Consequently, the material is embrittled by impurity segregation to interfacial boundaries.
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The embrittled joint may then fail catastrophically without any previous sign of deformation or deterioration.
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The stained portion of the surface was a blocky, intergranular fracture typical of embrittled steels.
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The hardness and deformation behaviour of the solid metal affect its susceptibility to LME. Generally, harder metals are more severely embrittled. Grain size greatly influences LME. Solids with larger grains are more severely embrittled and the fracture stress varies inversely with the square root of grain diameter.
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This results in a film base that shrinks, becomes embrittled, cockles and ultimately leads to emulsion loss.
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Elongation to break was measured to determine decreases that would indicate embrittled surfaces or degraded mechanical properties.
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This suggests that the SEBS particle works well as a reinforcing filler even for the embrittled PC matrix.
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This alloy is, however, not satisfactory for use at elevated temperatures because it is age hardenable, and becomes embrittled.
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Unfortunately, the existing network of pipelines is constructed mainly of ferrous materials that are often embrittled by atomic hydrogen.
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The silver objects tended to be more fragmentary than the gold, as they had been embrittled by excessive cold working.
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It is extremely important that the salts be free of all traces of sulfur, so that the work does not become embrittled.
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This is caused by voltage flashovers on the spark plug neck, which in turn are down to leaking or embrittled spark plug connectors.
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The forward and aft fracture surfaces were held together by re-solidified metal and a few embrittled wires, which separated during initial handling.
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In a recent study, equations from theoretical models were incorporated into casting simulation software to use the simulated cooling curves to locate embrittled volumes.
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The organic materials in grounds, gilding, paint films, and varnishes become embrittled with age and can no longer flex to accommodate movement in the support.
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Consuming fewer calories could adversely affect a crew's productivity and health, especially in micro-gravity, which causes muscle wastage and embrittled bones, among other things.
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The rubber hose was under constant stress in the areas where cracking occurred and the material became embrittled, which caused cracks to form over time.
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Due to the fact that the wires had been embrittled by the fire, any bending of the wires during wreckage recovery likely would have resulted in their brittle fracture.
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Herbarium specimens are sensitive to visible light and ultraviolet radiation, which can cause fading of biological pigments (fading or shifts in color) and/or damage to chemical bonds (weakened or embrittled).
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They have the obligation to fully analyse how the community spirit, the solidarity and the mutual confidence within the business entity will be strengthened or embrittled by the business entity's compensation policies.
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She was born Athene Margaret Griffith in London, to Walter Griffith and Annette Marian Tylor. She was educated at Camden School for Girls and Girton College, Cambridge. She earned a bachelor's degree in Natural Science (Theoretical Physics), followed by a PhD in 1977 for research on electron microscopy of grain boundary embrittled systems.
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Paper components representing insulation or other lining of the sub-deck are disintegrating. Adhesive mounts and backing for a range of fasteners have become yellowed and embrittled. Delicate plastic components also appear to be degrading slightly. Clear plastic, prismatic ceiling panels have fine crazing cracks, and are starting to become detached at their fasteners.
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By December 1973, it had completed its 100th fuel cycle, each lasting approximately 23 days. In November 1986, tests on irradiation surveillance specimens indicated that the reactor vessel was being embrittled by neutron irradiation at a rate faster than predicted. HFIR was shut down to allow for extensive reviews and evaluation of the facility.
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Hydrogen-Induced Cracks (HIC) Steels were embrittled with hydrogen through cathodic charging. Heat treatment (baking) was used to reduce hydrogen content. Lower bake times resulted in quicker fracture times due to higher hydrogen content. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) also known as hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) and hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), describes the embrittling of metal after being exposed to hydrogen.
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McLyman, Colonel William T. Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Third Edition. Dekker, February 18, 2009. Molybdenum permalloy powder is made by grinding hot-rolled and embrittled cast ingots; then, the alloy is insulated and screened to a fineness of 120 mesh for use in audio frequency applications, and 400 mesh for use at high frequencies.Beaty, Wayne H. and Fink, Donald G. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers.
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Copper alloys which contain oxygen can be embrittled if exposed to hot hydrogen. The hydrogen diffuses through the copper and reacts with inclusions of Cu2O, forming H2O (water), which then forms pressurized bubbles at the grain boundaries. This process can cause the grains to literally be forced away from each other, and is known as steam embrittlement (because steam is produced, not because exposure to steam causes the problem).
