So was the encrusting of the bag in rhinestones and other beads.
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Those diamonds sink towards the planet's core, encrusting it in a thick layer of gem stones.
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The encrusting organisms mark the first stage of the food chain and attract a variety of fish.
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Dalí decorated the interior specifically for his wife, encrusting some ceilings with a "G" coat of arms in her honor.
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Related copper etchings appear in the show, and Barney has electroplated them over varying times, encrusting them with weird metal nodules.
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Related copper etchings appear in the exhibition, and Barney has electroplated them over varying times, encrusting them with weird metal nodules.
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But like the geodes encrusting the hammerhead, we too have arisen from minerals, stardust, and the same building blocks of the universe.
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In the AD/99 pendant ... we're told there are 25 carats of true graded VS1 diamonds -- with VVS diamond encrusting the whole thing.
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As with the dangling "Orange Cello (Sound Cooking)" (1984/73), the vibrating cones of the speakers slightly enlivens the encrusting physical material that partially covers them.
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For Koché, she brings her hands-on crafty sensibility to streetwear-inspired ready-to-wear, finessing nylon sports jackets with lace inserts and encrusting catsuits with studs and Swarovski crystals.
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But Army of Two also included the option to—and the game actually used this term—"pimp" guns with garishly rococo weapon skins, adding gold plating and diamond encrusting to the player's arsenal.
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While classic Flamin' Hot Cheetos have moved beyond a snack to become a culinary darling, topping atypical breakfast bagels, being added to pizza, and encrusting poke burritos, there's no telling how far this new version will go.
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But now they returned: tens of thousands of them, horrifying but harmless, drunk-driving through the air so that they bumped into heads and ears, encrusting telephone poles and parked cars with their delicate, amber-hued, almost Egyptian discarded shells.
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Oh, Furbies were the craze," Josh told GQ. "So then you look at a Furbie and see these sad eyes, and the meaning of the film jumps out at you when you think of encrusting a little living creature with gold and diamonds.
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By the mid-nineties, they were hanging from ship keels, turbines, and propellers in bulbous, tumorlike masses, encrusting docks and piers, clogging water pipes and sanitation systems, and washing ashore in such numbers that, on some beaches, you could walk on a solid bar of shells.
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I've stood on a beach where the usual refreshing smell of low tide was replaced by a thick, sickening odour of diesel, just upslope of beds of once edible California mussels, large patches of eelgrass, and a dizzying array of seaweeds, anemones, sculpins, snails, chitons, barnacles, and encrusting algaes.
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Inside Art Damien Hirst has a knack for arresting attention, as he did by encrusting the platinum cast of a human skull in 2007, by pulling off a $200 million all-Hirst auction at Sotheby's in 2008 and by leaving the Gagosian Gallery in 2012, after he had been represented there for 17 years.
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The encrusting turret sponge grows to about 1 cm thick. It is a thinly encrusting sponge which is highly variable in both shape and colour. It may be encrusting with small turrets or form branching structures with tall turrets. Turrets have large oscula at their apexes.
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The red encrusting sponge grows to about 1 cm in thickness and up to 30 cm wide. It is a bright red encrusting sponge. Its surface is smooth and the oscula are not visible.Jones, Georgina.
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This chiton is a grazer that feeds on encrusting or filamentous algae and possibly bryozoans.
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This nudibranch is found on rocks and other hard substrates and feeds on encrusting bryozoans.
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Myxilla incrustans is a species of demosponge. It is an encrusting species and is usually yellow.
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The growth form ranges from encrusting, to digitate, to branched, depending upon the quality of the habitat.
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Melobesia membranacea is a small marine alga encrusting on the surface of other algae. In the division of the Rhodophyta.
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Strophomenid brachiopod with attached cornulitid worm tube (Upper Ordovician, SE Indiana, USA). Brachiopod valves often serve as substrates for encrusting organisms.
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Erythropodium caribaeorum, commonly known as the encrusting gorgonian or encrusting polyps, is a species of soft coral in the family Anthothelidae. It inhabits coral reefs and rocky bottoms in the Caribbean, Bahamas, and Florida, growing at depths of 0.5 to 25 metres. E. caribaeorum is of interest from a drug discovery perspective because it produces eleutherobin, a diterpene glycoside with potential anticancer activity.
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For the first year, colonies grow only along the surface (encrusting), with loose fronds only being formed in subsequent years. These are produced when two encrusting colonies meet, and the two edges that make contact begin to grow upwards, back to back. The total lifespan of a colony may reach 12 years. It is frequently found washed up on beaches after storms.
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This resulted in a tendency to form "urchin barrens" with no macro-algae and limited biodiversity, the rocks being covered with encrusting coralline algae.
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Corallines, especially encrusting forms, are slow growers, and expand by 0.1–80 mm annually. All corallines begin with a crustose stage; some later become frondose.
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Fruit bodies are typically cartilaginous or rubbery-gelatinous. In effused species (those that spread out loosely or flat), they are formed on the soil surface or in leaf litter, often encrusting fallen twigs and debris, sometimes encrusting the stem bases of living plants. In the type species, irregular or coral-like outgrowths may also be produced. In one species, bracket-like outgrowths are formed.
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Many species form colonies which consist of sheets of autozooids. These sheets may form leaves, tufts or, in the genus Thalmoporella, structures that resemble an open head of lettuce. The most common marine form, however, is encrusting, in which a one-layer sheet of zooids spreads over a hard surface or over seaweed. Some encrusting colonies may grow to over and contain about 2,000,000 zooids.
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Haliclona (Soestella) cearulea is a species of marine sponge in the family Chalinidae. It is an encrusting tubular sponge that grows anchored on rocky surfaces of coral reefs.
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Algae (e.g. Lobophora variegata) and invertebrates such as sponges and encrusting corals tend to grow on the exposed part of the shell and may camouflage it very well.
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Algae (e.g. Lobophora variegata) and invertebrates such as sponges and encrusting corals tend to grow on the exposed part of the shell and may camouflage it very well.
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Stigmatella is an extinct genus of bryozoans in the family Heterotrypidae. Longitudinal thin-section of Stigmatella personata encrusting a carbonate hardground; Corryville Formation; Upper Ordovician; Mason County, Kentucky.
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Often found on an encrusting sponge of almost identical colour at depths of 8 to 10m.Zsilavecz, G. 2007. Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay. SURG, Cape Town.
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These dots are often the only thing seen when the fish is resting on rocks covered in colourful encrusting life. It is known to remove parasites from large fishes.
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Bryozoans came in three types: branching, encrusting, and fan-like bryozoans, and all are found in Michigan. By far the most common of these three types were branching bryozoans, which can be found by the hundreds at almost any Devonian marine site. These types are named for their slender, branch like shape and how they grow together in small forest-like groups. Encrusting bryozoans are also very common animals and are often found with brachiopods.
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The scallop is disadvantaged because the presence of barnacles may reduce its ability to swim. It has been found that encrusting sponges emit chemicals that discourage barnacle larvae from settling nearby. The larvae preferentially settle on shells that are not encrusted with sponges. This is another way in which encrusting sponges are of advantage to the scallops which are less impeded in their ability to swim by sponges than they are by barnacles.
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Pocillopora fungiformis is a species of colonial stony coral in the family Pocilloporidae. It is native to Madagascar. It is a mostly encrusting species and grows in patches up to across.
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Oxypora glabra is a species of large polyp stony coral in the family Lobophylliidae. It is a colonial coral with thin encrusting laminae. It is native to the central Indo-Pacific.
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The Schizoporellidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooidal orifice has a narrow V-shaped sinus.
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Cauloramphus disjunctus is a species of small colonial bryozoan found encrusting rocks in shallow parts of the sea near Japan. Fossils of this species have been found that date back a million years.
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Inovicellina is a suborder under order Cheilostomatida. It includes two genera, Aetea and Callaetea. The colony structure consists of tubular encrusting zooids, with an erect column at one end opening in the orifice.
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Skeleton of Isopora palifera Isopora palifera can be encrusting, or massive, form columnar branches or parallel ridges of blade-like branches. The shape adopted is much dependent on how much water movement there is at its site of growth; it is encrusting in a strong current or on the seaward side of a reef and is more branching in calm, still conditions. The branches are in diameter and up to long. Each branch has several axial corallites up to in diameter.
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The yellow encrusting sponge is beige-yellow and grows in crusts of up to 1 cm thick. It has small but distinct oscula which may be slightly raised from the surface of the sponge.
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Oscarella lobularis is a species of sponge in the order Homosclerophorida. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, where it forms encrusting colonies on rocks and other hard surfaces.
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The coast of Point Nepean contains intertidal reef platforms with high invertebrate diversity as well as subtidal reefs with diverse communities of fish, invertebrates and encrusting organisms such as ascidians, sponges Dale and bryozoans.
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This species feeds on the encrusting bryozoan Electra pilosa as well as Membranipora membranacea and is often seen on encrusted red algae or kelp. Its egg ribbon is a flat broad spiral of several coils.
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Clavulariidae is a family of soft corals in the suborder Stolonifera. Colonies in this family consist of separate retractable polyps growing from a horizontal, encrusting stolon or basal membrane. The tissues are stiffened by sclerites.
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Sphaerocodium is a fossil that represents the remains of bacteria in the phylum Cyanobacteria, often called blue-green algae.E. Flügel Fossil Algae: Recent Results and Developments The species of Sphaerocodium recorded by the author Rothpletz could be symbiotic intergrowths of different encrusting organisms. Two new genera (Rothpletzella and Wetheredella) have been proposed to include these forms.Alan Wood, Ph.D., F.G.S “Sphaerocodium,” a misinterpreted Fossil from the Wenlock limestone Sphaerocodium is characterised by having dichotomously-branching tubular filaments made of calcite, which formed encrusting masses on objects.
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Colonies of A. agaricites have several different habits of growth, but usually occur in encrusting sheets with irregular projections or are leaf-like or plate-like. New colonies are usually encrusting, but vertical lobes and sheet-like projections begin to develop when the colonies are still quite small. The growth form seems to be partially linked to the movement of water in the vicinity and the depth. Horizontal plates normally have corallites on both sides while vertical forms have corallites on only one side.
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Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. 2005. Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa By contrast, most other bryozoans are benthic, encrusting hard substrates such as kelp or rocks.
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The area supports cold water coral colonies and carbonate mound fields such as the Logachev Mounds; the trough supports a rich deep sea fish population. There are also unusual aggregations of deep-sea sponges, in particular the encrusting sponge and bird’s nest sponge. A range of other species are found amongst the sponges beds, which are considered biodiversity hotspots. For the bird’s nest sponge associated species include ascidians, Foraminifera, polychaetes and burrowing anemones, whilst for the encrusting sponge beds species such as anemones, ascidians, crinoids and ophiuroids are found.
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These species generally have exoskeletons reinforced with calcium carbonate, and the openings through which the lophophores protrude are on the top or outer surface. The moss-like appearance of encrusting colonies is responsible for the phylum's name (Ancient Greek words meaning "moss" and meaning "animal"). Large colonies of encrusting species often have "chimneys", gaps in the canopy of lophophores, through which they swiftly expel water that has been sieved, and thus avoid re-filtering water that is already exhausted. They are formed by patches of non-feeding heterozooids.
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Luidia magellanica occurs subtidally in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, on the coasts of Peru and Chile. Its typical habitat is on rock bottoms with encrusting red algae, Lithophyllum, or soft sediments composed of coarse sand and shell fragments.
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Calcareous (hard) fouling organisms include barnacles, encrusting bryozoans, mollusks, polychaete and other tube worms, and zebra mussels. Examples of non-calcareous (soft) fouling organisms are seaweed, hydroids, algae and biofilm "slime". Together, these organisms form a fouling community.
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Siderastrea radians, also known as the lesser starlet coral or the shallow- water starlet coral, is a stony coral in the family Siderastreidae. It is found in shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean as small, solid mounds or encrusting sheets.
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The yellowface angelfish usually lives singly or in pairs and feeds on tunicates, sponges, other encrusting organisms and algae. It is an egg-laying species and scatters its eggs on the seabed.Blueface Angelfish: Pomacanthus xanthometopon Aquatic Community. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
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Colonies of Alveopora allingi adopt a variety of forms. They can be columnar or encrusting, or have a number of short irregular lobes. The polyps are crowded together, fleshy and elongated, with a crown of tentacles with somewhat inflated tips.
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Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 250 m. This nudibranch preys on encrusting slime sponges, such as Halisarca dujardini or, in deeper waters, the sponge Dysidea fragilis. They are reported to breed at the end of winter.
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Acrozoanthus is a monototypic genus of soft coral, anthozoans in the family Zoanthidae. It is represented by a single species, Acrozoanthus australiae, which is also known by the common names stick polyp, tree stick polyp, tree anemone, and encrusting stick anemone.
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This small marine algae grows lightly encrusting as a thin epiphyte on other algae growing to 5 cm in diameter and c 90 micrometre thick. Conceptacles small but raised and visible.Irvine, L. and Chamberlain, Y.M. 1994. Seaweeds of the British Isles.
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Ophlitaspongia papilla is a species of demosponge belonging to the family Microcionidae. It is found along north-eastern Atlantic coastlines. This is a red sponge which forms thin, smooth encrusting patches, up to 5 cm across, with regularly spaced oscula.
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Colonies of some encrusting species also produce special heterozooids to limit the expansion of other encrusting organisms, especially other bryozoans. In some cases this response is more belligerent if the opposition is smaller, which suggests that zooids on the edge of a colony can somehow sense the size of the opponent. Some species consistently prevail against certain others, but most turf wars are indecisive and the combatants soon turn to growing in uncontested areas. Bryozoans competing for territory do not use the sophisticated techniques employed by sponges or corals, possibly because the shortness of bryozoan lifespans makes heavy investment in turf wars unprofitable.
