting desperate. The CIA intercepts an encrypted message from Fan to Taiwanese authorities which reveals that he is under captivity from the Chamroon Syndicate, which has its headquarters in Bangkok. Court tries to capture one of its operational leaders, Nattapong Chamroon, in a nightclub, and then interrogate him on Fan’s whereabouts.

A deterministic padding scheme always pads a message payload of a given length to form an encrypted message of a particular corresponding output length. When many payload lengths map to the same padded output length, an eavesdropper cannot distinguish or learn any information about the payload's true length within one of these length buckets, even after many observations of the identical-length messages being transmitted. In this respect, deterministic padding schemes have the advantage of not leaking any additional information with each successive message of the same payload size. On the other hand, suppose an eavesdropper can benefit from learning about small variations in payload size, such as plus or minus just one byte in a password- guessing attack for example.

The senior NMCC officer directs preparation of the launch order in the form of an Emergency War Order (EWO) – a message that contains the chosen war plan, time to launch, authentication codes and codes needed to unlock the missiles before firing them. A second officer will validate that order. The order is then broadcast to each worldwide command and directly to launch crews by releasing an Emergency Action Message (EAM) which is an encoded and encrypted message about 150 characters long. E-6 Mercury As the orders go down the chain of command, always subject to the two-man rule, intermediate headquarters, and eventually the nuclear delivery platforms themselves, will receive Emergency Action Messages (EAM) to arm or launch weapons.

The second volume of Kingsman, subtitled The Red Diamond, was released through Image Comics in September 2017, taking place over the course of one week. After knocking out Prince Philip following saving him from a group of Greek terrorists ignorant of the fact that the prince is Greek himself, Eggsy is put on a week-long leave of absence. Returning to Kingsman headquarters to retrieve a pill to treat his little brother Ryan's norovirus, an alert comes in from the South African Secret Service (SASS) regarding an encrypted message that was sent to a wanted hacker named Alias at Times Square in Manhattan. As the only agent present, Eggsy is sent out on a rocket to find Alias before the SASS.

In 1978, following a request from ABC-TV journalist Stuart Littlemore, Department of Defence cryptographers analysed the handwritten text. The cryptographers reported that it would be impossible to provide "a satisfactory answer": if the text were an encrypted message, its brevity meant that it had "insufficient symbols" from which a clear meaning could be extracted, and the text could be the "meaningless" product of a "disturbed mind".Inside Story, presented by Stuart Littlemore, ABC TV, screened at 8 pm, Thursday, 24 August 1978. A telephone number was also found in the back of the book, belonging to a nurse named Jessica Ellen "Jo" Thomson (1921–2007) – born Jessie Harkness in the Sydney suburb of Marrickville – who lived in Moseley St, Glenelg, about north of the location where the body was found.

As of 2020 she works as a management consultant at Accenture. Dunin has published a book of exercises on classical cryptography, and maintains cryptography-related websites about topics such as Kryptos, a sculpture at the Central Intelligence Agency containing an encrypted message,"Enigmatic CIA Puzzle Kryptos May Be Flawed" NPR All Things Considered, April 21, 2006 and another on the world's most famous unsolved codes. She has given several lectures on the subject of cryptography,Defcon 12: Kryptos and the Cracking of the Cyrillic Projector Cipher and according to the PBS series NOVA scienceNOW she is "generally considered the leading Kryptos expert in the world." In 2010, bestselling author Dan Brown named a character, Nola Kaye, in his novel The Lost Symbol after her, in an anagram pattern.

Visual representation of how a client and server operating on TLS 1.2 coordinate which cipher suite to use This client starts the process by sending a clientHello message to the server that includes the version of TLS being used and a list of cipher suites in the order of the client’s preference. In response, the server sends a serverHello message that includes the chosen cipher suite and the session ID. Next the server sends a digital certificate to verify its identity to the client. The server may also request a client’s digital certification if needed. If the client and server are not using pre-shared keys, the client then sends an encrypted message to the server that enables the client and the server to be able to compute which secret key will be used during exchanges.