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A water-cooled reactor is generally dwarfed by the cooling systems attached to it. Additional issues are that the core irradiates the water with neutrons causing the water and impurities dissolved in it to become radioactive and that the high-pressure piping in the primary side becomes embrittled and requires continual inspection and eventual replacement. In contrast, a pebble-bed reactor is gas-cooled, sometimes at low pressures. The spaces between the pebbles form the "piping" in the core.
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High electrical conductivity coppers are distinct from coppers deoxidized by the addition of phosphorus in the smelting process. Oxygen-free phosphorus-containing copper (CuOFP) is typically used for structural and thermal applications where the copper material will be subject to temperatures high enough to cause hydrogen embrittlement or more exactly steam embrittlement. Examples include welding/brazing rods and heat exchanger tubing. Copper alloys which contain oxygen as an impurity (in the form of residual oxides present in the metal matrix) can be embrittled if exposed to hot hydrogen.
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The fact that the Weibull size effect is a power law means that it is self-similar, i.e., no characteristic structure size D_0 exists, and l_0 and material inhomogeneities are negligible compared to D. This is the case for fatigue- embrittled metals or fine-grained ceramics except on the micrometer scale. The existence of a finite D_0 is a salient feature of the energetic size effect, discovered in 1984. This kind of size effect represents a transition between two power laws and is observed in brittle heterogenous materials, termed quasibrittle.
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In 1967, Matt Roberts, chief of the circulation department of the Washington University library, first documented the drawbacks of oversewn bindings. It is especially threatening to books with acidic paper; the tight sewing in the gutter margin may cause shards of this paper, in its weakened, embrittled state, to tear and flake off. Oversewn bindings are also often very tightly bound, so it is difficult for books' spines to open fully and lie flat. From a conservation standpoint, a primary concern about oversewing is that it is essentially irreversible.
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ME happens when a low-melting-point metal is placed in contact with a metal with higher melting point, so the latter is embrittled. It is often manifested by static fatigue. For example, as shown in Figure 1, in a test of the static fatigue of a 2024 aluminum coated with mercury, the alloy is subject to a stress level less than the value causing plastic flow, and the time it takes to fracture is measured. Usually a stress called static fatigue limit is present, representing the boundary below which the material does not fracture, no matter how long the test duration is.
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Fiberglass vessels and constructs are also susceptible to degradation upon long-term exposure to sunlight. This deterioration is brought about by chemical changes which occur as a result of exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) portion of light. Degradation results in the fiberglass tanks and constructs, opening pores in the surface allowing styrene to wick out of the vessel or construct's walls, causing them to become embrittled, reducing the impact resistance and potential elongation properties of the part. Degradation from UV light can be effectively inhibited by the addition of exterior gelcoats and sealants, which protect the fiberglass construct through removing UV access to the product's surface thus deflecting UV energy.
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By 1995 the Pickering and Bruce A units needed refurbishment as after 25 years effective full power years of operation, the embrittled fuel channels face an increased risk of rupture and must be replaced. The first reactor to close was Bruce A unit 2 in November 1995 because of a maintenance accident. After criticism of Ontario Hydro plants management and a series of incidents, on December 31, 1997, the four A reactors at Pickering and unit 1 at Bruce A were abruptly shut down. They were followed by the remaining two Bruce A units three months later. Over 5 GW of Ontario's electric capacity was abruptly shut down, but at this point, the reactors were supposed to restart at six-month intervals starting in June 2000. In 1999, indebted Ontario Hydro was replaced by Ontario Power Generation (OPG).
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Because the other platinum-family members were not discovered yet (platinum was the first in the list), Scheffer and Sickingen made the false assumption that due to its hardness—which is slightly more than for pure iron—platinum would be a relatively non-pliable material, even brittle at times, when in fact its ductility and malleability are close to that of gold. Their assumptions could not be avoided because the platinum they experimented with was highly contaminated with minute amounts of platinum-family elements such as osmium and iridium, amongst others, which embrittled the platinum alloy. Alloying this impure platinum residue called "plyoxen" with gold was the only solution at the time to obtain a pliable compound, but nowadays, very pure platinum is available and extremely long wires can be drawn from pure platinum, very easily, due to its crystalline structure, which is similar to that of many soft metals.Platinum . mysite.du.
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