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Tymbochoos is an extinct genus of encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms. Tymbochoos has a laminar tube structure and pseudopuncta similar to the tentaculitoids. It has previously been interpreted as a Palaeozoic polychaete. The world's oldest build-ups with tube-supported frameworks belong to Tymbochoos sinclairi.
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W. J. Morgan and J. P. Morgan. Plate velocities in hotspot reference frame: electronic supplement. The seamount is about 7 million years old. It incorporates a tropical to subtropical, very shallow water calcareous algal/encrusting foraminiferid biota, suggesting deposition in water deep.
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Their classification at the phylum level is still debated. Most likely they are some form of lophophorate, a group which includes phoronids, bryozoans and brachiopods. Microconchids may be closely related to the other encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms, such as Anticalyptraea, trypanoporids and cornulitids.
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Oxypora lacera, the ragged chalice coral or porous lettuce coral, is a species of large polyp stony corals in the family Lobophylliidae. It is a colonial coral which can be submassive, encrusting or laminar. It is native to the western Indo-Pacific.
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Its few, large, triangular teeth formed a beak- like arrangement that allowed it to graze bryozoans, sponges, crinoids, and other encrusting animals. The genus contains two species, B. montana and B. occidentalis. Belantsea is the best known member of the order Petalodontiformes.
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Colonies can be encrusting but are usually massive and dome-shaped. The corallites are mostly cerioid (sharing a common wall), but some are plocoid (with an individual wall) and the palliform lobes are indistinct, which distinguishes these corals from the otherwise similar Goniastrea.
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Foliaceous Montipora species dominate the coral reef. Encrusting and branching species are also present. Faviidae and Poritidae corals are contained in the inshore areas of the reef in massive colonies. Staghorn, elkhorn, cabbage, brain, table and star corals are all present in the reef.
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Black boring worms grow to up to 1 cm in total length. They are small black worms which infest encrusting algae and have protruding gills and palps. They look like black stars studding the algae.Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. 2010.
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Corals are extremely plastic organisms in that their structures rely on their environment, making construction widely variable. O. glabra colonies are dark brown in color and have an encrusting laminae, or “plate”, formation with twisted septa that form short, clockwise spiral structures .Nemenzo, F., 1959.
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However, it bears highly distinctive shell-ribbing, which is unique among extant ectocochliate cephalopods, and lacks scrobiculate shell sculpture. It is not known whether A. perforatus possesses the thick encrusting layer (periostracum) characteristic of A. scrobiculatus. Maximum known shell diameter is around 180 mm.Jereb, P. 2005.
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Colonies of Acanthastrea rotundoflora are either massive or encrusting. The corallites are plocoid and rather widely separated, and in small colonies there is a conspicuous central corallite. The septa have long pointed teeth. The general colour of this coral is rusty-brown, dark brown or green.
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After fertilization of the carpogonium, carpospores are formed on the female frond. These produce a second diploid generation, giving rise to a tetrasporophyte form that often encrusts pebbles. This produces tetraspores which develop into new gametophyte plants. The encrusting tetrasporophyte form is known as Porphyrodiscus simulans.
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The black stink sponge grows in crusts of 1–2 cm thick and 10–20 cm across. It is a black encrusting sponge which forms a mat on rocks. Its surface is textured, and the sponge is firm and slippery to touch. Its oscula are inconspicuous.
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Goniobranchus vibratus feeds on encrusting sponges (Porifera, Phoriospongia poni or probably Chelonaplysilla violacea).Gary R. McDonald, James W. Nybakken, A List of the Worldwide Food Habits of Nudibranchs. University of California Santa Cruz. It lays a mass of eggs in a ribbon of 2-3 whorls.
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Echinophyllia aspera, commonly known as the chalice coral, is a species of large polyp stony corals in the family Lobophylliidae. It is a colonial coral which is partly encrusting and partly forms laminate plates or tiers. It is native to the western and central Indo-Pacific.
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Billfrith (; fl. early 8th century) is an obscure Northumbrian saint credited with providing the jewel and metalwork encrusting the former treasure binding of the Lindisfarne Gospels. His name is thought to mean "peace of the two-edge sword".Rollason and Rollason (eds.), Durham Liber Vitae, vol.
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Colonies of Favites pentagona are encrusting or massive, sometimes with lobes forming irregular columns. The colony may spread to about a metre (yard) across. The corallites are less than in diameter. The corallite walls are sharply-angled and thin, and several polyps may share a common wall.
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Didemnidae, or Didemnidæ, is a family of colonial tunicates in the order Enterogona. These marine animals are found in shallow water on the seabed. Members of this family have small zooids that form encrusting colonies. The body of each zooid is divided into a thorax and an abdomen.
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The crumb-or-bread sponge is a thickly encrusting sponge with a glistening bumpy surface. Specimens found intertidally are bright yellow. Specimens from deeper water are darker. The oscula are scattered across the surface of the sponge and may be flush with the sponge surface or on raised mounds.
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Encrusting organisms have been found on helens, and also on both sides of the main shell, all of which are therefore supposed to have been raised above the sea bed. The helens have been interpreted as props that supported the feeding organ, the lophophore, above the sea bed.
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The Nevada bonebed represents a large assemblage of Shonisaurus which died at varying times and became preserved on the sea floor in a curiously regular arrangement of bones. The lack of fossil invertebrates encrusting the remains indicates that the carcasses sank in relatively deep water poor in oxygen.
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While larger chitons have been known to eat large algal blades, encrusting colonial animals, or even engage in predatory behavior to trap and consume mobile animals, Acanthochitona zelandica is a grazer and uses the radula to scrape algal films and built-up diatom layers off of tidal rocks.
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These corals form flat discs or low encrusting mounds with scalloped edges. They have low ridges which run around the edges of the colony and radially towards the centre. They are typically shades of grey or brown, but may also be reddish or green, or have contrasting colours.
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Flustra foliacea is a species of bryozoans found in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is a colonial animal that is frequently mistaken for a seaweed. Colonies begin as encrusting mats, and only produce loose fronds after their first year of growth. They may reach long, and smell like lemons.
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This chiton feeds on a variety of invertebrates including sponges, hydroids, bryozoans, and tunicates (particularly Metandrocarpa taylori). A species of scaleworm is sometimes found in the mantle cavity. This species often carries hitchhikers attached to its valves, including encrusting bryozoans and small tube worms.O'Clair, R.M. and C.E. O'Clair. (1998).
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Other types of filter feeders appeared around the same time, which suggests that some change made the environment more favorable for this lifestyle. Fossils of cheilostomates, another order of gymnolaemates, first appear in the Mid Jurassic, about , and these have been the most abundant and diverse bryozoans from the Cretaceous to the present. Evidence compiled from the last 100 million years show that cheilostomates consistently grew over cyclostomates in territorial struggles, which may help to explain how cheilostomates replaced cyclostomates as the dominant marine bryozoans. Marine fossils from the Paleozoic era, which ended , are mainly of erect forms, those from the Mesozoic are fairly equally divided by erect and encrusting forms, and more recent ones are predominantly encrusting.
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Stolonifera is a suborder of soft corals in the order Alcyonacea. Members of this taxon are characterised by having separate polyps budding off an encrusting horizontal, branching stolon. The skeletons include spicules or consists of a horny external cuticle. These soft corals are found in shallow tropical and temperate seas.
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Colonies of Acropora florida consist of thick upright, and sometimes horizontal, branches growing from a sprawling or encrusting base. There are side branches and small branchlets which resemble knobs. The corallites are evenly spread. The colour of this coral varies, and may be pinkish-brown or some shade of green.
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Like other chitons, it is a slow moving grazer that consumes several species of brown and red algae including kelps, sea lettuce, and encrusting diatoms. They're also known to eat sponges, tiny barnacles, spirobid polychaetes, and bryozoans. Their predators include sea urchins, leather stars, black oystercatchers, glaucous- winged gulls, and humans.
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Colonies of Simplastrea vesicularis are flat and encrusting with circular corallites that are spaced evenly by beaded coenosteum. It has thin walls, well-developed septae that are thin and straight with inner margins forming a columella tangle. The entire surface of Simplastrea vesicularis is covered in small tentacles displaying slight extension.
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Ophlitaspongia papilla forms small encrusting patches seldom more than across on boulders and rocks. It is very thin and flat with a smooth shiny surface. The oscula are well-defined and regularly distributed, each having a small collar with a slightly raised edge. The colour of this sponge is blood red.
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The Inversiulidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are often encrusting sheets on shells or rocks. The zooids are characterised by having an operculum that opens in the opposite way to other cheilostome genera; i.e. the hinge is located at the 'top' (towards the growing edge) of the zooid.
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It forms part of a species-rich community which includes other sea urchins, mollusks, polychaete worms, crabs and encrusting organisms. These sea urchins are not usually found on living reefs, perhaps because there is seldom macro-algae growing there or because predatory fish hiding among the coral heads consume the juvenile sea urchins.
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The landlady's wig forms tufted perennial plants with wiry fronds, branching from a discoid holdfast. The cylindrical fronds branch and are terete, they branch irregularly in a dichotomous manner. Each plant is about tall and wide. The holdfast is up to wide and composed of a thin layer encrusting the rock substrate.
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Colonies of Turbinaria frondens are variable and may be massive, encrusting, cup-shaped, foliaceous or columnar. They are initially cup-shaped and develop lobes and fronds, either upright or horizontal, often irregularly contorted. The lobes are one- sided with corallites only on one surface. The corallites are cone-shaped, about in diameter.
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Devonshire cup corals are found at the top of the reef. The bedrock reef at Haig Fras supports a range of fauna. Jewel anemones (Corynactis viridis) and Devonshire cup corals (Caryophyllia smithii) are found at the top of the outcrop. Encrusting sponges, crinoids and Ross coral Pentapora fascialis are found near base of the outcrop.
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The red encrusting sponge (Clathria oudekraalensis) is a species of sea sponge.Samaai, T. and Gibbons, M.J. 2005. Demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the Benguela region on the west coast of South Africa. Afr. Nat. Hist. 1(1):1-96 It is known only from the South African coast, on both sides of the Cape Peninsula.
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The Smittinidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin.
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The Stomachetosellidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin.
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The Bitectiporidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomata. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin.
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Agelas dispar forms massive irregularly-shaped, sometimes bulbous mounds or may be encrusting. It can grow to as much as across. The consistency is spongy but firm; the surface is smooth with many exhalent pores of irregular shape and size, often in shallow pits. The colour externally is pinkish-brown, reddish-brown or deep brown.
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Sebacina is a genus of fungi in the family Sebacinaceae. Its species are mycorrhizal, forming a range of associations with trees, orchids, and other plants. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are produced on soil and litter, sometimes partly encrusting stems of living plants. The fruit bodies are cartilaginous to rubbery-gelatinous and variously effused to coral-shaped.
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Heliotropium, Scaevola, and Sida dominated shrublands and the sandy bunchgrass savanna (Lepturus spp.) represent the finest examples of such vegetation in the Marshalls and probably the entire Pacific region. The aquatic vegetation of the shallow edges of the lagoon consists of sparse coralline algae, encrusting fragments of coral, shell etc., and patches of green seaweed.
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Shells are white to tan and are often covered with encrusting organisms such as bryozoans, sponges and algae. Kellet's whelks display sexual dimorphism with females being the larger individual in a mating pair. Females are generally sexually mature between 2.6 and 2.8 inches (6.5 and 7.0 centimeters), with males maturing at slightly smaller sizes.
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Lobophora variegata has three different morphological forms; an erect ruffled form, a decumbent or reclining form which grows flattened against the substrate and an encrusting form. Each of these forms may dominate its habitat. This seaweed is generally greenish-brown or pale brown. The sporangial sori are scattered across both surfaces of the thalli (fronds).
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Rhytisma fulvum is a zooxanthellate species and has two different colour morphs, yellowish-brown and grey. There is no taxonomic difference between these forms. It is an encrusting species forming sheets over the substrate which may mesh together. The polyps are small and packed together in rows, each raised on a cone-shaped peduncle.
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A male sea urchin, Echinus esculentus releasing sperm, Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. The mouthparts are designed for rasping and E. esculentus feeds on algae and encrusting invertebrates.Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland It has been recorded feeding on worms, barnacles, hydroids, tunicates, bryozoans, algae such as Laminaria spp., sludge and detritus.Lawrence, J.M., 1975.
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Alcyonium coralloides has several different habits of growth. In the Atlantic Ocean it sometimes grows as encrusting sheets over rock surfaces. These are red with white or yellow polyps, sometimes having bare areas from which polyps are absent. More frequently, it grows in short finger-like lobes up to long, pale pink with white polyps.
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This colonial species is found as irregular encrusting plates and has non-uniform corllites. Its uniform coenosteum is smooth, and the species is mainly dark brown in colour; the colour can be blotched. It has a similar appearance to Turbinaria stellulata. T. irregularis is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues.
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Membraniporidae is a bryozoan family in the suborder Malacostegina. Membranipora form encrusting or erect colonies; they are unilaminar or bilaminar and weakly to well-calcified. Zooids have vertical and basal calcified walls, but virtually no frontal calcified wall: most of the frontal surface is occupied by frontal membrane. An intertentacular organ is also present.