Banburismus utilised a weakness in the indicator procedure (the encrypted message settings) of Kriegsmarine Enigma traffic. Unlike the German Army and Airforce Enigma procedures, the Kriegsmarine used a Grundstellung provided by key lists, and so it was the same for all messages on a particular day (or pair of days). This meant that the three-letter indicators were all enciphered with the same rotor settings so that they were all in depth with each other. Normally, the indicators for two messages were never the same, but it could happen that, part-way through a message, the rotor positions became the same as the starting position of the rotors for another message, the parts of the two messages that overlapped in this way were in depth. The left hand end of a "Banbury Sheet" from World War II found in 2014 in the roof space of Hut 6 at Bletchley Park.

A specially noted variant of the chosen-ciphertext attack is the "lunchtime", "midnight", or "indifferent" attack, in which an attacker may make adaptive chosen-ciphertext queries but only up until a certain point, after which the attacker must demonstrate some improved ability to attack the system.Ronald Cramer and Victor Shoup, "A Practical Public Key Cryptosystem Provably Secure against Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Attack", in Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO '98 proceedings, Santa Barbara, California, 1998, pp. 13-25. (article) The term "lunchtime attack" refers to the idea that a user's computer, with the ability to decrypt, is available to an attacker while the user is out to lunch. This form of the attack was the first one commonly discussed: obviously, if the attacker has the ability to make adaptive chosen ciphertext queries, no encrypted message would be safe, at least until that ability is taken away.

In his treatise on cryptanalysis, he wrote: > One way to solve an encrypted message, if we know its language, is to find a > different plaintext of the same language long enough to fill one sheet or > so, and then we count the occurrences of each letter. We call the most > frequently occurring letter the "first", the next most occurring letter the > "second", the following most occurring letter the "third", and so on, until > we account for all the different letters in the plaintext sample. Then we > look at the cipher text we want to solve and we also classify its symbols. > We find the most occurring symbol and change it to the form of the "first" > letter of the plaintext sample, the next most common symbol is changed to > the form of the "second" letter, and the following most common symbol is > changed to the form of the "third" letter, and so on, until we account for > all symbols of the cryptogram we want to solve.

According to an Associated Press investigation released in 2009, the National Security Agency had intercepted an encrypted message sent from official Iraqi diplomatic communications in the United States to the Iraqi foreign ministry in Baghdad (and then the Palestine Liberation Organization), which revealed the plot and the bombs' locations. At 7:15 pm on March 6, officials from the FBI and New York Police Department started a search for the car bombs. All three cars were found: the two on Fifth Avenue had been towed and impounded at Pier 56 on March 5, and subsequently discovered on March 7 by their rental agency, while the car at the airport was found early in the morning on March 7 and disabled by NYPD bomb squad member Terence McTigue. According to the FBI, the detonation of one of the bombs by police caused a fireball 50 to 75 feet high and 25 feet wide, creating a potential fatality zone of 100 yards that could have killed hundreds.

The Indicator was built up as follows: Two Trigrams were chosen at random. The first trigraph was taken from the Key Identification Group table (German:Schlüsselkenngruppe), from the Kenngruppenbuch as determined in the Zuteilungsliste. The second trigraph was taken from the encryption indicator group or Process characteristic groups table (German:Verfahrenkenngrupp),also taken from the Kenngruppenbuch and also determined in the Zuteilungsliste. For example: S W Q - and R A F, and arranged in the scheme: ∗ S W Q R A F ∗ with the empty position would be filled in a random letter: X S W Q R A F P Encipherment with a Bigram table called double-letter conversion table (German:Doppelbuchstabentauschtafel), arranged with vertical pairs, was as follow: X→V S→G W→V Q→X R→I A→F F→T P→T which would give V G V X I F T T This was read out vertically, giving: VIGF VTXT and this was sent without further encoding, and preceding the encrypted message.

An adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack (abbreviated as CCA2) is an interactive form of chosen-ciphertext attack in which an attacker first sends a number of ciphertexts to be decrypted chosen adaptively, then uses the results to distinguish a target ciphertext without consulting the oracle on the challenge ciphertext, in an adaptive attack the attacker is further allowed adaptive queries to be asked after the target is revealed (but the target query is disallowed). It is extensing the indifferent (non-adaptive) chosen-ciphertext attack (CCA1) where the second stage of adaptive queries is not allowed. Charles Rackoff and Dan Simon defined CCA2 and suggested a system building on the non-adaptive CCA1 definition and system of Moni Naor and Moti Yung (which was the first treatment of chosen ciphertext attack immunity of public key systems). In certain practical settings, the goal of this attack is to gradually reveal information about an encrypted message, or about the decryption key itself.

"The world wonders" is a phrase which rose to notoriety during World War II when it appeared as part of a decoded message sent by fleet admiral and Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz to Admiral William Halsey, Jr. during the height of the Battle of Leyte Gulf on October 25, 1944. The words, intended to be without meaning, were added as security padding in an encrypted message to hinder Japanese attempts at cryptanalysis, but were mistakenly included in the decoded text given to Halsey. Halsey interpreted the phrase as a harsh and sarcastic rebuke, and as a consequence dropped his futile pursuit of a decoy Japanese carrier task force, and, belatedly, reversed some of his ships in a fruitless effort to aid United States forces in the Battle off Samar. Without the support of Halsey's carrier force the immeasurably outgunned tiny force of destroyers, destroyer escorts, and escort carriers known as Taffy 3 fought what is regarded as the most lopsided and even suicidally heroic last stand in the annals of the United States Navy.

The film was scheduled to appear at the "Primo Italiano" festival in Torino, at the festival of Pesaro and the Venice anti- festival under the title "Galani Hora" ("Blue Country"; in Italian, "Uno dei tre"). Gianni Serra was the director and the film was a coproduction by RAI and CTC at a total cost of 80 million Italian lire. The dictatorship was also afraid that the film would create the same anti-junta sentiment as the film Z by Costa-Gavras. The minister of Foreign Affairs of the junta Xanthopoulos- Palamas in the secret encrypted message ΑΠ ΓΤΛ 400-183 of 26 November 1970 (ΑΠ ΓΤΛ 400-183 απόρρητον κρυπτοτύπημα, 26 Νοεμβρίου 1970) suggests to the Greek consular authorities in Italy to take precautions so that during the loading of the remains on the ship to avoid any noise and publicity. It was clear that the junta did not want a repeat of the publicity that occurred during Georgakis's funeral procession on 22 September 1970 in Italy. On 22 September 1970 Melina Merkouri led a demonstration of hundreds of flag and banner-waving Italian and Greek anti-junta resistance members during the funeral procession of Georgakis in Italy.

When properly created, a PURB's content is indistinguishable from a uniform random bit string to any observer without a relevant decryption key. A PURB therefore leaks no information through headers or other cleartext metadata associated with the encrypted data format. This leakage minimization "hygiene" practice contrasts with traditional encrypted data formats such as Pretty Good Privacy, which include cleartext metadata encoding information such as the application that created the data, the data format version, the number of recipients the data is encrypted for, the identities or public keys of the recipients, and the ciphers or suites that were used to encrypt the data. While such encryption metadata was considered non-sensitive when these encrypted formats were designed, modern attack techniques have found numerous ways to employ such incidentally-leaked metadata in facilitating attacks, such as by identifying data encrypted with weak ciphers or obsolete algorithms, fingerprinting applications to track users or identify software versions with known vulnerabilities, or traffic analysis techniques such as identifying all users, groups, and associated public keys involved in a conversation from an encrypted message observed between only two of them.