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Sarpech (Turban ornament) with Safed chalwan back Safed Chalwan is a kind of white translucent enamel used for encrusting gems and precious stones for making jewels. This enamel is used at the reverse side of the jewels in order to contrast the color of the gems (usually ruby or jade) with a stark white background.
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The polyps grow from basal stolons which form a purple mat encrusting the substrate. The eight tentacles have feathery margins. They are retractable and fluorescent green, usually with a band of white or yellow around the margin of the oral disc. The polyps are large, compared with related species, and may reach in diameter.
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59, pp. 2024-2041, 2012 These macroids are made up by encrusting acervulind foraminifera. These macroids host boring bivalves whose holes represent the ichnogenus Gastrochaenolites.Bassi D., Braga J.C., Owada M., Aguirre J., Lipps J.H., Takayanagi H., Iryu Y., Boring bivalve traces in modern reef and deeper water macroid and rhodolith beds Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, vol.
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These sponges are massive or encrusting in form and have a very simple structure with very little variation in spicule form (all spicules tend to be very small). Reproduction is viviparous and the larva is an oval form known as an amphiblastula. This form is usual in calcareous sponges but is less common in other sponges.
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P. branneri is an encrusting coral that forms patches up to in diameter with knobbly projections some across. The corallites are small and pentagonal, giving the surface of the coral a pitted appearance when the polyps are retracted. When the polyps are extended to feed, the surface appears fuzzy. This coral is pale blue, lilac or purple in colour.
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Allonautilus: a new genus of living nautiloid cephalopod and its bearing on phylogeny of the Nautilida. Journal of Paleontology 71(6): 1054–1064. The most obvious are features of the shell, including crease and an encrusting layer (periostracum) that covers most of the shell. Gills and reproductive structures also differ significantly from members of the genus Nautilus.
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Tryon (1889), Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia This animal is usually found clinging to rock walls and underneath overhangs in caves, from 10m - 200m deep on semi exposed to very exposed open coastline.Morton, J. & Miller, M., “The New Zealand Sea Shore”, Collins, Auckland NZ 1968 Feeds on hydroids and other encrusting fauna.
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Spongites yendoi is a hard, encrusting species of coralline algae. Like other species it contains chlorophyll and uses photosynthesis to synthesize carbohydrates. The cell walls of the algae contain deposits of calcium carbonate which give it its firm consistency. The thallus of Spongites yendoi is relatively thin and is mainly composed of filaments of small, squarish cells.
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Suberites farinaria is a similar but encrusting sponge but it is thought to be a juvenile form of S. ficus. Another species, Suberites virgultosa, used to be considered a synonym but is now considered a valid species in its own right. Suberites domuncula may also be synonymous and further study is required.van Soest, R.W.M., Picton, B. & Morrow, C., (2000).
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Polymastia fusca is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is found in shallow subtidal habitats in the far north of North Island, New Zealand. This firm-textured sponge grows up to 20 cm across, often encrusting its substrate. The outer layer is very dark brown, contrasting with a much paler yellow or orange interior.
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Polymastia rubens is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is only known from rocky subtidal habitats around Kawau Island off North Island, New Zealand. This is an encrusting sponge with a very firm texture, growing in patches up to 7 cm across. The outer layer is bright red with a brown interior.
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Polymastia aurantia is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is found in intertidal habitats including tide pools in the vicinity of Auckland, New Zealand. This is a thickly encrusting sponge with a soft, fleshy texture, growing in patches up to 18 cm across. The outer layer is bright orange with a yellowish-brown interior.
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Proteleia tapetum is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is found in shallow subtidal and intertidal habitats in the far north of North Island, New Zealand. This is an encrusting sponge growing in patches up to 60 cm across. The outer layer is bright yellow or orange with a darker interior.
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Growth forms are varied and include branching, club-shaped, massive and encrusting. Identification of members of this family is based on microscopic examination of the spicules in their skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton is composed of tornotes while the ectosomal skeleton consists of a tangential crust of spined styles or oxeas. The microscleres are mostly arcuate isochelae.
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Colonies of Turbinaria radicalis are encrusting and spread over rocks or have rootlets growing down into the substrate. The surface of the coral is smooth, and the corallites may be sunken or raised on shallow cones. They tend to be aligned in irregular rows. This coral is usually greenish-brown, pale or dark brown with contrasting pale corallites.
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Platygyra contorta is a colonial species found in columnar or encrusting structures. It is light yellow, green, grey, or red in colour, and it has thin walls. Its septa are non-uniform and its valleys are curved and short at the centre of colonies, becoming linear and long at the margins of colonies. Colonies have diameters often exceeding .
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Colonies of Coelastrea aspera are either encrusting or massive. The surface has a honeycomb-like appearance, the corallites being cerioid (several polyps sharing a common wall) in arrangement, deep and angular, with thick, straight walls. The septa are even, with long and short septa alternating in larger corallites. Budding is usually intratentacular (inside the ring of tentacles).
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Colonies of Paragoniastrea australensis can be massive, submassive or encrusting. The corallites are arranged in deep valleys with steep walls. The valleys are meandroid and may be short or long, depending on the habitat in which the coral grows. The septa are even and regularly spaced and extend over the valley walls into the next valley.
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The single known specimen was found encrusting on a specimen of Euryspongia rosea. It is ramose, with a smooth surface and is 3 to 4 cm in extent and up to 6 mm thick. The tightly woven anastomosing tubes are 100-180 μm in diameter. The approximately circular openings on the surface are 100-200 μm in diameter.
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Hermit crab, Calcinus laevimanus, with sea anemone. Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a long-term relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Bryoliths document a mutualistic symbiosis between a hermit crab and encrusting bryozoans.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 40 mm and 50 mm. Very similar to B. papyracea. Also often covered with the encrusting bryozoan Alcyonidium nodosum and differs mainly in being smaller and having fine longitudinal ridges which cross the spirals to produce a slightly checkered effect, generally not visible under the bryozoan.Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. (2010).
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Siderastrea siderea is a colonial coral that forms low domes or boulder-shaped structures with a smooth dimpled surface as much as wide on the seabed. It can be encrusting when young. The corallites, the calcareous cup-shaped depressions in which the polyps sit, are about wide with about 50 or 60 little ridges called septa. The general colour is reddish brown.
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Encrusting bryozoans get their name because they live on the shells and calcite skeletons of dead sea animals. When they attached themselves to the dead animals they would form a mat-like colony on the said animal. Then they would filter feed from the animals position in the water. Fan-like Bryozoans are the least common of the bryozoan types found in Michigan.
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The orange elephant ear sponge is very variable in form. It may be encrusting, developing a thickness up to thick or have large, flabby lobes or be fan-, tube- or ridge-shaped. Large specimens may combine several of these forms. The surfaces are perforated by small holes, both circular and irregularly elongate, especially on the side away from the current.
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The white tortoiseshell limpet is found on the north west coasts of Europe from Norway south to the Mediterranean Sea including the North Sea. It lives in the neritic zone below low water mark down to a depth of about one hundred metres. It favours rock pools and smooth rock covered with encrusting red algae such as Lithothamnion on which it feeds.
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Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma have a thin, encrusting form with a hispid surface due to emerging spicules. Their color is grey unless green from being in symbiosis with zoochlorellae (algae). Their bodies are permeated with pores, chambers, and canals for the flow of water through them. The smaller, more prevalent incurrent pores are the ostia and the larger excurrent pores are the oscula.
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Phoronids live for about one year. Some species live separately, in vertical tubes embedded in soft sediment, while others form tangled masses buried in or encrusting rocks and shells. In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of individuals per square meter. The actinotroch larvae are familiar among plankton, and sometimes account for a significant proportion of the zooplankton biomass.
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Where there is little water movement, the colonies may dangle in ropey masses from hard substrates, such as cables, docks, and the hulls of vessels. These stringy formations have led to it being colloquially referred to as "Sea Cheese" in Canada. In places with stronger currents, they cover the surface of rocks, boulders, pebbles, gravel, and oysterbeds in a thin, encrusting layer.
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Cornulitida is an extinct order of encrusting animals from the Tentaculita class, which were common around the globe in the Ordovician to Devonian oceans, and survived until the Carboniferous. The organisms had shells, and were subject to predation by boring and other means from the Ordovician onwards. Many survived attacks by predators. Several cornulitids were endobiotic symbionts in the stromatoporoids and tabulates.
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Kutnohorite occurs typically in manganiferous sediments, associated with rhodochrosite, aragonite and calcite. Notable occurrences include Tuscany, Italy and Kutná Hora, Czech Republic. It probably occurs at the Trepča Mines, Stari Trg, Kosovo, in the Balkans.The Mineralogical Record (2007) 38-4:284 At the Eldorado Mine, Ouray County, Colorado, US, it occurs as tiny white crystals partially encrusting quartz and dolomite.
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The parietal wall is scarcely callous, showing the color of the base, and with a white spiral rib in the middle.H. Pilsbry, Manual of Conchology XI, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Normally adult and large shells are encrusted with algae. Shells washed on beaches are usually clean, exposing the underlying pearly layer below the surface. This species feeds on encrusting algae.
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It uses its chelae alternately, gathering a polyp with one claw while it feeds on a polyp held in the other. It has been observed to gather and consume ten polyps in a minute. It also feeds on organisms encrusting the leaf blades of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum). When threatened it often hides beneath the extended tentacles of the sun anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus).
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They grow saprotrophic on litter of leaves and needles or soil in forests, grassland and alpine habitats. Infundibulicybe shares some characteristics with Omphalina, like the cream-reddish brown tinges of pileus and stipe, the deeply decurrent lamellae and strongly encrusting pigment. Another member of the group, I. lateritia is a rare alpine-arctic species strictly associated with Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae).
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Fire corals are colonial coral-like organisms that secrete calcareous skeletons. Colonies of Millepora complanata have an encrusting base and thin upright plates or blades growing to a height of about . The surface of the blades is smooth and the outer margins irregular, with many stumpy protrusions. This fire coral is pale brown or cream coloured, with white tips to the blades.
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These provide much of the organic carbon needed by the fire coral. The reproduction of fire corals is complex and involves an alternation of asexual and sexual generations. The encrusting parts of the coral expand by the growth of stolons, and the edges of blades expand by sympodial growth. Sexual reproduction involves a sessile polyploid stage and the budding off of planktonic medusae.
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The very small nematocysts on fire corals contain tentacles that protrude from numerous surface pores (similar to jellyfish stings). In addition, fire corals have a sharp, calcified external skeleton that can scrape the skin. Fire coral has several common growth forms; these include branching, plate, and encrusting. Branching adopts a calcareous structure which branches off, to rounded, finger-like tips.
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This species lives at depths up to 12 m in the rocky subtidal region, near areas covered by the encrusting sponge Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker, 1910) during the reproductive season.Martins T.K., Pires M.M., Lima A.S., Cavalheri H.B. and Vieira T.B. (2010) Uso de sinais químicos por Doris verrucosa (Mollusca:Nudibranchia) para seleção de locais para ovoposição. Universidade de São Paulo, Occasional Publication, 1–3.
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Each colony grows by asexual budding from a single zooid known as the ancestrula, which is round rather than shaped like a normal zooid. This occurs at the tips of "trunks" or "branches" in forms that have this structure. Encrusting colonies grow round their edges. In species with calcareous exoskeletons, these do not mineralize until the zooids are fully grown.
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Echinaster feed mostly on biofilms, encrusting invertebrates, such as sponges, and microalgae. One study performed showed that sea stars of the Echinaster have no problem eating the spicules of sponges, along with the sponge skeleton. Studies also showed that the Echinaster prefer sponge species that lack chemical defenses.[18] They are the least likely to eat sponges with a rubbery texture.
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Polymastia lorum is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is only known from a single specimen found attached to a dead Glycimeris valve on a reef near Ohinau Island, one of the Mercury Islands off North Island, New Zealand. This is a small encrusting sponge 4 cm across. The outer layer is yellow with an orange-red interior.
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Turbinaria stellulata tends to be submassive with encrusting margins and does not produce vertical structures to any extent. The corallites are about in diameter and have thick walls. This coral is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues. It is usually some shade of brown or green, but other colours sometimes occur, depending on which species of symbiont is present.
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Radiospongilla sceptroides is a species of freshwater sponge in the family Spongillidae. It was described as Spongilla sceptroides by Scottish-born Australian zoologist William A. Haswell in 1883, who discovered it growing on submerged wood in a pond in the vicinity of Brisbane. He described it as "Sponge green, encrusting, smooth, moderately elastic, not crumbling." He noted the spicules were fusiform and pointed.
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Dactylotrochus cervicornis is a robust solitary coral with an encrusting base and a short pedicel about in diameter. The maximum size is in diameter and high. The fossa (central depression) is elongated and the calyx is deep. As the coral grows, certain parts of the corallite wall and septa develop more than others and two or more petal-like lobes grow, often recurving.
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Clathria prolifera has an encrusting base that may be up to across but less than thick. It forms bushy masses up to tall of orange or red branches up to thick. These resemble fingers, or may join together to form fan-like or drapery-like folded sheets. The spongy surface is covered with minute pores through which water is drawn into the sponge.
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In sheltered waters, A. tenuifolia forms irregular encrusting patches with many vertical, leaf-like blades. The corallites, which are on both sides of these blades, are arranged in meandering rows separated by irregular ridges. In places with more vigorous wave action, this coral may form spherical colonies. The colour of this coral is usually pale brown, reddish-brown or greenish- brown.
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Caryophyllia smithii, the Devonshire cup coral, is a species of solitary coral in the family Caryophylliidae. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. There are shallow and deep- water forms which are structurally different. It forms part of a biodiverse community of rock encrusting organisms and is often parasitised by a barnacle.
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Astreopora listeri may form hemispherical mounds or flattened and partially encrusting colonies. The corallites are crowded and not arranged in any particular pattern. They are immersed and have small circular openings surrounded by delicate feathery spinules, giving the colony a rough surface. This coral resembles Astreopora myriophthalma and Astreopora randalli in appearance and is usually cream, pale brown or grey.
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The larvae are pelagic and form part of the zooplankton. They may be transported large distances by currents before settling on suitable rock surfaces.Natural History Museum Larger individuals will themselves have encrusting animals such as barnacles and algae growing on their shells. Sometimes the shell will be used by other limpets or chitons for grazing on the microalgae that grows there.
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Homophyllia bowerbanki is a small, encrusting coral but occasionally reach a diameter of over . The corallites are cerioid and have irregular shapes, and there is usually an obvious central one. The colour is often mottled and is generally reddish-brown, brown or grey. The corallites are irregularly shaped and may be arranged singly or in short valleys with continuous walls containing several corallites.
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A view of plasticrust in the seashore A plasticrust is a type of plastic pollution. Plasticrusts consist of plastic debris encrusting rocky surfaces and have been described, for the first time, in Madeira Island (Atlantic ocean) in 2019. More recently, plasticrusts were detected in Giglio Island (Mediterranean Sea). In Madeira and Giglio, plasticrusts occurred in wave- exposed rocky intertidal habitats that directly face the open sea.
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Solenosmilia variabilis grows into small bushy colonies, the dichotomous branches often joining together. It grows from an encrusting base on which there are a few corallites. The branches are thick near the base of the colony but more slender above; sometimes upper branches are just in diameter. The coenosteum can be smooth and white, granular, glossy and pale grey, or ridged with eight to ten transverse costae.
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Perenniporia podocarpi is a species of resupinate (encrusting) polypore. It occurs widely but uncommonly on the New Zealand endemic podocarps Dacrydium cupressinum and Prumnopitys taxifolia. Basidiocarps are dimitic and grow up to 9 cm across, thick and cushion-like with a distinctive white or very pale cream spore surface with large pores. The basidiospores are extremely large for the genus, up to 27 μm in length.
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The colony is firmly attached to a hard surface from which it can be difficult to detach. D. vexillum has different forms in different locations. It can form a thin or thick encrusting mat, or form large or small lobes. The colour can be orange, pink, tan, creamy yellow or greyish-white and the tunic is sparsely strengthened by stellate spicules with nine to eleven rays.
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Sponge biodiversity and morphotypes at the lip of a wall site in of water. Included are the yellow tube sponge, Aplysina fistularis, the purple vase sponge, Niphates digitalis, the red encrusting sponge, ', and the gray rope sponge, Callyspongia sp. Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls and produce sperm cells. Unlike other animals, they lack true tissues and organs.
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Calotomus carolinus can typically be found as a single fish or in small groups, in shallow reefs or lagoons. It occurs in subtidal reef flats, lagoons and seaward reefs down to depths of , or more. Within the wider habitat this species can be found in areas of coral, rubble, seagrass and weeds. It feeds on a variety of benthic encrusting algae, Padina and seagrasses.
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Bleached and in vivo coral colonies of Polycyathus muellerae (right column: C,D). Scale bars: A, C = 1 cm; B, D = 0.5 cm. Polycyathus muellerae is a colonial species of coral with large polyps. The individual polyps are at first joined by an encrusting basal lamina but with time this may get worn away and other organisms may take up residence between the polyps.
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The colonies were "massive", "encrusting, platey, dome-shaped or sometimes ramose". It was a hermatypic coral, which require "warm, clear, shallow water" and live in symbiotic relationships with algae. It is also likely that zooxanthellae (a kind of protozoa) lived on the coral. It has been theorized that Isastrea could endure lower temperatures than most other hermatypic corals because it occurs farther north than them.
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Calcarea (with encrusting crinoid) from the Middle Jurassic Matmor Formation of Makhtesh Gadol, Israel. The calcareous sponges of class Calcarea are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made out of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species have three points, in some species they have either two or four points.
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Trypanoporida is an extinct order of encrusting animals from the Tentaculita class, which were common in the Devonian oceans (Weedon, 1991). Their affinity is unknown; they have been placed among worms and corals. They appear to be closely related to other taxa of uncertain affinity, including the microconchids, cornulitids and tentaculitids. Spirally coiled trypanoporids (Devonian) have most likely been derived from the geologically older microconchids (Upper Ordovician).
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The coastal rock platforms and adjacent waters are included in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park. The intertidal platforms have the highest invertebrate diversity of any calcarenite reef in Victoria, while subtidal areas are characterised by diverse and abundant algal communities as well as by encrusting organisms such as ascidians, sponges and bryozoans.Parks Victoria. (2006). Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Management Plan.
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Lake Baikal endemic sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis: structure and organization of the gene family of silicatein and its role in morphogenesis. Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability, pp. 179–188. These three are also the most common sponges in the lake. While the Baikalospongia species typically have encrusting or carpet-like structures, L. baikalensis often has branching structures and in areas where common may form underwater "forests".
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Gelliodes wilsoni varies somewhat in growth form but is usually found as a thick encrusting mat with irregular branches that overgrow each other, sometimes joining together, and sometimes forming short erect branches. It is usually bluish-grey, with a beige-grey interior. The texture is spongy but fibrous, elastic and tough and the surface may be smooth or may have irregular tufts of fibres protruding.
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S. ficus is a large sponge growing up to thirty or forty centimetres across. It is usually some shade of orange or red, especially in brightly lit places, but sometimes is greyish or brownish in dimmer locations. The shape is irregular and varies, sometimes being lobose, sometimes cushion- like and sometimes encrusting. It has a smooth-looking surface but this feels rough to the touch.
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Colonies can adopt various forms, encrusting, plate-like or lumpy, sometimes varying in form in different parts of the same colony. On thin laminar plates, which may be a few millimetres thick, the corallites are delicate and about in diameter. Near the plate attachment the coral is thicker and the corallites are coarser. Septa-costae can be seen between the corallites, and the costae bear spines.
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It is preyed on by starfish, octopuses and sea otters. It can detect predators by smell and by sight and can swim away from them by opening and closing its valves. Other organisms often grow on the exterior of its shell and it often forms a symbiotic relationship with an encrusting sponge which grows on the upper valve and helps protect it from predators.
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M. incrustans is an encrusting sponge occurring in patches up to across and high. It is usually some shade of yellow but can range through orange, pink and white. It has a bubbly-looking appearance with internal channels visible through the surface and large, raised oscules. The consistency is fairly soft and elastic but the surface feels crisp because of the vertical spicule bundles supporting it.
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The bacteria that began to decompose the plant and animal remains in the mud produced carbon dioxide in the sediments around the remains. The carbonate combined with iron from the groundwater around the remains, forming encrusting nodules of siderite. The organism was entombed, retarding decay and allowing an impression of the organism to be preserved. The mechanisms of preservation in the Mazon Creek are poorly understood.
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Staghorn corals are the dominant group of reef builders. They come in many shapes and sizes and can be highly variable in colour and form, even within the same species. Most are either branched or table-top shaped and some are encrusting. Their colours vary between browns, whites, pinks, blues, yellows, greens and purple, depending not only on species but also on the growing conditions.
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The most advanced colonies involve the integration of the zooids into a common structure surrounded by the tunic. These may have separate buccal siphons and a single central atrial siphon and may be organized into larger systems, with hundreds of star-shaped units. Often, the zooids in a colony are tiny but very numerous, and the colonies can form large encrusting or mat-like patches.
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Membranipora membranacea is a very widely distributed species of marine bryozoan known from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, usually in temperate zone environments. This bryozoan is a colonial organism characterized by a thin, mat-like encrustation, white to gray in color. It may be known colloquially as the sea-mat or lacy crust bryozoan and is often abundantly found encrusting seaweeds, particularly kelps.Barnes, R.D. (1982).
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Favia is a genus of reef-building stony corals in the family Mussidae. Members of the genus are massive or thickly encrusting colonial corals, either dome- shaped or flat, and a few are foliaceous. There is a great diversity of form even among individuals of the same species. The corallites project slightly above the surface of the coral and each has its own wall.
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The bushy, aromatic and resinous shrub typically grows to a height of . The glabrous branchlets often have resin encrusting the ribs or entire surface. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The ascending to erect evergreen phyllodes are usually quite slender and straight to shallowly curved with a length of and a diameter of and terminate with a sharp tip.
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In biology, a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives. A substrate can include biotic or abiotic materials and animals. For example, encrusting algae that lives on a rock (its substrate) can be itself a substrate for an animal that lives on top of the algae. Inert substrates are used as growing support materials in the hydroponic cultivation of plants.
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P. toxica is an encrusting species with a firm, tough cuticle. The polyps are partially embedded in a cushiony mat of coenenchyme which grows across the rock surface, and which incorporates sand grains and fragments of debris. The oral disc of each polyp is broad and has a fringe of tentacles. The polyps can close up and be retracted into the coenenchyme, which then displays a pitted surface.
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Corallites of Pavona bipartita Colonies of Pavona bipartita are either submassive or encrusting, and can be a metre (yard) across. The corallites are shallow depressions with poorly defined walls. They are evenly distributed over the undulating surface of the colony, and there are a network of uneven raised ridges between them. The columella are small and the septacostae extend over the ridges and are arranged in two alternating orders.
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Stylaraea punctata is probably the smallest of the zooxanthellate corals, being circular, encrusting, and usually less than in diameter. The polyps are flower-like and less than across, each having twelve tentacles. The cup-shaped corallites in which they sit have a solid central columella and poorly-developed calcareous septa in two whorls of six. The colouring of this coral is usually pale brown or purple with white septa and columella.
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Lobophora variegata is a species of small thalloid brown alga which grows intertidally or in shallow water in tropical and warm temperate seas. It has three basic forms, being sometimes ruffled, sometimes reclining and sometimes encrusting, and each form is typically found in a different habitat. This seaweed occurs worldwide. It is the type species of the genus Lobophora, the type locality being the Antilles in the West Indies.
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Sea urchins, parrot fish, and limpets and chitons (both mollusks) feed on coralline algae. In the temperate Mediterranean Sea, coralline algae are the main builders of a typical algal reef, the Coralligène ("coralligenous").Ballesteros E., 2006 Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: A synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review 44: 123–130 Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world.
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One of the most commonly found species is the black coral (Pocillopora damicornis). Large corals are rare and mostly found at the bottom of the reefs. Six other species of coral were found including Pocillopora capitata, Pocillopora meandrina, Pocillopora verrucosa, Pavona gigantea, Porites panamensis and an undescribed species noted as Pocillopora sp. Colonies of Porites panamensis were extremely scarce, encrusting, and appeared only at depths of less than three meters.
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Astrangia poculata is native to the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea where its range extends from Cape Cod in Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico. It also occurs on the western coast of Africa. It occurs in encrusting clumps on rocks and is common under ledges and boulders, on pilings and on wrecks. It also occurs in deep water and detached clumps sometimes get washed up on shore.
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Marionia levis is found living in association with, and feeding on, the encrusting soft coral Rhytisma fulvum. The nudibranch is well- camouflaged when on the surface of its prey as it is similar in colour, and the gill clusters resemble the polyps of the soft coral. It is rendered visible if the coral is tapped. This causes the polyps to retract and exposes the no-longer-camouflaged nudibranch to view.
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H. mammillatus predominantly feeds on encrusting coralline algae, but has been noted to consume small amounts of other algae like Pterocladia and Ulva. Sea urchins are primarily marine grazers and tend to eat the algae in closest proximity to them. Thus, several species live a rather sedentary lifestyle. However, Heterocentrotus mammillatus appears to be somewhat active in comparison to other urchins like Echinothrix calamaris, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga.
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Oncolites are similar to stromatolites, but instead of forming columns, they form approximately spherical structures that were not attached to the underlying substrate as they formed. The oncoids often form around a central nucleus, such as a shell fragment, and a calcium carbonate structure is deposited by encrusting microbes. Oncolites are indicators of warm waters in the photic zone, but are also known in contemporary freshwater environments.Riding, Robert. (1991).
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This has led researchers to suspect that bryozoans arose earlier but were initially unmineralized, and may have differed significantly from fossilized and modern forms. Early fossils are mainly of erect forms, but encrusting forms gradually became dominant. It is uncertain whether the phylum is monophyletic. Bryozoans' evolutionary relationships to other phyla are also unclear, partly because scientists' view of the family tree of animals is mainly influenced by better-known phyla.
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This large snail has an 8–15 cm tall, conical shell strongly reminiscent of an ice cream cone. T. telescopium is commonly seen in Southeast Asian mangroves, on mud, sometimes in the hundreds covering a large area. It is also called 'Rodong' or 'Berongan' in Malay. The largest of Horn snails, the heavy conical shell is actually beautifully marked but the patterns are usually hidden by mud and other encrusting animals.
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Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea takes the form of an encrusting mass of cylindrical to volcano-shaped projections between 2 and 15 cm, with oscula at the high end. The oscula are circular or oval, and between 1.3 and 5.0 mm in diameter. The body has radial symmetry and consists, on the outside, of flattened cells known as pinacocytes. The inner part is formed by cells called choanocytes, equipped with a flagellum.
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Polymastia umbraculum is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is only known from rocky subtidal habitats around Kawau Island off the North Island of New Zealand. This is a thickly encrusting sponge with a very firm texture, growing in loosely attached patches up to 7 cm across. The granular outer layer is brilliant yellow-orange with a rather darker interior carrying many symbiont foraminifera.
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Turbinaria peltata may be foliaceous or encrusting, and tends to form thick, flat plates, often in overlapping tiers. The colonies may be several metres in diameter. The corallites are found on a single side of each plate and are about in diameter, being either immersed in the skeleton or raised on tubular mounds. On the upper surfaces of larger colonies, two-sided ridges or cylindrical columns may form.
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Turbinaria mesenterina is encrusting or forms flat or vase-shaped plates with corallites only on one side. The corallites are conical and about in diameter. This coral is quite variable in form, depending on depth and water conditions. It is very common in the Arabian area on sand and other sediments, and there it forms groups of vertical, interlocking plates which are usually greenish yellow, greenish grey or greyish brown.
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Tegula funebralis is primarily herbivorous. Food for T. funebralis can be categorized as either rock encrusting algae, macroscopic algae, or organic detritus. Studies into the macroscopic algal preferences of T. funebralis revealed a strong preference for Nereocystis luetkana and Macrocystis integrifolia. Macroscopic algae species preferred by T. funebralis are similar in that they are non- calcareous, non-filamentous, and softer in comparison to other macroscopic algae in the region.
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They appear earlier in the fossil record during the Cambrian and were generally sessile animals. They lived attached to a hard substrate in the sea-floor, by their own weight as encrusting organisms or by an attachment disc. Graptolites with relatively few branches were derived from the dendroid graptolites at the beginning of the Ordovician period. This latter type (order Graptoloidea) were pelagic and planktonic, drifting freely on the surface of primitive seas.
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Near Magnetic Island Growth morphologies for the genus Montipora include submassive, laminar, foliaceous, encrusting, and branching. It is not uncommon for a single Montipora colony to display more than one growth morphology. Healthy Montipora corals can be a variety of colors, including orange, brown, pink, green, blue, purple, yellow, grey, or tan. Although they are typically uniform in color, some species, such as Montipora spumosa or Montipora verrucosa, may display a mottled appearance.
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Halisarca caerulea is a thinly encrusting species forming patches about thick. The texture is fleshy, and the skin is strengthened by the presence of bundles of collagen fibres which give a reticulated pattern to the smooth, slightly slimy surface. This sponge has long tubular, choanocyte chambers, which are sometimes branched, and no spicules. The oscula are about in diameter, each being at the centre of a conspicuous star-shaped group of superficial canals.
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The pink scallop usually has a symbiotic relationship with an encrusting sponge, usually the orange Myxilla incrustans, which grows on its left valve. The sponge provides camouflage for the scallop, and may deter predators from attacking it. The sponge also makes it harder for a starfish to pull open the scallop with its tube feet, because it makes manipulating the shell more difficult. The sponge benefits from not being submerged by sediment in turbid conditions.
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The ruffled form is the most palatable and is only found to any extent in areas with low grazing pressure such as seagrass meadows. The decumbent form is relatively unattractive to fish and crabs but is eaten in areas with high grazing pressure. It is also eaten intensively by sea urchins such as Diadema antillarum. The encrusting form is unpalatable to all the herbivores and is principally found in areas with high grazing pressure.
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Asterina phylactica is native to the northwestern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Around the British Isles, Asterina phylactica is found around the south-west coasts but also occurs on the west coasts of Scotland and north-west Ireland. In Wales, the typical habitat for this species is rock pools on exposed coasts with much encrusting coralline algae. It is a tolerant species and able to adapt to a range of different salinities and temperatures.
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Bryozoans encrusting the right valve interior of an oyster from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi. Entobia borings and the cyclostome bryozoan Voigtopora thurni on an oyster valve from the Coon Creek Beds of the Ripley Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near Blue Springs, Mississippi. Many rivers fed into the sea bringing leaves and driftwood from the land. These served as the base of the food chain.
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Larger masses of murdochite have also been found at the T. Kguni Mine in Anarak, Iran. Here murdochite was found in conjunction with khuniite (iranite), chrominium (phoenicochroite), plumangite and an unknown mineral with the formula Pb9O16. All these minerals are lead oxide minerals, meaning that murdochite can be found in oxidized Pb-Cu deposits. More recently, small murdochite crystals were found encrusting aurichalcite crystals in the Granite Gap Mines in New Mexico.
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Colonies of Alveopora spongiosa take various forms; they may be submassive plates or cushions, or be columnar or encrusting, sometimes reaching a diameter of . The septa on the corallite walls bear slender tapering spines of various lengths which do not connect together. The polyps may have two whorls of knobbed tentacles, six long ones and six short. The colonies are usually some shade of brown, sometimes with white tips to the tentacles.
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The polyps of Palythoa are partially embedded in an encrusting mat of tissue (coenenchyme) covering the substrate on which the colony grows. The individual polyps have flattened oral discs surrounded by a fringe of tentacles. The tentacles' shape and size can vary considerably between species, and even between colonies of the same species. Their colors are also highly variable, with relatively dull shades like cream, coffee, white, brown, or yellow, being the most common.
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Biemna variantia is an encrusting sponge forming small cushions seldom more than across, thick in the middle and thinner near the edge. The surface is covered with small conical peaks and has a spiky appearance due to spicule fibres which support the surface. The oscula are irregularly scattered across the surface. Sometimes the cushions are plate-like, cup or fan-shaped, and older individuals may have protuberances and appear lumpy or shaggy.
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Colonies of E. aspera are quite diverse in form and may be up to across. Some are encrusting but others are hummocky or have thickened sections, with plates, whorls or tiers which tend to lie parallel to the underlying surface. The corallites (stony cups in which the polyps sit) are usually level with the surface but may be protuberant in some colonies. They are normally only on the upper surface of leaves and plates.
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The white and pink forms mainly occur in deep water and are considered mutants. The polyps, which are usually white, cream or yellow, may be long and are usually larger than those of the sea fan it is encrusting. It can be considered parasitic as the tissues of the sea fan are killed and Alcyonium coralloides adheres to the underlying skeleton. The mechanism by which it kills its host's tissues is not understood.
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Amphimedon compressa can grow to a length of and a diameter of , but it is usually smaller in shallow water. The tree-like curved branches grow from a basal encrusting mass, but very occasionally this sponge grows as a small, unbranched, flattened hemisphere. Many small osculi are found on the branches. It is usually a dull dark red, but the colour varies and it is sometimes black, dark brown, greyish-brown, bright red, or orange.
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Anticalyptraea is a fossil genus of encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms from the Silurian to Devonian of Europe and North America (Vinn, 2010). Anticalyptraea commonly encrust various invertebrate fossils such as stromatoporoids, rugose corals, bryozoans, brachiopods and crinoids, but they can also be common on the hardgrounds. They were often attacked by predators in the Pridoli of Baltica. Anticalyptraea was traditionally interpreted as a phorid gastropod, but was later assigned to the Class Tentaculita.
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Like other sponges, Clathria prolifera draws in water through its pores and filters out planktonic particles on which it feeds. Larvae are released in the summer and autumn, at first they rise to the surface but after a day or so they sink to the bottom and crawl across the substrate until they find suitable locations for settlement. The juvenile sponges are encrusting at first. Clathria prolifera is sometimes used as a model organism.
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Platygyra daedalea usually forms massive dome or boulder-shaped colonies which may be a metre (yard) or more in diameter; however, sometimes it forms flattened plates or it may be encrusting. The polyps are situated in meandering valleys with low walls between them which are often perforated. The septa are toothed and protuberant, usually with uneven or pointed tips. There is an obvious ridge, the columella, in the centre of the valley.
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Ophlitaspongia papilla occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, its range extending from the British Isles to the Canary Islands, the Azores and Madeira. It is also known from New Zealand waters. It normally occupies a zone between the average high water mark of neap tides and below the average level low water of spring tides. It is occasionally found at slightly greater depths encrusting the shells of bivalve molluscs such as Chlamys opercularis.
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Oscarella carmela is either encrusting or massive and forms a slimy covering or a thicker layer of spongy matter with an uneven, lumpy, lobed surface. It grows in patches on hard substrates up to in diameter and overgrows other organisms. The colour is variable and ranges from orange-brown to tan or beige. This sponge does not contain spicules or spongin to reinforce its body wall and has a simple structure with only two types of cell with inclusions.
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A dense colony of phoronids Phoronids live in all the oceans and seas including the Arctic and excepting the Antarctic Ocean, and appear between the intertidal zone and about 400 meters down. Some occur separately, in vertical tubes embedded in soft sediment such as sand, mud, or fine gravel. Others form tangled masses of many individuals buried in or encrusting rocks and shells. In some habitats populations of phoronids reach tens of thousand of individuals per square meter.
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Colonies of Cauloramphus disjunctus encrust rocks and grow to a diameter of about . Each colony consists of a number of interlinked polyps with each individual reaching a length of about . The epidermis secretes a hard exoskeleton which protects and supports the trunks of the polyps and the whole colony resembles an encrusting lichen. Each polyp has a lophophore, a feeding organ with tentacles, which is extended to feed but can be everted and drawn back inside the trunk.
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Reinke had a keen interest in the systematics, developmental cycles, cytology and physiology of brown algae. From 1888 to 1892 he published a number of articles on marine algae from the North and Baltic Seas -- in regards to the Baltic, he described several new genera of algae. He also published works on the algal families Tilopteridaceae (1889) and Sphacelariaceae (1890). Furthermore, he postulated that the encrusting algae genus called Aglaozonia was a stage in the life history of Cutleria.
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Antedon mediterranea is found in the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas and westward to the south coast of Spain and Cape St. Vincent. It is found at depths down to about and favours areas with strong currents which bring plenty of food within reach. It is found on rocky or sandy seabeds rich in algae including encrusting algae, or among sea grasses (Posidonia oceanica). It hides during the day in concealed locations emerging at night into more exposed areas.
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It is most abundant on back reefs, on shallow patch reefs and on the lower surfaces of hard corals. In deeper water it forms thin semicircular plates projecting horizontally from vertical rock faces or from under overhangs. The encrusting form resembles Ralfsia and consists of irregular low-growing lobes attached to the substrate by a matted, rhizoidal holdfast. It grows in very shallow water on coral rubble, red mangrove prop roots and the waterlogged soils around mangroves.
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In practice, zoological naming of split or merged groups of animals is complex and not completely consistent. Works since 2000 have used various names to resolve the ambiguity, including: "Bryozoa", "Ectoprocta", "Bryozoa (Ectoprocta)", and "Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)". Some have used more than one approach in the same work. The text begins "Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) ..." The common name "moss animals" is based on the Greek βρυόν (moss) and ζῷα (animals), and refers to the mossy appearance of encrusting species.
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Bryozoans have contributed to carbonate sedimentation in marine life since the Ordovician period. Bryozoans take responsibility for many of the colony forms, which have evolved in different taxonomic groups and vary in sediment producing ability. The nine basic bryozoan colony-forms include: encrusting, dome-shaped, palmate, foliose, fenestrate, robust branching, delicate branching, articulated and free-living. Most of these sediments come from two distinct groups of colonies: domal, delicate branching, robust branching and palmate; and fenestrate.
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The right valve was much more heavily colonised than the left with 76% clad with epibionts as against 17% of the left valves. The encrusting sponges (mostly Mycale adhaerens) were common as were the barnacle (Balanus rostratus) and the tube worms Neosabellaria cementarium, Serpula vermicularis and Spirorbis sp. Also encountered were other bivalves, bryozoans, brachiopods and tunicates. Many of the tubes made by the worms were unoccupied and other organisms overgrew living and dead calcareous tubes.
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It seldom encrusts sea fans. Alcyonium coralloides overgrowing Eunicella singularis In the Mediterranean, the habit of growth of Alcyonium coralloides is often encrusting, growing over the surface of a gorgonian. The sea fan has a rigid skeleton so Alcyonium coralloides does not need a supportive skeleton but it does however have spicules in its surface layers which makes it rough to the touch. The colour of the colony is often purple, but may be white, pink or yellow.
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Red encrusting demosponge of the type found on Cobb Seamount. Although it is one of over 100 underwater features in the region, Cobb Seamount is the only one known to extend well upwards into the region of the ocean penetrated by light. Like many other seamounts, Cobb Seamount is a local biological hotspot and functions as an "island of stability" for local organisms. It supports an extensive fish population, mostly Sebastes species and especially Sebastes miniatus.
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Polymastia crocea is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is found in subtidal habitats below 6 m depth in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand. This is a globular sponge up to 4 cm across or an encrusting sponge up to 7 cm across. This soft-textured sponge is very bright yellow outside and in with the surface covered in small papillae, some with pores, some without.
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Polymastia echinus is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Polymastiidae. It is only known from shallow subtidal habitats off Goat Island in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand. This is an encrusting sponge with an extraordinary appearance. The sponge is always largely covered in sand, grit and fragments of shells apart from smooth, cylindrical, peach- coloured papillae up to 15 mm in height which are always free of such material.
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Conopeum seurati is an encrusting bryozoan that forms small colonies on seagrasses, shells and other hard surfaces. When a larva of Conopeum seurati settles on a suitable surface, it undergoes metamorphosis into a zooid known as an ancestrula. This is oval in shape and measures about . The ancestrula buds to produce another zooid which has a pair of long spines at the distal end and sometimes a further three to five pairs of thin spines at the sides.
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Members of this genus mostly form dome- shaped or rounded heads but sometimes have leaflike extensions, be encrusting or form plates, vases and branches.Coral Hub They are much larger than members of the genus Montipora. They have a wide range of colours including yellow, brown, green, pink and blue but the most common are whitish-blue. The corallites are distinct and separate, sometimes raised on cones and sometimes depressed, up to four millimetres across and round in cross-section.
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Pachymatisma johnstonia is a species of sponge belonging to the family Geodiidae. A species of the north-eastern Atlantic coasts, this is a usually grey encrusting sponge with large prominent oscula and a pale yellow interior. The size and form depends largely on the extent of its exposure to waves. In heavily wave-exposed locations, it is usually small and thin but in more sheltered places can grow to over 50 cm across and 15 cm thick.
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The morphology of Millepora alcicornis is very variable. Most colonies probably start as encrusting forms and adopt a branching structure as they grow. The encrustations can become established on a variety of structures, not only on coral reefs and rocks but also on dead corals and the hulls of wrecked ships. Later development is in the form of plates or blades in habitats with much water movement such as the surf-pounded outer edges of reefs.
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On flat surfaces W. subtorquata at first forms small encrusting patches, but as these grow they begin to buckle and fold and overgrow itself, forming foliose (leaf-like) structures in sheltered waters. These can be up to high and across. The colonies are usually some shade of orange or red, with varying amounts of black. The individual soft-bodied units in the colony are called zooids and are enclosed in coffin- shaped boxes called zoecia composed of mineralized material.
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Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also clean up ectoparasites in other fish, possibly another kind of mutualism. A non-obligate symbiosis is seen in encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell. Many types of tropical and sub-tropical ants have evolved very complex relationships with certain tree species.
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P. chilensis occurs in the rocky intertidal zone in temperate seas off the coast of Chile. It is mainly present in the lower algal zone, dominated by the kelps Lessonia nigrescens and Durvillaea antarctica and various encrusting coralline algae. Echinoids occurring in this zone include Loxechinus albus and Tetrapygus niger, and starfish include Stichaster striatus, Meyenaster gelatinosus and the dominant Heliaster helianthus. These starfish are the dominant carnivores in this zone and seem to play an important role in maintaining the community structure.
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Cliona delitrix is a burrowing sponge that is also encrusting. It usually grows on a massive coral, not only covering its surface but also burrowing into its interior, but is sometimes found on some other calcareous substrate such as a shell or a limestone rock. It does not normally grow on branching corals. It can grow to a diameter of up to a metre (yard) and has several large openings called osculi, wide, surrounded by projecting rims and many small raised papillae wide.
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Phymatolithon is a genus of non geniculate coralline red algae, known from the UK, and Australia. It is encrusting, flat, and unbranched; it has tetrasporangia and bisporangia borne in multiporate conceptacles. Some of its cells bear small holes in the middle; this distinctive thallus texture is termed a "Leptophytum-type" thallus surface, and has been posited as a taxonomically informative character. It periodically sloughs off its epithallus, reducing its overgrowth by algae by as much as 50% compared to bare rock.
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In the first stage of growth, Cliona viridis needs a calcified substrate on which to grow and into which it can bore. This can be limestone or a mollusc shell such as that of the edible oyster (Ostrea edulis). In its encrusting and massive stages it can grow over silicaceous rocks into which it is unable to bore. Although the tissues normally contain zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic symbiont, the sponge is not reliant on this and can grow in total darkness.
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Coralline algae about 20 meter deep at the lower limit of kelp forest Küpper, F.C. and Kamenos, N.A. (2018) "The future of marine biodiversity and marine ecosystem functioning in UK coastal and territorial waters (including UK Overseas Territories)–with an emphasis on marine macrophyte communities". Botanica Marina, 61(6): 521-535. . As sessile encrusting organisms, the corallines are prone to overgrowth by other "fouling" algae. The group have many defences to such immuration, most of which depend on waves disturbing their thalli.
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Jellyella is unusual in being a pseudoplanktonic bryozoan found encrusting floating objects, both natural and artificial. Jellyella eburnea is common on shells of the squid Spirula (which become detached from the soft body of the squid after death) and on the shells of the planktonic gastropod Janthina. Jellyella tuberculata grows on the floating alga Sargassum, and on flat-bladed kelp and other seaweeds around the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. In Cape waters it is preyed upon by the crazed nudibranch, Corambe sp.
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Plate growth adopts a shape similar to that of the smaller nonsheet lettuce corals - erect, thin sheets, which group together to form a colony. In encrusting growth, the fire coral forms on the calcareous structure of other coral or gorgonian structures. The gonophores in the family Milleporidae arise from the coenosarc (the hollow living tubes of the upright branching individuals of a colony) within chambers embedded entirely in the coenosteum (the calcareous mass forming the skeleton of a compound coral).
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Dropframe camera surveys have seen anemones, anthozoans, ascidians, the asteroid (starfish) Henricia sp., bamboo corals, caryophyllids, cerianthids, antipatharian corals with various shapes, the corals Desmophyllum dianthus, Lophelia pertusa and Solenosmilia variabilis, echinoderms including brisingids and crinoids, glass sponges, gorgonians, holothurians, the ophiuroids Ophiactis balli and Ophiomusium lymani, the pencil urchin Cidaris cidaris, pycnogonids, the scleractinian Madrepora oculata, the seapen Pennatula phosphorea, sea urchins, sea whips, serpulids, soft corals such as Gersemia sp. and Anthomastus sp., lobose, large and encrusting sponges, stylasterids and xenophyophores.
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The Portsea Hole is a remnant section of the drowned valley of the Yarra River, descending sharply from the depth of the surrounding seabed to , exposing changes in the strata of the limestone sides with depth. It is characterized by diverse and abundant fish assemblages as well as a rich benthic community of marine invertebrates, encrusting algae, sponges and soft corals. The Portsea Hole in Port Phillip is about from the Portsea Pier. To the north there is a vertical wall approximately long.
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If the sand accretion is not too fast, the stolons can grow vertically through it, but the seagrass can be overwhelmed by rapid accretion. Patch death was mostly caused by erosion as roots were uncovered, encrusting and drilling organisms increased and plants were swept away. The dune movement cycle tended to take two to six years, which gives the seagrass time to recolonise bare areas. Sand accretion also stimulates flowering and dormant seeds can enable recolonisation when conditions allow it.
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It is unclear what is the precise relationship between the coral and the sponge but the latter may benefit from being held clear of the substrate while the coral may avoid having its undersurface mined by a parasitic boring sponge. Observation over several years has shown that this is a stable relationship. In the absence of suitable coral species, Mycale laevis is able to live directly on rocks and under boulders as an encrusting or massive sponge and also on calcareous worm tubes.
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It occurs as small prismatic or pyramidal crystals, usually forming drusy crusts and stalactitic aggregates; also as fibrous encrusting masses with a mammillary surface. Descloizite occurs in oxidised portions of veins of lead ores in association with pyromorphite, vanadinite, wulfenite, mottramite, mimetite and cerussite. The Otavi ("O-tarvi") Mountainland of northern Namibia was once considered home to the greatest vanadium deposits in the world, including those at Berg Aukas ("OW- cuss"), Abenab ("UB-en-ub"), Baltika ("BUL-tika") and Uitsab ("ATE-sub").Boni et al.
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Harlequin fish vary greatly in size but reach a maximum length of 75 cm-86 cm and weight of 6 kg. it has a heterogeneous color pattern that varies from individual to individual, which blends with the colors and surrounding coralline algea and encrusting sponges in the reef, providing a camouflage for them. The color variation, between individuals, is due to the large blotches which range from yellow to green Gomon, M. F., Glover, J. C. M. & Kuiter, R. H. (2008). Fishes of Australia’s South Coast.
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Acropora millepora is a zooxanthellate species of coral and harbours symbiotic dinoflagellates in its tissues. The larvae of Acropora millepora preferentially settle on vertical surfaces and on encrusting coralline algae. It has been found that at lower temperatures () the larvae were less specific as to their choice of settlement sites and that their survival rates were lower. Surprisingly, the choice of substrate for settlement was modified by the strain of symbiont present in the locality even though it had not yet infected the tissues.
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In the habitats occupied by B. perforatus it is often associated with sponges and encrusting red seaweeds on shady overhanging rocks and cave entrances and also bryozoans and ascidians in deeper shade.European Environment Agency: Habitat types for Balanus perforatus The isopod crustacean Crinoniscus equitans is an ectoparasite of B. perforatus. Another isopod crustacean, Naesa bidentata, normally lives in rock crevices and under seaweed and stones but with the spread of B. perforatus, it has adopted the empty shells of the barnacle as its home.
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Bajocian, Clypeus Grit Member, Worgan's Quarry, Gloucestershire, UK. The order Microconchida is a group of small, spirally-coiled, encrusting fossil "worm" tubes from the class Tentaculita found from the Upper Ordovician to the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) around the world. They have lamellar calcitic shells, usually with pseudopunctae or punctae and a bulb-like origin. Many were long misidentified as the polychaete annelid Spirorbis until studies of shell microstructure and formation showed significant differences. All pre- Cretaceous "Spirorbis" fossils are now known to be microconchids.
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The site supports a typical Cornish cliff bryophyte flora and includes a number of rarities, most notably the Red Data Book moss Tortula solmsii. The west facing section of the coast between Aire Point and Kenidjack Castle displays examples of fully exposed rocky shore communities. The plants and animals are typical of a wave beaten coast with the lower shore characterised by the brown seaweeds "dabberlocks" Alaria esculenta and "tangle" Laminaria digitalis and pools containing coralline algae Corallina officinalis and pink encrusting Lithothamnion spp.
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Colonies of P. fungiformis are generally encrusting, and can be across. larger colonies additionally have bifurcating upright or sloping branches which tend to have flattened ends, and which can grow to in length. Irregular verrucae (lumpy skeletal outgrowths) grow on the surface of the coral, and on branches growing at oblique angles, the verrucae are more abundant on the upper side. The individual corallites (stony cups in which the polyps sit) are small and crowded, each having one septum (stony ridge) more developed than the rest.
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Corticium candelabrum is sometimes thinly encrusting, or may form small solid cushions some across and high which are connected to the substrate by a narrow solid stalk. The surface is sometimes irregularly lobed and is smooth and shiny, and covered by a translucent envelope. The oscula (exhalant openings) are slightly raised and the pores (inhalant openings) are few in number but quite noticeable. The colour is some shade of pale to mid- brown, sometimes tinged with red, and its consistency varies from firm to cartilaginous.
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Oscarella lobularis is an encrusting sponge that forms a thick layer of soft, gelatinous consistency with a velvety surface, on rocks, stones and large seaweeds. Colonies are up to wide and thick, with an irregularly lobed surface. The sides of the nodular lobes have a scattering of ostia through which water passes into the sponge, and at the top of each, a single round osculum up to in diameter, through which water exits. This sponge has neither spicules nor spongin fibres in its tissues.
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Pachyrhizodus caninus skeletons (casts) Pseudoperna congesta fossil osyters encrusting a large Platyceramus platinus bivalve shell, Smoky Hill Chalk member of Niobrara Formation . Photo in place at Castle Rock chalk badlands, Kansas. During the time of the deposition of the Niobrara Chalk, much life inhabited the seas of the Western Interior Seaway. By this time in the Late Cretaceous many new lifeforms appeared such as mosasaurs, which were to be some of the last of the aquatic lifeforms to evolve before the end of the Mesozoic.
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The mouth of the animal is found on the underside of the central disc. There are short, spines on the upper surface of the star. While a row of spines generally runs along the top of each arm, they are otherwise scattered across the animal in no particular pattern singly or in clumps of two or three. Both the upper surface and lower surfaces contain tiny pincers, pedicellariae, which likely are used to get rid of encrusting organisms which would otherwise grow on the star.
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Urosalpinx cinerea, common name the eastern oyster drill or Atlantic oyster drill, is a species of small predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murexes or rock snails. They use chemoreception in their environment and are found to be sessile and encrusting organisms. Microscopic particles released by prey are carried through the sea water and captured by the Atlantic Oyster Drill. This animal is not physically able to close itself from its surrounding environment because of its siphonal canal.
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In addition the tentacles, whose surface area is increased by microvilli (small hairs and pleats), absorb organic compounds dissolved in the water. Unwanted particles may be flicked away by tentacles or shut out by closing the mouth. A study in 2008 showed that both encrusting and erect colonies fed more quickly and grew faster in gentle than in strong currents. In some species the first part of the stomach forms a muscular gizzard lined with chitinous teeth that crush armored prey such as diatoms.
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This species is often found in association with the sea anemone Protanthea simplex in very sheltered deep water, usually on littoral bedrock, silty boulders and rock slopes in fiords and other areas with calm waters. They are often accompanied by the parchment worm Chaetopterus variopedatus, encrusting red algae and the polychaete worm Pomatoceros triqueter. Other members of the community may be the saddle oyster Pododesmus patelliformis and the fan worm Sabella pavonina. Scattered colonies of Alcyonium digitatum are occasionally present along with the hydroid Bougainvillia muscus.
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Vermicularia spirata is a filter feeder and is a protandrous hermaphrodite; individuals start their adult life as males, at which stage they are free-living, but later become females and attach themselves to various substrates. Many are found embedded in the tissues of the white encrusting sponge Geodia gibberosa. Male individuals, being motile, are able to move to the vicinity of the aperture of the sessile females before liberating sperm into the water. Capsules containing eggs are brooded in the mantle cavities of the females.
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In some lagoons (e.g., the Florida Bay), green algae produce great volumes of carbonate mud. Rocks here are mudstones to grainstones, depending on the energy of the environment. The reef is the rigid structure of carbonate platforms and is located between the internal lagoon and the slope, in the platform margin, in which the framework produced by large-sized skeletons, as those of corals, and by encrusting organisms will resist wave action and form a rigid build up that may develop up to sea-level.
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These colonies adopt a range of massive, branching, leaf-like and encrusting forms. Soft corals in the subclass Octocorallia are also colonial and have a skeleton formed of mesogloeal tissue, often reinforced with calcareous spicules or horny material, and some have rod-like supports internally. Other anthozoans, such as sea anemones, are naked; these rely on a hydrostatic skeleton for support. Some of these species have a sticky epidermis to which sand grains and shell fragments adhere, and zoanthids incorporate these substances into their mesogloea.
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Further asexual reproduction takes place, with each zooid producing several buds until there is a small, roughly circular encrusting cluster of zooids, white or brownish-white in colour, with the ancestrula at the centre. On flat surfaces the colony is regular and lacy in appearance but on uneven surfaces, it is more irregular and may form lobes. Some colonies are also spherical. Each individual zooid bears a lophophore, the characteristic feeding apparatus of bryozoans, with fifteen or sixteen ciliated tentacles, used to filter phytoplankton.
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Cryptosula pallasiana is an encrusting colonial bryozoan with colonies growing to roughly circular patches with diameters of a few centimetres. Each colony consists of a number of individual organisms called zooids. Each zooid lies in a rigid rectangular box called a zooecium up to long and wide. These are fitted together in a regular pattern, radiating out from the position in which the founding zooid settled to start the colony, each daughter zooid's head being further away from the centre of the colony than its foot.
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E. figaro is found over substrates made up of coral and rocky either just off the coast of mainland Brazil or off inshore islands at depths of 3–20 m. It occurs either solitarily or in small groups of up to six fish over coral heads, among encrusting algae and crustose sponges, or in the vicinity of sea urchins, retreating to seek protection among the spines if threatened. It feeds mainly by cleaning other fish, e.g. Ophioblennius atlanticus, Abudefduf saxatilis, Mycteroperca rubra, and Mycteroperca acutirostris.
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Climate change in the area poses a direct effect on the underwater canopy cover, reducing its overall quality. Climate change is causing patches in the canopy layer and because of this loss of coverage, the understory becomes a prime place for benthic algae to grow. This affects other organisms, such a sponges and encrusting algae that are trying to grow on the reefs. This discovery has shown that although light gaps oftentimes produce positive outcomes, they can also negatively effect some members of the biotic community.
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2010 Polluted water sources also means that the plants and sediments within them are contaminated. Organisms that feed off of these elements as well as terrestrial animals that are higher up in the food chain may accumulate toxic levels in their tissues. Open mines may fill with water and become lakes, and the toxic levels of heavy metals are thus transmitted to animals that drink and eat from the water source. Accumulation of these elements may also destroy the physical habitat by encrusting streambeds and aquatic plants.
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D. microps is a facultative specialist, and the only foliovore in the Dipodomys genus. 60 - 80% of its diet consists of the Atriplex confertifolia's leaves. They do consume some seed and insects, however, this is a small portion of their diet. This desert shrub, Atriplex confertifolia, is adapted to desert life by encrusting its leaf surfaces with a layer of salt crystals, this has a dual purpose, one of which is to reflect incoming solar radiation which help maintain its water homeostasis, and secondly it is a defense against herbivory.
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Siderastrea radians is either encrusting or grows in small, dimpled hummocks up to across but most colonies are much smaller than this. Occasionally it occurs as small calcareous pebbles that roll around in seagrass meadows or as loose flat discs in shallow rocky places. The corallites are not circular but are triangular or four-sided and deep, with 30 to 40 small ridges called septa. They have a dark interior that contrasts in colour with the pale surface of the coral which is greyish, greenish or light brown.
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Larvae of Scutellastra longicosta tend to settle on the shells of larger limpets and the juveniles graze the encrusting alga that grows there. When they are large enough they move onto the rocks and graze on coralline algae before eventually setting up their own gardens. These are established by grazing hard to remove any algae growing on a rock surface and allowing settlement of R. verrucosa, this limpet's favoured food. The algal growth is then regularly grazed and maintained as turf, being fertilised by the limpet's faeces and by mucus.
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It lives in leaf litter, under bark or in moss, and feeds on encrusting algae, detritus and sometimes fruit such as raspberries. Predators of T. niger include the centipedes Lithobius variegatus and Lithobius forficatus and hedgehogs. T. niger is most active from one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise, although in summer it also becomes active in the afternoon. Like many millipedes, T. niger coils itself into a spiral, with its legs on the inside and its head in the centre, when it is threatened, but it can also flee with sidewinding movements.
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The queen parrotfish feeds primarily on the algal turf it can scrape off surfaces, but may also eat sponges and other encrusting organisms as it feeds. In the process, it swallows a lot of mineral particles which are deposited on the seabed as fine sand. It is a diurnal fish, and rests on the seabed or hides in a crevice at night, immersed in a layer of mucus that it exudes and which may help to disguise it from predators. It is preyed on by sharks, groupers and eels.
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Colonies of Orbicella franksi usually form massive clumps with uneven surfaces, but sometimes forms plates, and in shady positions, may be encrusting. The general colour is orange-brown, greenish- brown or greyish-brown, but the extremities of the lumps are often pale or white. The corallites (the cups in which the polyps sit) are small, measuring across. The growing edges of this coral bear both large and small corallites which is in contrast to the closely related Orbicella faveolata, which has regularly spaced corallites at its growing edges.
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The artifact consists of three components: the base plate, a circular plate of metals with primary relief, and the secondary relief. Sheets of brass are used to make the base plate, silver sheets to craft the reliefs, lead to create moulds to project the three-dimensional images, and an asphalt or wax board to fix the plate. The base plate is prepared first by craftsman specialized in heavy metals. Then the crafting of designs or reliefs is done by jewelers, and the encrusting of the relief is the prerogative of the diamond-setting expert.
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Zebra mussels encrusting a water velocity meter in Lake Michigan The bivalves are a highly successful class of invertebrates found in aquatic habitats throughout the world. Most are infaunal and live buried in sediment on the seabed, or in the sediment in freshwater habitats. A large number of bivalve species are found in the intertidal and sublittoral zones of the oceans. A sandy sea beach may superficially appear to be devoid of life, but often a very large number of bivalves and other invertebrates are living beneath the surface of the sand.
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Gelliodes wilsoni, sometimes known as the gray encrusting sponge, is a species of sponge found in shallow water in the Philippines. It was first described in 1925 by the American zoologist Edmund Beecher Wilson, the type locality being North Sulawesi. He gave it the name Gelliodes fibrosa, a name already used in 1905 for a species in the Gulf of Mannar, Sri Lanka. In 2013, Carballo, Aquilar-Camacho, Knapp & Bell, decided that this was a homonym, a separate taxon from the original one given that name, and gave the new species the name Gelliodes wilsoni.
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The sponge benefits from the fact that living on the scallop prevents it from being buried in sediment. In the wild it has been found that the scallops and their encrusting sponges both grow to a larger size in areas of high turbidity. A laboratory study showed that, in conditions where the sediment was frequently stirred up, sponges on empty scallop shells all died while those on living shells flourished. However, another study showed that growth rates in scallops heavily encrusted by sponges were significantly lower than in unencumbered ones.
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When it grows in fast-flowing, shallow water, Porites astreoides is encrusting but in calmer water at medium depths it is a massive coral with a smooth, mounded, semi-spherical form and can grow to in diameter. At greater depths it is usually plate-like and in caves and under overhangs the plates are angled to receive the maximum amount of light. It is the only species within the genus Porites not to have a finger-like form. The corallites are small and tightly-packed and give the coral a porous appearance.
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In 1971, Asmus met oceanographer Walter Munk, who asked Asmus if he could make holograms of statues and art objects in Venice in order to preserve them.Mary S. Rauch, "The Newest in Science is Working To Save the Oldest in Art", Newport News Daily Press (December 28, 1980), Parade p. 16. Through this process, Asmus discerned that he could use lasers to remove detritus encrusting the statues without harming the underlying works. In 1972, Asmus "first applied laser cleaning to marble sculptures", and therefore "is considered to be the grandfather of laser art conservation".
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The thallus of this seaweed is often overgrown by epiphytes which are at their maximum abundance in summer. The segments are sometimes damaged by storms, but are replaced by new growth which occurs with rising temperatures and increasing amounts of irradiation and dissolved nutrients. In the deepwater habitats in the Mediterranean, it is the dominant species and is often found in association with the encrusting red alga Mesophyllum lichenoides. In this habitat it tends to grow on vertical walls, under overhangs and in positions where it receives little sunlight.
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When Mission Bay was developed and the old bridge was replaced, all its parts were taken out and dumped in about 60 feet of water. Some areas of the structure that are more in the current, have an encrusting of filter feeders like the wrecks, but much of it is like most natural reefs with kelps, fans and algaes growing over it. Since there is more cover here, there are a lot more fish here than at the wrecks, especially at night. Sunken Harbor is a good place to look for lobster in the beginning of the season as well.
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The registry's rules specify that specimens "should be measured with vernier type calipers and should reflect the greatest measurable dimension of the shell in any direction including any processes of hard shell material produced by the animal (i.e. spines, wings, keels, siphonal canals, etc.) and not including attachments, barnacles, coralline algae, or any other encrusting organisms. Long, hair-like periostracum is not to be included." This "greatest measurable dimension" can be at odds with the standard scientific definition of shell length (from base to apex along the central axis for gastropods, and from the umbo to the ventral margin in bivalves).
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Plesiastrea versipora is an encrusting coral found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is of interest because of its ability to thrive in both tropical and temperate environments, and to grow massive. Existing massive colonies of P. versipora can be long lived, and so analysis of their internal composition allows deducing the climatic records of past decades and centuries, at localities where the corals grow. Being the only coral genus in temperate waters that is capable of growing massive (up to a metre in thickness), P. versipora is a valuable indicator of climatic records of temperate seas.
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The sponge kills the part of the coral close to its growing edge. It is an aggressive species and large corals may have the greater part of their surface covered while small individuals may be completely engulfed. When a massive coral is already dead, the sponge excavates the interior while it colonises the surface, but if encrusting algae are already established on the surface, the sponge's growth is slowed down. In a study off the coast of Colombia, the most favoured host for the sponge was the starlet coral (Siderastrea siderea) and between 6% and 9% of individuals of this species were affected.
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The flesh of the cap is composed of highly interwoven hyphae measuring 7.4–11.1 µm wide that are hyaline in water, gelatinized and hyaline in KOH, and regularly septate. The stipitipellis (stem cuticle) is a trichodermial palisade of cylindrical elements with inflated terminal cells. The terminal cells project 30.4–63 µm, and they are cylindrical to club- shaped, occasionally with an abrupt tapering point. The flesh of the stem is made of densely interwoven hyphae that are 4.9–7.2 µm wide, with spirally arranged, faint golden encrusting pigments that can be seen in KOH, Melzer's reagent, and water.
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The lateral stratum hyphae are 4.4–8.4 µm wide, hyaline, gelatinized in a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH), and regularly septate. The cap cuticle is a densely interwoven trichodermial palisade (an erect, roughly parallel chains of closely packed cells) of cylindrical elements with inflated terminal cells. The terminal cells are 23.5–51.9 by 9.4–16.8 µm, inamyloid, cylindrical to club-shaped, interwoven, and concentrated on the squamules. The marginal appendiculae are composed of wefts of interwoven inflated hyphae, some with faint golden spirally arranged encrusting pigments that are evident when mounted in water, KOH, and Melzer's reagent.
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The polyps sit in cup- shaped depressions in the skeleton known as corallites. Colonies of stony coral are very variable in appearance; a single species may adopt an encrusting, plate-like, bushy, columnar or massive solid structure, the various forms often being linked to different types of habitat, with variations in light level and water movement being significant. The body of the polyp may be roughly compared in a structure to a sac, the wall of which is composed of two layers of cells. The outer layer is known technically as the ectoderm, the inner layer as the endoderm.
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Psammoactinia antarctica was an encrusting, colonial cnidarian in the family Hydractiniidae that lived in the Cretaceous Antarctic. Within its family, P. antarctica had the unusual ability to agglutinate sand and silt grants, incorporating them into the basal layer and pillars making up the wall of the chambers of its laminae. It encrusted gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs of the genus Paguristes. The Psammoactinia colony began with a larva landing on a small gastropod shell. The colony then grew past the aperture of the shell and formed a tube that conformed to the hermit crab’s shape and growing pattern.
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The rigid pen shell can be found in coastal western Atlantic waters, ranging from southern Florida across the Caribbean and the West Indies to Brazil. It is a benthic shallow water species and is typically found in soft-bottom silty habitats, with its narrow anterior end (umbo) burrowed down and attached to underground substrate by its byssal threads. Its wider posterior gaping end extends just above the sea bottom surface to facilitate filter-feeding. Algae, invertebrates such as sponges and encrusting corals tend to grow on the exposed part of the shell and may camouflage it very well.
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Acanthaster planci asteroid and (b) echinoid A pedicellaria (plural: pedicellariae) is a small wrench- or claw-shaped appendage with movable jaws, called valves, commonly found on echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata), particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Each pedicellaria is an effector organ with its own set of muscles, neuropils, and sensory receptors and is therefore capable of reflex responses to the environment. Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms.
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Detail of corallite Pavona maldivensis can be encrusting or massive, or a mixture of the two, and can form clumps over a metre in diameter, although colonies smaller than across are more usual. In areas with strong water movement they tend to form cylindrical, finger-like growths while elsewhere they may form horizontal plates, often with "leafy" edges. The corallites (stony cups in which the polyps sit) are circular and of irregular sizes, and have individual but indistinct stony walls. This coral is usually some shade of greyish-brown or green but can be bright orange.
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The Rotaliida are an order of Foraminifera, characterized by multilocular tests (shells) composed of bilamellar perforate hyaline lamellar calcite that may be optically radial or granular. In form, rotaliid tests are typically enrolled, but may be reduced to biserial or uniserial, or may be encrusting with proliferated chambers. Chambers may be simple or subdivided by secondary partitions; the surface is smooth, papillate, costate, striate, or cancellate; the aperture is simple or with an internal toothplate, entosolenian tube, or hemicylindrical structure; it may have an internal canal or stolen systems. Rotaliids are primarily oceanic benthos, although some are common in shallower estuarine waters.
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The golfball coral is small and usually hemispherical in shape with a number of large corallites packed closely together, but It can occur in groups or may occasionally grow as an encrusting coral. The corallites contain one to three polyps and are normally round but can become elongated into an oval shape when the polyps are budding and a new corallite is being formed. The corallite walls usually consist of four complete whorls of septa and do not project appreciably from the surface of the coral. The costae of different corallites are distinct from one another.
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In calmer waters, such as in deep lagoons or more sheltered parts of the reef, a more upright, leafy or branched structure develops which can grow to tall. The habit of growth is also influenced by the inclination of the surface on which the fire coral grows. On vertical surfaces, the encrusting bases are larger with longer perimeters and the density of branching is lower than it is on horizontal surfaces. The cylindrical branches usually grow in a single plane and span a range of hues from brown to pale, cream-like yellow, while branch tips are white.
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Chiton glaucus show clear daily patterns of activity; they remain hidden during the day to escape visual predators and then during the night they travel to the tops of the rock to feed on the algae that has grown there since the previous night. According to research done by Robert Creese who analysed the contents in the gut of C. glaucus it was found that the main component of its diet is that of coralline algae. Other research suggests a broader range of organisms within its diet including encrusting organisms (sponges, bryozans etc.) and on diatoms and algae in a grazing type method.
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Despite the differing arrangements of their pileus impressions as well as the large gap in body size that separates them, the skull roofs of Oardasaurus and Barbatteius are still united by the presence of an osteoderm encrusting with pileus impressions, with a differentiated pattern on the frontals; the origin of the temporal muscles being located on the upper portion of the parietals (similar to other teiioids but unlike lacertoids); and the unobscured upper temporal fenestrae. Meyasaurus also shares the former two traits. Codrea and colleagues thus assigned Oardasaurus and Barbatteius to the new family Barbatteiidae. They also referred some indeterminate remains of the lower jaw - the prearticular and articular bones PSMUBB.
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The purple labeo or purple mudsucker (Labeo congoro) is a relatively large African freshwater fish that occurs in rocky stretches of large rivers, including the Zambezi, Incomati and parts of the Congo. Growing up to 41.5 cm long, it feeds on algae and other encrusting organisms, scraping them from boulders and other hard surfaces, including the backs of hippos. Rather than grazing randomly the Purple Labeo moves along in relatively straight lines as it feeds, leaving characteristic tracks that show where it has been. Although it has been little studied in the wild it is known to migrate upstream when rivers are in flood in order to breed.
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The crested oyster is a rather irregular triangular or oval shape and grows to a length of about . The two valves are quite different; the left one is deeply concave, has a raised margin and is fixed to the substrate while the right one is flattish and fits inside the other. The valves are thick with variable surface sculpturing, the whitish colour being obscured by mud, algal growth and encrusting organisms. The inside of the valves is pearly grey or greenish, and the muscle scar is colourless, a fact that distinguishes this species from the much larger eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) which has a purple muscle scar.
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Pteraster militaris feeds on various species of sponge including the cloud sponge (Aphrocallistes vastus) and the white reticulated sponge (Iophon cheliferum) and also on hydrozoans such as the pink branching hydrocoral (Stylaster norvigicus) and the purple encrusting hydrocoral (Stylantheca). Pteraster militaris is unusual among starfishes in that it broods some of its young. About forty fertilised eggs are retained in the water-filled chamber below its papery outer skin and these develop into juveniles that may reach across before they make their way out through the central pore. Eggs that are too numerous to be brooded are released direct into the sea where they become planktonic larvae.
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It also responds in this way to predators that feed on sponges, such as nudibranchs of the genus Archidoris spp.. The spiny scallop usually has a symbiotic relationship with an encrusting sponge which grows on its left valve. This is most often the orange Myxilla incrustans but is sometimes the purple or brown Mycale adhaerens. The sponge provides camouflage for the scallop and may deter predators from attacking it as sponges often produce a repulsive odour and tend to be distasteful. It also makes it more difficult for a starfish to get the strong grip with its tube feet that it needs to force the two valves of the scallop apart.
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In addition to multiple specimens of fish caught while swordfishing, he collected sponges and bryozoans, many of which were newly-identified species. The best known case was the discovery, during dredging operations carried out in 1909 off the coast of the island of Porto Santo, of an encrusting sponge with limestone and siliceous spicules, which was given the name Merlia normani. These dredging operations were done in conjunction with British spongiologist Randolph Kirkpatrick, who published the description of M. normani.R. Kirkpatrick, "On Merlia normani, a Sponge with a Siliceous and Calcareous Skeleton" in Quarterly journal of microscopical science, n.º 224 (June, 1911), pp. 657-702. Kirkpatrick dedicated a sponge genus to Noronha in 1908,Kirkpatrick, R. (1908).
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At the end of the '60s, while under new management, the façade and interior of the building were renovated once more, but the restaurant ended up closing supposedly due to Mafia connections. Miralda and Guillén described the El Internacional project as a contemporary archaeological space, an actual Archaeological Sandwich5 Ronald Christ. El Internacional An Archaeological Sandwich, Sites 14, New York, 1985 that Miralda reproduced on one of the walls and on which he placed elements found and collected during rebuilding, encrusting them into the walls rather like the layers of an ancient archeological site. The El Internacional project thus became the melding of Teddy’s and El Internacional as a dynamic melting pot of design, architecture, art, fashion and cuisine.
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In the crustose coralline algae Phymatolithon calcareum, temperature and salinity showed an additive effect, as both of these factors increased the overall calcification rate of this encrusting alga. The gross effect of salinity on calcification is largely a positive one, as evidenced by the positive impact of salinity on calcification rates in diverse groups of species. This is likely a result of the increased alkalinity and calcium carbonate saturation states with salinity, which combine to decrease free hydrogen ions and increase free carbonate ions in the water. Higher alkalinity in marine waters is especially important since carbon dioxide produced via respiration in estuaries can lower pH, which decreases saturation states of calcite and aragonite and can cause CaCO3 dissolution.
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This increase in the number of choanocytes and hence in pumping capacity enables syconoid sponges to grow up to a few centimeters in diameter. The "leuconoid" pattern boosts pumping capacity further by filling the interior almost completely with mesohyl that contains a network of chambers lined with choanocytes and connected to each other and to the water intakes and outlet by tubes. Leuconid sponges grow to over in diameter, and the fact that growth in any direction increases the number of choanocyte chambers enables them to take a wider range of forms, for example "encrusting" sponges whose shapes follow those of the surfaces to which they attach. All freshwater and most shallow-water marine sponges have leuconid bodies.
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In their opinion, the earliest fossil entoprocts were specimens they found from Late Jurassic rocks in England. These resemble the modern colonial genus Barentsia in many ways, including: upright zooids linked by a network of stolons encrusting the surface to which the colony is attached; straight stalks joined to the stolons by bulky sockets with transverse bands of wrinkles; overall size and proportions similar to that of modern species of Barentsia. Another species, Cotyledion tylodes, first described in 1999, was larger than extant entoprocts, reaching 8–56 mm in height, and unlike modern species, was "armored" with sclerites, scale-like structures. C. tylodes did have a similar sessile lifestyle to modern entoprocts.
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The depositional profile of a Tropical factory is called "rimmed" and includes three main parts: a lagoon, a reef and a slope. In the reef, the framework produced by large-sized skeletons, as those of corals, and by encrusting organisms resists wave action and forms a rigid build up that may develop up to sea-level. The presence of a rim produces restricted circulation in the back reef area and a lagoon may develop in which carbonate mud is often produced. When reef accretion reaches the point that the foot of the reef is below wave base, a slope develops: the sediments of the slope derive from the erosion of the margin by waves, storms and gravitational collapses.
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El Capitan is the southernmost peak of the Guadalupe escarpment, an ancient limestone reef that forms the present-day Guadalupe Mountains. These mountains are an exposed portion of the Capitan Reef Barrier, a 350-mile long reef constructed primarily from calcareous sponges, encrusting algae, such as stromatolites, and lime-rich mud directly from the ocean. This reef surrounded much of the Delaware Sea, an inland ocean that covered parts of modern southern New Mexico and Trans-Pecos Texas in the Permian period (about 290 million years ago). Near the end of the late Permian period, in the Ochoan epoch, the outlet that allowed sea water to enter the inland waters began to silt over, occasionally closing the inland sea from its source.
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In addition to hosting photosynthesizing endosymbionts, sponges are noted for their wide range of collaborations with other organisms. The relatively large encrusting sponge Lissodendoryx colombiensis is most common on rocky surfaces, but has extended its range into seagrass meadows by letting itself be surrounded or overgrown by seagrass sponges, which are distasteful to the local starfish and therefore protect Lissodendoryx against them; in return the seagrass sponges get higher positions away from the sea-floor sediment. Shrimps of the genus Synalpheus form colonies in sponges, and each shrimp species inhabits a different sponge species, making Synalpheus one of the most diverse crustacean genera. Specifically, Synalpheus regalis utilizes the sponge not only as a food source, but also as a defense against other shrimp and predators.
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Surface outflow drives a deep water inflow which is strongly influenced by upwelling and downwelling conditions on the nearby continental shelf. The nutrient-rich, terrestrial freshwater discharge and the nutrient-rich, cool, salty upwelled water support a diverse and abundant ecosystemPawlowicz and McClure, 2010 Folger Pinnacle, located atop a shallow reef, has dense mats of sponges, ascidians and encrusting algae. There are numerous types of sessile (bottom attached) organisms including sponges, anemones, bryozoans, tunicates, and barnacles. Since this is a rockfish conservation area, there is a wide variety of rockfish (yellowtail, China, quillback, Puget Sound, black, and blue) in addition to many other fish (kelp greenling, lingcod, flatfish, wolfeels), molluscs (giant Pacific octopus, mussels, swimming scallops, and snails), and echinoderms (seastars, sea cucumbers, and urchins).
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A colony of Atriolum robustum consists of a number of hollow, urn-shaped zooids up to long, each with a large circular terminal hole, the atrial siphon, and connected by an encrusting base. The tunic (body wall) is firm to the touch and is perforated by a number of pore-like buccal siphons, each raised on a slight elevation, giving the zooid a pine cone-like appearance. The tunic contains a red pigment but the colour of this is often masked by the presence of yellowish-green cyanobacteria (Prochloron sp.) and may only be visible in the interior and at the rim of the atrial syphon. This sea squirt is sometimes confused with Didemnum molle but that species has a network of internal channels and exudes mucus, making it sticky to the touch.
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"Big Blue", a large turquoise specimen from the copper mine at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico As a secondary mineral, turquoise forms by the action of percolating acidic aqueous solutions during the weathering and oxidation of pre-existing minerals. For example, the copper may come from primary copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite or from the secondary carbonates malachite or azurite; the aluminium may derive from feldspar; and the phosphorus from apatite. Climate factors appear to play an important role as turquoise is typically found in arid regions, filling or encrusting cavities and fractures in typically highly altered volcanic rocks, often with associated limonite and other iron oxides. In the Southwestern United States turquoise is almost invariably associated with the weathering products of copper sulfide deposits in or around potassium-feldspar-bearing porphyritic intrusives.
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For example, in El mundo de los aviones (1969), Capulina is a pilot that always fails to land his plane correctly, hitting some wall and encrusting a partner in the process. He is involved in an international fraud and he teams with his airline partners to prevent the robbery, not without several funny problems. He went from being the same character in different situations and who confronts different kind of enemies like robbers, gangs, spies, and also vampires, monsters, and mummies, with the aid of adventurers, wrestlers (like El Santo) or unexpected powers. The character of Capulina gained huge popularity and a very successful comic book series -with stories by comic artist Oscar González Guerrero and art by his son Oscar Gonzalez Loyo- was published in the seventies and early eighties.
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Many of these were encrusting species of Corallinaceae.Distribution of the epiphytes along the leaves of Cymodocea nodosa in the Canary Islands Retrieved 2011-08-17 Seagrass meadows have high biological productivity and are rich, biodiverse habitats. Fish species associated with C. nodosa in a coastal lagoon in south east Spain include Atherina boyeri, Pomatoschistus marmoratus, Liza aurata, Liza saliens, Syngnathus abaster and Aphanius iberus. The meadows are an important rearing ground for juvenile fish.Fish assemblages associated with Cymodocea nodosa and Caulerpa prolifera meadows in the shallow areas of the Mar Menor coastal lagoon Retrieved 2011-08-17 Invertebrates associated with seagrass meadows include polychaete worms,Polychaetes associated with Cymodocea nodosa meadow in the Canary Islands: assemblage structure, temporal variability and vertical distribution compared to other Mediterranean seagrass meadows Retrieved 2011-08-17 amphipods, isopods, decapods and molluscs.
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